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Novorossiya. Facts you didn't know. Novorossiya - national composition - leg10ner

Novorossiya(Novorossiysk Territory, New Russia, New Russia) - a synonym for the Novorossiysk province and the Novorossiysk Governorate-General, in a broad sense - the historical territories of the Northern Black Sea region, attached to Russian Empire as a result of the Russo-Turkish wars in the second half of the 18th century. They included Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Tauride, Bessarabia provinces, as well as the Kuban region. The term was used at the beginning of the 20th century, but after the revolution it was practically banned, while a significant part of the lands of Novorossia was included by the Bolsheviks in the Ukrainian SSR. The term received a new distribution in 2013-2014, as a result of the events that took place in Ukraine, which led to protests in the South-East of Ukraine.

History of development

The Russian Empire gradually annexed this territory during the wars with the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. Before the inclusion of these lands into Russia, the Crimean Khanate was located here, in the west - Moldavia, in the northern part - the lands of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, who had a special status in the Commonwealth. After the Pereyaslav Council and the entry of the Zaporizhian Army into the Russian kingdom, the latter intensified the process of colonization of the territory. The settlement of the region began with the creation of small settlements founded by Zaporozhye Cossacks and Russian settlers. In the first half of the 18th century, the border between Russia and Turkey was clearly defined here for the first time.

In 1752, the first military-agricultural settlement of Serbs and Hungarians from Austria-Hungary was formed, called New Serbia, later followed by the Bulgarians and Volokhi. Later, the region was divided into New Serbia (from the Polish lands to the Dnieper) and Slavic Serbia (to the east of the Dnieper along the Ukrainian border line).

In 1764, the territory of deployment of the hussar regiments of the Novoserbian military corps, which consisted of the entire local male population, was transformed into the Novorossiysk province, which included Slavic Serbia and the Ukrainian line. Initially, Novorossia covered the territory of the Bakhmut district (formerly part of the Voronezh province), Mirgorod and Poltava regiments (from the Hetmanate). Since 1765, the center of the province was Kremenchug (Poltava region).

The development of Novorossia has become massive since late XVIII century under the leadership of Prince Potemkin, who was given almost unlimited powers for this. Under him, Zaporozhye (Dnepropetrovsk region) was annexed to Novorossia, built new center Yekaterinoslav (1776). In 1778, Kherson became the most southwestern city of Novorossia. In 1783 Novorossiya was joined by the Crimea.

Administratively, the Novorossiysk province existed during the time of Catherine II, from 1764 to 1775, and during the time of Paul I, from 1796 to 1802, when it was divided into Nikolaev, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride provinces. The center was located initially in the city of Kremenchug, then from 1783 in the city of Yekaterinoslav. In 1803, the Nikolaev province was renamed Kherson. The Novorossiysk-Bessarabian General Government lasted until 1873.

In the Russian Empire, Novorossiya stood out high level European culture of the first governors and mayors, who possessed great organizational skills and state initiative (G. A. Potemkin, I. N. Inzov and others).

According to Professor Dergachev, Novorossia, and in particular the territory of the Ukrainian Black Sea region, can be considered as an example of the most successful European regional integration in the Russian Empire. In Novorossia, lands were distributed to Russians, Germans, Serbs, Bulgarians, Armenians, Greeks, and others. An attempt was also made to settle Jewish colonists on the land. European liberalism, traditions of economic freedom and multi-ethnicity provided its inhabitants with a high quality of life.

On the site or near small Cossack and Tatar settlements, many new cities were founded, such as Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk), Nikolaev, Kherson, Elisavetgrad, Odessa, Tiraspol, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Mariupol.

As a result, the population here acquired a mixed composition: Ukrainians - especially in the rural areas of the western part of Novorossiya, Russians (everywhere in the cities and eastern part of Novorossiya, as well as in many rural areas of western Novorossiya) and Jews (mainly in the cities). The Bulgarians made up a significant percentage of the population in the Berdyansk district and in the south of Bessarabia, the Greeks - in the villages of the Mariupol district (descendants of immigrants from the Crimea), the Germans made up almost a quarter of the population of the Perekop district.

Novorossiya after 1872

After the dissolution of the Novorossiysk-Bessarabian General Government, the term ceased to correspond to any specific territorial unit. On January 22, 1918, the Ukrainian Central Rada laid claim to Novorossiya. However, the region resisted the transition to Ukrainian possession. Under the Soviet slogans in 1918, the Odessa Soviet Republic, the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic appeared, which were then merged into the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. However, these ephemeral Soviet republics of Novorossiya were liquidated as a result of the German offensive. During the return of these lands to Russia in 1919-1920. the Novorossiysk region was again recreated with the center in Odessa. In 1919, detachments of the Makhnovists operated on the territory of Novorossia.

When the Ukrainian SSR was created, most of Novorossia was included in it.

During the Civil War urban population Novorossiya was mostly on the side of the whites, and the prosperous peasantry supported the local rebel groups. For this reason, after the establishment of Soviet power in Novorossia, mass repressions swept across the region, especially in the Crimea and Odessa, and the name of the region was taken out of use.

In the territories of Novorossia with a predominantly non-Russian population in the 1920s-1930s. a policy of indigenization was carried out, during which elements of the language and culture of the nationalities living on these lands (Ukrainians, Germans, Greeks, Bulgarians, etc.) were promoted and introduced. In the late 1930s, indigenization was curtailed, and Russification came in its place. During the Great Patriotic War and after its completion, German settlers and Crimean Tatars in full force were evicted to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Greek and others - partially.

In 1932, during the industrialization, the first Dneproges unit was put into operation.

Modern usage of the term

Starting from March-April 2014, the term "Novorossiya" has been actively used by supporters of the federalization of Ukraine and the secession of the eastern regions from its composition.

In March, a street "people's referendum" was held on the entry of the Nikolaev region into the federal district of Novorossiya. In April, a massive pro-Russian rally was held in Odessa, the participants of which voted for the creation of the Odessa People's Republic of Novorossiya (ONRN).

On April 17, Russian President V.V. Putin, during the traditional “straight line”, called the South-East of Ukraine Novorossia:

The south-east of Ukraine is Novorossia: Kharkiv, Lugansk, Donetsk, Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa were not part of Ukraine in tsarist times, these are all territories that were transferred to Ukraine in the 20s by the Soviet government.

Counting on the repetition of the precedent of Crimea and Sevastopol joining Russia, after the referendums on May 11 and the declaration of sovereignties on May 12, the self-proclaimed authorities of Donetsk and Luhansk " people's republics"expressed their desire to join Russia and unite in Novorossia.

The name Novorossiya has sunk into history along with the Russian Empire. Modern historiography calls this historical region the Northern Black Sea Coast, or Southern Ukraine. In this article, we will consider what the Novorossiysk Territory was, and what are the main stages of its development.

Ever since the time of Peter I, Russian rulers have been staring at southern regions adjacent to the Black and Azov seas. The possession of these areas would provide access to the sea, the development of trade with European countries. But it was not for nothing that the southern Black Sea steppes were called the “Wild Field” - from the 13th to the 16th centuries this place was considered their property by the Crimean Tatars. Their nomad camps extended even further to the north and even passed into Little Russian provinces. In the steppe for many kilometers there was not a single tree, not a single village, and random travelers became easy prey for the Tatars.

The soil of the southern steppes was divided into fertile black earth and barren salt marshes, sandy and swampy lands. There were few badlands and they were closer to sea coast. The most full-flowing rivers were the Dnieper, Dniester and Bug, the rest of the small rivers disappeared during frequent droughts. The rivers abounded with fish, the fauna of the steppe was also rich and varied: deer, fallow deer, saigas, wild boars and horses, foxes, badgers, many species of birds. “Wild horses were found here in herds of 50-60 heads, and it was extremely difficult to tame them; they were hunted, and horse meat was sold on a par with beef. The climate of the region is warmer than in many other areas of Russia. All together, this created favorable conditions for attracting Russian settlers.

However, life in the steppe was associated with many inconveniences, and for a person of the 17th century. was extremely difficult. Yes, due to dry continental climate winters were harsh, with winds and blizzards, and droughts often occurred in summer. The steppes were open on all sides to the action of the winds, the north wind brought cold with it, and the east wind brought terrible dryness and heat. The insufficient amount of river water and the rapid absorption of evaporation by the atmosphere due to dry winds led to the fact that in summer all the rich vegetation dried up. Springs and wells in the southeastern part of the Novorossiysk Territory were located only near the banks of the rivers, and there was not a single one on the mountain in the steppe, so the roads were laid near the rivers. In addition to drought, swarms of locusts, as well as clouds of midges and mosquitoes, were a real misfortune. All this was a serious obstacle to the full-fledged occupation of cattle breeding and agriculture, not to mention the constant danger of an attack by the Tatars. Thus, the first colonists were forced to fight both with nature and with the Crimean Tatars, performing a defensive function.

The beginning of the settlement of the Novorossiysk steppes in the first half. 18th century

The first settlers of the Novorossiysk steppes were the Zaporozhye Cossacks, who founded their Sich behind the Dnieper rapids on the island of Khortitsa in the second half of the 16th century. Since that time, the places of the Sich have changed - either on the island of Tomakovka, then on Mikitin Rog, then on Chertomlytsky Rechishche, then on the river. Kamenka, then in the tract Oleshki, then over the Podpolnaya river. Resettlement from one place to another was due to many reasons, natural conditions played a big role. At the first time of its historical existence in the XVI - early. 17th century The Zaporizhzhya Sich was a military brotherhood hiding from the Tatars on the Dnieper Islands, renouncing by necessity many forms of proper civilian life - family, personal property, agriculture, etc. The second goal of the brotherhood was the colonization of the steppe. Over time, the limits of Zaporozhye extended more and more to the account of the Wild Field, the Tatar steppe. In the XVIII century. Zaporizhzhya Sich was a small "fenced city, containing one church, 38 so-called kurens and up to 500 smoking Cossack, trading and artisan houses" . It was the capital of the army, destroyed in 1775. The Zaporozhye lands occupied the territory on which the Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces were subsequently formed, with the exception of the Ochakov region, that is, the area lying between the Bug and the Dniester. They stretched mainly along the river. Dnieper.

Zaporizhzhya settlements were scattered over a vast area, the population was engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, and other peaceful crafts. Exact data on the number of inhabitants is unknown. “According to the official statement compiled by Tevelius at the time of the destruction of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, there were (except for the Sich in the strict sense of the word) 45 villages and 1601 winter quarters, all the inhabitants were 59637 hours of both sexes.” The historian of the Novorossiysk Territory, Skalkovsky, counted 12,250 people on the basis of original documents from the Sich archive. The land of the Zaporizhian Army, which constituted most of Novorossiya, became part of Russia in 1686 under the "eternal peace" with Poland.

Russian state colonization in the 18th and 19th centuries.

At the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, in 1770, the so-called Dnieper line was built, which was the result of victories in the Turkish war (the capture of Azov and Taganrog). This line was supposed to separate the entire Novorossiysk province, together with the Zaporizhzhya lands, from the Tatar possessions; from the Dnieper it went to the Sea of Azov, passing along the rivers Berda and Horse Waters, and crossed the entire Crimean steppe. Her last fortress, St. Petra was located near the sea near modern Berdyansk. In total, there were 8 fortresses in this line.

In 1774, Prince Potemkin was appointed Governor-General of the Novorossiysk Territory, who remained in this position until his death in 1791. He dreamed of turning wild steppes into fertile fields, building cities, factories, factories, and creating a fleet on the Black and Azov Seas. The full implementation of the plans was hindered by the Zaporozhian Sich. After the Russian-Turkish wars, she found herself inside Russian possessions, and the Cossacks no longer had anyone to fight with. However, they owned a vast territory and were unfriendly to the new settlers. Then Potemkin decided to destroy the Sich. In 1775, General Tekeli was ordered to occupy the Sich and destroy the Zaporozhye army. When the general approached the Zaporozhye capital, at the insistence of the archimandrite, the ataman surrendered, and the Russian troops occupied the Sich without a fight. Most of the Cossacks went to Turkey, others dispersed to the cities of Little Russia and New Russia.

The lands of the Cossacks began to be distributed to private individuals who assumed the obligation to populate them with freemen or serfs. These lands could be received by officials, headquarters and chief officers and foreigners; only single-dvortsy, peasants and landowners were excluded. Thus, large-scale landownership was artificially created in that region, which until now had almost no landowner and serf element. The minimum plot was 1,500 acres of convenient land. The conditions for obtaining land were very favorable: for 10 years, a privilege was given from all duties; during this time, the owners had to populate their plots in such a way that for every 1,500 acres there were 13 households. The size of the plots ranged from 1500 to 12 thousand acres, but there were individuals who managed to get several tens of thousands of acres. These lands, after 10 years, could become the property of these persons. After the destruction of the Sich, its entire military and senior treasury was confiscated and the so-called city capital (more than 120 thousand rubles) was formed from it for issuing loans to residents of the Novorossiysk province.

The accession of the Crimea in 1783 had a huge impact on the successful settlement of the Black Sea steppes. Together with the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas, Russia received access to the sea, and the value of the Novorossiysk Territory increased significantly. Thus, from the 2nd floor. 18th century active colonization of the region begins, which was divided into two types: state and foreign.

On the initiative of Potemkin, all military fortified lines were built, except for the last one, the Dniester. His main merit lies in the construction of new cities: Kherson, Yekaterinoslav and Nikolaev.

Construction of cities in the Novorossiysk Territory

Kherson. The first city built on the initiative of Prince Potemkin was Kherson. The decree of the empress on its construction dates back to 1778 and was caused by the desire to have a new harbor and shipyard closer to the Black Sea, since the former ones, for example Taganrog, presented significant inconvenience due to shallow water. In 1778, the Empress ordered to finally choose a place for a harbor and a shipyard on the Dnieper and call it Kherson. Potemkin chose the Alexander-Shanz tract. The production of works was entrusted to the descendant of the famous Negro and godson of Peter V. Hannibal, 12 companies of craftsmen were given at his disposal. Under future city taken pretty large area, and 220 guns were sent to the fortress. The leadership of this business was entrusted to Potemkin, who wanted to make the city as flourishing and famous as the ancient Tauric Chersonesos. He expected to arrange an admiralty, a warehouse in it - as Peter I did in St. Petersburg. Construction did not cause difficulties: the quarry was located practically in the city itself, timber, iron and all the necessary materials were brought along the Dnieper. Potemkin distributed the lands lying around the city for the construction of country houses, gardens, etc. Two years later, ships with cargo under the Russian flag were already arriving in Kherson.

Industrialists rushed here from all sides. Foreigners brought commercial houses and offices in Kherson: French trading firms (Baron Antoine and others), as well as Polish (Zablotsky), Austrian (Fabry), Russian (merchant Maslyannikov). Baron Antoine played a very important role in expanding trade relations between the city of Kherson and France. He sent Russian grain bread to Corsica, to various ports of Provence, to Nice, Genoa and Barcelona. Baron Antoine also compiled a historical outline of trade and maritime relations between the ports of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Many Marseille and Kherson merchants began to compete with Baron Antoine in trade with southern Russia and Poland through the Black Sea: during the year, 20 ships arrived from Kherson to Marseille. Trade was conducted with Smyrna, Livorno, Messina, Marseille and Alexandria.

Faleev was an energetic collaborator of Potemkin. He offered the prince to clear the Dnieper channel at the rapids at his own expense in order to make the river route from the interior regions of the state to Kherson convenient. The goal was not achieved, but, according to Samoilov, already in 1783 barges with iron and cast iron passed directly to Kherson from Bryansk, and ships with provisions also passed safely. For this, Faleev received a gold medal and a diploma for nobility.

Many soldiers worked in Kherson, and shipbuilding also attracted many free workers here, so that the city grew rapidly. Food supplies were brought from Polish and Sloboda Ukraine. At the same time foreign trade began in Kherson. In 1787, Empress Catherine II, together with the Austrian emperor and the Polish king, visited Kherson and was satisfied with the newly acquired land. They carefully prepared for her arrival: they laid new roads, built palaces and even entire villages.

The city was built very quickly, since Potemkin did not lack material resources. He was granted emergency powers, and the prince disposed of large sums almost uncontrollably. In 1784, by the highest command, an extraordinary amount for that time in the amount of 1,533,000 rubles was released for the Kherson Admiralty. in excess of the amount that was issued earlier and was released by the state annually. For 9 years, Potemkin achieved a lot, but the hopes placed on the new city still did not materialize: with the capture of Ochakov and the construction of Nikolaev, the importance of Kherson as a fortress and admiralty fell, and meanwhile, huge sums were spent on the construction of its fortifications and shipyards . The former admiralty buildings, made of wood, were sold for demolition. The place turned out to be not very successful, trade developed poorly, and soon Kherson lost in this regard to Taganrog and Ochakov. The hope of making the Dnieper navigable at the rapids did not come true, and the plague that broke out at the beginning of the settlement of the city almost ruined the whole thing: the settlers from the central provinces of Russia were sick from the unusual climate and marsh air.

Yekaterinoslav(now Dnepropetrovsk). Initially, Yekaterinoslav was built in 1777 on the left bank of the Dnieper, but in 1786 Potemkin issued an order to move the city upstream, since it often suffered from floods in its former place. It was renamed Novomoskovsk, and the new provincial city of Yekaterinoslav was founded on the right bank of the Dnieper in the place of the Zaporozhye village of Polovitsy. According to the project of Potemkin, the new city was supposed to serve the glory of the empress, and its size was assumed to be significant. So, the prince decided to build a magnificent temple, similar to the church of St. Peter in Rome, and dedicate it to the Transfiguration of the Lord, as a sign of how this land was transformed from barren steppes into a favorable human abode. The project also included state buildings, a university with a music academy and an academy of arts, a court, made in the Roman style. Large sums (340 thousand rubles) were allocated for the construction of a state-owned factory with cloth and hosiery departments. But of all these grandiose projects, very few came to fruition. The cathedral, university and academies were never built, the factory was soon closed.
Paul I decreed July 20, 1797 ordered to rename Yekaterinoslav to Novorossiysk. In 1802 the former name was returned to the city.

Nikolaev. Back in 1784, it was ordered to build a fortress at the confluence of the Ingul with the Bug. In 1787, the Turks of the Ochakovo garrison, according to legend, ravaged the one located on the river. Bug near the confluence of the river. Ingul the dacha of the foreigner Fabry. He asked the treasury to reward him for his losses. In order to calculate the amount of losses, an officer was sent, who reported that there was a place near Fabry's dacha convenient for the shipyard. In 1788, on the orders of Potemkin, barracks and a hospital were built in the small village of Vitovka, and on the river. A shipyard was opened in Ingule. The very foundation of the city of Nikolaev dates back to August 27, 1789, since it was on this date that Potemkin's order addressed to Faleev was dated. The city got its name from the name of the first ship of St. Nicholas, built at the shipyard. In 1790, the Supreme Order followed on the establishment of an admiralty and a shipyard in Nikolaev. The Kherson shipyard, despite its convenience, was shallow for ships of high rank, and gradually Black Sea Fleet was transferred to Nikolaev.

Odessa. The decree of the empress on the construction of a military and merchant harbor and the city of Khadzhibey dates back to 1794, after the death of Potemkin. The construction was entrusted to de Ribas. Under the new city took more than 30 thousand. acres of land, about 2 million rubles were allocated for the construction of a port, admiralty, barracks, etc. An important point in the initial history of Odessa there was a settlement of Greek immigrants both in the city itself and in its environs.

In 1796 there were 2349 inhabitants in Odessa. On September 1, 1798, the coat of arms was presented to the city. Foreign trade was encouraged in Odessa, and soon the city received the status of a free port - duty-free port. It did not last long and was destroyed by a decree of December 21, 1799. By a decree of December 26, 1796, Paul I ordered “The Commission for the construction of southern fortresses and the port of Odessa, located in the former Voznesenskaya province, we order to be abolished; stop the very same buildings. After this decree, at the beginning 1797 the founder of Odessa and the chief producer of the southern fortresses, Vice Admiral de Ribas left the city, and handed over his command to Rear Admiral Pavel Pustoshkin, former commander Nikolaev port.

In 1800, construction was allowed to continue. To rebuild the harbor, the monarch ordered a loan of 250,000 rubles to Odessa, sent a special engineer, and presented the city with an exemption from duties and a drinking sale for 14 years. As a result, trade in Odessa greatly revived. In 1800, the turnover of trade barely amounted to 1 million rubles, and in 1802 - already 2,254,000 rubles. .

With the accession of Alexander I, the inhabitants of Odessa received many important privileges. By a decree of January 24, 1802, Odessa was granted a privilege from taxes for 25 years, freedom from camping troops, a large amount of land was allotted for distribution to residents for gardens and even agricultural dachas, and finally, to complete the harbor and other useful institutions, it was ceded to the city 10- I'm part of the customs fees of it. From now on, Odessa becomes important trading market and the main port for the sale of works of the southwestern part of the empire. In 1802, there were already more than 9 thousand people in Odessa, 39 factories, plants and mills, 171 shops, 43 cellars. Further progress in the population and trade in Odessa is associated with the activities of de Richelieu, who took the post of mayor here in 1803. He arranged a port, quarantine, customs, a theater, a hospital, completed the construction of temples, established an educational institution, and increased the population of the city. up to 25 thousand people. Also, thanks to de Richelieu, trade has grown significantly. Being a passionate lover of gardening and tree cultivation in general, he patronized the owners of dachas and gardens in every possible way, and was the first to order from Italy the seeds of white acacia, which luxuriously took root on Odessa soil. Under Richelieu, Odessa became the center of trade relations between the Novorossiysk Territory and European coastal cities: its trade turnover in 1814 amounted to more than 20 million rubles. The main subject of the holiday trade was wheat.

In addition to Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Nikolaev and Odessa, several more important cities in the Novorossiysk Territory that also arose through colonization can be indicated: these are Mariupol (1780), Rostov, Taganrog, Dubossary. Taganrog (formerly the Trinity Fortress) was built during the reign of Peter I, but was abandoned for a long time and was resumed only in 1769. In the early 80s. it had a harbor, a customs house, an exchange, a fortress. Although its harbor was distinguished by many inconveniences, foreign trade still flourished in it. With the advent of Odessa, Taganrog lost its former importance as the most important trading point. An important role in the economic growth of the cities of the Novorossiysk Territory was played by benefits provided by the government to the population.

In addition to the construction of fortified lines and cities, the colonization activity of the Russian state and people was expressed even in the foundation of a number of different settlements - villages, villages, settlements, towns, farms. Their inhabitants belonged to the Little Russian and Russian people (not counting foreigners). In the Little Russian colonization, three elements are divided - Zaporizhzhya settlers, immigrants from the Zadneprovskaya (right-bank) Little Russia and immigrants from the left-bank and partly Sloboda Ukraine. Russian villages were mixed with Little Russian ones. All lands intended for settlement were also divided into state, or state, and private, or landlords. Therefore, the entire Russian population of the Novorossiysk Territory can be divided into two large groups - free settlers who lived on state lands, and owner-occupied, landlord peasants who settled on the lands of private individuals and became dependent on them.

Many people from the Hetmanate came to the villages founded by the former Cossacks.
The following fact testifies to the size of the colonization movement from the left-bank Ukraine (Chernigov proper): in one Kherson district, 32 villages were founded by people from the Chernigov province. During the reign of Catherine II, the resettlement movement from Zadneprovye continued. The persons who were at the head of the colonization (Kakhovsky, Sinelnikov) greatly appreciated these Zadneprovsky natives and even secretly sent their commissars to recruit the population to Novorossia. In the Novorossiysk Territory, there was a strong shortage of the female population, so women were also recruited here. So, one Jewish recruiter was paid 5 rubles. for every girl. Officers were awarded ranks - whoever scored 80 souls at his own expense was given the rank of lieutenant.

As for the Russian colonists, they were state and economic peasants, single-palace residents, Cossacks, retired soldiers, sailors, deacons, and schismatics. From the Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir provinces, state-owned peasants who knew any skill were called. At the beginning of the XIX century. the state settlements were already quite numerous and very crowded.

By decree of 1781, up to 20,000 economic peasants were ordered to be resettled in Novorossia and up to 24,000 voluntary settlers were selected from among them. However, the first place among Russian settlers was occupied by schismatics. They began to settle in Novorossia as early as the reign of Anna Ioannovna and even earlier in the Kherson province, near Ananyev and Novomirgorod, which later arose, but their number was small. Much more dissenters appeared in the 50s of the XVIII century, when the government itself summoned them from Poland and Moldavia with manifestos. They were given land in the fortress of St. Elisaveta (Elisavetgrad) and its environs, where they founded a number of villages, distinguished by their population and prosperity.

Potemkin was also involved in the resettlement of schismatics in Novorossia. In 1785 and 1786, a rather significant party of them settled in the Dnieper district of the Tauride province. The decree of the empress on the schismatics says the following: “For the settlement of the Old Believers, designate places lying between the Dnieper and Perekop, so that they will receive their priests from the bishop of the Tauride region, allowing all of them to serve according to old printed books. And in order to call the Old Believers scattered outside the borders of our empire to Russia, you can publish these freedoms that are allowed to them. And this decree did not remain without results: in 1795, 6524 souls of the Old Believers left the Ottoman Port and settled in the Ochakov region.

A special and extremely numerous group among the colonists were fugitives, both Russians and Little Russians. In order to quickly populate the Novorossiysk Territory, the government, one might say, sanctioned the right of asylum here. The local authorities did not disdain criminals either. Prisoners from the Moscow, Kazan, Voronezh and Nizhny Novgorod provinces were sent to Taganrog to settle.

On May 5, 1779, a manifesto was published "On the summoning of military lower ranks, peasants and pospolit people who arbitrarily went abroad." The manifesto not only allowed all fugitives to return to Russia with impunity, but also provided them with a 6-year exemption from paying taxes. The landlord peasants could not return to their landlords, but move to the position of state peasants. In 1779, in May and November, “Letters of letters of grant to Christians of the Greek and Armenian law, who left the Crimea for settlement in the Azov province” were published. According to the charters granted, the settlers (Greeks and Armenians) were exempted for 10 years from all state taxes and duties; all their property was transported at the expense of the treasury; each settler received a 30-dessiath allotment of land in a new place; poor "villagers" in the first year after the resettlement used food, seeds for sowing and working livestock "with a return for all of it to the treasury in 10 years"; in addition, the state built houses for them; all settlers were forever freed "from military posts" and "summer cottages in the army recruit."

After the war with Turkey 1787-1791. Russia received the Ochakiv region between the Bug and the Dniester, which later became the Kherson province. It also needed to be protected by a line of border fortifications. In the Ochakov region, before joining Russia, there were 4 cities - Ochakov, Adzhider (later Ovidiopol), Khadzhibey (Odessa) and Dubossary, about 150 villages inhabited by Tatars and Moldavians and Khan's settlements inhabited by runaway Little Russians. According to a map drawn up around 1790, there were about 20,000 males there. The first measures taken by the government to populate the newly acquired Ochakiv region from Turkey were as follows. First of all, Catherine II instructed the governor Kakhovsky to inspect the new territory, divide it into districts, appoint places for cities and present a plan about all this. Then he had to distribute the lands both for state-owned settlements and for landowners, with the obligation to populate these lands and ensure that state-owned settlements did not mix with landowners.

To carry out these instructions, after the death of Potemkin in 1792, an expedition was established to build southern fortresses, headed by the Yekaterinoslav governor Kakhovsky. It was ordered to build new fortresses on the Dniester against Bender (Tiraspol), on the Dniester estuary (Ovidiopol), near the Khadzhibey castle (Odessa), on the ruins of Ochakov. These points were not of particular military importance; the southern regions adjacent to the Black Sea were much more important. Here, on the site of the Turkish fortress Khadzhibey, a city was founded, which was destined to take first place among all the cities of the Novorossiysk Territory. With the construction of the Dniester line, it became possible to focus their concerns exclusively on peaceful cultural tasks.

Arranging new fortresses in the Novorossiysk Territory, the government had to take care of contingents in case of hostilities. For this purpose, it used ethnographically diverse elements - Russians and foreigners; such were the Cossack regiments located along the fortresses of the Dnieper line, the descendants of the Cossacks - the Black Sea Cossack troops, the Serbs who formed the hussar regiments and other foreign colonists. In the middle of the XVIII century. significant measures were taken to defend the region, but gradually they lost their significance, especially after the annexation of the Crimea.

Foreign colonization in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

A characteristic feature of the settlement of the Novorossiysk Territory was the use of foreign colonists, who played an extremely important role. Since in Russia itself at that time the population was not very large, it was decided to resort to the help of foreigners to populate the Novorossiysk Territory. This decision also included the expectation that among the foreigners there might be people with knowledge and skills that the Russian settlers did not have. The resettlement began with a decree of December 24, 1751, then a number of decrees were issued on the placement of foreigners in the "Zadneprsky places" and on the creation of New Serbia there. On the territory of New Serbia, there were two regiments under the command of Horvath and Pandursky. In 1753, Slavic-Serbia was formed near this settlement, between the Bakhmut and Lugan rivers, where colonists under the command of Shevic and Preradovich settled. Among them were not only Serbs, but also Moldovans, Croats. By that time, the Tatar raids had almost ceased. Anna Ioannovna also built a number of fortresses on the northern borders of Novorossia, the so-called Ukrainian Line, where almost only soldiers and Cossacks lived since 1731. The central points of the new settlements were Novomirgorod and the fortress of St. Elizabeth in Novoserbia, Bakhmut and Belevskaya fortress in Slavic Serbia. The new settlers were assigned comfortable lands for perpetual and hereditary possession, were given monetary salaries, and were provided with duty-free crafts and trade. However, the Serbian settlements did not justify the hopes placed on them for the colonization of the region.

“Over 10 years, about 2.5 million rubles of state money were spent on the Serbs, and for food they had to take everything they needed from other residents. Serbian settlements were poorly arranged, and between the Serbs themselves there were almost daily quarrels and fights, and knives were often used. The Serbs immediately began to have bad relations with their neighbors, the Cossacks.

With the beginning of the reign of Catherine II opens new era in the history of foreign colonization of the Novorossiysk Territory. In a manifesto of 1763, she urged foreigners to settle mainly for the development of our crafts and trade. The most important benefits granted to the new settlers were the following: they could receive money for travel expenses from Russian residents abroad and then settle in Russia or in cities, or in separate colonies; they were granted freedom of religion; they were released for a certain number of years from all taxes and duties; they were given free apartments for half a year; an interest-free loan was issued with its repayment in 10 years for 3 years; settled colonies were given their own jurisdiction; all moths to import property duty-free and for 300 r. goods; everyone was exempted from military and civil service, and if someone wanted to become a soldier, then in addition to the usual salary, he had to receive 30 rubles; if someone started a factory that did not exist in Russia before, he could sell the goods he produced duty-free for 10 years; duty-free fairs and auctions could be opened in the colonies. The lands for the settlement were indicated in the Tobolsk, Astrakhan, Orenburg and Belgorod provinces. Although this decree does not say anything about Novorossia, but on its basis, foreigners settled there as well until the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander I.

In 1779, in May and November, “Letters of letters of grant to Christians of the Greek and Armenian law, who left the Crimea for settlement in the Azov province” were published. According to the charters granted, the settlers (Greeks and Armenians) were exempted for 10 years from all state taxes and duties; all their property was transported at the expense of the treasury; each settler received a 30-dessiath allotment of land in a new place; poor "villagers" in the first year after the resettlement used food, seeds for sowing and working livestock "with a return for all of it to the treasury in 10 years"; in addition, the state built houses for them; all settlers were forever freed "from military posts" and "summer cottages in the army recruit." .

After the death of Catherine in 1796, Pavel Petrovich ascended the throne. This is an important era in the history of the Novorossiysk Territory, the time important events in all parts of the administration.
The Novorossiysk region at the end of 1796 consisted of the Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensky governorships and the Tauride region. The fleets on the Azov and Black Seas, the Voznesensky, Black Sea and Don Cossack troops and the entire military quarantine line - from Taman to Akkerman, belonged to the administration of the Governor-General, Prince Platon Zubov, who was also Feldzeugmeister General of the Russian Empire.

On November 12, 1796, Prince Zubov was dismissed from service. In his place, the Yekaterinoslav Military and Civil Governor was appointed Lieutenant General Berdyaev. At the same time, Joseph Horvat was dismissed from the post of ruler of the Yekaterinoslav vicegerency. Another decree of the same date commands: “The fleets and ports located on the Black and Azov Seas are to subordinate the Admiralties. Colleges".

By decree of November 14, Emperor Paul I ordered: "the revenues of the Yekaterinoslav and Voznesenskaya provinces and the Tauride region, provided by the only order of the local governor-general, should be added to the general state revenues." Until now, this advantage has been granted to the Novorossiysk Territory at the request of Potemkin, for the decoration of cities, the establishment of useful factories, the construction of roads, bridges, etc. By a decree of December 12, viceroyalties were abolished. In it, when the empire was divided into 42 very extensive provinces, out of three: Yekaterinoslav, Voznesenskaya and Tauride, one was established, called the Novorossiysk province. By this order, new territories were separated from Little Russia, Polish provinces and the Don land.
So, according to the decree of December 12, 1796, the Novorossiysk province was divided into 12 districts, composed as follows:

1. The Yekaterinoslav uyezd was established from the former Yekaterinoslav uyezd and part of the Aleksandrovsky uyezd.
2. Elisavetgradsky - from Elisavetgradsky and parts of Novomirgorodsky and Alexandria counties.
3. Olviopolsky - from parts of Voznesensky, Novomirgorodsky and the region of Bogopolsky district, which was located on the Ochakov steppe.
4. Tiraspol - from Tiraspol and part of Elen (located on the Ochakov steppe) counties.
5. Kherson - from part of Kherson and Voznesensky.
6. Perekop - from Perekop and Dnieper (i.e., the northern part of Crimea) counties.
7. Simferopol - from Simferopol, Evpatoria and Feodosia.
8. Mariupol - from parts of Mariupol, Pavlograd, Novomoskovsk and Melitopol counties.
9. Rostov - from the Rostov district and the land of the Black Sea army.
10. Pavlogradsky - from Pavlogradsky and parts of Novomoskovsky and Slavyansky.
11. Constantinograd - from Constantinograd and parts of Aleksopol and Slavic.
12. Bakhmutsky - from parts of Donetsk, Bakhmut and Pavlograd counties

The decree of October 8, 1802 put an end to the Novorossiysk province, again dividing it into three: Nikolaev, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride. Also in this decree it was said that the port cities of Odessa, Kherson, Feodosia and Taganrog would be provided with special advantages in favor of trade and, moreover, in each of them, for the patronage of traders, a special chief from the highest state officials would be appointed, who would depend only from the Supreme Power and the Ministers of Justice and the Interior.

Under Alexander I, foreign colonization within the Novorossiysk Territory begins to be conducted on different conditions. Decree of February 4, 1803: “For military officers who do not have a fortune and wish to start a farm in the empty lands of the Novorossiysk steppe, establish their own property, allocate it to eternal possession: headquarters officers 1000 each, and chief officers 500 acres of land” . The seat of the main Novorossiysk chief was transferred from Nikolaev to Kherson, and the Nikolaev province itself was renamed Kherson.

In the manifesto of 20 Feb. 1804, it is said that only such foreigners should be accepted for resettlement who, by their occupation, can serve good example for the peasants. For them, it is necessary to allocate special lands - state-owned or bought from landowners; these should be family and wealthy owners engaged in agriculture, cultivation of grapes or silkworms, cattle breeding and rural crafts (shoemaking, blacksmithing, weaving, tailoring, etc.); do not accept other artisans. Natives were granted freedom of religion and exemption for 10 years from all taxes and duties; after this period, they will be obliged to bear the same duties as Russian subjects, excluding regular service, military and civil service, from which they are exempted forever. All colonists are given 60 acres of land per family free of charge. On these grounds, it was proposed to settle foreigners in various places in New Russia and in the Crimea. First of all, it was decided to give them land near harbors and ports, so that they could sell their products abroad.

From the beginning of 1804, they actively engaged in organizing the life of the nomadic hordes of the Nogai. By decree of April 16, 1804, Alexander I ordered the organization of the hordes and the establishment of a special administration between the Nogais, with the removal of Bayazet Bey. Soon a special administration was established, called the Expedition of the Nogai Hordes. In place of Bayazet Bey, Rosenberg appointed Colonel Trevogin as head of the Nogai hordes.

By decree of February 25, 1804, Sevastopol was appointed the main military port on the Black Sea and the main part of the fleet. For this, customs was withdrawn from the city and merchant ships could no longer trade in this port. To facilitate overland trade with Western Europe, especially with Austria and other German manufacturing states, transit trade was established in Odessa (decree of March 3, 1804).

One of the most significant foreign settlements in Novorossiya was the settlement of German Mennonites (Baptists). They left Prussia (near Danzig) at the beginning of 1789 with 228 families and concluded a special agreement with the government through their deputies. Based on this agreement, they received the same benefits as other foreigners, as well as money for travel expenses, feed money, seeds for sowing, the right to start factories, engage in trade, join guilds and workshops, and timber for buildings. Lands were assigned to them in the Ekaterinoslav province on the right bank of the Dnieper with the island of Khortitsa, where they founded 8 villages. From 1793 to 1796 118 other families settled on the same terms. Despite all the benefits, due to the peculiarities of the soil and climate in the early years, the position of the Germans was difficult. Lack of moisture, inconvenient land and droughts did not allow bread to grow. Severe winters and lack of grass also prevented cattle breeding to its full extent. Then it was proposed to provide the Germans with more benefits: to relocate some of them from Khortitsa to another place, to increase the grace period by 5 or 10 years, and not to require them to return the money spent on the needs of Novorossiysk colonization. This proposal was accepted. Thus, the Germans received completely exclusive privileges.

Thanks to the strong support of the Russian government, the German colonies managed to gain a foothold on new and not always favorable ground for them. In 1845, there were 95,700 of all German settlers in Novorossiya. Romanesque colonization was quite insignificant: one village of Swiss, a few Italians and a few French merchants. Much more important were the Greek settlements. After the Crimea gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, in 1779 many Greek and Armenian families moved out of it (Greeks - 20 thousand). On the basis of a letter of commendation, they were allotted land for settlement in the Azov province, along the coast Sea of Azov. The letter of grant provided them with significant benefits - the exclusive right to fish, government houses, freedom from military service. Some of them died on the way from illness and deprivation, and the rest founded the city of Mariupol and 20 villages in its vicinity. In Odessa, the Greeks also enjoyed significant benefits and were in charge of local trade. Albanians settled in Taganrog, Krech and Yenikol, who were also well off.

Together with the Greeks, Armenians began to move to Novorossia, and in 1780 they founded the city of Nakhichevan. The beginning of the resettlement of Moldovans dates back to the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna; they're in in large numbers became part of Novoserbia. Another batch of Moldovans in con. XVIII - beginning. 19th century founded cities and villages along the river. Dniester - Ovidiopol, New Dubossary, Tiraspol, etc. 75,092 rubles were spent on the transfer of Greeks and Armenians from Crimea. and, in addition, 100 thousand rubles. in the form of compensation "for the loss of subjects" received the Crimean Khan, his brothers, beys and murzas.
During 1779 - 1780. 144 horses, 33 cows, 612 pairs of oxen, 483 wagons, 102 plows, 1570 quarters of bread were distributed to Greek and Armenian settlers and 5294 houses and barns were built. In total, 24,501 people were dependent on the state out of a total of 30,156 migrants.

In 1769, the resettlement of Jewish Talmudists from western Russia and Poland to the Novorossiysk Territory began on the basis of a formal permit with the following conditions: they had to build their own dwellings, schools, but had the right to keep distilleries; they were given a benefit from camping and other duties for only a year, they were allowed to hire Russian workers, freely practice their faith, etc. Despite minor benefits, their resettlement in the cities was successful. The situation with the organization of Jewish agricultural colonies was quite different. Their beginning dates back only to 1807, when the first batch of Jewish settlers formed colonies in the Kherson district. The government spent huge sums on their arrangement, but the results were deplorable: the agriculture of the Jews developed very poorly, and they themselves strove for the cities and wanted to engage in petty trade, crafts, and brokerage. From the unaccustomed climate and bad water, epidemic diseases spread among them. Finally, the Gypsies completed the picture of the population of New Russia. In 1768 total number inhabitants in Novorossia amounted to 100 thousand people, and in 1823 - 1.5 million people.

Thus, in 1776-1782. observed exceptionally high rates of population growth in Novorossiya. For a short period (about 7 years), the population of the region (within early XIX c.) almost doubled (increased by 79.82%). The main role in this was played by immigrants from neighboring Left-Bank Ukraine. The influx of new settlers from the Right-Bank Ukraine and the Central Black Earth region of Russia was not great. Resettlements from abroad were important only for certain local territories (Aleksandrovsky, Rostov and Kherson districts). In the 70s, the northern and central regions New Russia, and since 1777, the privately owned migration movement came to the fore. During this period, the tsarist authorities did not take effective measures to transfer large groups of migrants from abroad and other regions of the country to Novorossia. They handed out vast tracts of land into the hands of private owners, giving them the right to
take care of their accommodation. This right was widely used by the landowners of Novorossiya. By hook or by crook they lured peasants from neighboring Left-bank and Right-bank Ukraine to their lands.

By the highest order on March 13, 1805, the Duke de Reshilie was named Kherson military governor, head of the provinces of Yekaterinoslav and Taurida, commander of the troops of the Crimean inspection, while retaining the post of Odessa mayor. Richelieu took up the revival of Kherson. At his request, the city received in its favor the income from the wine sale in order to begin the construction of the embankment and the pier, arrange ditches along the streets, eventually build a hospital, schools, etc. To encourage shipbuilding in Kherson, an amount of 100 thousand rubles was allocated. .

During 1810 the colonization of the steppe continued; the first step was taken by the small Nogai tribes that came out of the Caucasus and flocked under the protection of Russia. By the same time, the device of a new Slavic-Serbian colony in the Tiraspol district belongs. On November 17, 1810, a decree was issued according to which, in order to populate the steppe, it was necessary to transfer up to 2 thousand peasant families from Belarusian small-land and poor provinces, hoping that people so industrious would make rich estates in such an abundant region as Novorossia; a capital of 100 thousand rubles was allocated for this. This resettlement began to be put into effect only at the end of 1811.

In 1810, there were already 600 Jewish families in the region, or 3640 souls in the Kherson district. Richelieu asked the government to stop the resettlement of Jews until the time, since Jews not accustomed to agricultural labor are subject to severe illness and even death; therefore, before arranging new settlements, he considered it necessary to improve the life of those already settled, and on which 145,680 rubles were spent until 1810. .

The most important for the Novorossiysk ports was the grain trade. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war, the government decided to ban the sale of bread to Constantinople. The quantity of corn in Turkey had greatly decreased, and its prices had risen so much that the industrialists, in spite of thousands of dangers, carried small loads of Italian wheat across the Mediterranean and made huge profits. Thus, Richelieu's goal was not achieved; at his request, a decree of May 19, 1811 allowed the free release of bread abroad. New sources of industry also appeared: shipbuilding, sheep breeding and horticulture.

By the Manifesto of June 24, 1811, 4 customs districts were created in the Novorossiysk Territory: Odessa, Dubossary, Feodosia and Taganrog. In 1812, the region consisted of the Kherson, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride provinces, Odessa, Feodosia and Taganrog city administrations. He also owned the Bug and Black Sea Cossack troops and the Odessa and Balaklava Greek battalions.

The settlement of the developed regions of the country in the 30s of the XIX century. was carried out on the basis of a decree of March 22, 1824. Only on April 8, 1843, new rules on resettlement were approved. Lack of land was recognized as a legitimate reason for the resettlement of peasants, when a peasant family had less than 5 acres of convenient land per revision soul. Gubernias and counties were appointed for settlement, where there were more than 8 acres per revision soul, and in the steppe zone - 15 acres per revision soul. The rules somewhat facilitated, in comparison with the regulation of 1824, the conditions for the settlement of settlers. In new places, food was prepared for them for the first time, part of the fields were sown, hay was accumulated to feed the cattle in the first winter, tools and draft animals were prepared. For all these purposes, 20 rubles were allocated for each family. Settlers were exempted from paying money for transportation across rivers and from other similar fees. They were supposed to be released from their old places of residence at a convenient time of the year. The rules forbade the return of settlers back from the route or the place of new settlement. For the construction of dwellings, the peasants received forest in new places (100 roots per yard). In addition, they were given 25 rubles for each family irrevocably, and in the absence of a forest - 35 rubles. New settlers received a number of benefits: 6-year-old - from military billeting, 8-year-old - from the payment of taxes and other duties (instead of the previous 3-year-old), and also 3-year - from recruitment duty.

Simultaneously with these benefits, the regulation of 1843 abolished the right that existed until that year for the peasants themselves to choose for themselves suitable places for settlement. Based on these rules, the development of all regions of Russia was carried out in the 40s - 50s of the XIX century. . The government, right up to the reform of 1861, tried to introduce Jews to agriculture and spent large sums of money on this.

In the second half of the 30-40s of the XIX century. Kherson province has lost its position as the leading populated region of Russia. The bulk of the settlers are foreign settlers, Jews and urban taxable estates. The role of the landowner resettlement movement is sharply reduced. Settled, as in more early periods, mainly southern counties: Tiraspol (with Odessa separated from its composition) and Kherson.

In the second half of the 30s-40s of the XIX century. the pace of settlement of the Yekaterinoslav province is increasing (due to the sparsely populated Aleksandrovsky district) and it is significantly ahead of the Kherson province. Thus, the Yekaterinoslav province is temporarily turning into the leading populated region of Novorossia, although the value of the latter as the main populated territory of Russia is falling. The settlement of the province is carried out, as before, mainly by legal immigrants. Mainly state peasants and non-taxable categories of the population arrive in the province. The significance of the landlord resettlement of peasants is declining. The Alexandrovsky district is settled mainly, where in 1841-1845. more than 20,000 male souls arrived.

Odessa remained the largest city in Russia, second only to St. Petersburg and Moscow in terms of the number of inhabitants. Among other cities in Russia, only Riga had approximately the same population (60 thousand inhabitants). Nikolaev was also a large city of the country. In addition to the cities mentioned above, in terms of population it was second only to Kiev, Saratov, Voronezh, Astrakhan, Kazan and Tula.

In the Kherson province, the picture was completely different. In 1834, the urban taxable population here was 12.22%, in 1836 - 14.10%, and in 1842 - 14.85%. In 1842, in the Kherson province, almost 15% of the population belonged to the category of merchants and petty bourgeois. It was second only to the Bessarabian region (17.87%) and outstripped such provinces as Volyn (14.28%), Astrakhan (14.01%), St. Petersburg (12.78%), Mogilev (12.70%) and Moscow (11.90%). This indicates that urban life has received great development in the Kherson province, especially in the coastal part, where Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson were located. In the northern part, only Elisavetgrad was a relatively large city, however, there were many small towns with a predominantly agricultural population that grew out of the former trenches (Alexandria, Voznesensk, Novogeorgievsk, etc.). Characteristically, the cities of Novorossiya owe their rapid growth to trade and fleet services. Industry in the pre - reform period did not receive significant development here .

In the second half of the 30s-40s of the XIX century. the pace of economic development of Novorossia intensified, but the inhabitants of this region were under the influence of the forces of nature. Harvest years alternated with lean years, drought - with locust raids. The number of livestock either increased or decreased sharply as a result of starvation or an epidemic. The population of the region in these years was mainly engaged in cattle breeding.

Thus, in the 40s, both agriculture and animal husbandry in Novorossia were on the rise, but in 1848-1849. they were hit hard. The farmers were unable to collect even the sown seeds, and the livestock breeders suffered greatly from the extremely destructive deaths of livestock. Nevertheless, the economy of the region developed, overcoming the effects of climate. Industry in the 1830-1840s had not yet received development, therefore Agriculture remained the main occupation of the population of the region.
In the 50s of the XIX century. The resettlement of the peasantry was carried out on the basis of the provisions of April 8, 1843.

In 1850, an audit was carried out in Russia, which counted 916,353 souls in Novorossia (435,798 souls in Yekaterinoslav and 462,555 in Kherson province).
In the 50s of the XIX century. the influx of immigrants to the Kherson province increased slightly, although it did not reach the level of the end of the 18th - the first third of the 19th century; the bulk of the settlers were urban taxable estates (merchants and petty bourgeois), as well as state peasants; the number of privately owned peasants arriving in the Kherson region has decreased even more and they account for only about 20% of the total number of all migrants; as before, mainly southern, less developed counties are settled: Tiraspol and Kherson; natural increase plays a leading role in population growth.

The entire population of cities in 1858 reached 53,595 in the Ekaterinoslav province, and 137,100 in Kherson province. souls m.p.) the population of cities was in the Yekaterinoslav province - 10.76%, in Kherson - 26.46%, and throughout the region - 18.77%. Compared with the mid-40s of the XIX century. the percentage of the urban population slightly decreased (from 18.86 to 18.77%) due to the Kherson province (decrease from 28.21 to 26.46%). This should be explained by the Crimean War, which contributed to the outflow of the population from the port coastal cities.

The largest cities of the Kherson province in the late 50s of the XIX century. remained Odessa (95,676 people), Nikolaev (38,479 people), Kherson (28,225 people) and Elisavetgrad (18,000 people). In the Yekaterinoslav province, the largest cities were Taganrog (21,279 people), Nakhichevan (14,507 people), Yekaterinoslav (13,415 people) and Rostov (12,818 people). Odessa retained the importance of the largest city in Russia, second only to St. Petersburg and Moscow in terms of the number of inhabitants. If in the 40s Riga had almost the same population, then in the 50s Odessa was far ahead of it (in 1863 there were 77.5 thousand in Riga, and 119.0 thousand in Odessa).

Lugansk and Donetsk

From an economic point of view, the settlement of Yuzovka became important, in 1917 it received the status of a city, since 1961 it has been bearing the name of Donetsk. In 1820, coal was discovered near the village of Aleksandrovka and the first small mines appeared. In 1841, by order of the Governor-General Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, three mines of the Aleksandrovsky mine were built. In the second quarter XIX centuries, settlements arose along the Bakhmutka-Durnaya Balka watershed: the mines of Smolyaninov (Smolyaninovskie), Nesterov (Nesterovskie), Larina (Larinsky). At the same time, the landowner Rutchenko and the landowner Karpov created large deep-earth mines: Rutchenkovskiye (Kirovskiy district of Donetsk) and Karpovskiye (Petrovsky district of Donetsk).

The government of the Russian Empire concluded an agreement with Prince Sergei Viktorovich Kochubey, according to which he undertook to build a plant for the manufacture of iron rails in the south of Russia, the prince sold the concession to John Hughes for 24,000 pounds in 1869. Yuz begins construction of a metallurgical plant with a workers' settlement near the village of Aleksandrovka. To develop coal, he founded the Novorossiysk Society of Coal, Iron and Rail Production. Together with the construction of the plant and mines in the summer of 1869, Yuzovka, or Yuzovo, appeared on the site of the village of Aleksandrovka - "a settlement with a simplified city administration, Bakhmut district of the Yekaterinoslav province." The date of construction of the village is considered to be the time of the founding of the city of Donetsk. Since 1869, the working settlement of Smolyanka was founded in connection with the construction of a forge and two mines by John Hughes on the land purchased from the landowner Smolyaninova.

On April 24, 1871, the first blast furnace was built at the plant, and on January 24, 1872, the first cast iron was produced. The plant operates according to a full metallurgical cycle, for the first time in Russia 8 coke ovens are launched here, hot blast is being mastered. The plant founded by Yuz becomes one of the industrial centers of the Russian Empire. In 1872, the Konstantinovskaya railway was put into operation.

In 1880, a refractory brick factory was put into operation in Yuzovka. To provide equipment for the developing coal industry, in 1889, to the south of Yuzovka, the Bosse E.T. now Rutchenkovskiy machine-building plant of mining equipment.

In 1917, there were 70 thousand inhabitants in Yuzovka and the settlement received the status of a city.

Lugansk played an important role in the Russian economy. On November 14, 1795, Catherine II issued a decree on the founding of the first iron foundry in the south of the empire, with the construction of which in the valley of the Lugan River the emergence of the city is connected. The villages of Kamenny Brod (founded in 1755) and Vergunka were the first settlements who received the builders and workers of the Lugansk foundry.

In 1797, the settlement that arose around the plant was named "Lugansk Plant". Workers and specialists were recruited from internal Russian provinces, partly from abroad. The main backbone was made up of artisans who came from the Lipetsk plant, as well as highly skilled workers from the Aleksandrovsky cannon factory in Petrozavodsk (Olonets province), carpenters and masons from the Yaroslavl province. All the main administrative and technical staff consisted of the British, invited by Gascoigne.

In 1896, the German industrialist Gustav Hartmann began the construction of a large locomotive plant, the equipment for which was supplied from Germany. In 1900, the first freight locomotive built here entered the railway lines from Lugansk.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Lugansk was a major industrial center of the Russian Empire. There were 16 factories and plants, about 40 handicraft enterprises. A telephone exchange was opened in the city, a new building of the post and telegraph office was built. There were 5 cinemas: "Artistic", "Express", "Hermitage", "Illusion" and Sharapova. There were 6 in Lugansk Orthodox churches, synagogue, Roman Catholic church, Lutheran church. The first church was built back in 1761 in Kamenny Brod - the wooden Peter and Paul Church. In the period 1792-1796, a stone church was built in the same place, the only one that has survived to this day.

Conclusion

The Novorossiysk-Bessarabian general government was disbanded in 1873, and the term no longer corresponded to any territorial unit. After the 1917 revolution, Ukraine laid claim to Novorossiya. During the Civil War, certain areas of Novorossia more than once passed from white to red, Nestor Makhno's detachments operated here. When the Ukrainian SSR was created, most of Novorossia became part of it, and the term finally lost its meaning.

1. Miller, D. Settlement of the Novorossiysk Territory and Potemkin. Kharkov, 1901, p. 7.
2. . Kyiv, 1889. p. 24.
3. Ibid., p. 28.
4. Miller, D. Settlement of the Novorossiysk Territory and Potemkin. C. 30.
5. Bagalei, D. I. Colonization of the Novorossiysk Territory and its first steps along the path of culture. Kyiv, 1889. p. 33
6. Ibid., p. 71
7. Bagalei p. 39
8. Miller p. 40
9. Bagaley, p. 40
10. Ibid., p. 49
11. Ibid., p. 56
12. Ibid., p. 66
13. Ibid., p. 85
14. Skalkovsky, A. A. Chronological review of the history of the Novorossiysk Territory. Odessa, 1836. p. 3
15. Ibid., p. 4
16. Ibid., p. 5-7
17. Ibid., p. 40
18. Ibid., p. 60
19. Ibid., p. 79
20. Bagalei, p. 89
21. Ibid., p. 95
22. Skalkovsky, p. 88
23. Ibid., p. 94
24. Ibid., p. 167
25. Ibid., p. 168
26. Kabuzan, V. M. Settlement of New Russia (Ekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces) in the 18th - first half of the 19th century (1719-1858) . M.: Nauka, 1976. p. 127
27. Ibid., p. 139
28. Ibid., p. 217
29. Ibid., p. 221
30. Ibid., p. 227
31. Ibid., p. 237
32. Ibid., p. 242
33. Development of the Novorossiysk Territory in the period of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II
34. History of Donetsk
35. Lugansk

Photographer Sergey Karpov and correspondent Sergey Prostakov asked the participants of the Russian March their opinion about Novorossiya.

"Russian March" is the largest action of nationalists, which has been held annually on November 4 on the Day of National Unity, since 2005. The event changed the location in Moscow and the composition of the participants. Deputies took part in the nationalist procession State Duma, the Eurasians of Alexander Dugin, the National Bolsheviks of Eduard Limonov. In 2011, Alexei Navalny actively encouraged people to visit the Russian March. By 2013, the Russian March had finally turned into a subcultural phenomenon of Russian nationalists, who were united by anti-Caucasian and anti-migrant slogans.

But in 2014, the fragile “anti-migrant” consensus came to an end. The entry of Crimea into Russia, the war in the Donbass, the formation of "Novorossia" split the camp of Russian nationalists. Some of them supported the actions of the Russian authorities and the Donetsk separatists, others sharply condemned them. As a result, on November 4, 2014, two “Russian marches” took place in Moscow, one of which was directly called “For Novorossiya”.

But even among those who attended the “classic” march in the Moscow district of Lyublino, there was also no unity: slogans against the war with Ukraine and in support of Novorossia were simultaneously heard in the crowd. Figures speak even more eloquently about the crisis among Russian nationalists: in previous years, the Russian March in Lyublino gathered at least 10 thousand participants, and in 2014 no more than three thousand came to the action.

Photographer Sergei Karpov and correspondent Sergei Prostakov asked ordinary participants in the ninth "Russian March" in Moscow: what is "Novorossiya"? Its supporters are sure that in the Donbass now there is a war for independence, opponents believe that "Novorossia" does not exist.

(Total 13 photos)

1. Sergey, 27 years old, freight forwarder(left): "Novorossiya" should be a white country with Russian orders, so today I support this formation only in part.
Dmitry, 33 years old, entrepreneur(right): "Novorossiya" is a new territorial-administrative unit, which I categorically support."

2. Ilya, 55, unemployed(left): “I have no idea what Novorossiya is, so I don’t support it.”
Andrey, 32 years old, programmer(right): "Novorossiya" is still a mythical association, which, as I hope, will take place as a state."

3. Yaroslav, 26 years old, engineer(left): Novorossiya is a Kremlin project that Russian nationalists cannot support.”
Nikita, 16, Russian nationalist(right): "I can't explain what Novorossiya is, but I support the idea."

4. Alexander, 54, journalist(left): “Novorossiya” today is something invented that has nothing to do with the Novorossiya that existed under Catherine II. Now there is a war going on there, so I can't support the death of people. And you can’t support Novorossia with the media that provide information from there.”
Tamara, 70 years old, women's movement"Slavyanka", the Union of Indigenous Muscovites(right): “Novorossiya” is part of historical Russia.”

5. Dmitry, 49 years old, freelance artist(left): "I have a rather complicated relationship with Novorossia - the more the Kremlin supports it, the less I support it."
Vera, 54, fitness club worker from Voronezh(right): "Novorossiya" is a part of Russia that wants to come back. I have relatives living there. In the Voronezh region, where I come from, there are now many refugees. So I know what's going on there first hand. That is why I support Novorossiya.

6. Lyubov, 33, entrepreneur(left): “I hate Novorossiya. This is part of the global struggle against the Russians.”
Konstantin, 50 years old, auto electrician(right): "Novorossiya" today is fighting against fascism.

7. Andrey, 48, unemployed(left): "Novorossiya" consists of bandits and scoundrels."
Alexander, 55, unemployed(right): "Novorossiya" is a remake. This is the new Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - it's all one Russia. I support the Russian Empire until 1917. Ukraine must be fully returned to the empire, and not pinched off a little. Besides, we don't have to fight - Ukrainians and I should be together."

8. Vyacheslav, 25 years old, worker(left): “In Russia, it is difficult to be objective about Novorossiya because the false media is talking about it. I try not to talk about it."
Dmitry, 32 years old, salesperson(right): “Novorossiya” is the LNR and the DNR. I support their fight."

9. Vitaly, 16 years old, schoolboy(left): "Novorossiya" is led by bandits. Nobody recognizes it on the world stage. This formation does not have long to exist.
Mikhail, 17 years old, schoolboy(right): “Novorossiya” is a part of Russia that is now fighting for independence from Ukraine”

10. Natalia, 19 years old, works in production(left): “I have no idea what Novorossiya is. What is this? How can you support "nothing"?
Sergey, 57 years old, artist(right): “After the referendum, Novorossiya is an independent state. I support this initiative."

11. Oleg, 25, leader of the Russian United National Alliance(left): "Novorossiya" is an alien entity for any Russian person. Just some wolf in sheep's clothing."
Alexander, 28 years old, worker(right): “Novorossiya is now a separate state. These territories never belonged to Ukraine. In addition, a fascist junta is now sitting in Kyiv.”

12. Denis, 39, unemployed(left): "Novorossiya" is fiction. I would support it if it was an independent project. We need to maintain the territorial integrity of Ukraine, although I agree that Crimea was returned.”
Mikhail, 26, member of the Central Committee of the National Democratic Party(right): “Novorossiya” today is the Russian regions of Ukraine that have decided to declare their independence and exercise the right of nations to self-determination.”

13. Vasily, unemployed(left): “I can’t say that I support Novorossiya because I don’t know who really controls it.”
Dometii, 34, member of the National Democratic Party(right): “Until 1917, southern Russia was called Novorossia. In the early 1920s, the Bolsheviks reported that Novorossiya had been destroyed because they had given it to Ukraine. Today, this is a movement that arose in the early 2000s, when the pro-Russian forces in Ukraine realized that it would no longer be possible to revive the USSR, but that it was necessary to unite with modern Russia. Today's "Novorossiya" is pro-Russian circles in Ukraine that share different ideologies that vaguely represent life in modern Russia but desiring Russian unity.

Following the Russian Empire, the name Novorossiya has sunk into history for a long time. Now this name is again on everyone's lips, it is now known not only in Russia and neighboring countries, but all over the world. We will try to plunge into history and consider what this land was like, how it was mastered, what names are associated with it.

Of course, these places were inhabited many centuries ago, but they began to actively develop after the time of Peter the Great. Here, after all, access to the Black and Azov Seas, and hence the development of trade with European, and maybe other countries. Once, in the 13th-16th centuries, the Crimean Tatars ruled here. In the steppe for many miles there was not a single tree or village. Only robbers were enough - from among the Tatars.

There were few infertile soils and they were located closer to the sea. The most full-flowing rivers were the Dnieper, Dniester and Bug, the rest of the small rivers disappeared during frequent droughts. There was an abundance of fish in the rivers, on land - deer, fallow deer, saigas, wild boars and horses, foxes, badgers, many species of birds. “Wild horses were found here in herds of 50-60 heads, and it was extremely difficult to tame them; they were hunted, and horse meat was sold on a par with beef. The climate of the region is warmer than in many other areas of Russia. All together, this created favorable conditions for attracting Russian settlers.

However, the paths of history are not simple. Life in the steppe was associated with many inconveniences, and for a person of the 17th century. was extremely difficult. So, because of the dry continental climate, winters were severe, with winds and blizzards, and droughts often occurred in summer. The steppes were open on all sides to the action of the winds, the north wind brought cold with it, and the east wind brought terrible dryness and heat. The insufficient amount of river water and the rapid absorption of evaporation by the atmosphere due to dry winds led to the fact that in summer all the rich vegetation dried up.

Springs and wells in the southeastern part of the Novorossiysk Territory were located only near the banks of the rivers, and there was not a single one on the mountain in the steppe, so the roads were laid near the rivers. In addition to drought, swarms of locusts, as well as clouds of midges and mosquitoes, were a real misfortune. All this was a serious obstacle to the full-fledged occupation of cattle breeding and agriculture, not to mention the constant danger of an attack by the Tatars. Thus, the first colonists were forced to fight both with nature and with the Crimean Tatars, performing a defensive function.

The beginning of the settlement of the Novorossiysk steppes in the first half. 18th century

At the first time of its historical existence in the XVI - early. 17th century The Zaporizhzhya Sich was a military brotherhood hiding from the Tatars on the Dnieper Islands, renouncing by necessity many forms of proper civilian life - family, personal property, agriculture, etc. The second goal of the brotherhood was the colonization of the steppe. Over time, the limits of Zaporozhye extended more and more to the account of the Wild Field, the Tatar steppe. In the XVIII century. Zaporizhzhya Sich was a small "enclosed city, containing one church, 38 so-called kurens and up to 500 kuren Cossack, trading and artisan houses."

It was the capital of the army, destroyed in 1775. The Zaporozhye lands occupied the territory on which the Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces were subsequently formed, with the exception of the Ochakov region, that is, the area lying between the Bug and the Dniester. They stretched mainly along the river. Dnieper.

Russian state colonization of Novorossia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Atlas of the Russian Empire. 1800 year. Sheet 38. Novorossiysk province of 12 counties

At the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, in 1770, the so-called Dnieper line was built, which was the result of victories in the Turkish war (the capture of Azov and Taganrog) This line was supposed to separate the entire Novorossiysk province, together with the Zaporizhzhya lands, from the Tatar possessions; from the Dnieper it went to the Sea of Azov, passing along the rivers Berda and Horse Waters, and crossed the entire Crimean steppe. Her last fortress, St. Petra was located near the sea near modern Berdyansk. In total, there were 8 fortresses in this line.

Then Potemkin decided to destroy the Sich. In 1775, General Tekeli was ordered to occupy the Sich and destroy the Zaporozhye army. When the general approached the Zaporozhye capital, at the insistence of the archimandrite, the ataman surrendered, and the Russian troops occupied the Sich without a fight. Most of the Cossacks went to Turkey, others dispersed to the cities of Little Russia and New Russia. Thus ended the history of one city and began the history of many.

The lands of the Cossacks began to be distributed to private individuals who assumed the obligation to populate them with freemen or serfs. These lands could be received by officials, headquarters and chief officers and foreigners; only single-dvortsy, peasants and landowners were excluded. Thus, large-scale landownership was artificially created in that region, which until now had almost no landowner and serf element. The minimum plot was 1,500 acres of convenient land. The conditions for obtaining land were very favorable: for 10 years, a privilege was given from all duties; during this time, the owners had to populate their plots in such a way that for every 1,500 acres there were 13 households. The size of the plots ranged from 1,500 to 12,000 acres, but there were individuals who managed to get several tens of thousands of acres.

These lands, after 10 years, could become the property of these persons. After the destruction of the Sich, its entire military and senior treasury was confiscated and the so-called city capital (more than 120 thousand rubles) was formed from it for issuing loans to residents of the Novorossiysk province.

Construction of cities in the Novorossiysk Territory

Kherson. The first city built on the initiative of Prince Potemkin was Kherson. The decree of the empress on its construction dates back to 1778 and was caused by the desire to have a new harbor and shipyard closer to the Black Sea, since the former ones, for example Taganrog, presented significant inconvenience due to shallow water. In 1778, the Empress ordered to finally choose a place for a harbor and a shipyard on the Dnieper and call it Kherson. Potemkin chose the Alexander-Shanz tract.

The production of works was entrusted to the descendant of the famous Negro and godson of Peter V. Hannibal, 12 companies of craftsmen were given at his disposal. A rather large territory was allocated for the future city, and 220 guns were sent to the fortress. The leadership of this business was entrusted to Potemkin, who wanted to make the city as flourishing and famous as the ancient Tauric Chersonesos. He expected to arrange an admiralty, a warehouse in it - as Peter I did in St. Petersburg. Construction did not cause difficulties: the quarry was located practically in the city itself, timber, iron and all the necessary materials were brought along the Dnieper. Potemkin distributed the lands lying around the city for the construction of country houses, gardens, etc. Two years later, ships with cargo under the Russian flag were already arriving in Kherson.

Baron Antoine also compiled a historical outline of trade and maritime relations between the ports of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Many Marseille and Kherson merchants began to compete with Baron Antoine in trade with southern Russia and Poland through the Black Sea: during the year, 20 ships arrived from Kherson to Marseille. Trade was conducted with Smyrna, Livorno, Messina, Marseille and Alexandria.

For 9 years, Potemkin achieved a lot, but the hopes placed on the new city still did not materialize: with the capture of Ochakov and the construction of Nikolaev, the importance of Kherson as a fortress and admiralty fell, and meanwhile, huge sums were spent on the construction of its fortifications and shipyards . The former admiralty buildings, made of wood, were sold for demolition. The place turned out to be not very successful, trade developed poorly, and soon Kherson lost in this regard to Taganrog and Ochakov. The hope of making the Dnieper navigable at the rapids did not come true, and the plague that broke out at the beginning of the settlement of the city almost ruined the whole thing: the settlers from the central provinces of Russia were sick from the unusual climate and marsh air.

The project also included state buildings, a university with a music academy and an academy of arts, a court, made in the Roman style. Large sums (340 thousand rubles) were allocated for the construction of a state-owned factory with cloth and hosiery departments. But of all these grandiose projects, very few came to fruition. The cathedral, university and academies were never built, the factory was soon closed.
Paul I decreed July 20, 1797 ordered to rename Yekaterinoslav to Novorossiysk. In 1802 the former name was returned to the city.

The very foundation of the city of Nikolaev dates back to August 27, 1789, since it was on this date that Potemkin's order addressed to Faleev was dated. The city got its name from the name of the first ship of St. Nicholas, built at the shipyard. In 1790, the Supreme Order followed on the establishment of an admiralty and a shipyard in Nikolaev. The Kherson shipyard, despite its convenience, was shallow for ships of high rank, and gradually the control of the Black Sea Fleet was transferred to Nikolaev.

Odessa. The decree of the empress on the construction of a military and merchant harbor and the city of Khadzhibey dates back to 1794, after the death of Potemkin. The construction was entrusted to de Ribas. Under the new city took more than 30 thousand. acres of land, about 2 million rubles were allocated for the construction of a port, admiralty, barracks, etc. An important moment in the original history of Odessa was the settlement of Greek immigrants both in the city itself and in its environs.

In 1796 there were 2349 inhabitants in Odessa. On September 1, 1798, the coat of arms was presented to the city. Foreign trade was encouraged in Odessa, and soon the city received the status of a free port - duty-free port. It did not last long and was destroyed by a decree of December 21, 1799. By a decree of December 26, 1796, Paul I ordered “The Commission for the construction of southern fortresses and the port of Odessa, located in the former Voznesenskaya province, we order to be abolished; stop the very same buildings. After this decree, at the beginning In 1797, the founder of Odessa and the main producer of the work of the southern fortresses, Vice Admiral de Ribas left the city, and handed over his command to Rear Admiral Pavel Pustoshkin, the former commander of the Nikolaev port.

In 1802, there were already more than 9 thousand people in Odessa, 39 factories, plants and mills, 171 shops, 43 cellars. Further progress in the population and trade in Odessa is associated with the activities of de Richelieu, who took the post of mayor here in 1803. He arranged a port, quarantine, customs, a theater, a hospital, completed the construction of temples, established an educational institution, and increased the population of the city. up to 25 thousand people. Also, thanks to de Richelieu, trade has grown significantly. Being a passionate lover of gardening and tree cultivation in general, he patronized the owners of dachas and gardens in every possible way, and was the first to order from Italy the seeds of white acacia, which luxuriously took root on Odessa soil. Under Richelieu, Odessa became the center of trade relations between the Novorossiysk Territory and European coastal cities: its trade turnover in 1814 amounted to more than 20 million rubles. The main subject of the holiday trade was wheat.

Further settlement of Novorossiya

Russian villages were mixed with Little Russian ones. All lands intended for settlement were also divided into state, or state, and private, or landlords. Therefore, the entire Russian population of the Novorossiysk Territory can be divided into two large groups - free settlers who lived on state lands, and owner-occupied, landlord peasants who settled on the lands of private individuals and became dependent on them. Many people from the Hetmanate came to the villages founded by the former Cossacks.

The first measures taken by the government to populate the newly acquired Ochakiv region from Turkey were as follows. First of all, Catherine II instructed the governor Kakhovsky to inspect the new territory, divide it into districts, appoint places for cities and present a plan about all this. Then he had to distribute the lands both for state-owned settlements and for landowners, with the obligation to populate these lands and ensure that state-owned settlements did not mix with landowners.

Foreign colonization in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

The resettlement began with a decree of December 24, 1751, then a number of decrees were issued on the placement of foreigners in the "Zadneprsky places" and on the creation of New Serbia there. On the territory of New Serbia, there were two regiments under the command of Horvath and Pandursky. In 1753, Slavic-Serbia was formed near this settlement, between the Bakhmut and Lugan rivers, where colonists under the command of Shevic and Preradovich settled. Among them were not only Serbs, but also Moldovans, Croats. By that time, the Tatar raids had almost ceased.

Anna Ioannovna also built a number of fortresses on the northern borders of Novorossia, the so-called Ukrainian Line, where almost only soldiers and Cossacks lived since 1731. The central points of the new settlements were Novomirgorod and the fortress of St. Elizabeth in Novoserbia, Bakhmut and Belevskaya fortress in Slavic Serbia. The new settlers were assigned comfortable lands for perpetual and hereditary possession, were given monetary salaries, and were provided with duty-free crafts and trade. However, the Serbian settlements did not justify the hopes placed on them for the colonization of the region.

“Over 10 years, about 2.5 million rubles of state money were spent on the Serbs, and for food they had to take everything they needed from other residents. Serbian settlements were poorly arranged, and between the Serbs themselves there were almost daily quarrels and fights, and knives were often used. The Serbs immediately fell into a bad relationship with their neighbors, the Cossacks.

With the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, a new era opens in the history of foreign colonization of the Novorossiysk Territory. In a manifesto of 1763, she urged foreigners to settle mainly for the development of our crafts and trade. The most important benefits granted to the new settlers were the following:

they could receive money for travel expenses from Russian residents abroad and then settle in Russia or in cities, or in separate colonies;
they were granted freedom of religion;
they were released for a certain number of years from all taxes and duties;
they were given free apartments for half a year;
an interest-free loan was issued with its repayment in 10 years for 3 years;
settled colonies were given their own jurisdiction;
all moths to import property duty-free and for 300 r. goods;
everyone was exempted from military and civil service, and if someone wanted to become a soldier, then in addition to the usual salary, he had to receive 30 rubles;
if someone started a factory that did not exist in Russia before, he could sell the goods he produced duty-free for 10 years;
duty-free fairs and auctions could be opened in the colonies.

Lands for settlement were indicated in the Tobolsk, Astrakhan, Orenburg and Belgorod provinces. Although this decree does not say anything about Novorossia, but on its basis, foreigners settled there as well until the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander I.

After the death of Catherine in 1796, Pavel Petrovich ascended the throne. This is an important era in the history of the Novorossiysk Territory, a time of important events in all parts of the administration. By decree of November 14, Emperor Paul I ordered the Novorossiysk province to be divided into 12 counties:

Under Alexander I, foreign colonization within the Novorossiysk Territory begins to be conducted on different conditions. Decree of February 4, 1803: “For military officers who do not have a fortune and wish to start a farm in the empty lands of the Novorossiysk steppe, establish their own property, allocate it to eternal possession: headquarters officers 1,000 acres, and chief officers 500 acres of land.” The seat of the main Novorossiysk chief was transferred from Nikolaev to Kherson, and the Nikolaev province itself was renamed Kherson.

In the manifesto of 20 Feb. 1804, it was said that only such foreigners should be accepted for resettlement who, by their occupations, can serve as a good example for the peasants. For them, it is necessary to allocate special lands - state-owned or bought from landowners; these should be family and wealthy owners engaged in agriculture, cultivation of grapes or silkworms, cattle breeding and rural crafts (shoemaking, blacksmithing, weaving, tailoring, etc.); do not accept other artisans.

Natives were granted freedom of religion and exemption for 10 years from all taxes and duties; after this period, they will be obliged to bear the same duties as Russian subjects, excluding regular service, military and civil service, from which they are exempted forever. All colonists are given 60 acres of land per family free of charge. On these grounds, it was proposed to settle foreigners in various places in New Russia and in the Crimea. First of all, it was decided to give them land near harbors and ports, so that they could sell their products abroad.

On the basis of a letter of commendation, they were allotted land for settlement in the Azov province, along the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. The letter of grant provided them with significant benefits - the exclusive right to fish, government houses, freedom from military service. Some of them died on the way from illness and deprivation, and the rest founded the city of Mariupol and 20 villages in its vicinity. In Odessa, the Greeks also enjoyed significant benefits and were in charge of local trade. Albanians settled in Taganrog, Krech and Yenikol, who were also well off.

During 1779 - 1780. 144 horses, 33 cows, 612 pairs of oxen, 483 wagons, 102 plows, 1570 quarters of bread were distributed to Greek and Armenian settlers and 5294 houses and barns were built. In total, 24,501 people were dependent on the state out of a total of 30,156 migrants.

The situation with the organization of Jewish agricultural colonies was quite different. Their beginning dates back only to 1807, when the first batch of Jewish settlers formed colonies in the Kherson district. The government spent huge sums on their arrangement, but the results were deplorable: the agriculture of the Jews developed very poorly, and they themselves aspired to the cities and wanted to engage in petty trade, crafts, and brokerage. From the unaccustomed climate and bad water, epidemic diseases spread among them. Finally, the Gypsies completed the picture of the population of New Russia. In 1768, the total number of inhabitants in Novorossia was 100 thousand people, and in 1823 - 1.5 million people.

Thus, in 1776-1782. observed exceptionally high rates of population growth in Novorossiya. For a short period (about 7 years), the population of the region (within the boundaries of the beginning of the 19th century) almost doubled (increased by 79.82%). The main role in this was played by immigrants from neighboring Left-Bank Ukraine. The influx of new settlers from the Right-Bank Ukraine and the Central Black Earth region of Russia was not great. Resettlements from abroad were important only for certain local territories (Aleksandrovsky, Rostov and Kherson districts).

In the 70s, the northern and central regions of Novorossia were still predominantly settled, and since 1777, the privately owned migration movement came to the fore. During this period, the tsarist authorities did not take effective measures to transfer large groups of migrants from abroad and other regions of the country to Novorossia. They handed out vast tracts of land into the hands of private owners, giving them the right to take care of their settlement themselves. This right was widely used by the landowners of Novorossiya. By hook or by crook, they lured peasants from neighboring Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine to their lands.

The rules somewhat facilitated, in comparison with the regulation of 1824, the conditions for the settlement of settlers. In new places, food was prepared for them for the first time, part of the fields were sown, hay was accumulated to feed the cattle in the first winter, tools and draft animals were prepared. For all these purposes, 20 rubles were allocated for each family. Settlers were exempted from paying money for transportation across rivers and from other similar fees.

They were supposed to be released from their old places of residence at a convenient time of the year. The rules forbade the return of settlers back from the route or the place of new settlement. For the construction of dwellings, the peasants received forest in new places (100 roots per yard). In addition, they were given 25 rubles for each family irrevocably, and in the absence of a forest - 35 rubles. New settlers received a number of benefits: 6-year-old - from military billeting, 8-year-old - from the payment of taxes and other duties (instead of the previous 3-year-old), and also 3-year - from recruitment duty.

Simultaneously with these benefits, the regulation of 1843 abolished the right that existed until that year for the peasants themselves to choose for themselves suitable places for settlement. Based on these rules, the development of all regions of Russia was carried out in the 40s - 50s of the XIX century. The government, right up to the reform of 1861, tried to introduce Jews to agriculture and spent large sums of money on this.

In the second half of the 30-40s of the XIX century. Kherson province has lost its position as the leading populated region of Russia. The bulk of the settlers are foreign settlers, Jews and urban taxable estates. The role of the landowner resettlement movement is sharply reduced. Settled, as in earlier periods, mainly southern counties: Tiraspol (with Odessa separated from its composition) and Kherson.

Thus, in the 40s, both agriculture and animal husbandry in Novorossia were on the rise, but in 1848-1849. they were hit hard. The farmers were unable to collect even the sown seeds, and the livestock breeders suffered greatly from the extremely destructive deaths of livestock. Nevertheless, the economy of the region developed, overcoming the effects of climate. Industry in the 1830-1840s had not yet received development, so agriculture remained the main occupation of the region's population.
In the 50s of the XIX century. The resettlement of the peasantry was carried out on the basis of the provisions of April 8, 1843.

In 1850, an audit was carried out in Russia, which counted 916,353 souls in Novorossia (435,798 souls in Yekaterinoslav and 462,555 in Kherson province).

Thus, throughout its history, the Novorossiysk Territory has been distinguished by a unique policy pursued by the Russian government in relation to it. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Serfdom did not apply to these areas. The runaway serfs did not return from there.
2. Freedom of religion.
3. Exemption of the indigenous population from military service.
4. Tatar murzas were equated with the Russian nobility (“Charter to the nobility”). Thus, Russia did not interfere in the conflict between the local aristocracy and the common people.
5. The right to buy and sell land.
6. Benefits for the clergy.
7. Freedom of movement.
8. Foreign settlers have not paid taxes for 5 years.
9. A city building program was planned, the population was transferred to a settled way of life.
10. The Russian political elite and the nobility were given lands with a term for development.
11. Resettlement of the Old Believers.
The Novorossiysk-Bessarabian general government was disbanded in 1873, and the term no longer corresponded to any territorial unit. After the 1917 revolution, Ukraine laid claim to Novorossiya. During the Civil War, certain areas of Novorossia more than once passed from white to red, Nestor Makhno's detachments operated here. When the Ukrainian SSR was created, most of Novorossia became part of it.

territory, which included 20th century historical Russian provinces: Kherson, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride (except Crimea), - cut through by the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Dniester and Bug. This flat steppe space imperceptibly merges with the steppes of eastern Russia, passing into the Asian steppes, and therefore has long served as the dwelling of tribes moving from Asia to the West. On the same coast of the Black Sea, a number of Greek colonies were founded in antiquity. The constant change of population continued until the Tatar invasion. In the XIII-XVI centuries. the Tatars dominated here, making it impossible for the peaceful colonization of the country by neighboring peoples, but in the middle. 16th century military colonization began. Below the rapids on the Dnieper island of Khortitsa was founded by the Cossacks Sich. All R. 18th century new settlers appear here - immigrants from the Slavic lands, Bulgarians, Serbs, Volokhi. The government, meaning to create a military border population, gave them benefits and various privileges. Two districts were formed in 1752: New Serbia and Slavic Serbia. At the same time, lines of fortifications were created. After the 1st Turkish War, fortified lines captured new spaces. The annexation of the Crimea in 1783, making Novorossia unsafe from the Tatars, gave a new impetus to the colonization of the region. The 2nd Turkish war gave the Ochakov region into the hands of Russia. (i.e. the western part of the Kherson province.). Since 1774, the head of the administration of the Novorossiysk Territory was placed Prince. G.A. Potemkin, who remained in this position until his death (1791). He divided the country into provinces: Azov to the east of the Dnieper and Novorossiysk to the west. Potemkin's concern was the settlement and comprehensive development of the region. In the types of colonization, privileges were given to foreigners - immigrants from Slavic lands, Greeks, Germans and schismatics, huge land holdings were distributed to dignitaries and officials with the obligation to settle them. Simultaneously with the government colonization, there was a free colonization from Great Russia and Little Russia. The Russian colonists, like foreigners, did not use help from the treasury, but they did not encounter any obstacles to settling in new places, there was a lot of land, and its owners willingly allowed them to settle on it. They also condescendingly looked at the settlement of fugitive peasants in the region, the number of which, with the development of serfdom in the 18th and n. 19th century everything was growing. Under Potemkin, a number of cities were founded in Novorossia - Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, Nikolaev, etc. Odessa was later founded. Administratively, Novorossiya was redrawn several times. In 1783 it was named Yekaterinoslav viceroy. In 1784, the Tauride Region was formed, and in 1795, Voznesenskaya Province. Under Paul I, part of the Yekaterinoslav vicegerency was separated, and the Novorossiysk province was formed from the rest. Under Alexander I, the provinces of Yekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tauride were established here, which, together with the Bessarabian region annexed from Turkey, formed the Novorossiysk Governorate-General. The administrative center of Novorossia, as well as industrial and cultural, in the XIX century. became Odessa.

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Novorossiya. Facts you didn't know. Novorossiya - national composition - leg10ner

History of development

Novorossiya after 1872

Modern usage of the term

The beginning of the settlement of the Novorossiysk steppes in the first half. 18th century

Russian state colonization in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Construction of cities in the Novorossiysk Territory

Foreign colonization in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

Lugansk and Donetsk

Conclusion

The beginning of the settlement of the Novorossiysk steppes in the first half. 18th century

Russian state colonization of Novorossia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Construction of cities in the Novorossiysk Territory

Further settlement of Novorossiya

Foreign colonization in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

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