Locality. Legal status of lands of settlements

One of the goals of our association is to obtain the status of a settlement.

What it is? Why do we need it? Will we get better?

Many questions on this topic can be discussed in the comments at the bottom of this page.

To begin with, we are attaching to your attention an article that describes in detail the process, desires and goals of our neighbors in the Kaluga region, who succeeded!

Fedor Lazutin. Stages of legal registration of the ecovillage "Ark" as a settlement

Foreword

Ecovillage Kovcheg is located in the Maloyaroslavetsky district of the Kaluga region. Eight years have passed since a few people had a common intention to organize it, and seven years since the "tent landing" landed on the field and the construction of the first house began.

At present, the Ark is about 70 individual residential buildings, a large common Home in the center, cable electricity, workshops, sawmill, several units public engineering. The ark is Primary School for children and a variety of activities with them, common holidays, seminars, vegetable gardens, greenhouses and, of course, bees ...

Is it difficult to live in an ecovillage? Not so easy, of course. In the open field, where we have arrived, all issues have to be solved by ourselves, creating "from scratch", on our own and at our own expense, and infrastructure, and the necessary industries, and society. There are a lot of questions, and you have to look for solutions on your own, taking on full responsibility for your life and the lives of your loved ones. In conditions when everything depends only on you and failure cannot be attributed to "uncle" or to the "system".

But we love it! And life is no longer possible. Without their land with their garden and vegetable garden, without clean air, without spring water, without birds singing and silence around. Without a calm and friendly space in which you want to live by yourself and raise your children.

Moreover, we associate not only our future, but also the future of many people, if not our entire planet, with the ideas of the ecovillage and the Kin's Homestead. Is there any other way? In addition to returning people to a reasonable and healthy life on Earth, the rejection of excessive consumption, which has a destructive effect on it, the restoration of other values, except for huge cottages and expensive limousines.

However, it is worth adding that this text is a description of the design scheme that we followed, but by no means the history of our walking through the authorities. One could picturesquely describe a huge number of interesting and curious cases that happened to us in the course of this process, but this would make this article a work of a completely different genre and turn it into a whole book. (Here, many readers who have had a similar experience should have knowing smiles on their faces.)

Consciously choosing the path of a dry presentation, the author simply describes the specific steps that we ourselves took to achieve the official status of a settlement. But behind these steps is the living experience we have passed, a bunch of documents with seals and, in the end, the status of a settlement. The author will be very happy if this information is at least somewhat useful to you.

Stage one: what is an ecovillage?

The creation of a detailed, carefully worked out concept of an ecological settlement is the most important and responsible stage in the entire procedure for its organization. Everything else - location, structure, legal form, people who will be attracted to it, will, for the most part, only be a consequence of the initially laid down image. Ideally, the creation of an image should be basically completed not only before the choice of the legal form of the settlement, but also before the start of registration land plot.

Experience shows that the more issues are resolved and agreed upon within the collective (initiative group) at the very first, organizational stage, the easier and more efficient will be the way for the development of the settlement in the future. Conversely, unresolved or missed moments tend to turn into "time bombs" that can, over time, lead to very serious problems if not to the collapse of the whole undertaking.

And since it often happens that people remember their statements and agreements differently after a few years, these agreements must be recorded on paper in the form of specific documents.

An approximate list of issues requiring general agreement:

• The essence of the settlement For example, we in the "Ark" are creating an ecological settlement consisting of family homesteads;
• Approximate size of the future settlement. How many people (sites) are designed;
• The project of the settlement: the size and shape of individual plots, the width of roads and driveways, the presence (or absence) of a common territory;
• Will there be infrastructure in the settlement: are roads planned (if so, with what coverage), electricity, gas, and so on;
• Location (approximately) - region, district, direction and distance from the city (specific or any);
• Location characteristics: presence of a reservoir, river, forest, access roads, distance from central highways, and so on;
• Will there be general rules that apply throughout the settlement (in the field of ecology, ethics, social relations). If so, which ones (at least the most important ones);
• How these rules will be adopted (changed) in the future, how their implementation will be monitored;
• The status of plots (in our country - Kin's Homesteads) located on the territory of the settlement ( special purpose, indivisibility, the possibility (impossibility) of free sale, etc.);
• Requirements for a person who has a plot in the territory of the settlement. Including: the rate of development, planting plants, building a house, permanent residence and so on;
• The procedure for accepting new people to the settlement (very important!). The presence (or not) of a probationary period, the availability of the right to participate in decision-making during the probationary period;
• The procedure for changing the owner of the site (such cases inevitably arise);
• The procedure for excluding people whose actions pose a danger to the settlement (or the absence of such a procedure);
• Decision-making mechanism (general meeting, board, and so on), how and with what number of votes decisions are made;
• Implementation mechanism decisions taken in life;
• Legal form of ecological settlement.

This list can be supplemented, but the main questions are indicated in it.

Our idea of ​​an ecovillage, consisting of Kin's Homesteads, is quite fully set out in the articles "Legal issues of designing the Ark ecovillage" and "How we design the land", which we recommend to our readers, and we ourselves will move on to the next stage.

Stage two: choosing a design path

For our settlement, from the very beginning, the path of registration as a rural settlement with plots for personal subsidiary plots (PSP) was chosen. This legal form, from our point of view, currently most fully corresponds to the essence of the ecovillage. Why?

There are two types of private household plots - within the boundaries of a settlement (household plot) and on agricultural land (field plot). In the first case, you can build a residential building on it and register, which is what we need. In the second case - only engage in agriculture.

Plus, a land plot with the status of private household plots is intended for self-sufficiency in food Agriculture but not as a source of entrepreneurial activity. This means that running private household plots does not require any additional registration and documentation (as, for example, in the case of KFK - a peasant farm). In addition, all surplus products grown on household plots can be freely sold.

So, the status of a personal subsidiary farm within the boundaries of a rural settlement (household plot) makes it possible to build a house on the plot, register in it, and grow products both for their own needs and for sale. That is, it corresponds to the idea of ​​the Family Homestead as much as possible.

And yet, the status of the Family Homestead, from our point of view, has a number of its own features in addition to those that gives the status of private household plots within the boundaries of the settlement. Namely, a certain purpose, indivisibility, the impossibility of free sale, and so on. The concept of an ecovillage as a set of family homesteads also implies a number of features that distinguish it from the currently existing rural settlements.

After all, modern villages (at least those that are located next to us) have the same status - rural settlements with plots for household plots, but in our understanding they are not ecovillages.

And this means that the idea of ​​an ecovillage implies the possibility of introducing additional requirements, in comparison with the generally accepted ones, in the areas of environmental impact, social structure and ethics, as well as the status of individual sites. Without such an opportunity, it will be incompetent to call a new settlement an ecological settlement, and land plots - Kin's homesteads.

In the ecovillage "Ark" this issue is solved in the following way:

At present, according to the decision of the General Meeting of NP "Ark", the plots included in the territory of the settlement are not registered as individual property. This was done in order to preserve the idea of ​​an ecological settlement in the form in which it was conceived (and spelled out in the charter of the NP "Ark"), and to prevent a change in the status of Kin's Homesteads, as well as (which is very important!) Trade in them. The entire land plot (with an area of ​​121 hectares), on which the settlement is located, remains on the NP "Ark", which, in fact, consists of the owners of the estates. That is, a certain form of joint ownership of land and joint responsibility for it is obtained.

The right to own individual plots located on the territory of the eco-settlement is determined by agreements that are concluded between NP "Ark" and its members - the owners of the plots. Above the form of contracts in this moment work is being done.

Since the NP "Ark" consists of the owners of the plots included in the territory of the settlement (now it is 79 people), and all decisions are made at the General Meeting by three-quarters of the votes, by doing so we not only preserve the idea of ​​an ecological settlement, but also create a mechanism for real self-government.

So these questions are solved by us. There may be other options for solving them, and the choice is yours. The main thing is that they work.

Stage three: obtaining the right to a land plot for a future settlement

There are two main options here:

1. Buying out a plot from the owners of shares, farmers, other persons or organizations. The buyout procedure is well known, and we will not dwell on it.

2. Obtaining a plot from the state. Since we went exactly this way and consider it the most promising, we will talk about it in more detail.

According to modern laws, the right to receive a land plot has both an individual and entity. All free land is in the redistribution fund, information on the composition of which is considered open. To obtain a land plot, an application addressed to the head of the administration is required, indicating the location of the plot, the area and the purpose for which it is taken. After that, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the head of administration and the authority local government(meetings of deputies). Further, after signing the relevant papers, the site is put up for auction, and if additional applicants appear within the period prescribed by law after publication in the newspaper, the site is “played out” between them. The winner enters into a lease agreement for a land plot, and after three years, in case of intended use, he receives the right to buy this plot into his property.

This whole procedure is not so complicated, it makes no sense to describe small details, especially since they may differ in different regions and regions. Information about the procedure in the form of a clear sequence of actions should be given by the relevant officials (employees of the land committee, property committee and other structures), whose responsibility is to draw up the relevant documents. IN real life this is how it mostly happens, but on one condition. If there is an indication "from above", from the head of administration.

At the moment, very large powers have been transferred to local self-government, but the heads of administrations of rural settlements have neither staff nor funding for the implementation of these powers. Therefore, the real "masters" of almost all state lands are the heads of district administrations. It is they who "give the go-ahead" to the distribution of free land, as well as to their unhindered registration.

So, an approximate sequence of steps (as we did):

1) Creation of an initiative group (we had eight people, four of whom left after a while, but others appeared during this time). Drawing up a common vision of the future settlement. Writing first official document- protocol of intent.

2) The choice of the approximate location of the settlement ( Kaluga region). Land search. This happened very quickly for us - on the very first trip we met the head of the administration of the Maloyaroslavetsky district, who we immediately liked very much as a human being. Therefore, despite his refusal (the reasons for which are described at the end of this article), we decided to persevere. Namely, within a month they prepared a rationale for the ecovillage, collected information on various programs that could be implemented in the settlement, came and talked. In the end, the head of the administration (Kvasnichko Yuri Mikhailovich - we mention his name with great gratitude!) decided to meet us and said that he would allocate land.

3) Search for a specific site. The head of the district administration instructed the head of the land committee to find a suitable place from free land. We were offered a choice of three options (literally, we got into a car with the head of the land committee and drove all day). We chose the fourth one. That is, we drove through the same fields again with a specialist (soil scientist, geologist and geobotanist in one person - my old friend), and he said: "Can't we take that field, which is a kilometer away from the proposed one?" It turned out - it is possible. They took him. Thank you Dima!

4) Registration of a legal entity at the place of organization of the ecovillage. (we have - in the Maloyaroslavetsky district). Not an easy and very responsible work on the Charter of the NP. Two years later, we slightly corrected it and re-registered it.

5) Writing an application addressed to the head of administration for the issuance of a land plot for such and such purposes.

6) The district meeting of deputies - an instruction to the land committee to prepare the relevant documents for agreeing on the location of the ecovillage.

7) Registration of the act of choosing a land plot (prepared by the land committee and signed in the main district authorities, such as SES, architecture, and so on).

8) The district meeting of deputies - a resolution on the approval of the location of the settlement and permission for design and survey work.

When registering a land plot for organizing an ecological settlement, it is necessary to take into account one important circumstance regarding the category of land. The bottom line is that every land plot in our country is assigned to a certain category, each of which implies certain types of permitted use. The issue of transferring a site from one category to another is decided at the level of the subject of the federation (region) and requires quite serious work.

How does this concern us?

If the plot of land chosen for the settlement belongs to the category of settlement land, then there are no problems at all - draw up plots, build, register. But this is extremely rare (for example, the land of a very large disappeared village). Most often, we have to deal with agricultural lands, on which it is forbidden to build residential buildings (there are cases when people managed to register on the lands of peasant farms and gardening cooperatives, but this is more an exception than a rule) .

That is, the district does not have the formal right to lease out a plot of agricultural land for the organization of a settlement on it. How to deal with it?

There are two options here.

In the first option (which we followed from the very beginning), the interested organization, having in its hands the relevant decisions of the district assembly, is engaged in the transfer of the land plot to the category of land of settlements and the organization of the settlement. And only after all the work has been done, a lease agreement is concluded. The procedure is quite logical, but has a number of disadvantages. What?

The process of organizing a settlement can take a long time, and at this time you do not have normal rights to the site (decisions of the district assembly give only partial rights);

It is impossible to engage in any activity on the site until it is fully completed (neither planting trees, nor even building);

The leadership of the district may change (as was the case in our case), and it is not always necessary to count on good relations with the new one;

In the case of our settlement, for example, while we were engaged in the design of the settlement, our 121 hectares, consisting of eight thousand hectares of a ruined state farm, were leased to a new commercial organization. We solved this problem and returned the site (since there was an obvious mistake of the district), but it was very unpleasant. Therefore, we decided to switch to another design option.

In this (second) option, the interested person immediately becomes the owner of the land plot and only after that begins the procedure for changing the category and registration of the settlement. Any agricultural activity, such as gardening, beekeeping, or simply the production of agricultural products, can be included in the lease agreement.

But it is best if the lease agreement includes the use of land for personal subsidiary plots (as long as these are field plots) by members of the organization for which the entire land plot is registered. It can be a Non-Commercial Partnership (as in our case) or any other legal form.

And then, having become copyright holders, you can start organizing the settlement. But at the same time, it is very desirable that the ultimate goal - the organization of an ecovillage - be agreed with the administration from the very beginning, and not only agreed, but also documented (by a resolution of the district assembly).

Stage four: drafting a settlement

To obtain the status of a settlement, it is necessary to change the category of land on which it will be located, and to change the category, in turn, a basis is required. Such a basis is the project of planning the territory of the future settlement, agreed by the relevant authorities.

The site planning project (or settlement project) includes a breakdown into sections, roads, junctions, and some other details, but does not contain information about the location of buildings. The project of the settlement should not be confused with the master plan, which contains a much more complete and detailed information, but at the stage of organizing a settlement is not required.

The territory planning project is drawn up by an organization that has the appropriate license, based on a topographic survey of the area in accordance with the requirements of the customer and national SNIPs (urban planning norms and rules).

Let's consider this question in a little more detail.

Architects for drawing up a project require:

1) Documents confirming the rights of the customer to this land plot, or the consent of the copyright holder to draw up a project;

2) Customer's requirements for territory planning (size, shape, location of individual plots and the general territory, location of roads and much more);

3) SNIPs and norms approved by the relevant authorities for rural settlements. These standards are readily available and, as a rule, architects have them;

4) Topographic survey of the area (detailed map with contour lines and reference to the coordinate system). It may be found in the archives of the Land Committee (aerial photography materials), or it may not be available (as in our case). Then you need to invite topographers and pay for their work. This is a common thing for them - a couple of people for several days with a plot area of ​​​​100 hectares. At one time (2002) they wanted to charge us something about 300 thousand rubles for this service, but we found an option for 35 thousand.

There is nothing complicated in drawing up a settlement project. It contains a copy of the license, a dozen sheets of standard content (road sections, etc.), an explanatory note (drawn up with the participation of the customer) and the actual territory planning plan.

The latter is the only time-consuming part of the project and is done by the architect for at most a week.

For the project, as well as for topographic survey, they asked us for some untold money (350 or 400 thousand rubles), but we found an architect who did all the work for 25 thousand.

I must say that such stories (attempts to make money on us) were repeated several times in the process of organizing a settlement, but there were always ways to avoid this. Therefore, we spent something like 100 thousand rubles to pay for all the work on registration of the settlement, while similar work would cost the state two million.

And this point requires a little comment.

Commentary: who pays?

Its essence lies in the fact that the organization of a settlement is, generally speaking, the area of ​​activity of the state. In theory, the situation is as follows: citizens (and the organizations in which they work) pay taxes, and the state uses part of this money for planning territories and creating infrastructure. Before (in Soviet time) so it was. The state made a decision on the organization of a new settlement, then, all kinds of design organizations brought it to life, after which they built multi-story houses, as well as allocated plots for individual development.

But now all design and approval organizations have become commercial and require money for their work, and a lot of it. Therefore, the organization of the settlement becomes a pretty penny for the state. And since at the moment the development of rural areas is not the goal, there is no money in the budget for the organization of new settlements.

From this it is clear why the head of the district told us right away that he would allocate the land on one condition: that we would take care of all the registration. According to the principle "you need it, you do it". We agreed to this, and honestly did everything ourselves. We prepared documents, paved roads, installed electricity... That was our path. But there is another, which we will talk about a little later.

Stage five: approval of the settlement project

After the settlement project is prepared, it must undergo the appropriate approvals. Here is an approximate list of them (what we went through):

• The committee natural resources areas - the absence of minerals under the allotted territory;
• Directorate for the Protection, Restoration and Use of Monuments and Lands of Historical and Cultural Purpose of the Department of Culture and Art of the Region - lack of monuments and archaeological excavations;
• General Directorate of Natural Resources and Protection environment oblasts - ecological expertise of the settlement project;
• Department of Architecture and Urban Planning of the district - approval of the project;
• Gossanepidnadzor of the district;
• Gossanepidnadzor of the region;
• Department of State Security Inspectorate traffic Department of Internal Affairs of the region (connected to the access road);
• Department of architecture and town planning of the region - coordination of the location and project of the settlement;
• Committee for land resources and land management of the region.

The list of necessary approvals was given to us in the department of architecture and urban planning of the district, and then it was supplemented by the department of architecture and urban planning of the region. Most likely, it would be more correct to address this issue directly to them. The list and names of the relevant authorities may change, but this is not essential. The meaning of the agreements is clear and quite logical.

Is it difficult to get approved? Not good. We did not give bribes to anyone in principle, and especially no one asked for them (there were only a couple of cases). True, each time I had to explain what an eco-village and a family estate are, why we left the city for the sake of it, and so on. And since the issue of coordination was almost never resolved in one day, after the second or third conversation (often very tense) we were almost always told: "Well done guys, you are doing a good job!".

It should be added that the last two approvals are carried out last and are key. This is quite logical: the chief architect of the region approves the project of the settlement, and the committee for land resources and land management, after checking all the documents, gives the go-ahead to change the category of land. At the next stages of design key role play exactly these two documents.

Stage six: preparation for the Regional Legislative Assembly

Further processing goes in one of two directions.

Direction one: expansion of an existing settlement . This can be done (as we were explained) only in the case of a direct adjoining of the new lands to the lands of an existing village. A distance of even one meter is not allowed. The advantage of expanding an existing village is that it does not entail the creation of a new one. administrative unit, entering it into the state register, approving the name and other complex and time-consuming procedures.

We did not manage to follow this path - two villages adjacent to the ecovillage turned out to be crossed out from the list of settlements. To be sure of this (because there were doubts), we made an official request to the regional property committee.

Direction two: creation of a new settlement .

The procedure for creating a new rural settlement:

1) Conducting public hearings in a rural settlement, on the territory of which a settlement is being created. It is carried out according to the procedure that should be in the village administration or in the district. At its core, public hearings are a gathering of local residents to whom you tell about your plans. The result of the public hearing is advisory in nature.

Issues to be submitted for public hearing:

• The project of planning the territory of the future settlement;
• Line (red line) of the future settlement;
• The name of the future settlement.

The result of the public hearing is recorded in the form of a protocol.

2) Resolution of the Village Duma on the same issues.

3) Resolution of the District Assembly of Deputies on the same issues.

4) Conducting a consultative survey of citizens of a newly created settlement on the issue of approving its name. The procedure should also be in the administration of the rural settlement or district.

5) Drawing up two explanatory notes:

a) To the draft law of the region "On the formation of a new settlement";

b) To the draft resolution of the Legislative Assembly of the region "On the naming of a geographical object - a village".

At this stage, the collection required documents generally ends. The entire collected package is transferred to the legal department of the Legislative Assembly, whose specialists, after checking the entire package of documents, prepare the issue for the next session of the assembly. In the process of preparing for the session, we were called to five committees, where deputies asked questions, and we answered them.

Stage seven: Regional Legislative Assembly

It is hard to imagine that the Legislative Assembly of the region would not adopt the already prepared law on the formation of a settlement. But there may be time delays, as it was in our case. It seems that none of the deputies is against it, but everyone wants to get to know the situation better, to understand what kind of phenomenon this is - an eco-village.

When there are more settlements, this problem will disappear by itself.

Step Eight: Name Approval

This stage passes absolutely without our participation. What is it?

The decision to form a settlement has been made, but the name must be approved by the Committee for the Name of Geographical Objects of the Russian Federation (I cannot vouch for the exact name of this authority). Only after that the law finally comes into force.

Further, the documents are sent "down" - to the administration of the district and rural settlement. The creation of the settlement and the change in the category of land is completed - it is possible to obtain building permits, build houses and register in them. The rights to a land plot (including ownership and lease) in the event of its transfer to another category are preserved.

So, the goal is achieved - the design is completed. And it remains for us to talk about some of the nuances and summarize.

A look back or the results of our path

Is it difficult to arrange a settlement? Yes and no. The registration process took us quite a long time, about three years in total, but this was mainly due to the novelty of the process, and not to the complexity of the procedure itself. The fact is that before us, for the last twenty (at least) years, no one has applied to the regional administration with proposals on the organization of a settlement. And this means that officials and government officials had to re-establish all the standards and procedures necessary for this.

To this was added the novelty of the very concept of an ecovillage, the relatively large (one hectare) size of the plots, the unusualness of the process itself - the return of people from the city to countryside. Over time, when the concepts of eco-village and Kin's Homestead become familiar, and an order comes from "above" not to delay the registration, things will go much easier and faster.

On the other hand, only one or two people from the entire team are involved in the issue of legal registration of the settlement. But after all, the organization of an ecovillage is by no means limited to solving this issue. There are still a lot of tasks that can be solved by other members of the team, free from going through the chain of command. This is the remarkable strength of the settlement as a community of like-minded people.

Some are busy legal matters, others - in the design and construction of public facilities, still others - in activities with children, fourth - in the construction of roads, and so on. When settling in a new place, there are enough tasks, and what more people involved in their solution, the more interesting, diverse and sustainable life becomes.

But there is one very serious obstacle in paperwork, which cannot be ignored. This is the distrust of the authorities in the seriousness of intentions and in the purity of the thoughts of people who have declared their desire to create a settlement. And the mistrust is well founded. The fact is that over the past decade there has been too much all sorts of profanity, empty words and outright scams associated with the ideas of eco-settlements and Kin's Homesteads.

From this it becomes very sad, but the fact remains - such wonderful concepts as the ecovillage and the Family Homestead are currently very much discredited in the eyes of the authorities. Personally, I know many cases when the local administration was happy to meet halfway and allocated land to people. And as a result, after a lot of beautiful words and statements, quarrels (up to fights) with local residents and empty plots for many years ...

I am talking about this because I have personally heard such stories from representatives of the authorities myself more than once. different levels. What could be the answer to that? That any new business starts with difficulty, that mistakes are inevitable, that there is a human factor and the idea has nothing to do with it. And he also gave good, positive examples! And that was the strongest thing.

And then there was our own way of life. The fact that all these years we have been developing plots, building, moving to a settlement for permanent residence, embodied various interesting projects. In general, the deed confirmed their intentions. And this was the most powerful argument. Moreover, at the moment the government (in words, at least) fully supports the idea of ​​urban settlement and the revival of the countryside.

Individual representatives of the authorities and entire commissions came to our settlement more than once, and left under the great impression that after fourteen kilometers of off-road they ended up in a whole village with many houses, cheerful children and hospitable, friendly people.

And there are more and more such villages!

Details and generalizations

Plot sizes

When drafting a settlement, it is necessary to take into account the allowable sizes of plots (minimum and maximum) with the status of private household plots within the boundaries of a settlement (household plots) adopted on the territory of a given administrative unit (rural settlement or district). Please note that the norms of field household plots are most often different!

Information is best obtained through a formal request to the economic development district or the relevant regional ministry. Make sure that you are given exactly those standards! And not IZHS, for example (it happens). There is information that officials often try not to advertise the law on household plots (as it is too beneficial for citizens of the Russian Federation) and even deliberately hide it. In any case, get your way!

Construction on plots

While you do not yet have a settlement, on plots related to agricultural land, you can build only small buildings, formally intended for storing inventory and primary processing agricultural products. It even works for us. At the first stage of development of the site, as experience shows, it is better not to build capital houses, but to start developing the site, building life in the settlement and solving all issues related to arranging in a new place.

You can live in a small house, which will later become a bathhouse, a guest house or a workshop. And here experience suggests that over the course of several years of life on earth, almost everyone’s ideas about the main house change radically - in terms of size, layout, materials, location, and much more.

Then, when life on the site and in the settlement is sufficiently formed, and the status of the land changes, it will be possible to calmly and slowly build a bigger house, such as you need.

Another way to design a settlement

In the urban planning code we read (Article 46, paragraph 17):

In the event that an individual or legal entity applies to a local self-government body with an application for the issuance of a town-planning plan for a land plot, the procedures provided for in parts 1-16 of this article are not required. The local self-government body, within thirty days from the date of receipt of the said application, prepares the town-planning plan of the land plot and approves it. The local self-government body provides the applicant with a town-planning plan of the land plot free of charge.

This means that you (a group of people), being the owners of a land plot and having the intention to live on it, have the right to demand from the state the creation of a settlement on these lands. That is, the fulfillment of their direct duties. However, I do not yet know people who would Russian Federation This is the way we have gone, but this opportunity exists, and this is already very good. In Belarus, as far as I know, there are such examples - there the state not only registers houses, but also conducts electricity and builds roads.

In fairness, it must be said that at the stage of preparing documents for the Legislative Assembly of the region (in terms of our article - the sixth), representatives of local authorities began to actively help us. This is, first of all, the head of a rural settlement (Alexander Pavlovich) and a deputy of the Legislative Assembly from our district (Sergey Fedorovich). Both of them visited us more than once and decided for themselves that this is a good thing and it needs to be "moved".

With the assistance of government representatives, the process went much more actively and ended faster.

Successful embodiment of your bright thoughts and undertakings!

Fedor Lazutin,
April 3, 2009
Kaluga region, Maloyaroslavetsky district, ecovillage Kovcheg.

Questions and comments about this article can be sent to: [email protected]

The first settlements began to appear in ancient times. What is a locality? And what kinds of them exist today?

The locality is...

A settlement is understood as a place of accumulation of people who live in it permanently or temporarily. This is a special territory with a complex of residential buildings and infrastructure facilities (roads, pipelines, communal, cultural and community buildings, and so on).

Settlement is the primary link in the system of resettlement of the population of a certain territory. It can be a small village, an urban-type settlement, or a large city.

A characteristic feature of any settlement is the constancy of the use of its territory by people for living. Speaking of independent public education, then one of its settlements has the status of a central one and is called the capital.

Main types of settlements

The main types of modern settlements are the following:

• city;
• rural settlement;
• urban village.

A city is usually called a relatively large (compared to other settlements) settlement, the inhabitants of which are mainly employed in industry and the service sector. Cities, as a rule, are administrative, scientific, cultural and industrial centers of their countries or territories. These are peculiar "locomotives" of social and economic development of any region.

Modern science cannot unequivocally answer the question of which settlement can be considered a city. In the past historical eras this problem was much easier to solve. So, in the times of Kievan Rus, any settlement surrounded by a rampart or a fortified defensive wall was called a city (hail). Later, the status of a city in Europe was received by settlements that had the right to trade.

Today, the main criterion for determining the city is the population. Moreover, for each state, this parameter may be different. For example, in Denmark, a city can be a locality where only 250 people live. But in Japan, the number of inhabitants in it should be at least 50 thousand.

To date, urbanists classify all cities in the world into small (up to 50,000 inhabitants), medium (50,000-100,000), large (from 100,000 to 1 million) and million-plus cities (over 1 million people).

An urban-type settlement (abbreviated as an urban-type settlement) is a settlement that, in terms of population and other parameters, occupies an intermediate position between a city and a village. The concept was introduced during the Soviet era. In the modern post-Soviet space, urban settlements have been preserved in almost all states, except for Latvia, Lithuania and Moldova.

Finally, rural settlements include villages, villages, as well as villages, auls, farms, etc. There are no fundamental differences between the concepts of "village" and "village" in Russia. Although historically a settlement was called a village, in which there was a church with a bell tower. At the moment, there are at least 150 thousand rural settlements on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Zoning of settlements

In urban planning and land use, it is customary to distinguish three main zones of settlements:

1. Residential (residential buildings, boulevards, public utilities, as well as social infrastructure facilities are located here).
2. Production (here are various industrial enterprises and related facilities).
3. Recreational (forest park zones, squares and gardens are concentrated here, summer cottages, reservoirs, etc.).

Conclusion

A settlement is understood as a territory in which people permanently (or temporarily, seasonally) live. City, village, and urban-type settlement are the main types of settlements for Russia, as well as many other countries of the world.

Administrative-territorial, municipal-territorial structure

Lecture No. 7 of 09/27/2011

A-T division refers to the exclusive competence of the subjects, with the exception of the names of A-T units, individual settlements, the ZATO organization. These issues are within the competence of the Russian Federation.

A-T division - this is the division of the territory of subjects into A-T units, settlements, for the orderly implementation of the functions of public administration, LSG, public political life in the interests of the inhabitants of this subject

Municipal-territorial division is carried out with the aim of orderly implementation of LSG and involves the division of the territory of the subject into the territory of the Moscow Region

It is necessary to distinguish the division of the territory and the classification of settlements from the A-T division provided for the needs urban planning activities

A-T unit - this is the inner part of the territory of the subject within the established boundaries, which has its own name, a permanent center, characterized by unity, continuity, including one or more settlements, allocated for the purpose of a comprehensive solution of the state. and local tasks to ensure the life of the population.

Types of A-T units:

Village councils.

This a place of permanent residence of people, adapted for life, households. activities, recreation, concentrating housing, administrative and household. the buildings

Kinds:

Villages.

Stanitsy.

Settlements.

Urban-type settlements.

Districts in cities.

NPs can be urban or rural.

According to the law of the Sverdlovsk region of July 7, 2004 "On the A-T device of the Sverdlovsk region" A-T units are districts, intra-city districts and village councils (the similarity of the municipal district with the Moscow Region)

Types of NP:

urban locality- This is a settlement with an established production and social. infrastructure: in the form of a city (population over 12 thousand people); urban-type settlement (from 3 to 12 thousand people); workers' settlements (less than 3 thousand people).

In cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, intracity districts and village councils can be created

Rural settlement- this is a NP that does not belong to the category of urban.

Subjects regulate issues differently ratios A-T division and municipal division. There are three possible situations:

1) LSG is carried out in within A-T units, i.e. MO are identified with A-T units.

2) provides for the separation of A-T units and MO. In this case A-T units are created to solve state tasks, MO - to address issues of local importance, and these territories are allocated taking into account the characteristics of the NP.

3) breeding A-T and municipal-territorial units. Supposed varying degrees universality of MO and A-T units.

Federal Law 131 does not provide for any connection between A-T and the municipal-territorial unit.

Decision of the Constitutional Court dated 15.05.2007- A-T division, including issues of education, transformation and abolishment of A-T units cannot interfere with the interests of the territorial organization of LSG.

Decision of the Constitutional Court of 24.01.1997- A-T units are formed by the subject and OGV can be created in them.

Decision of the Constitutional Court dated 03.11.1997- A-T division and MSU are not connected.

Decision of the Constitutional Court of November 30, 2000- any change in the territorial basis does not lead to a refusal to implement it.

The Federal State Statistics Service draws a parallel to two classification systems:

All-Russian classifier objects A-T division.

All-Russian classifier of the territory of the Moscow Region.

Version: 1.4

Date last edited: 16.02.2015

The instruction describes the basic rules for the design of the page of the settlement. These rules should be followed both when adding new settlements to the site, and when editing existing ones.

general information

The site "Rodnaya Vyatka" publishes information about settlements Vyatka region with indication of geographical coordinates, description and other information.

All registered visitors of the site can add settlements to the site. To get started, you need to log in to the site. (click "Login" on the upper dark bar, and if you are not registered yet - "Registration").

To add a locality to the site, it is necessary in the user menu of the site (upper dark bar) select the item "Add" / "Locality".

To edit a previously added settlement, you need to click the "Edit" button at the top of the settlement page. If you do not have rights to edit the material and this button is not displayed, write your information in the comment.

When adding (editing) the page of the locality, you will be asked to fill in a number of fields and confirm the entry of information by pressing the "Save" button.

The published information must not violate the laws of the Russian Federation.

Filling in the fields

Name

The name of the settlement is indicated in Russian in the nominative case (answers the question "What?") in modern orthography (that is, without the letters "Ѣ", "Ѳ", "i", and also "Ъ" at the end of the word). The type of locality is not indicated in the name, it is provided for this.

What if the name sounds different in different sources?

You should indicate as the main name the name that occurs in the latest documented source (list of settlements, certificate from the archive, population census data, Rosreestr data and other sources), except in cases where the source has a clear error that the user can confirm (this should be written in "").

What to do if the settlement has several names, or its name has changed?

In parentheses after the main one, you can specify minor name(if more than one - separated by a comma with a space). It is advisable to put in the “name” field only the most important names that have been in effect for a long time, documented, or were widely distributed among local residents (if you know for sure, be sure to write about it in the description of the settlement).

You should not put in the “name” field secondary names that have the same root as the main name, or indicate more than one single-root name!

About all the less significant, less common names of the settlement and obsolete forms of the name that you know, including in pre-reform spelling, write in the field "".

What about the letter "Yo"?

Do not replace the letter "ё" with "e", since the correct reading of the name depends on this.

At the same time, you do not need to write “ё” where “e” is indicated in the available sources, and there is no complete certainty that this letter is read as “ё” (no need to rely on guesswork).

It should also be remembered that in pre-revolutionary sources the letter “ё” was practically not used anywhere, and one should not replace “e” with “ё” in names taken from these sources and not confirmed by later information.

stress

Stress and other features of the pronunciation of names should be indicated in "".

Example filling in the field " "

If the required type is not in the list, is obsolete or rarely used, you should select the “other” type, and put its name in the “ ” field (indicate after the name in brackets).

Status

You should select from the list the current status of the settlement at the time of adding to the site.

• no data- this option should be indicated if it is not possible to clarify the current status of the settlement;
• residential area- in the settlement there is a population, residential buildings; in some cases, there may be no permanent population, but the settlement has not been deregistered;
• part of another town the locality was deregistered by joining another locality, while it is known for certain that there is currently a population in this territory; otherwise, it is better to indicate the status “does not exist now”, and in the description talk about the unification of settlements;
• ruins- the settlement is non-residential, while in its place there are collapsing non-residential houses and outbuildings;
• does not currently exist - the settlement is uninhabited, deregistered; at the same time, in the description of the settlement, if information is available, it is necessary to indicate an approximate or exact time the disappearance of the village.

Description of the locality

This field contains all known information about the settlement. It is highly undesirable to leave this field empty.

The description of the settlement should be as encyclopedic as possible, that is, the information should be indicated with references to sources, indicating the degree of reliability (“according to information from the book of such and such”, “according to such and such a site”, “according to the memoirs of such and such a resident ”, “according to unverified sources”). The presentation style should be neutral, in the third person (do not write "I", "mine"). Information should be presented in a logical sequence, following a certain plan. It is better to write insignificant information in the comments (in free form, you can use the first person).

1) Basic information:

• variants of the name of the settlement: accent, obsolete names, folk names etc.;
• location in relation to the administrative center (the center of the district, rural settlement), other large settlements and other geographical objects- rivers, lakes, hills, etc.;
• settlement size, geographical description territories, plans and schemes;
• population: number of inhabitants, National composition, income level of residents, etc.;
• authorities;
• objects of social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, libraries, etc.), their description;
• existing industrial and agricultural facilities, their description and role;
• objects of religious worship (churches, chapels, mosques, etc.), cemeteries;
• other attractions.

2) History of the settlement

• date of foundation, indicating the source of information;
• date of liquidation, indicating the source of information;
• history of changes in the administrative affiliation of the settlement;
• the history of the settlement of the territory of the settlement, associations and consolidations;
• history of authorities, institutions (clubs, schools, hospitals, etc.) and enterprises (factories, plants, collective farms, state farms), basic facts and dates;
• the history of the local religious community (primarily for villages), key dates and facts;

3) Residents of the settlement

In the description of the settlement, you can indicate its famous inhabitants. In this case, you can not start a separate section, but indicate them in the context of the description.

For large settlements, it is advisable to indicate only sufficiently significant persons. The main criterion of significance is recognition among local residents. For example, such persons may be:

• heads of administrations, chairmen of collective farms;
• participants in amateur performances, cultural workers;
• clergymen;
• employees of enterprises marked with awards and titles;
• residents who provided information on the history of the settlement.

It is better to indicate less significant residents in the comments to the settlement in free form. For example: “in this village in such and such years my grandmother lived: full name, such and such a year of birth, she was engaged in such and such”.

For small settlements, you can specify all the available information about the inhabitants.

4) Interesting places, stories, legends, legends associated with the settlement

If there are any, they must also be indicated, of course.

5) Sources of information

At the end of the material, it is necessary to indicate the sources of information from which the information is taken. It can be books, documents, geographical maps, Internet sites. Preferably in the description text when specifying important facts cite these sources.

Location

Location (geographical coordinates) - a required field when creating a settlement.

There are two ways to specify a location:

1. Mark the settlement with the mouse on the online map

In this case, you can switch between the available "layers" (map options):

• "Google Sputnik", "Yandex Sputnik", "Bing Sputnik" - different options for satellite imagery; in each option there are areas of the earth's surface that have a higher available resolution, so try to switch between them;
• "OSM" - the map "Open Street Map", which is drawn independently by Internet users; the advantage of this map is that some parts of the terrain are very well developed; but for Kirov region unfortunately the coverage is very uneven;
• "Yandex Maps" - quite detailed geographic map with an indication of all existing and not very long ago disappeared settlements;
• "Topo-map" - topographic map Soviet period, one of the most important tools when specifying the location of settlements.

2. Enter known coordinates in the fields "Latitude" and "Longitude" in degrees in decimal format.

Specify no more than 4 decimal places (after the dot). You can specify either a dot or a comma as a decimal separator.

If the coordinates are known in degrees, minutes and seconds, they must be converted to decimal form. To do this, you need to divide the number of minutes by 60, the number of seconds - by 3600, and add the resulting non-integer numbers to the number of whole degrees. You can also use online converters for translation, for example this one: http://camapka.ru/convertor.html.

Coordinate conversion example. Take 49°45"35"" ( northern latitude). The decimal latitude in this case would be: 49+45/60+35/3600 ≈ 49 + 0.75 + 0.0097 = 49.7597. For longitude, we perform a similar calculation.

As a result of the actions described here, a marker will be displayed on the map indicating the location of the settlement.

If the settlement is large in area, the marker should be indicated in the historical (oldest) part. If this information is not available, then the marker is placed in the center of the settlement.

If the exact position of the settlement is unknown, it is necessary to put a tick under the coordinates “ Location is incorrect". At the same time, after adding the settlement, it is desirable to explain in the comments the nature of the inaccuracy - either the location is generally unknown and the settlement is marked “at random”, or the location is marked with a small error.

For settlements that disappeared a long time ago or were not marked on the "Topo-maps" layer, you should indicate in the text or in the comments to the settlement, on the basis of which data the location is indicated (knowledge of the area, old map, memoirs of old-timers).

Number in the SNM 1873

Number in the list of populated places in the Vyatka province 1859-73.

Room in CWR

Images

Attach photographs of streets, sights, residents to settlements; maps, diagrams, drawings and other images related to the locality. Whenever possible, such images should be illustrative and non-repetitive.

To add a photo, you must click the "Browse" button, select an image on your computer, and then click the "Upload" button, and then enter a description for the image. If you need to add several images, this procedure must be repeated several times using the "Add more" button.

When uploading images, including photographs, it is imperative to indicate the author, if he is known, or the source from which the image was taken.

Flags

Check the "Add to bookmarks" box to get quick access to the locality through your profile page. The locality page will display a list of site users who have bookmarked it.

Editorial Information

If you are not adding a new one, but modifying an existing locality, write in the Revision Log Message field the essence of the changes that you made. This will help other contributors understand why you made these changes.

Locality Page Examples

• the village of Elevo (Peter and Paul) - detailed example
• Novyaki village (Novikovy) - example with a short description

Settlement - a place of permanent or temporary residence of people. This is a territory built up with residential and industrial buildings, cultural and community facilities.

The separation of industrial labor from agricultural labor led to the emergence of two main types of settlements - urban and rural. IN different countries Various quantitative characteristics have been adopted, according to which a particular settlement is classified as urban or rural. However, the main differences between them are not so much in the number of inhabitants, but in the functions (economic, cultural, administrative and political) that the settlement performs. In Latvia, for example, all settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants are considered urban, but in Moldova, a significant proportion of the population lives in villages with more than 5,000 inhabitants.

The study of the city requires a special combination of knowledge in the field of not only geography, but also history, art and architecture, etc. Everyone can discover some new features in his city that no one has yet revealed. Economic geography also plays an important role in this.

What is required to understand the economic and geographical features of a modern city?

It is important to understand and evaluate its economic and geographical position, to establish the origin of the name. It is also necessary to trace the development of the city, the growth in the number and changes in the composition of its inhabitants, the increase in the territory it occupies.

It is necessary to determine the economic specialization of the city and its place in the single economic complex of the country. Therefore, its transport and economic ties with other cities and regions are necessarily studied. Finally, it is very interesting to find out the prospects for the further development of my native city.

By population, cities are divided into small (up to 50 thousand inhabitants), medium (up to 100 thousand inhabitants) and large (more than 100 thousand inhabitants). The growth in the number of cities with a population of over 500,000 gave rise to the category of super-large, or largest, cities. In 1917, there were only 2 of them in our country, and according to the 1979 census, there were already 45. Cities with a population of more than a million people are real giants.

Our country has really become a country of big cities. In total, they are home to about 50 million people, or almost 40% of the population. The share of small and medium-sized cities, urban-type settlements accounts for about 30 million people, or approximately 22% of the country's population.

A big city is at the same time a large industrial center, an administrative, scientific and cultural center, and a powerful transport hub. With rare exceptions, all capitals autonomous republics, regional and regional centers are big cities. At the same time, the other part of the big cities, not being officially one or another administrative center, nonetheless perform important organizational and economic functions in relation to a particular area.

Big cities accumulate not only material and spiritual values. They also multiply shortcomings and give rise to a number of complex scientific and technical problems. One of the main ones is the preservation of a healthy human environment.

Small and medium cities- a support and a lever for the transformation of rural settlement, an important tool for overcoming the differences between the city and the countryside. At the same time, they are a means of regulating large cities, which are threatened with excessive growth.

One of the key features modern life people in many countries of the world. Their growth, the increase in the proportion of city dwellers in the population, the spread of the urban way of life to the countryside - all this is called urbanization.

On the territory of Russia, as well as throughout the planet, cities were distributed unevenly. In the north and east of our country, they are separated from each other at very respectful distances. Another picture all around largest cities in populated areas, where powerful territorial production complexes have already formed, as well as at the main port "entrances and exits" from the country. There is a close proximity of large and small cities. The gap between them is reduced to a few kilometers. Sometimes neighboring cities get so close that they seem to grow into each other. In a continuous strip along sections of railways of considerable length, urban settlements in the Moscow region stretch without interruption. Here are the real constellations of cities.

Groups and clusters of cities that are closely located and closely related in labor, cultural and domestic terms are called agglomerations. More than 80% of all citizens of the country live in them.

Rural settlements- These are settlements with a relatively small number of inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in agriculture. Rural settlements also include such settlements where residents are employed in forestry, in transport services, etc. The size of rural settlements ranges from tiny, with up to 10 inhabitants, to giant villages with a population of 5 or more thousand inhabitants.

The cooperation of small peasant farms and the creation of powerful agricultural enterprises gave impetus to the concentration of the rural population in large villages and towns. This process makes it possible to successfully solve the problem of undesirable differences between the city and the countryside. In each of the hundreds of thousands of villages and villages in our country, it is far from always economically feasible to build water supply and sewerage systems, establish electricity and gas supplies, even have a school and a club, a library and a shop. All this is available only to large modern rural settlements.

Deepening the specialization of agriculture, its concentration and mechanization, and the creation of agro-industrial complexes can only be achieved on the basis of large rural settlements. That is why the main direction of improving the existing system of resettlement of rural residents in many parts of the country, for example, in Non-chernozem zone Russia, is the transition from a network of small settlements to villages, much larger in size and with more high level improvement.

In geographic local history, rural settlements are studied as an integral part of larger and more complex objects. An analysis of the location of settlements within the boundaries of this economy is carried out, an assessment of the economic and geographical position of the central estate is given, and the significance of each settlement is clarified. It is necessary to collect information on the number of inhabitants, their age composition, employment certain types agricultural labor. It is desirable to have such data in dynamics, i.e., for a sufficiently long series of years. The analysis is completed by the characterization of cultural and living conditions and the prospects for their improvement in the countryside.

Such a study of rural settlements makes it possible to trace socio-economic changes in the countryside, helps to identify the most promising settlements for further growth and development.