Natural resources of Ugra. Natural conditions and natural resources List of common minerals of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

Natural resources Ugra. Along with oil and gas, the territory of the district is rich in other natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. Some of them relate to resources of global importance (forest, water), others are all-Russian (solid minerals, flora and fauna, peat) and regional.

Hydrocarbon reserves. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug occupies a leading place in the world in terms of hydrocarbon reserves (about 5% of world oil reserves). Due to the fact that these raw materials will be the main source of energy over the coming years, the district's role as a territory supplying such raw materials must be maintained throughout this period. Now the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug supplies hydrocarbons to various regions Russian Federation and outside Russia, mainly in European countries and CIS states.

Reserves of solid minerals. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has large potential reserves iron ores, hard and brown coals, bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, barite, manganese, rare metals, phosphorites. All deposits of solid minerals are suitable for open development. The presence of such minerals makes it possible for the Autonomous Okrug to develop new sectors of the economy, which are so necessary for the industrial potential of the Ural region.

Igneous rocks Formed directly from magma (molten mass of predominantly silicate composition), as a result of its cooling and solidification. Depending on the solidification conditions, intrusive (deep) and effusive (outpoured) rocks are distinguished. They are found in the western part of the district in the foothills of the Urals. They include non-ferrous metals, rare metals, polymetallic ores (from “poly...” and “metals” - complex ores in which the main valuable components are lead and zinc, associated copper, gold, silver, cadmium, sometimes bismuth, tin , indium and gallium.)

Sedimentary rocks The formation of sedimentary material occurs due to the action various factors- the influence of temperature fluctuations, the influence of the atmosphere, water and organisms on rocks characteristic of the surface part earth's crust and formed as a result of redeposition of weathering products and destruction of various rocks, chemical and mechanical precipitation from water, the vital activity of organisms, or all three processes simultaneously. Found throughout the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug(oil, gas, peat, adsorption clays, limestones, sands and gravels)

Oil and natural gas. The district contains the main oil and gas bearing areas and the largest oil fields. Between the Urals and the Ob-Yenisei watershed there are 294 oil fields with total reserves of over 16 billion tons. To date, more than 9 billion tons have been extracted from the subsoil of the district. Oil fields are unevenly distributed. There are about 61 in the district large deposit oil and gas.

This presentation is not intended for any commercial use. This presentation is not intended for any commercial use. Graphic and text materials used to create this presentation were obtained from Internet resources using search engine and the textbook “Geography of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, grades 8-9” by T.K. Orlova and others. Graphic and text materials used to create this presentation were obtained from Internet resources using a search engine and the textbook “Geography of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, grades 8-9” by T. Orlova. K et al.

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ORDER of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation 66-r of the Government of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra 496-rp dated 09/22/2005 ABOUT APPROVAL... Relevant in 2018

LIST OF COMMON MINERALS OF THE KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT - YUGRA

Siltstones, mudstones (except for those used in the cement industry, for the production of mineral wool and fibers).

Anhydrite (except as used in the cement industry).

Bitumen and bituminous rocks.

Breccias, conglomerates.

Igneous and metamorphic rocks (except for those used for the production of refractory, acid-resistant materials, stone casting, mineral wool and fibers, in the cement industry).

Pebbles, gravel, boulders.

Gypsum (except for those used in the cement industry and for medical purposes).

Clays (except bentonite, palygorskite, fire-resistant, acid-resistant, used for porcelain and earthenware, metallurgical, paint and varnish and cement industries, kaolin).

Diatomite, tripolite, flask (except for those used in the cement and glass industries).

Dolomites (except for those used in the metallurgical, glass and chemical industries).

Calcareous tuff, drywall.

Limestones (except for those used in the cement, metallurgical, chemical, glass, pulp and paper and sugar industries, for the production of alumina, mineral nutrition for animals and poultry).

Quartzite (except dinas, flux, ferruginous, abrasive and used for the production of silicon carbide, crystalline silicon and ferroalloys).

Chalk (except for those used in the cement, chemical, glass, rubber, pulp and paper industries, for the production of alumina from nepheline, mineral feeding for animals and poultry).

Marl (except for those used in the cement industry).

Facing stones (except for highly decorative ones and those characterized by a predominant output of blocks of groups 1 - 2).

Sand (except for molding, glass, abrasive, for the porcelain and earthenware, refractory and cement industries, containing ore minerals in industrial concentrations).

Sandstones (except for dinas, flux, for the glass industry, for the production of silicon carbide, crystalline silicon and ferroalloys).

Sand-gravel, gravel-sand, boulder-gravel-sand, boulder-block rocks.

Shell rock (except for those used for mineral feeding of animals and poultry).

Sapropel (except for those used for medicinal purposes).

Shales (except combustible).

Loams (except for those used in the cement industry).

Peat (except for those used for medicinal purposes).

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is one of the richest regions in the country in natural resources. A unique oil and gas province has been discovered here. Huge reserves of hard and brown coal, iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated in the region. The area has large reserves of peat, and large reserves of wood, mainly coniferous, are also concentrated. In terms of fish stocks, the region is Western Siberia, which includes Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, is considered one of the richest regions of Russia. The region also has significant fur reserves.

Oil and gas produced in the district have high quality. The oil is light, low in sulfur, has a high yield of light fractions, and contains associated gas being a valuable chemical raw material. The gas contains 97% methane, rare gases, and at the same time there is no sulfur, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oil and gas deposits at depths of up to 3 thousand meters in soft but stable, easily drilled rocks are characterized by a significant concentration of reserves. Costs of production of 1 ton of standard fuel natural gas are the lowest compared to all other types of fuel. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob region. The nearest domestic oil and gas processing plants are located in the Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs; large oil and gas processing complexes are being created in Tobolsk and Tomsk.

Despite the fact that most of the fields in Russia have entered the final stage of development. Russia continues to occupy one of the leading positions in proven hydrocarbon reserves. However, it should be noted that the structure of reserves is constantly deteriorating: most of them are currently classified as difficult to recover and are confined to deposits characterized by complex geological structure, low and ultra-low permeability, high oil viscosity, complicated by the presence of faults, active bottom waters and gas caps.

The district has significant water resources. The rivers have high hydropower potential. However, the flat nature of the surface makes the use of hydropower resources of the Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries ineffective. The construction of dams on these rivers will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and damage from the flooding of vast areas forest areas, and perhaps oil and gas fields will block the energy effect from hydroelectric power stations. Of significant interest are underground thermal waters. They can be used for heating greenhouses and greenhouses, heating agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.

The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug belongs to two botanical and geographical regions: the Ural mountain region and the West Siberian plain. The main part is located within the West Siberian plain botanical-geographical region, which is characterized by a distinct zonal division of vegetation. Within the district there are subzones of northern, middle and southern taiga. The northern taiga subzone is characterized by a combination of sparse forests, flat-hilly and large-hilly swamps and meadow-swamp-sorty plant communities of floodplains large rivers. Larch, pine-larch, and pine forests and woodlands predominate. On flat watersheds, larch-spruce-cedar, larch and spruce forests. Forests are sparse and low in productivity. The ground cover of such forests is formed by shrubs - wild rosemary, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries and green mosses. Lichens are found in patches. Significant areas are occupied by swampy forests: larch, larch-pine and spruce, shrub-long-moss and sphagnum. The average swampiness is 40%. A tenth of the territory is occupied by flat-hilly complex swamps. Dark coniferous and pine forests are widespread in the middle taiga subzone. The forests of the northern part of the subzone resemble those of the northern taiga - with the participation of larch, with shrubs and green mosses in the ground cover. They differ from the northern taiga in their greater density, greater height tree stand, and hence productivity. The tree stands are formed by spruce and cedar; on rich soils they are joined by fir. Pine forests are replaced by dark coniferous forests with increasing swamping and on sandy river terraces, ridges and ridges, where magnificent white moss forests form. Pine and lingonberry forests often represent secondary forests on the site of burnt dark coniferous taiga. The southern taiga is represented by dark coniferous, pine and small-leaved (birch, aspen) forests. The zonal type is highly productive cedar-spruce-fir green moss and small-grass forests with abundant regrowth and diverse undergrowth, which may include linden. Pine forests different types found in small areas among swamps or on sand. Birch and aspen forests are predominantly secondary, resulting from logging and fires. A special place in the structure of the district's vegetation cover is occupied by the vegetation of river valleys. The vegetation here is diverse - from primary groups on young river sediments to forests of cedar, pine, birch at high floodplain levels and on the remains of river terraces.

On low levels Sedge meadows are widespread in the floodplains, and canary grass and forb-grass meadows are widespread in the middle ones.

The richest, most diverse, interesting vegetation in the mountainous Urals. In the vegetation cover of mountain landscapes, the influence of Siberian flora on the one hand, and European flora on the other, is very strong. Many plant species have the boundaries of their range here (western or eastern). Alpine and arctic circumpolar species are also present. Quite numerous rare plants, endemics and relics. For the Subpolar Urals, out of 28 rare and endangered species, 13 are endemic, 2 are relicts, 6 are rare, existing in the form of small populations, 7 are species that are reducing their range. Mountain plant communities are rich in medicinal, food and other useful species plants. The most famous and valuable of them is Rhodiola rosea - golden root. Pastures are located here reindeer. Northern taiga forests approach the foot of the Subpolar Urals. These forests are sparse, low-growing, often swampy, interspersed with frozen bogs and sphagnum peat bogs. Pine forests predominate; a smaller area is occupied by larch, spruce and spruce-cedar forests. The undergrowth in these forests is poorly developed. The grass and shrub cover is poor in species composition, marsh plants are often found. Mosses and, in some places, lichens play a major role in the composition of the ground cover.

The subalpine belt is characterized by mountain meadows, especially widely represented in the southern part of the Subpolar Urals. Here, on the upper border of the forest along the gentle slopes of the hills, there are vast clearings with rich herbaceous vegetation - the grass stand is dense (coverage reaches 95-100%) and tall (15-20 cm, generative shoots up to 50 cm). The dominant species are white-flowered geranium, Ural lagotis, and burnet. Rhodiola rosea, goldenrod, alpine pachypleurum, sinuous pike, and blueberries are very abundant. Lobel's hellebore, various-leaved trampoline, fragrant spikelet, etc. are found scatteredly.

The mountain tundra belt rises to 800-900 m. Within it, from bottom to top, stripes of shrub, subshrub, lichen and rocky tundra are clearly visible. Shrub tundras are represented mainly by communities of dwarf birch - dwarf birch; thickets of willows along streams and alders along steep rocky slopes and places with abundant flowing moisture are quite common. The basis of the shrub tundras are blueberry, crowberry, arctous, and dryad. The vegetation cover is interrupted by rocky scatterings.

The flora of the district creates conditions for habitat valuable species animals - gives them food and shelter. For humans, vegetation cover also has great value. The properties of plants and vegetation that are significant for humans are considered as plant resources, which in turn can be characterized as the potential wealth contained in flora and vegetation. The nature of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in addition to rich mineral resources, also has significant resource potential for agriculture and forestry. The district is characterized by peaty-boggy and podzolic soils; in the floodplains of the Ob and Irtysh rivers, alluvial soils are suitable for growing vegetables and other crops. Meadows in river floodplains provide a rich food supply for the development of livestock farming; their total area is over 1.5 million hectares.

Ensuring traditional environmental management for the indigenous population is an important aspect for Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. For example, preserving the food base for the development of reindeer husbandry ensures the existence and development of this type of activity as the basis for preserving the traditional way of life and ethnic characteristics that have been formed over the centuries precisely in connection with this activity.

Biological resources, as such, including plant ones, are considered by specialists to be renewable, but they are such only if there are opportunities for their restoration. Full-scale provision of replenishment of biological resources - main feature rational environmental management. In practice, three situations are possible: rational use, disuse, damage and loss. All these situations are relevant for the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. However, it is easiest to give examples of damage and loss of resources. First of all, they are associated with the industrial development of the territory, which will be shown in more detail in Chapter 3. There is also the presence of unused resources - medicinal raw materials, food plants, for example, it is difficult to find examples when the complete restoration of the resource potential under the conditions of its use would be ensured. The district is characterized by a combination of territories where biological resources to a certain extent lost or damaged (industrial zones, accompanying large settlements and their surroundings), with territories that have retained resource potential.

Food plant resources, including berries and salads, on the flat territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug are represented by fifty species higher plants. To the number berry plants having practical significance, include lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, cloudberries and cranberries. Most widespread has lingonberries.

List medicinal plants includes 148 species. Of these, 66 species are used in official medicine. The most important medicinal raw materials are chaga mushroom and birch buds. There are significant reserves of lingonberry leaves, the reserves of which are practically unlimited by procurement. In addition to lingonberries, promising sources of medicinal raw materials in terms of reserves, productivity and needs include rose hips, rowan, and bird cherry.

There are significant reserves of some technical plants. The tanning raw materials can be willows, bush alder, larch, snakeweed, as well as wild rosemary, birch, lingonberry, trifoliate, and blueberry. There are dyeing plants: sphagnum moss, blueberry, clubmoss, and lady's mantle. There are a wide variety of fibrous plants (nettle, some types of sedges, angustifolia fireweed, reed grass, etc.), braiding, stuffing and packaging plants (angustifolia fireweed, types of meadow grass, etc.), and many ornamental plants.

The mammal fauna of the district is quite rich and represents a typical taiga complex, including approximately fifty species belonging to six orders. The uncertainty in the number of mammal species in the district is caused, on the one hand, by incomplete study of the territory of the district, and on the other hand, by the fact that a number of species here have the boundaries of their ranges, which can shift, depending on conditions, by tens and even hundreds of kilometers in a given time. or the other side. The ermine, otter, weasel and wolverine are common throughout the district, but only the first of these species is numerous, the rest are quite rare. The otter, leading a semi-aquatic lifestyle, lives along the banks of small rivers and in the areas of the upper reaches of large tributaries of the Ob and Irtysh. Two other semi-aquatic species, the European and American mink, adhere to approximately the same habitats. But the first of them is extremely rare and is found only in the west of the district. Forest deer, which is a subspecies of reindeer, also lives here.

Among lagomorphs, the most numerous species in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is the Ural northern pika. This endemic subspecies of the northern pika is found only in the Ural Mountains.

Most major representative detachment of rodents in Ugra is the beaver. Possessing very valuable fur, this species has long been an object of fishing. At present, only the Kondo-Sosva hearth has survived from its former vast range, supported by the protected territory of the Malaya Sosva Nature Reserve and the Verkhne-Kondinsky Beaver Sanctuary. To restore the number of beavers in the district, a whole range of measures, both environmental and biotechnical, is required.

From renewable natural resources There are also large reserves of forest and fish. Historically, it was these factors that contributed to the development of such traditional types crafts of the indigenous peoples of the North living in the territory of the Autonomous Okrug such as fishing, fish processing, hunting, reindeer husbandry, collection and processing of wild fruits, mushrooms and nuts, folk crafts, souvenir production. And at present, these types of crafts form the basis of the traditional way of life of the indigenous people. national population.

Traditional economy of the Khanty and Mansi late XIX and the beginning of the 20th century has retained many of its features to the present day. Most of the indigenous population leads a typical taiga lifestyle. These are semi-sedentary hunters and fishermen, who are also engaged in reindeer husbandry in the north and cattle breeding in the south of the Autonomous Okrug. Depending on local geographical conditions one of the named types of activities came to the fore.

Fishing is of utmost importance in the life of the indigenous national population. Fishing is concentrated in feeding areas and along fish migration routes. Greatest development fishing received on the highways of the Ob, Irtysh, Northern Sosva, as well as the lake-river systems of Kondinsky, Berezovsky, Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut districts. On the rivers Ob, Irtysh, Konda, Severnaya Sosva, the Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets mainly use seines, fixed and floating nets for fishing, hook tackles are also used, and self-catchers were previously used. When fish were released from debris, a locking method of fishing was used. The main types of fish caught in the above-mentioned reservoirs are valuable ones - muksun, peled, pyzhyan, shokur, nelma; of the species - pike, ide, roach, dace. In lake-river systems, the district's aborigines use simple, but effective ways catches: constipations, cats, muzzles, gimgi, wicks.

In the traditional sector of the economy, one of the important activities of representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North is hunting. This type of fishing generated the greatest income until 1990. In subsequent years, due to low purchase prices, a reduction in the range of hunting resources, and the lack of a sales market hunting farm has lost its meaning. Most important objects fur-bearing species are: squirrel, sable, muskrat, ermine, fox; from ungulates - elk, deer. Before the 1917 revolution, indigenous small peoples The North used various traps in hunting. Nowadays they are more often used firearms and traps.

For all its diversity and richness, the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has very little arable land and is a zone of risky agriculture. That's why most of agricultural and food products are imported from other regions of Russia.

In general, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has enormous natural resource potential. First of all, these are oil reserves and forest resources. Placer and indigenous gold deposits have also been explored and mined, vein quartz. Available large resources peat, as well as manifestations of bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, niobium and other rare earth metals. Deposits of brown and hard coal have been discovered. Deposits of niobium, tantalum, manifestations of bauxite, etc. were discovered. They are in the preparation stage for field development decorative stone, brick-expanded clay, construction sands.

In the next three years, the government of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug plans to intensify the industrial development of solid mineral deposits. This is due to the need to develop alternative directions to the oil industry in the district. The subpolar Urals can play the role of a “silicon valley” for the country. Experts estimate the wealth of this northern part of the district at 7 trillion. dollars. The predicted resources of ore gold in Ugra exceed 50 million tons, the resources of copper, zinc, and lead average 10 million tons. In addition, on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug you can find titanium-zirconium placers, platinum group metals, jasper, coal and even diamonds.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is part of the Ural Federal District(Ural Federal District) of the Russian Federation (RF)

Territory: 534.8 thousand sq. km

Population: 1350.3 thousand people

Administrative center -Khanty-Mansiysk

Director of the Oil and Gas Department -Panov Veniamin Fedorovich

Head of the territorial department for subsoil use of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Rudin Valery Pavlovich

STATE AND USE OF MINERAL RESOURCE BASE OF KHMAO.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug

Z annoys central part The West Siberian platform with a pre-Jurassic folded foundation and a Jurassic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover. In the far west, folded structures of the Urals are developed, composed of Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic formations. The subsoil of the district is rich in many types of combustible, metallic, non-metallic minerals, and groundwater.

Hydrocarbon raw materials.

The district is a strategic base for oil production in the Russian Federation. Prospective resources make up about 18% of the all-Russian total, forecast resources make up 47.0%. In terms of explored reserves, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is far superior to all other regions of the Russian Federation. The exploration of the initial total resources is 46.1%.

In total, 504 hydrocarbon fields have been explored in the district, including 429 oil, 18 oil and gas condensate, 20 gas, 33 gas and oil, 4 gas condensate. The largest of them are Samotlorskoye, Krasnoleninskoye, Priobskoye, Salymskoye, Vatyeganskoye, Fedorovskoye, Tyanskoye fields.

In the structure of initial potential oil resources, current proven reserves (categories A+B+C1) and accumulated production account for 45.1%, preliminary estimated reserves (C2) - 10%, promising resources (C3+D1L) - 6.1%, forecast resources (D1+D2) – 37.8%. Operating fields account for 91% of current explored reserves and 62% of preliminarily estimated reserves. 237 hydrocarbon fields have been put into operation. The distributed fund contains 487 licensed areas.

Ponomareva E.A.

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Mining University"

While studying the topic “Mineral Resources”, I became very interested in the gas, coal, and oil industries of the world and began to study fossil fuels in more depth. The collected material grew into my work, part of which you hold in your hands. One of the main reasons that made me delve into this topic was V.V. Putin’s speech in Novy Urengoy, as well as the Iraq crisis caused by the US desire to redistribute oil economic markets.

On November 20, 2001, in the city of Novy Urengoy, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin said that the country's leadership had decided to carry out serious structural reforms in the development of the gas, oil and coal industries.

“Oil and gas have been and will remain one of the main components of Russia’s national wealth for many decades to come. And taking into account the problems that the modern world is going through, the Russian oil and gas complex can play a role in strengthening global economic stability. Today we must develop the oil and gas industry taking into account all factors, including foreign economic ones. In the near future we will have to work under the conditions of liberalization of the oil and gas market in Europe. This will require changing the forms of state regulation of the gas, oil and coal industries, introducing new pricing principles along the entire technological chain - from production to final consumption. And, along with this, it will require the creation of conditions for the development of independent producers in the production, processing and sale of oil, gas, and coal.

It is difficult to give an unambiguous assessment of the current state of affairs in the gas complex. The position of enterprises in the industry is better than the industry average. Their positions on world markets are still stable. But there are still huge untapped opportunities. The industry can work much more efficiently and can bring greater profits to the country. In this regard, we need an unbiased analysis of the systemic problems of the industry: technological, managerial, financial and foreign economic. Including those related to gas transit, using Russian infrastructure.

The most obvious and painful symptoms today are a decline in the production of raw materials and their supplies to consumers, an increase in production costs, and a decrease in its profitability. Old deposits are being depleted, and the problem of renewing the resource base is becoming more acute. Geological exploration has also sunk to an unacceptably low level.”

My goal is to analyze mineral reserves and show how rich our country is in combustible minerals, the use of which should not only contribute to the development of the country’s economy, but also minimize damage to the environment.

My task is to find out the leading importance of combustible minerals: peat, coal, oil shale, tar sands, oil, gas and other combustible minerals; talk about world and Russian deposits, the formation of minerals and methods of extraction; consider environmental issues and environmental protection. The topic is examined in more detail using the example of the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, as the richest in oil and gas deposits and the closest to Yekaterinburg, which is part of the Volga Ural Okrug.

The work provides a general description of the world's deposits with detailed development of mineral fuels in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, thanks to its rich natural and mineral resources, occupies one of the leading places among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, playing an increasingly important role on the economy of the region and the country as a whole.

Oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug (KhMAO). As of January 1, 2002, more than 500 oil and oil and gas fields have been discovered on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. Total proven oil reserves are estimated at 39.6 billion tons. Industrial development is underway at 178 oil and gas fields. There are 119 deposits at the exploration stage. Average oil production per day is 500 thousand tons. Most of the fields are oil fields, the rest are gas and oil and gas fields. The total number of deposits is 2228, of which 2035 are oil, 87 gas, 106 oil and gas.

On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug there are large gas fields: Berezovskoye, Verkhnee-Kolik-Eganskoye, Kolik-Eganskoye, Varieganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Van-Eganskoye, Samotlorsoke, Bystrinskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, etc.

These fields contain 85.5% of the district's free gas reserves.

The discovery of oil and gas deposits, as well as other natural resources, and their exploitation radically changed the appearance of the district. In the once dense taiga and tundra, new cities have risen (Uray, Nefteyugansk, Gornopravdinsk, Megion, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, etc.), mines, oil fields and mines are being built, factories and plants, railways and oil pipelines are being built.

As of January 1, 1999, more than 320 licenses for oil production and exploration work were issued in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The total area of ​​the licensed areas is 115,787 km 2 .

Industrial development of oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is carried out by 44 oil and gas producing enterprises. Among them are such large companies of global importance as OJSC Surgutneftegaz, NK Lukoil, OJSC Nizhnevartovskneftegaz, NK Amoko, JSC Rosneft and others.

While researching this topic, the significance of two findings became clear to me. The first of them is the extremely short time during which the development of the fuel industry took place. Coal, for example, has been mined for 800 years, but half of it has been produced in the last 30-40 years, and half of the world's total oil production has fallen in the 12-year period since 1956. The second obvious conclusion is that growth rates sustained over several decades cannot be sustained for too long.

No one can predict how a society's technological and economic capabilities will change, so changes in the use of natural resources cannot be predicted.