Which countries participated in both world wars. World and Great Patriotic War (correlation of concepts, features, dates, participants, reasons)

On the side of Germany in the war against the USSR, the troops of Romania, Hungary, Italy, Finland, Slovakia, Croatia fought. In addition, volunteer units of the Spaniards, Belgians, Dutch, French, Danes, and Norwegians fought on the side of Germany against the USSR.

Romania declared war on the USSR on June 22, 1941. The Romanians set themselves the task of returning Bessarabia and Bukovina, which the USSR included in its composition in the summer of 1940. In addition, Romania wanted to take Transnistria (the territory from the Dniester to the Southern Bug) from the Soviets. From June 22, Romanian troops tried to seize bridgeheads on the eastern bank of the Prut River (at the same time, on June 25-26, 1941, the Soviet Danube Flotilla landed troops on Romanian territory, Soviet aircraft and ships Black Sea Fleet bombed and shelled the Romanian oil fields and other facilities). Romanian troops began active fighting, crossing the Prut River on July 2, 1941. By July 26, Romanian troops occupied the territories of Bessarabia and Bukovina. Then the Romanian 3rd Army advanced in Ukraine, crossed the Dnieper in September and reached the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. Since the end of October 1941, units of the Romanian 3rd Army participated in the capture of the Crimea (together with the German 11th Army under the command of von Manstein). The Romanian 4th Army from the beginning of August 1941 led the operation to take Odessa. By September 10, 12 Romanian divisions and 5 brigades were assembled to capture Odessa, with a total number of up to 200 thousand people (as well as German units - an infantry regiment, an assault battalion and 2 regiments heavy artillery). After heavy fighting Odessa was taken by Romanian troops on October 16, 1941. The losses of the Romanian 4th Army in this operation amounted to 29 thousand dead and missing and 63 thousand wounded. In August 1942, the Romanian 3rd Army (3 cavalry and 1 mountain divisions) took part in the German attack on the Caucasus. In August, the Romanian cavalry divisions took Taman, Anapa, Novorossiysk (the latter - together with German troops), the Romanian mountain division captured Nalchik in October 1942. In the fall of 1942, Romanian troops occupied positions in the Stalingrad region (now Volgograd). Romanian 3rd Army (8 infantry and 2 cavalry divisions, with a total number of 150 thousand people) - a front section 140 km northwest of this city, the Romanian 4th Army (5 infantry and 2 cavalry divisions, with a total number of 75 thousand people) - front section 300 km south of it. On November 19, 1942, the troops of the two Soviet fronts went on the offensive, and on November 23 they formed an encirclement ring around Stalingrad, in which the German 6th Army, part of the troops of the German 4th Army, and the Romanian 6 infantry and 1 cavalry divisions were. By the end of January 1943, the Romanian 3rd and 4th armies were practically destroyed - their total losses amounted to almost 160 thousand dead, missing and wounded. At the beginning of 1943, 6 Romanian divisions, with a total number of 65 thousand people, fought (as part of the German 17th Army) in the Kuban. In September 1943, these troops retreated to the Crimea. In April-May 1944, Soviet troops captured the Crimea. Romanian troops in the Crimea lost more than a third of their personnel, the rest were evacuated by sea to Romania. On August 23, 1944, a coup was carried out in Romania, and the Romanian army began to fight along with the Red Army against Germany and Hungary. In total, up to 200 thousand Romanians died in the war against the USSR (including 55 thousand died in Soviet captivity). 18 Romanians were awarded German Knight's Crosses, three of them also received Oak Leaves for Knight's Crosses.

Italy

Italy declared war on the USSR on June 22, 1941. Motivation - Mussolini's initiative, proposed by him since January 1940 - "a pan-European campaign against Bolshevism." At the same time, Italy had no territorial claims to any zone of occupation of the USSR. The Italian Expeditionary Force for the war against the USSR was created on July 10, 1941, consisting of one cavalry and two infantry divisions, with corps artillery and two air groups (reconnaissance and fighter). In total, there were 62 thousand soldiers and officers in the corps. There were - 220 guns, 60 machine-gun tankettes, aviation - 50 fighters and 20 reconnaissance aircraft. The corps was sent to the southern sector of the German-Soviet front (through Austria, Hungary, Romania), for operations in southern Ukraine. The first clash between the advanced units of the Italian corps and units of the Red Army took place on August 10, 1941, on the Southern Bug River. In September 1941, the Italian corps fought on the Dnieper, on a 100-km sector in the Dneprodzerzhinsk region. In October-November 1941, the Italian corps participated in the German offensive with the aim of capturing the Donbass. Then, until July 1942, the Italians stood on the defensive, fighting local battles with units of the Red Army. The losses of the Italian corps from August 1941 to June 1942 amounted to: more than 1,600 dead, more than 400 missing, almost 6,300 wounded, more than 3,600 frostbitten. In July 1942, Italian troops on the territory of the USSR were significantly reinforced. The 8th Italian Army was formed, consisting of 3 corps (10 divisions in total, the total number of the army reached in September 1942 - 230 thousand people, 940 guns, 31 light tank(gun 20 mm), 19 self-propelled guns(gun 47 mm), aviation - 41 fighters and 23 reconnaissance). In the autumn of 1942, the Italian army occupied positions on the Don River (a section of more than 250 km), northwest of Stalingrad (now Volgograd). In December 1942 - January 1943, the Italians repulsed the offensive of the Red Army. As a result, the Italian army was actually defeated - 21 thousand Italians were killed, 64 thousand were missing. The remaining 145,000 Italians were withdrawn to Italy in March 1943. The losses of Italians in the USSR from August 1941 to February 1943 amounted to about 90 thousand dead and missing. According to Soviet data, 49 thousand Italians were taken prisoner, of which 21 thousand Italians were released from Soviet captivity in 1946-1956. Thus, in total, about 70 thousand Italians died in the war against the USSR and in Soviet captivity. 9 Italians were awarded the German Knights

Finland

On June 25, 1941, Soviet aviation bombed the settlements of Finland. On June 26, Finland declared that it was at war with the USSR. Finland intended to return the territories taken from her in March 1940, and also to annex Karelia. June 30, 1941 Finnish troops(11 infantry divisions and 4 brigades, totaling about 150 thousand people) went on the offensive in the direction of Vyborg and Petrozavodsk. By the end of August 1941, the Finns reached the approaches to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) on ​​the Karelian Isthmus, and by the beginning of October 1941 occupied almost the entire territory of Karelia (except for the coast White Sea and Zaonezhie), after which they went on the defensive at the achieved lines. From the end of 1941 until the summer of 1944, there were practically no hostilities on the Soviet-Finnish front, except for the raids of Soviet partisans (formed from conscripts from the Ural region) on the territory of Karelia and the bombing of Finnish settlements. On June 9, 1944, Soviet troops (totaling up to 500 thousand people) went on the offensive against the Finns (16 infantry divisions, about 200 thousand people). In the course of heavy fighting, which lasted until August 1944, Soviet troops took Petrozavodsk, Vyborg, and in one sector reached the Soviet-Finnish border in March 1940. On August 29, 1944, Soviet troops went on the defensive. On September 1, 1944, Marshal Mannerheim proposed a truce; on September 4, Stalin agreed to a truce. After that, the Finnish troops retreated to the March 1940 border. 54,000 Finns died in the war against the USSR. 2 Finns were awarded the German Knight's Crosses, including Marshal Mannerheim and received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.

Hungary

Hungary declared war on the USSR on June 27, 1941, after the bombing of Hungarian settlements by Soviet aircraft. Hungary had no territorial claims to the USSR, the motivation was “revenge on the Bolsheviks for communist revolution 1919 in Hungary. On July 1, 1941, Hungary sent the "Carpathian Group" (5 brigades, totaling 40 thousand people), which fought as part of the German 17th Army in Ukraine, to the war against the USSR. In July 1941, the group was divided - 2 infantry brigades began to perform the functions of protecting the rear, and the "fast corps" (2 motorized and 1 cavalry brigades, a total of 25 thousand people, with several dozen light tanks and tankettes) continued to advance. By November 1941, the "fast corps" suffered big losses- up to 12 thousand killed, missing and wounded, all tankettes and almost all light tanks were lost. The corps was returned to Hungary. At the same time, the Hungarian 4 infantry and 2 cavalry brigades (with a total strength of 60 thousand people) remained at the front and in the rear areas. In April 1942, the Hungarian 2nd Army (about 200 thousand people) was sent to the war against the USSR. In June 1942, she went on the offensive in the Voronezh direction, as part of the German offensive on the southern sector of the German-Soviet front. In January 1943, the Hungarian 2nd Army was practically destroyed during the Soviet offensive (up to 100 thousand dead and up to 60 thousand taken prisoner, most of them wounded). In May 1943, the remnants of the army (about 40 thousand people) were withdrawn to Hungary. In the autumn of 1944, all Hungarian military establishment(three armies) fought against the Red Army, already on the territory of Hungary. The fighting in Hungary ended in April 1945, but some Hungarian units continued to fight in Austria until the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945. More than 200,000 Hungarians died in the war against the USSR (including 55,000 who died in Soviet captivity). 8 Hungarians were awarded German Knight's Crosses.

Slovakia

Slovakia took part in the war against the USSR as part of the "pan-European campaign against Bolshevism." It had no territorial claims against the USSR. 2 Slovak divisions were sent to the war against the USSR. One division (consisting of 2 infantry regiments, an artillery regiment, a battalion of light tanks, numbering 8 thousand people) fought in Ukraine in 1941, in the Kuban in 1942, and in 1943-1944 performed security functions in the Crimea. Another division (consisting of 2 infantry regiments and an artillery regiment, 8 thousand people) in 1941-1942 performed security functions in Ukraine, in 1943-1944 - in Belarus. About 3.5 thousand Slovaks died in the war against the USSR.

Croatia

Croatia took part in the war against the USSR as part of a "pan-European campaign against Bolshevism." It had no territorial claims against the USSR. 1 volunteer Croatian regiment was sent to the war against the USSR (3 infantry battalions and 1 artillery battalion, with a total number of 3.9 thousand people). The regiment arrived at the front in October 1941. He fought in the Donbass, in 1942 - in Stalingrad (now Volgograd). By February 1943, the Croatian regiment was practically destroyed - about 700 Croats were taken into Soviet captivity. About 2,000 Croats died in the war against the USSR.

Spain did not officially declare war against the USSR, but organized the dispatch of one volunteer division to the front. The motivation is revenge for the Comintern's sending the International Brigades to Spain during the civil war. The Spanish division (18 thousand people) was sent to northern section German-Soviet front. From October 1941 - fought in the Volkhov region, from August 1942 - near Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). In October 1943, the division was returned to Spain, but about 2 thousand volunteers remained to fight in the Spanish Legion (three battalions). The Legion was disbanded in March 1944, but about 300 Spaniards wished to fight further, and 2 companies of the SS troops were formed from them, who fought against the Red Army until the end of the war. About 5 thousand Spaniards died in the war against the USSR (452 ​​Spaniards were taken into Soviet captivity). 2 Spaniards were awarded the German Knight's Cross, including one received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.

In 1941, two volunteer legions were formed in Belgium for the war against the USSR. They differed by ethnicity - Flemish and Walloon, both were battalion size. In the autumn of 1941, they were sent to the German-Soviet front - the Walloon Legion to the southern sector (Rostov-on-Don, then Kuban), the Flemish Legion to the northern sector (Volkhov). In June 1943, both legions were reorganized into brigades of the SS troops - the SS Volunteer Brigade "Langemark" and the volunteer assault brigade SS troops "Wallonia". In October, the brigades were renamed into divisions (remaining in the same composition - 2 infantry regiments each). At the end of the war, both the Flemings and the Walloons fought against the Red Army in Pomerania. About 5 thousand Belgians died in the war against the USSR (2 thousand Belgians were taken into Soviet captivity). 4 Belgians were awarded German Knight's Crosses, including one who received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.

Netherlands

The Netherlands Volunteer Legion (motorized battalion of 5 companies) was formed in July 1941. In January 1942, the Dutch legion arrived at the northern sector of the German-Soviet front, in the Volkhov region. Then the legion was transferred to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). In May 1943, the Dutch Legion was reorganized into a volunteer brigade of the SS troops "Netherlands" (consisting of two motorized regiments and other units, with a total number of 9 thousand people). In 1944, one of the regiments of the Dutch brigade was practically destroyed in the battles near Narva. In the autumn of 1944 the brigade retreated to Courland, and in January 1945 it was evacuated to Germany by sea. In February 1945, the brigade was renamed a division, although its strength was greatly reduced due to losses. By May 1945, the Dutch division was practically destroyed in the battles against the Red Army. About 8,000 Dutch people died in the war against the USSR (more than 4,000 Dutch were taken into Soviet captivity). 4 Dutchmen were awarded German Knight's Crosses.

France

The French Volunteer Legion for the war against the Bolsheviks was created in July 1941. In October 1941 french legion(infantry regiment, numbering 2.5 thousand people) was sent to the German-Soviet front, to the Moscow direction. The French carried there heavy losses, and from the spring of 1942 to the summer of 1944 the legion was withdrawn from the front and sent to fight against the Soviet partisans in the rear. In the summer of 1944, the French legion was actually again on the front line (as a result of the Red Army's offensive in Belarus), again suffered heavy losses and was withdrawn to Germany. In September 1944, the French Volunteer Legion was disbanded, instead, a French brigade of SS troops (more than 7 thousand people) was created. In February 1945, the French SS brigade was renamed the 33rd SS Grenadier Division "Charlemagne" ("Charlemagne") and sent to the front in Pomerania against Soviet troops. In March 1945 the French division was almost annihilated. The remnants of the French division (about 700 people) at the end of April 1945 defended themselves in Berlin. In the war against the USSR, about 8 thousand Frenchmen died (not counting the Alsatians drafted into the Wehrmacht). 3 Frenchmen were awarded the German Knight's Crosses.

The Danish government (social democratic) did not declare war on the USSR, but did not interfere with the formation of the Danish volunteer corps, and officially allowed the Danish army to join it (indefinite leave with the preservation of the rank). In July-December 1941, more than 1 thousand people joined the Danish volunteer corps (the name "corps" was symbolic, in fact - a battalion). In May 1942, the Danish corps was sent to the front, to the Demyansk region. From December 1942, the Danes fought in the Velikiye Luki region. In early June 1943, the Danish Volunteer Corps was disbanded, many of its members, as well as new volunteers, joined the Danemark regiment of the 11th SS Volunteer Division Nordland (Danish-Norwegian division). In January 1944, the division was sent to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Then she participated in the battle of Narva. In January 1945, the division fought against the Red Army in Pomerania, in April 1945 - fighting in Berlin. In the war against the USSR, about 2 thousand Danes died (456 Danes were taken into Soviet captivity). 3 Danes were awarded German Knight's Crosses.

Norway

The Norwegian government in July 1941 announced the formation of the Norwegian Volunteer Legion to be sent to help Finland in the war against the USSR. In February 1942, after training in Germany, the Norwegian legion (1 battalion, numbering 1.2 thousand people) was sent to the German-Soviet front, near Leningrad. In May 1943, the Norwegian Legion was disbanded, most of its fighters joined the Norwegian regiment of the 11th Volunteer Division of the SS Nordland (Danish-Norwegian division). In January 1944, the division was sent to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Then she participated in the battle of Narva. In January 1945, the division fought against the Red Army in Pomerania, in April 1945 - fighting in Berlin. About 1,000 Norwegians died in the war against the USSR (100 Norwegians were taken into Soviet captivity).

P.S. As you can see, they are all the same ones that screech and squeal today. European integrators.

Members

62 states participated in World War II (48 on the side of the anti-Hitler coalition and 14 on the side of the Axis). Some of them were active in the war, others helped their allies with food supplies, and many participated in the war only nominally.

The anti-Hitler coalition included: Poland, Great Britain, France (since 1939), USSR (since 1941), USA (since 1941), China, Australia, Canada, Yugoslavia, the Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Greece, Ethiopia, Denmark, Brazil, Mexico, Mongolia, Luxembourg, Nepal, Panama, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Peru, Guatemala, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Albania, Honduras , El Salvador, Haiti, Paraguay, Ecuador, San Marino, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Nicaragua, Liberia, Bolivia. During the war, some states that left the fascist bloc joined them: Iran (since 1941), Iraq (since 1943), Italy (since 1943), Romania (since 1944), Bulgaria (since 1944), Hungary (in 1945), Finland (in 1945).

On the other hand, the Axis countries participated in the war: Germany, Italy (until 1943), Japan, Finland (until 1944), Bulgaria (until 1944), Romania (until 1944), Hungary (until 1945), Slovakia, Thailand (Siam), Iraq (until 1941), Iran (until 1941), Manchukuo, Croatia. On the territory of the occupied countries, puppet states were created that joined the fascist coalition: Vichy France, the Republic of Salo, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro, Inner Mongolia, Burma, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. On the side of Germany and Japan, many collaborationist troops also fought, created from citizens of the opposing side: ROA, RONA, foreign SS divisions (Russian, Ukrainian, Estonian, Latvian, Danish, Belgian, French, Albanian), "Free India". Also in the armed forces of the Axis countries fought the volunteer forces of states that formally remained neutral: Spain (Blue Division), Sweden and Portugal.

Territories

All hostilities can be divided into 5 theaters of war:

* Western European theater: West Germany, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Great Britain (air bombing), Atlantic.
* Eastern European theater: USSR ( West Side), Poland, Finland, Northern Norway, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Austria (eastern part), East Germany, Barents Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea.
* Mediterranean theater: Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, Italy, Mediterranean islands (Malta, Cyprus, etc.), Egypt, Libya, French North Africa, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Mediterranean Sea.
* African Theatre: Ethiopian, Italian Somali, British Somali, Kenya, Sudan, French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar.
* Pacific Theatre: China (Eastern and northeastern part), Korea, USSR ( Far East), Japan, South Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Aleutian Islands, Mongolia, Hong Kong, French Indochina, Burma, Andaman Islands, Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Dutch East Indies, Sabah, Brunei, New Guinea, Papua, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Hawaiian Islands, Guam, Wake, Midway, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands, many small islands Pacific Ocean, most of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean.

Background of the war in Europe

The Treaty of Versailles severely limited Germany's military capabilities. However, with the advent of the National Socialist Workers' Party led by Adolf Hitler in 1933, Germany begins to ignore all the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles - in particular, it restores conscription into the army and rapidly increases the production of weapons and military equipment. October 14, 1933 Germany withdraws from the League of Nations and refuses to participate in the Geneva Disarmament Conference. On July 24, 1934, Germany attempts to carry out the Anschluss of Austria, inspiring an anti-government coup in Vienna, but is forced to abandon its plans due to the sharply negative position of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who advanced four divisions to the Austrian border.

In the 1930s, Italy carried out no less aggressive foreign policy. On October 3, 1935, she invades Ethiopia and captures it by May 1936 (see the Italo-Ethiopian war). In 1936, the Italian Empire was proclaimed.

An act of unjustified aggression causes discontent among the Western powers and the League of Nations. The deterioration of relations with the Western powers is pushing Italy towards rapprochement with Germany. In January 1936, Mussolini agreed in principle to the annexation of Austria by the Germans on the condition that they renounce expansion in the Adriatic. March 7, 1936 German troops occupy the Rhine demilitarized zone. Great Britain and France do not offer effective resistance to this, limiting themselves to a formal protest. November 25, 1936 Germany and Japan conclude the Anti-Comintern Pact on the joint fight against communism. November 6, 1937 Italy joins the pact.

In March 1938, Germany freely annexed Austria (see Anschluss), in October 1938, as a result of the Munich Agreement, it annexed the Sudetenland that belonged to Czechoslovakia. England and France give consent to this act, and the opinion of Czechoslovakia itself is not taken into account. On March 15, 1939, Germany, in violation of the agreement, occupies the Czech Republic (see German occupation of the Czech Republic). A German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is created on Czech territory. Hungary and Poland participate in the division of Czechoslovakia. Slovakia is declared an independent pro-Nazi state. February 24, 1939 Hungary joins the Anti-Comintern Pact, March 27 - Spain, where Francisco Franco came to power after the end of the civil war.

All these actions do not meet with serious resistance from Great Britain and France, who do not dare to start a war and are trying to save the system of the Versailles Treaty with reasonable, from their point of view, concessions (the so-called "appeasement policy"). However, after the violation of the Munich Treaty by Hitler in both countries, the need for a tougher policy is becoming increasingly recognized, and in the event of further German aggression, Great Britain and France give military guarantees to Poland. After the capture of Albania by Italy on April 7-12, 1939 (see Italo-Albanian War), Romania and Greece receive the same guarantees.

Objective conditions also made the Soviet Union an opponent of the Versailles system. Due to the internal crisis caused by the events of the First World War, the October Revolution and the Civil War, the level of the country's influence on European and world politics has decreased significantly. At the same time, the strengthening of the regime of personal power of I.V. Stalin and the results of industrialization stimulated the leadership of the USSR to take measures to restore the status of a world power. The Soviet government skillfully used official diplomatic channels, the illegal possibilities of the Comintern, social propaganda, pacifist ideas, anti-fascism, assistance to some victims of the aggressors to create the image of the main fighter for peace and social progress. Struggle for " collective security"became Moscow's foreign policy tactic, aimed at strengthening the weight of the USSR in international affairs and at preventing the consolidation of other great powers without its participation. However, the Munich Agreement clearly showed that the USSR is still far from becoming an equal subject of European politics.

During the political crisis of 1939, two military-political blocs emerged in Europe: Anglo-French and German-Italian, each of which was interested in an agreement with the USSR. Under these conditions, on August 23, 1939, in Moscow, the USSR signs a non-aggression pact with Germany. The secret protocol provided for the division of spheres of influence into Eastern Europe, including the Baltic States and Poland.

Poland, concluding alliance treaties with Great Britain and France, which are obliged to help her in the event of German aggression, refuses to make concessions in negotiations with Germany (in particular, on the question of the Danzig corridor). Germany, France, Great Britain and other countries begin preparations for war. As a result of mobilization by September 1939, Germany has an army of 4.6 million people, France - 2.67 million people, Great Britain - 1.27 million people.

Invasion of Poland

On September 1, 1939, the German armed forces invade Poland. Slovak troops also took part in the hostilities on the side of Germany

September 3 Great Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Within a few days, Canada, Newfoundland, the Union of South Africa and Nepal join Britain and France. Second World War started.

However, on the Western Front, the allied Anglo-French troops do not take any active action (see Strange War). Only at sea, the war began immediately: already on September 3, the German U-30 submarine attacked the English passenger liner Athenia without warning.

In Poland, during the first week of fighting, German troops cut through the Polish front in several places and occupy part of Mazovia, western Prussia, the Upper Silesian industrial region and western Galicia. By September 9, the Germans managed to break the Polish resistance along the entire front line and approach Warsaw.

On September 10, the Polish commander-in-chief Edward Rydz-Smigly orders a general retreat to southeastern Poland, but the main part of his troops, unable to retreat beyond the Vistula, is surrounded. By mid-September, having not received support from the West, the armed forces of Poland cease to exist as a whole; only local centers of resistance remain.
The Soviet government declares that it "takes under its protection the life and property of the Ukrainian and Belarusian population of the eastern regions of Poland and will advance its troops to protect them from German aggression." September 17, Soviet troops invade eastern regions Poland, due to the fact that on the night of September 16-17, the Polish government and High Command flee the country to the territory of Romania. On September 19, the Red Army captures Vilna, on September 20 - Grodno and Lvov, and on September 23 reaches the Bug River.

Even before the USSR entered the war, on September 14, Guderian's 19th Panzer Corps captures Brest from East Prussia. The Brest Fortress is being defended for several more days Polish troops under the command of General Plisovsky. Only on the night of September 17 did its defenders leave the forts in an organized manner and retreat beyond the Bug.

September 28, the Germans occupy Warsaw, September 30 - Modlin, October 2 - Hel. On October 6, the last units of the Polish army capitulate. The line of demarcation between German and Soviet troops on the territory former Poland established in accordance with a secret protocol signed together with the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union.

Part of the western Polish lands is transferred to the Third Reich. These lands are subject to the so-called "Germanization". The Polish and Jewish population is being deported from here to the central regions of Poland. In the remaining territories, a general government is being created, where mass repressions are carried out against the Polish people. The most difficult is the situation of the Jews driven into the ghetto.

The territories ceded to the USSR are included in the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR and Lithuania. Here Soviet power is established, socialist transformations are carried out (nationalization of industry, collectivization of the peasantry), which is accompanied by deportations and repressions against the former "ruling classes" - representatives of the bourgeoisie, landlords, rich peasants, part of the intelligentsia. According to some data, out of 5 million [source?] ethnic Poles living in these territories, 1.5 million [source?] were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan in 1939-1941. According to other sources, only a few tens of thousands of people were evicted from the Baltic states.

October 6, 1939 Hitler proposes to convene a peace conference with the participation of all major powers to resolve the existing contradictions. France and Great Britain declare that they will agree to a conference only if the Germans immediately withdraw their troops from Poland and the Czech Republic and restore independence to these countries. Germany rejects these terms, and as a result, the peace conference never took place. The German command begins to prepare for an attack on the West.

Battle of the Atlantic

Despite the rejection of the peace conference, Great Britain and France from September 1939 to April 1940 continue to wage a passive war and make no offensive attempts. Active combat operations are carried out only on sea lanes. Even before the war, the German command sent 2 battleships and 18 submarines to the Atlantic Ocean, which, with the opening of hostilities, began attacks on merchant ships of Great Britain and its allied countries. From September to December 1939, Great Britain loses 114 ships from German submarine attacks, and in 1940 - 471 ships, while the Germans in 1939 lost only 9 submarines. Attacks on the sea lanes of Great Britain led to the loss of 1/3 of the tonnage of the British merchant fleet by the summer of 1941 and created a serious threat to the country's economy.

Soviet-Finnish war

November 30, 1939 The Soviet Union invades Finland after its refusal to exchange the Karelian Isthmus for other territories and provide military bases on the islands and the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland. At the same time, the so-called "people's government" of Finland was formed in Moscow, headed by the well-known Finnish communist and leader of the Comintern, Otto Kuusinen. From December to February, Soviet troops make many attempts to break through the "Mannerheim Line", but they do not achieve great success in this, despite the superiority in forces.

On December 14, 1939, the USSR was expelled from the League of Nations for starting a war. Great Britain and France, considering the USSR, after the conclusion of the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, an ally of Germany, decide to prepare a landing force for a landing on the Scandinavian Peninsula in order to prevent Germany from seizing the deposits of the Swedish iron ore and at the same time provide ways for the future transfer of their troops to the aid of Finland. However, Sweden and Norway, striving to maintain neutrality, categorically refuse to accept Anglo-French troops on their territory. February 16, 1940 British destroyers attack the German ship "Altmark" in the Norwegian territorial waters. March 1 Hitler, formerly interested in maintaining neutrality Scandinavian countries, signs the directive for the capture of Denmark and Norway (Operation Weserübung) to prevent a possible Allied landing.

In early March 1940, Soviet troops break through the "Mannerheim Line" and capture Vyborg. On March 13, 1940, a peace treaty was signed in Moscow between Finland and the USSR, according to which the Soviet demands were satisfied. The border between the countries on the Karelian Isthmus, in the region of Leningrad and the Murmansk railway, has been moved to the northwest. Kuusinen's "People's Government" ceases to exist. Despite the end winter war, the Anglo-French command continues to develop a plan military operation in Norway, but the Germans manage to get ahead of them.

European blitzkrieg

In Denmark, the Germans freely occupy all the most important cities with sea and air assault forces and destroy Danish aviation in a few hours. Threatened by bombing of the civilian population, Danish King Christian X is forced to sign a surrender and orders the army to lay down their arms.

In Norway, on April 9-10, the Germans capture the main Norwegian ports of Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen, Narvik. April 14 Anglo-French landing near Narvik, April 16 - in Namsus, April 17 - in Ondalsnes. On April 19, the Allies launch an offensive against Trondheim, but fail and are forced to withdraw their forces from central Norway in early May. After a series of battles for Narvik, the Allies also evacuated from the northern part of the country in early June. On June 10, 1940, the last units of the Norwegian army capitulate. Norway is under the control of the German occupation administration (Reichskommissariat); Denmark, declared a German protectorate, was able to maintain partial independence in internal affairs.

After the surrender of Denmark, British and American troops occupy its colonies - the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland, in order to prevent their capture by the Germans.

May 10, 1940 Germany invades Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg with 135 divisions. The 1st Allied Army Group advances into Belgian territory, but does not have time to help the Dutch, since the German Army Group "B" makes a swift throw into southern Holland and captures Rotterdam on May 12th. On May 15, the Netherlands capitulates. It was believed that in retaliation for the stubborn resistance of the Dutch, which was unexpected for the Germans, Hitler, after signing the act of surrender, ordered that Rotterdam be subjected to massive bombardments, which was not caused by military necessity and led to huge destruction and casualties among the civilian population. At the Nuremberg trials, it turned out that the bombing of Rotterdam took place on May 14th. The Dutch government capitulated only after the bombing of Rotterdam and the threat of bombing of Amsterdam and The Hague.

In Belgium, on May 10, German paratroopers capture bridges across the Albert Canal, which makes it possible for large German tank forces to force it before the Allies approach and enter the Belgian plain. Brussels fell on 17 May.

But the main blow is delivered by Army Group A. Having occupied Luxembourg on May 10, three tank divisions Guderian cross the southern Ardennes and on May 14 cross the river Meuse west of Sedan. At the same time, Gotha's tank corps breaks through the northern Ardennes, which are difficult for heavy equipment, and on May 13 crosses the Meuse River north of Dinan. The German tank armada rushes to the west. The belated attacks of the French, for whom the German strike through the Ardennes is a complete surprise, are unable to contain it. On May 16 Guderian's units reach the Oise; On May 20 they reach the coast of the Pas de Calais near Abbeville and turn north to the rear of the allied armies. 28 Anglo-French-Belgian divisions are surrounded.

An attempt by the French command to organize a counterattack near Arras on May 21-23 fails. On May 22, Guderian cuts off the allies' retreat to Boulogne, on May 23 - to Calais and goes to Gravelin, 10 km from Dunkirk, the last port through which the Anglo-French troops could evacuate, but on May 24 he was forced to stop the offensive for two days due to an inexplicable personal Hitler's order ("Miracle at Dunkirk"). The respite allows the Allies to reinforce the Dunkirk defenses and launch Operation Dynamo to evacuate their forces by sea. On May 26, German troops break through the Belgian front in West Flanders, and on May 28, Belgium surrenders despite the demands of the Allies. On the same day, in the Lille region, the Germans surround a large French grouping, which surrenders on May 31. Part of the French troops (114 thousand) [source?] and almost the entire English army (224 thousand) were taken out on British ships through Dunkirk. The Germans take over the entire British and French artillery and armored vehicles, vehicles abandoned by the allies during the retreat. After Dunkirk, Great Britain found itself practically unarmed, although it retained personnel army.

On June 5, German troops begin an offensive in the Lahn-Abbeville sector. Attempts by the French command to hastily patch up the gap in the defense with unprepared divisions were unsuccessful. The French lose one battle after another. The defense of the French disintegrates, and the command hastily withdraws troops to the south.

June 10 Italy declares war on Britain and France. Italian troops invade the southern regions of France, but they cannot advance far. On the same day, the French government is evacuated from Paris. On June 11, the Germans cross the Marne at Château-Thierry. On June 14, they enter Paris without a fight, and two days later they leave for the Rhone Valley. On June 16, Marshal Pétain forms a new French government, which, on the night of June 17, turns to Germany with a request for a truce. On June 18, French General Charles de Gaulle, who fled to London, urges the French to continue resistance. On June 21, the Germans, no longer encountering practically any resistance, reach the Loire in the Nantes-Tour section, on the same day their tanks occupy Lyon.

On June 22, a Franco-German armistice was signed in Compiègne, according to which France agrees to the occupation of most of its territory, the demobilization of almost all land army and internment of the navy and air force. In the free zone, as a result of a coup d'état on July 10, the authoritarian regime of Pétain (Vichy Regime) is established, which has taken a course towards close cooperation with Germany (collaborationism). Despite the military weakness of France, the defeat of this country was so sudden and complete that it defied any rational explanation.

The commander-in-chief of the Vichy troops, Francois Darlan, orders the withdrawal of the entire French fleet to the shores of the French North Africa. Because of the fear that the entire French fleet could fall under the control of Germany and Italy, on July 3, 1940, the British naval forces and aircraft strike at the French ships at Mers-el-Kebir. By the end of July, the British have destroyed or neutralized almost the entire French fleet.

Expansion of the bloc of fascist states. Battles in the Balkans and the Middle East

Gradually, the US government begins to revise its foreign policy course. It is increasingly supporting Great Britain, becoming its "non-belligerent ally" (see Atlantic Charter). In May 1940, Congress approves an amount of 3 billion dollars for the needs of the army and navy, and in the summer - 6.5 billion, including 4 billion for the construction of a "fleet of two oceans." The supply of arms and equipment for the UK is increasing. September 2, 1940 The United States transfers 50 destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for the lease of 8 military bases in the British colonies in the Western Hemisphere. According to the law adopted by the US Congress on March 11, 1941 on the transfer of military materials to belligerent countries on loan or lease (see Lend-Lease), the UK was allocated $ 7 billion. Later lend-lease extends to China, Greece and Yugoslavia. The North Atlantic has been declared a "patrol zone" by the US Navy, which simultaneously begins to escort merchant ships bound for the UK.

September 27, 1940 Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact: the delimitation of zones of influence in the establishment of a new order and mutual military assistance. At the Soviet-German talks held in November 1940, German diplomats offered the USSR to join this pact. The Soviet government declares that it will agree if the Germans agree to the entry of Soviet troops into Romania, Bulgaria, Finland and Turkey [source?]. The Germans do not accept such conditions. After an attempt to conclude a military alliance with the USSR fails, Hitler approves a plan to attack the USSR. For these purposes, Germany begins to look for allies in Eastern Europe. On November 20, Hungary joins the Triple Alliance, on November 23 - Romania, on November 24 - Slovakia, in 1941 - Bulgaria, Finland and Spain. On March 25, 1941, Yugoslavia joins the pact, but on March 27, in Belgrade, as a result of the actions of British agents, a military coup occurs, and the Simovic government comes to power, which declares young Peter II king and proclaims the neutrality of Yugoslavia. April 5 Yugoslavia concludes a treaty of friendship and non-aggression with the USSR. In view of the development of events undesirable for Germany, Hitler decides to conduct a military operation against Yugoslavia and help Italian troops in Greece.

April 6, 1941, after a massive bombardment of major cities, railway junctions and airfields, Germany and Hungary invade Yugoslavia. At the same time, Italian troops, supported by the Germans, are conducting another offensive in Greece. By April 8, the armed forces of Yugoslavia are divided into several parts and in fact cease to exist as a whole. On April 9, German troops, having passed through Yugoslav territory, enter Greece and capture Thessaloniki, forcing the capitulation of the Greek East Macedonian army. On April 10, the Germans capture Zagreb. On April 11, the leader of the Croatian Nazis, Ante Pavelic, proclaims the independence of Croatia and calls on the Croats to leave the ranks of the Yugoslav army, which further undermines its combat effectiveness. On April 13, the Germans capture Belgrade. On April 15, the Yugoslav government flees the country. April 16 German troops enter Sarajevo. On April 16, the Italians occupy Bar and the island of Krk, and on April 17, Dubrovnik. On the same day, the Yugoslav army surrenders, and 344 thousand of its soldiers and officers are captured.

After the defeat of Yugoslavia, the Germans and Italians throw all their forces into Greece. On April 20, the Epirus army capitulates. An attempt by the Anglo-Australian command to create a defensive line at Thermopylae in order to close the Wehrmacht's path to central Greece was unsuccessful, and on April 20 the command of the allied forces decides to evacuate their forces. On April 21 Yanina was taken. April 23 Tsolakoglou signs the act of general surrender of the Greek armed forces. On April 24, King George II fled to Crete with the government. On the same day, the Germans capture the islands of Lemnos, Pharos and Samothrace. On April 27, Athens was captured.

On May 20, the Germans land troops on Crete, which is in the hands of the British. Although the British fleet frustrates the German attempt to bring in reinforcements by sea, on May 21, paratroopers seize the airfield at Maleme and provide reinforcements by air. Despite stubborn defense, British troops are forced to leave Crete by May 31. By June 2, the island is completely occupied. But in view of the heavy losses of German paratroopers, Hitler abandons plans for further landing operations to seize Cyprus and the Suez Canal.

As a result of the invasion, Yugoslavia was divided into parts. Germany annexes northern Slovenia, Hungary - western Vojvodina, Bulgaria - Vardar Macedonia, Italy - southern Slovenia, part of the coast of Dalmatia, Montenegro and Kosovo. Croatia is declared an independent state under the Italo-German protectorate. In Serbia, the collaborationist government of Nedić was created.

After the defeat of Greece, Bulgaria annexes eastern Macedonia and western Thrace; the rest of the country is divided into Italian (western) and German (eastern) occupation zones.
On April 1, 1941, as a result of a coup in Iraq, the pro-German nationalist group Rashid Ali Gailani seized power. By agreement with the Vichy regime, on May 12, Germany will begin transporting military equipment through Syria, under French mandate, to Iraq. But the Germans, busy preparing for a war with the USSR, are not able to provide significant assistance to the Iraqi nationalists. British troops invade Iraq and overthrow Ali Gailani's government. On June 8, the British, together with units of the Free French, invade Syria and Lebanon and by mid-July force the Vichy troops to capitulate.

According to the estimates of the leadership of Great Britain and the USSR, there was a threat of involvement in 1941 on the side of Germany as an active ally of Iran. Therefore, from August 25, 1941 to September 17, 1941, a joint Anglo-Soviet operation was carried out to occupy Iran. Its goal was to protect Iranian oil fields from a possible capture by German troops and to protect the transport corridor ( southern corridor), according to which the allies carried out Lend-Lease deliveries for the Soviet Union. During the operation, the Allied forces invaded Iran and established their control over railways and oil fields Iran. At the same time, British troops occupied southern Iran. Soviet troops occupied northern Iran.

World and Great Patriotic War(correlation of concepts, features, dates, participants, reasons)

Features of the Second World War. Correlation of concepts

The Second World War is the largest war in the history of mankind between two world military-political coalitions. unleashed Nazi Germany, Italy and militaristic Japan, together with other members of the fascist bloc. 61 states were drawn into the war, of which 14 were on the side of the states of the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis and 47 on the side of the anti-Hitler coalition. The total population of the states plunged into the war exceeded 1.7 billion people.

Great Patriotic War - the war of the Soviet people with Nazi Germany and her allies - June 22, 1941-May 9, 1945, component The Second World War, started by Germany, ended with the complete defeat of the countries of the fascist bloc.

The war lasted six years - from September 1, 1939 to May 2, 1945, covering the territories of three continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, as well as all four ocean theaters (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and North).

On the part of the states of the fascist bloc, it was an aggressive, predatory, unjust war, waged in order to establish world domination, enslave and destroy entire peoples. On the part of the anti-Hitler coalition, it was a defensive, just war, in defense of the freedom and independence of their countries and peoples.

The war was waged in an unprecedentedly fierce, resolute and uncompromising manner, with major highly maneuverable operations of a strategic scale on land, in the air and at sea. Multimillion-strong armed forces equipped with a variety of military equipment participated in the war on both sides. Various types of automatic weapons, aircraft, tanks, self-propelled guns, artillery and anti-aircraft artillery systems, anti-tank weapons, mine weapons, new types of submarines and ships, including aircraft carriers. A total of 110 million people were involved in the combat strength of the armed forces.

The war developed in leaps and bounds. Initially, Germany and Japan achieved the greatest success, conquering almost all of Western Europe, a significant part of China, Southeast Asia, western and central Oceania. Subsequently, the initiative passed to the Soviet Union and its Western allies. It ended with the complete capitulation of the states of the fascist bloc.

Participants of the Second World War

Anti-Hitler coalition. On July 12, 1941, a Soviet-British agreement was concluded in Moscow on joint actions in the war against Germany and its allies. It was the first step towards the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. Legally, the coalition took shape in January 1942, when in Washington, the capital of the United States, which entered the war with Japan and Germany after the Japanese armed forces struck the American base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands in December 1941, it was signed by representatives of 26 States Declaration of the United Nations on the struggle against the aggressor. During the war, more than 20 countries joined this Declaration. The number of coalition members increased during the war, including due to the withdrawal of a number of countries from the block of countries

Axis and their transition to a coalition, and by the time the war with Japan ended, 53 states of the world were at war with Germany and its allies: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Great Britain, Venezuela, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Denmark , Dominican Republic, Egypt, India, Iraq, Iran, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Liberia, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, El Salvador , Saudi Arabia, Syria, the USSR, the USA, Turkey, Uruguay, the Philippines, France, Czechoslovakia, Chile, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, the Union of South Africa and others. Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy and Romania also declared war on the Axis powers, previously part of the aggressive bloc.

Countries of the Nazi bloc(countries of the "Axis", according to the term "Axis (of Europe) Berlin - Rome", also "axis of Rome - Berlin - Tokyo", the Nazi coalition) - a military alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan and other states that opposed during World War II countries of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The Axis Alliance was originally based on the German-Japanese-Italian-Spanish Anti-Comintern Pact and the German-Italian "Steel Pact", and fully took shape on September 27, 1940, when Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact on the delimitation of zones of influence when establishing a new order and military mutual assistance.

Composition of the Nazi bloc:

Italy from September 1, 1939 to September 8, 1943, Italian Social Republic from September 23, 1943

Finland from June 25, 1941 to September 19, 1944 - including Petsamo and Karelia (from autumn 1941);

Thailand from January 1942 to September 1945.

Collaboration states:

· France (Vichy regime, 1940-1944);

Norway (quisling regime);

Netherlands (Mussert regime)

The main participants and winners, according to foreigners

In September 2013, our colleague studied English at a language school in Malta. At one of the lessons, the teacher decided to hold a quiz dedicated to the Second World War. He divided the students into two groups and asked each of them to have a discussion and decide which three countries can be considered the main participants in this war. "I turned out to be the only Russian woman in my group. What was my surprise when my fellow students refused to include the USSR among the main participants, believing that such an answer would be incorrect! In the second group there were two girls from Ukraine, who also could not convince their partners that the USSR should at least stand in this row ... As a result, one group answered the teacher's question as follows: Italy, Germany, USA, and the second - Germany, USA, Japan. Both answers were counted as correct, - recalls a colleague. “When I expressed my bewilderment about this, the teacher shrugged his shoulders: “It is clear that the USSR participated in the war, and Malta also participated ... Everyone participated.”

1) The countries of the Nazi bloc - Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, I don’t remember others. The countries of the anti-Hitler coalition are Great Britain, France, China and the USA.

Countries of the anti-Hitler coalition (Great Britain, France, China and the USA).
3) In the Soviet Union and Germany.
The emergence of the great power of the United States.
5) Did members of your family take part in this war? If so, what is their fate? No.

Peter, 38, development director. Wrexham, North Wales, UK

UK, USA, Germany, France, USSR, Japan, Australia.
2) Anti-Hitler coalition.
Don't know. Maybe in the USSR?
4) cold war, the split of Germany, the prerequisites for the formation European Union.
Yes. Both my grandfathers. And their brothers. Both grandfathers survived the war and lived to old age. My maternal grandfather never saw his eldest daughter until she was 5 years old.

Matthias, 46 years old, engineer. Monterrey, Mexico

1) The main participants in the Second World War: Germany, UK, USA, France and many more European countries. Japan, USSR.

2) Who won World War II? Anti-Hitler coalition.

3) In which country did World War II claim the most lives? Japan and Germany.

4) What are the main results of World War II? Death, despair and the rapid development of technology.

5) Did members of your family take part in this war? If so, what is their fate? No.

Stoyan, 27, entrepreneur. New Zagora, Bulgaria

1) Main participants of World War II: The main participants in hostilities in Europe are Germany and the Soviet Union, and in the Asia-Pacific region, Japan and the United States.

2) Who won World War II? The main winners are the Soviet Union and the USA.

3) In which country did World War II claim the most lives? As far as I know, in relative terms, Lithuania suffered the greatest losses, and in absolute terms, the Soviet Union lost more lives than any other country.

4) What are the main results of World War II? A Jewish state was created, Jerusalem was taken from the Arabs. Influence in the world is divided between the two powers. Developed and used the most deadly weapon in history.

5) Did members of your family take part in this war? If so, what is their fate? My great-grandfather fought in Hungary. By the way, at the age of 15 he fought as a volunteer in the Balkan War. He lived to an old age and died at the age of 97.

Jeffrey, 31, HR consultant. Marly-le-Roi, France

1) The main participants in the Second World War: UK, USA, Canada, Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, China, Japan and France.

2) Who won World War II? Great Britain, the USA, the Soviet Union and China won the war, France was also among the winners.

3) In which country did World War II claim the most lives? In Soviet Union.

4) What are the main results of World War II? The result was the establishment of peace in Europe, the defeat of the Nazis. In Asia - nuclear strike across Japan and the fall of the empire.
Confrontation of the winners: the two superpowers have never waged war against each other, but their rivalry has caused many civil wars coups, assassinations...
The UN was created to contain and control states, the Security Council of 5 participating countries received the right to veto. New cards were drawn, new rules were created...
Europe went through a period of economic recovery and modernization, Japan and Germany developed their industry.
Empires have lost their colonies.

5) Did members of your family take part in this war? If so, what is their fate? My grandfather was a broken soldier French army, was taken prisoner in 1940 and was released in 1945.

Franco, event manager. Berlin, Germany

1) Major participants in World War II: Germany, Great Britain, Soviet Union, France, Italy, Japan, USA plus a number of other countries.

2) Who won World War II? Anti-Hitler coalition: USA, USSR, France, Great Britain.

3) In which country did World War II claim the most lives? Soviet Union.

4) What are the main results of World War II? The Cold War, the economic rise of Western Europe, the new borders of countries, for example, Poland. Some countries have disappeared (for a while), such as the Baltic countries.
5) Did members of your family take part in this war? If so, what is their fate? No, my parents were still small in those years.

Jason, 37, teacher in English. Perth, Australia

1) Main participants of World War II: anti-Hitler coalition and countries of the Nazi bloc.

2) Who won World War II? It is impossible to answer this question...
Undoubtedly, victory over a common enemy was achieved through the cooperation of countries and mutual assistance. But it cannot be said that any one country won the war - it was not a war between 2-3 countries, but a WORLD WAR.
3) In which country did World War II claim the most lives?
If we are talking about human casualties, then in the USSR. If about the destruction of buildings, then France, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine and other countries occupied by the Germans suffered the most. AT economic terms Great Britain suffered the most. It is impossible to say which country paid the highest price.
4) What are the main results of World War II? This war united countries with the help of a common goal, formed a generation of people who knew nothing but war. The Second World War ensured the technological development of weapons. The world broke up into two parts, and the main forces began to fight among themselves for scientific achievements.
My grandfather (not my own) fought on the side of Italy, but he did not fire a single shot and generally could not come to terms with the fact that he had to fight. He was a pacifist and lived to be 89 years old. He always viewed the war as a senseless loss of people, and believed that this should not have happened, and should not be allowed to happen again.
My other grandfather was in the Australian navy, but never fought due to health issues.

Yang Yang, 33, marketing specialist. China

1) The main participants in the Second World War: Attackers: Japan, Italy, Germany. Defender: China, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union. The US entered the war after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

2) Who won World War II? The defending side along with the United States.

3) In which country did World War II claim the most lives? I think in China and Poland.

4) What are the main results of World War II? The political regime in Japan has changed. Germany split into two parts. The US began to control the entire Western world. Cold War.

5) Did members of your family take part in this war? No.

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