Solid minerals. Natural conditions and natural resources Piezo quartz, rock crystal and vein quartz

Khanty-Mansiysk is surprisingly lucky with natural basis urban environment: towering over the city nature Park"Samarovsky Chugas", views of the Irtysh from the hills, urban birch alleys and parks give the city a unique, original face, this is a rarity among the rapidly growing Siberian cities.

Khanty-Mansiysk belongs to the zone continental climate, equated to the regions of the Far North. Continental air dominates here throughout the year. temperate latitudes. The meridional circulation is intensifying, as a result of which both arctic and tropical air enters the territory. With the western transport, Atlantic air enters here, largely transformed.

Air temperature and precipitation

· Average annual temperature-0.8°C

Average annual wind speed - 2.4 m/s

Average annual air humidity - 77%

Khanty-Mansiysk is located within one natural area- forest.

The water regime of the rivers is characterized by extended spring-summer floods. spring waters, spilling over wide floodplains of rivers, form extensive sors. In winter, the rivers freeze for a long period - up to 6 months.
The climate is characterized by rapid change weather conditions especially during transitional periods - from autumn to winter and from spring to summer, as well as during the day. Winters are severe and long with stable snow cover, summers are short and relatively warm, transitional seasons (spring, autumn) with late spring and early autumn frosts.

The period with negative air temperature in the district lasts 7 months, from October to April. The period with stable snow cover lasts 180-200 days - from the end of October to the beginning of May. Frosts are not uncommon until mid-June. Most warm month July, the average temperature is from +15.7 to +18.4 degrees Celsius.

The prevailing wind direction in summer is north; in contrast to winter, when the south wind is more often observed. The annual amount of precipitation in the district is from 400 to 550 mm. The height of the snow cover is from 50 to 80 cm. In July, the maximum precipitation falls, about 15% of the annual amount. AT winter time Atmospheric pressure in the region is much lower than within the Asian anticyclone. Invasion air masses from the Atlantic is accompanied by warming, snowfalls and thaws. Averages atmospheric pressure in July (754-756 mm) lower than in the Arctic, but higher than in Central Asia.

The land resources of the city, with their appropriate preparation, are used to expand the volume of housing construction, as well as to accommodate small industries.

Natural reserves of sand and clay create conditions for the development of the production of building materials, and in the future - ceramics.

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Slides captions:

Mineral resources of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.

Natural resources of Ugra. The territory of the Okrug, along with oil and gas, is rich in other natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. Some of them are resources of global importance (forest, water), others are national (solid minerals, flora and fauna, peat) and regional.

Reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials. Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region in terms of hydrocarbon reserves, it occupies a leading position in the world (about 5% of the world's oil reserves). Due to the fact that this raw material will be the main source of energy for the next 15-20 years, the role of the district as a territory supplying such raw materials should be maintained throughout this period. Now the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug supplies hydrocarbon raw materials to various regions Russian Federation and outside the country.

Reserves of solid minerals. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug has large reserves iron ores, hard and brown coal, bauxites, copper, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, barite, manganese, rare metals, phosphorites. All deposits of solid minerals are suitable for open development. The presence of such minerals enables the Autonomous Okrug to develop new sectors of the economy.

Igneous rocks Formed directly from magma, as a result of its cooling and solidification. They are found in the western part of the district in the foothills of the Urals. They include non-ferrous metals, rare metals, polymetallic ores, in which the main valuable components are lead and zinc, associated - copper, gold, silver.

Igneous rocks Rock crystal Gold Copper Zinc Lead Stony gems

Sedimentary rocks The formation of sedimentary material occurs due to the action various factors- the influence of temperature fluctuations, the impact of the atmosphere, water and organisms on rocks. Found throughout the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region(oil, gas, peat, clays, limestones, sands and gravels)

Sedimentary rock limestone oil clay gas peat sand and gravel

Oil and natural gas. The main oil and gas bearing regions and the largest oil fields are concentrated in the Okrug. Between the Urals and the Ob-Yenisei watershed there are 294 oil fields with total reserves of over 16 billion tons. To date, more than 9 billion tons have been extracted from the bowels of the district. Oil fields are unevenly distributed. There are about 61 large oil and gas fields in the Okrug.

So, the resource potential of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is extremely rich.

This presentation is not intended for any commercial use. Graphic and text materials used in the creation of this presentation were obtained from Internet resources using search engine http://www.yandex.ru/

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Geography and relief

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is located in the central part of the West Siberian Plain, located in the middle part of Russia and is part of the Tyumen region. The district is bordered by Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Sverdlovsk and Tomsk regions, the south of the Tyumen region, the Komi Republic.

The total area of ​​the territory is 534.8 thousand square meters. km.

The territory of Ugra is a poorly dissected, vast plain with heights sometimes reaching 200 m above sea level. In the northwestern part of the district, between the Ural Range and the Ob, there is the North Sosvinskaya Upland and the Siberian Ridge Ridge. The moraine ridges include the smaller Numto and Agan ridges.

The Belogorodsky mainland is an upland bounded by the Ob River in the west and the Nadym River valley in the east. Maximum Heights(up to 231 m) are observed in the strongly dissected part of the Ob region, the eastern regions are weakly dissected. Northern part characterized by strong dissection and heights of 190-230 m. The southern region of the upland sometimes exceeds 100-130 m.

In the west of the district there are ridges and spurs mountain system Northern and Subpolar Urals with a characteristic low- and mid-mountain relief.

The maximum marks of absolute heights on the territory of the district are located within the mountain range of the Subpolar Urals - the city of Narodnaya (1895 m).

Climatic conditions and soils

On formation climatic conditions The region is significantly influenced by the relief of the territory: openness from the north, favorable for the arrival of cold Arctic masses, protection by the Ural ridges from the west, flat terrain with many lakes, rivers and swamps.

The climate of Ugra is temperate continental with a rapid change of weather during the day and during transitional periods (from spring to summer and from autumn to winter). Winters are long and severe with stable snow cover, summers are relatively warm and short.

Late spring and early autumn frosts are typical for spring and autumn. average temperature in winter throughout the county, it ranges from -18º C to -24º C.

Remark 1

Most low temperatures(up to -60-62º C) are registered in the Nizhnevartovsk region in the Vakh river valley.

Negative temperatures can last up to seven months (from October to April).

The warmest month is July. The average temperature ranges from +15º C to +19º C. The absolute maximum reaches +36º C.

The annual rainfall is 400-620 mm. Snow cover lasts up to 180-200 days, its height is 50-80 cm. The maximum amount of precipitation falls on the warm period.

The soil cover is represented by the following soil types:

• podzolic soils - distributed under the dark coniferous taiga in riverine drained areas;
• gley soils - found on watersheds with weak ground and surface runoff;
• marsh soils - cover the central parts of the district;
• thin subgolden soils - areas of distribution of sandra;
• a combination of soddy-meadow, alluvial and marsh soils is typical for the Ob floodplain;
• tundra coarse-humus gravel soils - common in the mountainous (Ural) part.

Natural resources

Water resources. The main rivers of the district are the Ob with the Irtysh tributary. Great importance in economic activity tributaries play a person: Obi - Agan, Vakh, Tromyegan, Lyamin, Bolshoi Yugan, Pim, Nazim, Bolshoy Salym, Northern Sosva, Kazym; Irtysh - Sogom and Konda. There are large reserves of underground, mineral and fresh water. A third of the territory is occupied by bogs of upland and transitional type. Many lakes. The largest lakes include: Trememtor and Vandemtor, Levushinsky and Tursuntsky Tumany. Most deep lakes- Kintus and Syrkovy Sor.

forest resources. Forests cover more than 50% of the entire territory of the district. The zone of the middle taiga prevails, represented by light and dark coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests, in which cedars, spruces, firs, larches, pines grow.

Hydrocarbon raw materials. Several hundred oil and gas-oil fields have been developed on the territory of the Okrug. The largest oil fields: Samotlor, Mamontovskoe, Fedorovskoe and Priobskoe.

Minerals. The district is rich in deposits of hard and brown coal, gold, iron ores, copper, lead, zinc, tantalum, niobium, bauxite, etc. Piezoquartz, gangue quartz and rock crystal deposits are being developed. Brick-expanded clay is mined in the district, decorative rock, sand and gravel mixture, building sands, sapropel. Peat reserves are incalculable.

Flora and fauna

More than 800 species of various species grow on the territory of Yugra. higher plants. The following botanical and geographical regions are distinguished: Ural mountainous area and West Siberian Plain. The territory of the plain is characterized by zonal division of vegetation; distinguish subzones of the northern, middle and southern taiga, most of The territory is located within the taiga forests.

Remark 2

On the species composition vegetation of the northern regions big influence renders permafrost.

The vegetation is represented by various communities of meadows, forests, mountain tundra, marshes, and reservoirs.

On sandy river terraces, ridges and ridges, with increased waterlogging, white moss forests are formed.

In the places of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, secondary forests are formed - pine forests-lingonberries.

Meadow vegetation grows in the lowlands and floodplains of the rivers. The northern regions are characterized by lichen communities.

There are a lot of cranberries, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, currants, raspberries, bird cherry, wild roses and mountain ash in the forests and swamps.

The fauna is diverse and represents a typical taiga complex. The most common and economically valuable species are: polar fox, fox, sable, squirrel, ermine, marten, polecat, weasel, weasel, hare, otter, elk, wild reindeer and etc.

The West Siberian river beaver, wolverine, European mink.

The avifauna of the district is rich. The most numerous orders are Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Passeriformes. There are marsh harrier, goshawk, long-eared owl. Hunting is allowed for geese, black grouse, capercaillie, partridge, hazel grouse, ducks and waders.

More than 40 species of various fish are found in rivers and lakes. The main commercial fish species are: sterlet, muksun, nelma, peled, broad whitefish, sosvinskaya herring, pike, burbot, roach, ide, bream, perch, dace, crucian carp. The sturgeon is listed in the Red Book.

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Text content of presentation slides: Mineral resources of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. Natural resources of Ugra. The territory of the Okrug, along with oil and gas, is rich in other natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. Some of them are resources of global importance (forest, water), others are national (solid minerals, flora and fauna, peat) and regional. Reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug occupies a leading position in the world in terms of hydrocarbon reserves (about 5% of the world's oil reserves). Due to the fact that this raw material will be the main source of energy over the next 15-20 years, the role of the district as a territory supplying such raw materials should be maintained for the entire period. Now the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug supplies hydrocarbon raw materials to various regions of the Russian Federation and outside of Russia, mainly in European countries and CIS countries. Reserves of solid minerals. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has large potential reserves of iron ores, hard and brown coal, bauxites, copper, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, barite, manganese, rare metals, and phosphorites. All deposits of solid minerals are suitable for open mining. The presence of such minerals enables the Autonomous Okrug to develop new sectors of the economy, which are so necessary for the industrial potential of the Ural region. Minerals by origin Igneous (ore) Sedimentary Igneous rocks Formed directly from magma (molten mass of predominantly silicate composition), as a result of its cooling and solidification. Depending on the conditions of solidification, intrusive (deep) and effusive (poured) rocks are distinguished. They are found in the western part of the district in the foothills of the Urals. They include non-ferrous metals, rare metals, polymetallic ores (from "poly ..." and "metals" - complex ores in which the main valuable components are lead and zinc, associated - copper, gold, silver, cadmium, sometimes bismuth, tin, indium and gallium.) Rock crystal Gold Copper Zinc Lead Stone gems Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks earth's crust and formed as a result of the redeposition of weathering products and the destruction of various rocks, chemical and mechanical precipitation from water, the vital activity of organisms, or all three processes simultaneously. Found throughout the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (oil, gas, peat, adsorption clays, limestone, sand and gravel) Limestone oil adsorption clay Gas peat Sand and gravel Sedimentary rocks Oil and natural gas. The main oil and gas bearing regions and the largest oil fields are concentrated in the Okrug. Between the Urals and the Ob-Yenisei watershed there are 294 oil fields with total reserves of over 16 billion tons. To date, more than 9 billion tons have been extracted from the bowels of the district. Oil fields are unevenly distributed. There are about 61 large oil and gas fields in the Okrug. So, the resource potential of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is extremely rich, and it opens up broad prospects for social - economic development. This presentation is not intended for any commercial use. Graphic and text materials used in the creation of this presentation were obtained from the Internet resources using the search engine http://www.yandex.ru/ and the textbook "Geography of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Grade 8-9" Orlova T.K. and others.

Ponomareva E.A.

SEI VPO "Ural State Mining University"

Studying the topic "Mineral Resources", I became very interested in gas, coal, oil industry world and began to study fossil fuels in more depth. The collected material grew into my work, part of which you hold in your hands. One of the main reasons that made me delve into this topic was V.V. Putin’s speech in the city of New Urengoy, as well as the Iraqi crisis caused by the US desire to redistribute the oil economic markets.

On November 20, 2001 in Novy Urengoy, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin said that the country's leadership had decided to carry out serious structural reforms in the development of the gas, oil and coal industries.

“Oil and gas have been and will remain for many decades one of the main components of national wealth Russia. And given the problems that modern world, the Russian oil and gas complex can also play a role in strengthening global economic stability. Today we must develop the oil and gas industry, taking into account all factors, including foreign economic ones. In the near future we will have to work in the conditions of liberalization of the oil and gas market in Europe. This will require a change in the forms of state regulation of the gas, oil and coal industries, the introduction of new pricing principles throughout the entire technological chain - from production to final consumption. And, along with this, it will require the creation of conditions for the development of independent producers in the field of production, processing and sale of oil, gas, coal.

It is difficult to give an unambiguous assessment of the current state of affairs in the gas complex. The position of enterprises in the industry is better than the industry average. Their positions in the world markets are still stable. But there are still huge untapped opportunities. The industry can work much more efficiently, can bring more profit to the country. In this regard, we need an unbiased analysis of the systemic problems of the industry: technological, managerial, financial and foreign economic. Including those related to gas transit, using Russian infrastructure.

The most obvious and painful symptoms today are a drop in the extraction of raw materials and their supply to the consumer, an increase in the cost of production, and a decrease in its profitability. Old deposits are depleted, the problem of renewal is becoming more acute resource base. Up to unacceptable low level Geological exploration has also declined.

My goal is to analyze mineral reserves and show how rich our country is in combustible minerals, the use of which should not only contribute to the development of the country's economy, but also minimize environmental damage.

My task is to find out the leading importance of combustible minerals: peat, coal, oil shale, bituminous sands, oil, gas and other fossil fuels; talk about world and Russian deposits, the formation of minerals and methods of extraction; consider ecological problems and security environment. The topic is considered in more detail with an example. Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, as the richest in oil and gas fields and the closest to Yekaterinburg, which is part of the Volga Ural District.

Given in work general characteristics world deposits with a detailed development of minerals in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, thanks to its rich natural and mineral resources, occupies one of the leading places among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, playing an ever-increasing role in the economy of the region and the country as a whole.

Oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug (KhMAO). As of January 1, 2002, more than 500 oil and oil and gas fields have been discovered on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. The total explored oil reserves are estimated at 39.6 billion tons. Commercial development is underway at 178 oil and gas fields. There are 119 fields in the exploration stage. The average oil production per day is 500 thousand tons. Most of the fields are oil fields, the rest are gas and oil and gas fields. Total deposits - 2228, of which 2035 oil, 87 gas, 106 oil and gas.

On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug there are large deposits gas: Berezovskoe, Upper-Kolik-Eganskoye, Kolik-Eganskoye, Varyeganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Van-Eganskoye, Samotlorsoke, Bystrinskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, etc.

These fields contain 85.5% of the district's free gas reserves.

The discovery of oil and gas fields, as well as other natural resources, their exploitation radically changed the face of the district. In the once dense taiga and tundra, new cities have risen (Uray, Nefteyugansk, Gornopravdinsk, Megion, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, etc.), mines are growing, oil fields and mines are being built, factories and plants are being built, railways and oil pipelines.

As of January 1, 1999, more than 320 licenses for oil production and prospecting have been issued in KhMAO. The total area of ​​licensed areas is 115,787 km 2 .

Industrial development of oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is carried out by 44 oil and gas producing enterprises. Among them are large companies of world importance, such as Surgutneftegaz OJSC, Lukoil Oil Company, Nizhnevartovskneftegaz OJSC, Amoko Oil Company, Rosneft JSC and others.

In studying this topic, the significance of two conclusions became apparent to me. The first of them is the extremely short time during which the development of the fuel industry took place. Coal, for example, takes 800 years to produce, but half of it has been produced in the last 30-40 years, and half of the world's total oil production falls within a 12-year period since 1956. The second obvious conclusion is that the pace of growth that has been maintained for several decades cannot be sustained for too long.

No one can predict how society's technological and economic capabilities will change, so changes in the use of natural resources cannot be foreseen.