Northeastern Crimea. Sivash-plain region, located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula. The composition of the region: - Nizhnegorsk region. The main trends in the development of culture and education in Eastern Crimea

Lesson No. 13 "Crimea Studies" Grade 7.

North-Eastern Crimea: the largest agricultural region. Geographical position, composition of the region, a brief history of settlement, development and development of the territory.

Features of nature.

Planned results:

Personal: increasing the geographical culture of students, fostering a careful attitude to the landscapes of the small Motherland, to the environment;

Metasubject: development of cognitive interest, creative abilities in the study of certain regions of the Crimean peninsula;

Subject: study of the features of the geographical location of the North-Eastern Crimea, the history of settlement and development of the territory, features of nature.

Equipment: demonstration map “Administrative and territorial division of Crimea”, atlas, p. 5, notebook with a printed basis “Crimean studies: a mosaic of Crimean regions” edited by A.V. Suprychev for grade 7, a multimedia complex with direct Internet access.

During the classes:

I . Organizing time.

In the previous lessons, we studied "Central Crimea", "Central-Northern Crimea", so you have an idea according to what plan the regional Crimea is being studied and what points you need to pay attention to. Today, dear students, you will help me in mastering a new topic.

II . Learning new material.

North-Eastern Crimea is a Sivash-flat region located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula.

Carefully study the map of the atlas "Administrative-territorial division of Crimea" and answer the question: "What areas are included in the region under study, name their centers?

Nizhnegorsky district with the center - Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky with the center - Sovetsky, Kirovsky with the center - Kirovskoye. It can be added that the Nizhnegorsk region is our eastern neighbor. You need to know your neighbors!

Carefully study the map and name the major settlements of the North-Eastern Crimea. These are Sadovoe, Zhelyabovka, Mikhailovka, Izobilnoe of the Nizhnegorsk region, Pushkino, Nekrasovka, Chapaevo, Cherished Sovetsky region, Golden Field, Bright Field, Privetnoye, Vladislavovka of the Kirov region. Even in the toponymy of the listed villages, we can safely say that the territory we are studying has an agricultural direction - "Golden and Bright" fields, they talk about the development of grain farming, and "Gardening", "Abundant" - growing fruits, grapes and vegetables. A sign of the geographical center of Crimea was installed near the village of Yastrebki, Nizhnegorsky district.

Let's analyze together the geographical position of the territory: it is washed by the Sea of ​​Azov, it borders on the strong central regions of the peninsula: Dzhankoysky, Krasnogvardeisky, Belogorsky. Not far from the region there is a large city - the port of Feodosia on the Black Sea coast, Salgir flows here and the railway line connecting Armyansk and Kerch passes. The coast of the region in the northeast is washed by the Sivash Bay, which has a salinity of 200 ppm. The shores of the bay are extremely dissected and winding. Today, all Crimeans have heard a lot about the Tavrida highway, the construction of which will begin in 2017. The transport interchange between the cities of Dzhankoy, Feodosiya and Kerch will pass through Vladislavovka - Kirovsky district. For obvious reasons, the geographical position of the North-Eastern Crimea will become even better, which means that the region's economy will increase its sectoral structure of the economy.

Using additional material, we fill in the table "Features of the nature of the North-Eastern Crimea." We work with atlas maps (a creative atmosphere is established in the lesson, where work takes place in “pairs” teacher-class). The flat terrain prevails, because. at the base is the Scythian plate. The region is poor in mineral resources. Temperate climatic zone with winter temperatures approximately equal to zero degrees, summer - about twenty. The lowest air temperature was recorded in Nizhnegorsk on January 11, 1940 - minus 36.8 degrees. The annual rainfall is 400 - 500 mm. Salgir flows through the region, dark chestnut soils and chernozems are widespread. The flora is represented on saline soils - cereal volosnets, kirmek, in untouched territories - fescue, feather grass (up to 70% of the territory is plowed and occupied by wheat, corn, sunflower, orchards and vineyards). In the North-Eastern Crimea there is a unique natural site - the state botanical reserve "Prisivashsky", which is protected virgin steppe with medicinal plants, large thickets of chamomile - a valuable, very popular and sought-after medicinal plant. Agarmysh forest is over 200 years old. In 1964 it was declared a protected area. Beech, hornbeam, oak are the main "inhabitants" of the Old Crimean forest. Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam, downy oak and sessile oak are protected here. Mount Agarmysh is a classic Mediterranean-type karst. Water, dissolving the Upper Jurassic limestone, forms a variety of grottoes, wells, mines, caves. Here is the “Bottomless Well” cave with the accumulation of methane gas and carbon dioxide at the bottom, which makes it impossible for tourists to visit, so the entrance to the cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. The fauna is represented by rodents, which take an active part in the sowing of seeds of various plants: foxes, mice, martens. This is how the region of the North-Eastern Crimea appears before our eyes.

The region also has many interesting objects on its territory. Mounds - "pyramids of the steppes". One of them is the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervonoe, Nizhnegorsky district. In 1974, the burial place of a woman was found here, who supposedly lived at the end of the 2nd century BC. BC. - I century. AD with gold jewelry and products adorned with precious stones.

The city of Stary Krym is an object of cultural and historical heritage. The history of the city begins in the distant XIII century and today invites tourists to get acquainted with the ancient mosque of Khan Uzbek, built in 1314, operating in the Crimea, Surb Khach Monastery is an ancient monument of Armenian architecture. For lovers of literature, more modern historical sights can be offered - the house - museum of A. Green and K. Paustovsky. In a word, we were once again convinced that “Crimea is an open-air museum!”

Demonstration of the video "Stary Krym Kirovsky district of Crimea" duration 04.54 min. from 07/04/2015 (a convenient, relevant and short video!)

North-Eastern Crimea is a huge area of ​​the steppe, on which many villages and towns are scattered, the population of which is engaged in agriculture, but we will talk about this with you in the next lesson.

III . Summing up the lesson.

Thanks for the lesson! You very subtly noticed the characteristic features of the nature of the North-Eastern Crimea, you worked wonderfully with notebooks and maps of the atlas, therefore, taking into account your assessment answers, the most hardworking guys earn.

IV . Homework: pp. 40-45 notebook!

In 1475, the Ottomans retook Kaffa in three days and gave it the name Kefe, Soldaya stood a little longer, but she also passed to the Turks, becoming Sudak. Kerch as part of the Ottoman Empire was called the city of Cherzeti, which quickly fell into decay, often being subjected to Cossack raids.

Meanwhile, the Russian state became interested in the Crimean peninsula. The Ottoman Empire understood that it was necessary to strengthen its positions and at the beginning of the 18th century. initiated the construction of the Yeni-Kale fortress. But in 1774 the fortress and Kerch became the property of the Russian Empire, and since 1783 the entire Crimea belonged to Russia.

Life and worldview of the peoples of the Eastern Crimea

As you can see, the history of the Eastern Crimea is literally full of events. At the same time, one should not forget that the past is, first of all, the life and activities of specific people who produced something and left behind traces of their existence.

The first inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea ate thanks to hunting and gathering. Neanderthals lived in caves, dressed in clothes made from the skins of dead animals, ate meat roasted over a fire. In the Mesolithic era, the ancient inhabitants of the Crimea already had a bow and arrows, but also used spears and darts, invented earlier. In the lower reaches of the Crimean rivers that flowed into the Sea of ​​Azov, there was always a lot of game, so this part of the east of the peninsula was especially attractive to the first hunters.

The Cro-Magnons already lived in tribal matriarchal communities; they began to build houses in the form of tents from bones and branches. In addition, at this stage of history, the first religious ideas and primitive art were born.

The emergence of agriculture in the Neolithic period led to the rapid settlement of certain territories. But, even in the Bronze Age, there were such inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea who led a semi-sedentary lifestyle. Representatives of the Yamnaya culture, traces of which were found in burials located on the outskirts of Feodosia, were pastoralists. In the burials of these people, scientists found carts on four wheels, which, most likely, were both means of transportation and dwellings.

In the era of early metals, the inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea worshiped the Sun, the god of fertility, they had a bull cult.

In the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. a significant part of the inhabitants of the east of the peninsula had housing in the form of a dugout or semi-dugout. At the end of the Bronze Age, there were few nomads left, but due to the deterioration of the climate in the 11th-10th centuries. BC e. settled inhabitants of the steppe regions left their native places. Those who remained were forced to return to the occupation of their ancestors - to nomadism.

The Cimmerians lived at the beginning of the Iron Age. Their appearance and horse harness were fully consistent with the time. The Cimmerian walked in a caftan tied with a wide belt. Weapons were attached to such clothes. Families of livestock warriors followed their breadwinners on wagons. They left few burials, the dead relatives were more often interred in the burial mounds of the Bronze Age. Rare burials of this people are decorated with sculptures in the form of a human body with weapons. It is interesting that facial features were not depicted on such stone statues. Apparently, because of some religious considerations.

That part of the people who lived in the Eastern Crimea in the Late Bronze Age and could not or did not want to return to nomadism moved to the Crimean Mountains and the foothill regions of the peninsula. There, the settlers built dugouts and semi-dugouts, and over time they began to build ground structures with stone walls. Near such dwellings, pits for storing grain were found. Scientists call this culture Kizil-Koba and almost agree that its representatives were Taurians.

The inhabitants of the mountainous regions of the Eastern Crimea settled collectively, in several large families, used molded dishes, and with the arrival of the Greeks, they got acquainted with pottery. The dead Kizil-Kobans were buried in stone boxes that rose above the surface of the earth.

Unlike most of the local population, the Scythians were nomadic warriors, so it took time for them to learn how to cultivate the land and manage to settle down. Even their women could oppose the enemy in case of impending danger, so it is not surprising that the representatives of these tribes worshiped the god of war. Over time, part of the Scythians switched to a settled way of life. Around the settlements of the Eastern Crimea, then multi-layer mounds appeared, in which there were crypts of members of a particular family.

The first Eastern Crimean Greeks lived in dugouts and semi-dugouts. They did not build cities with large houses at once. The emergence of the ancient policies of the Crimea and the characteristic features of the life of their inhabitants are described in detail in a separate series of articles on our site, so we invite the reader to familiarize themselves with this information. In the III century. BC e. the Greeks had to think about the safety of their own homes, as the barbarians began to become more active. At that time, the Hellenes fortified pre-existing settlements, for example, on the lands of the village of Beregovoye; built new strongholds (including Biyuk-Yanyshar). However, such actions could not save many settlements around Feodosia, where at the end of the 2nd - in the 1st century. BC e. there was no one else. It is not known exactly what happened then, but there is an assumption that the Bosporans suffered as a result of the Sarmatian raid. In the 1st century BC e. Asander resumed the construction of fortresses. Under him, the Kutlak stronghold and the fortifications of the Solkhat valley grew.

As for the religion of the Hellenes of the Eastern Crimea, they traditionally revered the gods of Olympus. In Theodosius, the supreme deity was Apollo. The dead Hellenes were cremated. Christianity began to penetrate this part of the peninsula in the 3rd-4th centuries, and a little earlier, at the beginning of our era, its population became acquainted with Gnostic teachings.

The Goths of the Eastern Crimea, unlike the Hellenes, were originally warriors, the Bosporan kingdom even provided them with their ships. With the help of such ships, the Germans were engaged in piracy. Gradually, everything changed: having felt the taste of a peaceful life, the Goths forgot about the way of existence of their ancestors, began to equip their own settlements. The Crimean nature influenced the Alans in the same way. This wild Sarmatian tribe settled in the Crimea for a long time. As already mentioned, its representatives in the III century. were the founders of Sugdeya, which in the VIII century. became the center of the Christian episcopate. The Alans also lived on the territory of Feodosia.

In that part of the Eastern Crimea, where from the XIII century. the Mongol-Tatars settled, life also stabilized. The capital of the ulus, Solkhat, has turned into a city with a developed infrastructure. Representatives of various nationalities lived there, who settled in separate communities. Almost everyone knows that the Tatars who lived in the Crimea have long been adherents of Islam. However, few people know that Islam spread precisely from Solkhat. At the same time, in those areas where there were few Mongol-Tatars, alien pagans often adopted Christianity.

Enough has been written about the way of life of the Venetians and Genoese. There is also an article on our website that tells in detail about these inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea. Since the population of trading posts was multinational, it professed different religions. Among the inhabitants of the fortresses there were Orthodox and Catholics, representatives of the Armenian Christian community and Jews. After the Italian fortresses of Crimea were occupied by the Ottomans, the number of mosques increased sharply there. These and other lands of the peninsula became an important appendage of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul did a lot to ensure that Islam prevailed in Crimea and Turkish culture spread.

From the end of the XVIII century. Muslims gradually left the Crimea, many Tatars then went to live in Turkey. The authorities of the next owner of the peninsula, the Russian Empire, immediately began to populate the deserted lands. Russian landowners with their own peasants and European settlers came to Eastern Crimea. So in those days the Germans appeared in Sudak, and the Bulgarians in Koktebel. Features of the life of the peoples who lived in the Eastern Crimea in different periods of its history have partially survived to this day. The worldview of modern Crimeans is also a symbiosis of different ideas about the universe and the role of man in it.

Development of agriculture, crafts, industry
and trade in Eastern Crimea

Archaeologists managed to find Mesolithic sites near the New World and north of Sudak, in which, next to the dwellings of people, caught foals, wild pigs and mountain goats were already kept. Agriculture and real cattle breeding appeared in the Neolithic. During that period of the past, there was an active settlement of the expanses around modern Feodosia and the territories of the Kerch Peninsula. One of these sites was located near the village of Primorsky.

The inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea, who chose a settled way of life for themselves, preferred the cultivation of cattle. People who did not have time to say goodbye to nomadism more often bred small animals. In the Bronze Age, mankind had already tamed goats, sheep, cows and horses, sowed wheat and barley.

There are fewer monuments of the Catacomb culture here, but they also exist. This culture is characterized by the transition to an integrated agricultural and livestock economy. Near the dwellings of its representatives, stone rounded buildings were found, which may have been pens for pets. Agricultural and cattle-breeding farms also existed among representatives of the Kizil-Koba culture.

The Cimmerians were nomadic cattle breeders, so they did not cultivate the land, but mainly fought and raised horses. As for the following inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea - the Scythians, then from the V-IV centuries. BC e. a significant part of them were engaged in soil cultivation and livestock breeding. Today it is known that the first agricultural villages of the Scythians were located on the Ak-Monai Isthmus (Front) and on the territory of the Kerch Peninsula (Andreevka). In the IV century. BC e. a large agricultural region was formed around Feodosia, the borders of which passed along the lower reaches of the Salgir, near the rivers Kuchuk-Kara-Su and Biyuk-Kara-Su, went along the Kerch Peninsula to Kazantip, and in the south of Eastern Crimea ended at the Black Sea. Scythian farmers lived in densely located stone houses that stood in villages and farms. Cereal crops, which were grown by the Scythians in the east of the Crimean peninsula, were sold to Greece.

The appearance of the Scythian at first was not much different from the appearance of the Cimmerian, but over time the weapon changed, new decorations began to appear. Archaeologists have found other arrowheads, long swords and helmets made of bronze. Until the 5th century BC e. in the Eastern Crimea they made decorations in the animal style. Later they were replaced by Greek ornaments.

During the ancient colonization of the Eastern Crimea, somewhere in the middle of the VI century. BC e., Feodosia began to grow. She was destined to become a major port and the main trading center of the peninsula. The city even minted its own money. Goods from the Eastern Crimea ended up in Balkan Greece, in the cities of the Black Sea region, and on the Aegean Islands. Many countries of the world delivered their products to the Crimea. However, the Greeks not only traded, they were good fishermen, knew how to hunt, were engaged in salt mining, making fabrics, utensils and jewelry, dressing leather. The Hellenes in the Eastern Crimea grew grapes, crops, fruits and vegetables, and raised livestock. In addition, life forced them to learn carpentry, building crafts and carpentry. The Crimean Greeks also had their own ships.

Under the Polovtsians, the role of Sugdeya (Sudak) increased. In the X-XIII centuries. this city was the largest trade center of the Crimea. Goods from Russia, Eastern Europe and the Eurasian steppes were brought to its port, Mediterranean vessels and ships sailed there, carrying merchants from Western Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and other parts of the world.

Under the Mongol-Tatars, Solkhat was of great commercial importance. There you could buy overseas spices, fabrics, leather, sell wax, fur, honey and much more. At the same time, the city was especially famous for its slave markets. Among the sold slaves of Solkhat was the Egyptian sultan Baibars. Good potters, builders and jewelers lived in the capital of Crimea. There was a mint, the services of which were used even by the Genoese Kaffa.

The neighbors of the Mongol-Tatars - the Italians - were talented artisans. Foreigners were especially surprised by the wonderful products of the Genoese stone-cutters. In addition, the inhabitants of trading posts knew how to process metals, sewed clothes and hats, and made jewelry that was in demand far beyond Gazaria. During the stay of the Italians in the east of the Crimea, the economic role of Feodosia increased again. She flourished again: she received merchant ships from almost all over the world and sent local goods overseas. During the Ottoman period in the history of Crimea, Kaffa remained the same important trading center of the Northern Black Sea region, continued to grow and develop.

Under the Ottomans, Eastern Crimea became famous for fragrant apples and white cherries from the gardens of Sudak. The peasants of the entire east coast were engaged in viticulture and horticulture, sowing grain and legume crops. On the other side of the Black Sea, the fish caught by the inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea was valued. Far beyond the peninsula, local shoemakers, weavers, and jewelers were known. Their products were sold in numerous shops in Kefe and Sudak, where you could also buy honey, butter and other products. There were also slave markets.

In the Eastern Crimea, during the reign of the Russian Empire, grapes were grown and fish were caught. At the end of the 18th century, mulberries, lemon trees and other crops were planted in Stary Krym, but only walnuts, almonds and tobacco liked the local climate. In Feodosia and in Kerch they were engaged in the extraction of table salt. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. Feodosia again became a large trading port.

Resorts of Eastern Crimea, monuments of history and architecture

The fact that Eastern Crimea could be a resort area became clear to Russians only in the second half of the 19th century. Tatars traveled to Solkhat (Old Crimea) to improve their health, even during the existence of the Crimean ulus. The memoirs of the Dominican monk d "Ascoli, who stayed in the capital of Crimea in the first half of the 17th century, have been preserved. He wrote that every year from spring to mid-summer Tatars arrive in Solkhat, who take healing hot baths there with herbs and flowers. D" Ascoli claimed that such baths can cure many diseases. In the 60s. 19th century they remembered the traditions of their ancestors and Stary Krym again became famous as a place for healing. Since then, people suffering from lung diseases and nervous diseases have come to the city. At that time, they again began to make baths with medicinal herbs collected outside the village.

The resort history of Koktebel began at the end of the 19th century, after the heirs of E. A. Junge decided to sell off part of the lands that previously belonged to him. People bought up plots and built cottages on them. This area was known as a place of rest for the intelligentsia. Before the Great Patriotic War, rooms and rooms for tourists were already rented out in Koktebel, and there was a cafe "Bubny" in the village.

At the same time, Sudak grew. G. Moskvich wrote in 1910 that the tourists of Sudak have the opportunity to swim, ride horses and boats, and take carriage rides. In 1880, vacationers, mostly students and intellectuals, were already coming there en masse, so it was decided to build a zemstvo hospital. However, in the 19th century, healthcare facilities were no longer a curiosity in the eastern part of the peninsula. For example, since 1813 the city hospital in Feodosiya worked, and since 1829 - in Kerch, since 1864 there was an old Crimean medical outpatient clinic.

The history of medicine in the Eastern Crimea dates back to antiquity. Then the local population used healing mud and sea water to fight various diseases. After the barbarian raids, medicine revived at the end of the 13th century. Then, already under the Genoese, the hospital of St. John was opened in Feodosia (Kaffa).

At the beginning of the XX century. It was decided to build the Alexandrida resort in the Kanakskaya Balka tract, but the work went on for a long time, and further revolutionary actions did not allow the plan to be completed. During the First World War, in order to improve their health, wounded soldiers began to come to the east of the peninsula. In the same Old Crimea, a small sanatorium was opened. But the Civil War interrupted the formation of local resorts.

Tourists come to Eastern Crimea not only to get medical treatment. There are many monuments of history and architecture in this region of the peninsula.

In Feodosia, for example, the Mufti-Jami mosque, built under the Ottomans in 1623, the church of St. Sergius (XIV century), the church in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1875), the Aivazovsky fountain and many other buildings and architectural objects, among which in the first place are the ruins of the fortress of Kaffa and the tower of Constantine.

Among the most interesting buildings in Sudak are the Genoese Choban-Kule tower and the Lutheran church (1887).

In Koktebel, tourists are always attracted by the Vintage Wine and Cognac Factory, the construction of which began in 1879. A year earlier, L.S. Golitsyn opened a winery in the New World, which was destined to become a Champagne Factory - another attraction of the Eastern Crimea.

There are also several interesting places in Stary Krym - the Surb-Khach monastery complex (mid-14th century) and the Uzbek Mosque (1314).

No less marvelous tourist sites are located on the Kerch Peninsula: the remains of the ancient cities of Panticapaeum and Nymphaeum, the Royal Mound (4th century BC), the Turkish fortress of Yeni-Kale (early 18th century) and the Russian stronghold of Kerch (second half of the 18th century .), as well as the Great Stairs of Mithridates (1832-1840), on the first tier of which you can see a copy of the Crypt of Demeter.

The main trends in the development of culture and
formations of Eastern Crimea

The culture of the Eastern Crimea is traditions, architecture, literature, music, painting, photography, cinematography... It's no secret that all this has been formed over the centuries, thanks to the efforts and talents of representatives of many peoples.

As for architecture, in this part of the peninsula there are samples of ancient Greek architecture, monuments of the Venetian-Genoese period of history, Tatar, Armenian, Russian buildings. However, in the XV-XVIII centuries. in the Crimea, a single architectural direction was formed, which can be described as a symbiosis of details brought by the Ottomans, Armenians and representatives of the Crimean Tatar people.

Talented architects, just like philosophers and poets, lived in the Eastern Crimea even during the existence of the Bosporan kingdom. The Greeks introduced the local population to qualitatively new material and cultural values, as a result of which the Greco-Scythian-Meotian culture appeared. And these values ​​were able to survive even the truly Scythian nomadic culture, which was accepted by the alien peoples. True, there is information that the Sarmatians eventually barbarized the Bosporans, but the Greek culture did not disappear without a trace.

The active development of the ancient cities of Crimea led to the development of painting and sculpture. The drawings in the aforementioned crypt of Demeter allow us to conclude that at the time of the construction of this architectural monument, painting was already subjective.

In the Byzantine period of the history of the peninsula, as well as under the Italians, Christian culture confidently penetrated into the Eastern Crimea. At this time, the temples were decorated with frescoes. Such examples of church art have survived to this day; they can be seen in the cities of the East Bank and in the southwestern part of Crimea.

Little is known about the monumental and decorative art of the Eastern Crimea of ​​the Middle Ages. What survived appeared in the XIV century. And even then the Seljuk architectural style was noticeable. It is believed that in the XII-XIII centuries. church utensils and items that were used during worship were delivered from Asia Minor.

Over time, Armenian trends joined the culture of the Eastern Crimea, and with the emergence of the Crimean Khanate, they strengthened along with the Seljuk ones. Instead of church construction, the period of construction of mosques and mausoleums begins.

In the second half of the XIX century. Christianity returned to the Crimea in the guise of Orthodoxy. Russian culture, elements of which can be seen even during the existence of the Tmutarakan principality, is now firmly rooted on the peninsula. Eastern Crimea has become a place of work and recreation for many talented individuals, subjects of the Russian Empire.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cimmerian school of painting arose, whose representatives depicted the unique landscapes of the Eastern Crimea. Among the talented artists who worked in this direction,.

On the shores of the Eastern Crimea, the films "Scarlet Sails", "Amphibian Man", "Sportloto-82", "Pirates of the 20th Century", "The Man from Capuchin Boulevard", "9th Company", "I Will Surrender to Good Hands", "Inhabited island" and others.

It is difficult to imagine a region where culture in the modern sense of the word is developing without educational institutions. Information about schools and gymnasiums in ancient policies is in the article "Greek city-states of Crimea". The Genoese were also not illiterate, just like the inhabitants of the Crimean Khanate, who received knowledge in the madrasah, and the Eastern Crimean Armenians, who had their own schools. A special place at that time was occupied by the theological school at Surb-Khach. Modern education in Eastern Crimea began with the arrival of the Russians.

In August 1811, a district school was opened in Feodosia. At first it was two-class, but from 1836 it became three-class. At the county school there was a lower department, after which the children freely read, wrote, knew how to count and knew the basics of the Law of God. In 1868 it was transformed into a parish school. Since 1860, there was a private women's boarding school in the city, and since 1866, a women's school has been operating, which later became a gymnasium. In 1885, the district school was renamed into a city school, and soon the duration of study there increased to six years. Since 1912 it has been a four-class higher primary school. Since 1873, the Feodosia State Men's Progymnasium has been operating. After the establishment of Soviet power, the technical school of the peoples of the East was located in its building, later there was a teacher's institute. Since the 19th century private schools also operated in Feodosia. In 1902 and 1915 two private real schools appeared in the city, which soon ceased to exist, so in 1913 the local authorities opened a state educational institution of this type. In addition, after some time, the Teachers' Institute, craft classes, women's vocational, nautical schools, and an Armenian school appeared in the city.

Due to the rapid growth in the number of educational institutions, the high level of teaching, Feodosia has become the cultural and educational center of the Eastern Crimea. Creative people, lovers of history and just romance aspired to this ancient city. Since 1880, the Feodosia National Art Gallery of Ivan Aivazovsky has existed, and a year later the first Crimean museum appeared - the Museum of Antiquities. At the beginning of the XX century. Feodosia, like no other city in the Crimea, attracted writers.

But education developed not only in Feodosia. Kerch in the late XIX-early XX centuries. It was considered one of the educational centers of the Taurida province, folk, nautical and vocational schools, women's and men's gymnasiums worked in the city, and the Kushnikov girl's institute operated. In 1919-1921. in Kerch there was a Bosporus University. In 1804, a decision was made to build a winemaking school in Sudak. In Stary Krym, for example, in 1842 a four-year zemstvo school was opened. According to A. A. Shelyagov in 1914-1915. in the Feodosiya district, which included the Kerch-Yenikalsk city administration, there were 304 educational institutions (of which 8 were secondary or I category and 3 belonged to II category and progymnasiums).

Famous personalities who lived and worked in Eastern Crimea

The Crimean peninsula has always attracted bohemians and people who were looking for the perfect place for creativity. Famous politicians, artists, poets, writers, singers and people of other public professions visited Eastern Crimea. Since this region is quite large, we will consider the relationship of famous personalities with individual cities and towns of the coast.

Let's start with Kerch. At different times, Emperors Peter the Great and Alexander the First visited this settlement with an ancient history. In 1820 A. Pushkin was sent to Kerch, and in 1888 the young A. Chekhov visited this city. In 1914, the people of Kerch had the opportunity to listen to the poems of V. Mayakovsky, but, according to the newspaper notes of that time, they did not like the work of the futurist. J. Matrunetsky lived and painted in Kerch. In 1942, accordionist and vocalist V. Kovtun was born there, in the second half of the 20th century. born journalist S. Dorenko and singer A. Sviridova.

Catherine II came to Feodosia. The “God-given” city amazed A. Pushkin, K. Paustovsky with its history and nature. Creative people lived there: I. Aivazovsky, K. Bogaevsky, M. Tsvetaeva, V. Mukhina, M. Voloshin, L. Lagorio, A. Fessler, A. Green, S. Balukhaty, V. Zakrutkin, A. Barsak and others .

Since the 19th century and to this day celebrities go to Koktebel. The sites of E. Junge, P. von Tesch, E. Kiriyenko-Voloshina, opera soloist M. Deisha-Sionitskaya were the first to appear in this village. Among the famous people who worked and lived there later, one can name the publicist G. Petrov, M. Voloshin, N. Gumilyov, the Tsvetaev sisters, L. Dmitrieva, F. Ranevskaya, V. Aleinikov, L. Polishchuk, and many others. Even Lenin came to Koktebel.

Countess de La Mothe (Milady from the novel by A. Dumas) is buried in Stary Krym. A. Grin lived in this village and K. Paustovsky stayed for a long time.

Famous guests of Sudak: Catherine II, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, future monarch Alexander III, Nicholas II, researcher K. Gablitz, academician P. Pallas, poet and playwright V. Kapnist, historian P. Koeppen, botanist H. Steven. A. Griboyedov, artists I. Aivazovsky and K. Bogaevsky, composers A. Glazunov and N. Cherepnin, as well as A. Tolstoy, M. Voloshin, M. Bulgakov and other famous personalities visited Sudak.

The name of L. S. Golitsin is associated with the village of Novy Svet, who bought the estate from the nobleman de Galere and began to engage in winemaking. This almost extreme corner of the Eastern Crimea inspired N. Levin and M. Voloshin.

This is what Eastern Crimea is like. A land covered with legends and ancient glory, a meeting place for talented people, a strategically important corner of the peninsula and just a resort area suitable for relaxing romantic natures. Eastern Crimea has experienced a lot and many events are yet to come. But the tragic moments of the past and the vicissitudes of the present only strengthen the spirit of the local population, teach them to enjoy every moment, love the sea, mountains, steppe dear to the heart even more and appreciate the guests of the peninsula, which have long been perceived as an integral part of the life of the Crimeans.

INLIGHT

SOUTH EASTERN CRIMEA

Southeast Crimea- a coastal-mountainous region located in the southeastern part of the Crimean peninsula. The poetic toponym of Cimmeria is closely connected with the concept of South-Eastern Crimea. Cimmeria is a legendary land that stretches around Koktebel to the north, west and east for some not entirely certain distance, but probably to Stary Krym, Sudak and Feodosia, respectively. Eastern Crimea includes the following cities and towns: Koktebel, Novy Svet, Ordzhonikidze, Kurortnoe, Beregovoye, Morskoye, Primorsky. Each of these names is associated with numerous legends and ancient history.

Eastern Crimea is an amazing corner with majestic mountains, wild cliffs, mysterious grottoes and cozy fabulous blue bays. Here you can enjoy a bouquet of famous wines and cognacs, or champagne from the cellars of Prince Golitsyn. The hallmarks of these places are Novy Svet, Koktebel, Sudak and Feodosiya and, in contrast to them, many kilometers of sandy beaches of the Azov Sea on the Kazantip peninsula. The Genoese fortress, Bald Mountain and Golden Beach, Kara-Dag and Uzyn-Syrt, resort towns and wonderful nature - all this is Eastern Crimea.

Eastern Crimea is a literary Koktebel, where all the paintings and events are built around the House of the Poet, this is Feodosia with its Cimmerian artists and Old Crimea with the first and last Green's house. These are the Demerdzhi and Karabi passes, the rocks of the New World, the underwater world in the bays of Kara-Dag or fabulous hang-gliding.

Three quarters of the Eastern Crimea are steppe plains with rich black earth soils. Geography teachers who are not devoid of imagination compare the mountain range of the South-Eastern Crimea with the back of a whale emerging from the sea or that huge fish that Sinbad the Sailor mistook for an island. From long lying on the surface, her back was overgrown with trees, lakes appeared on her, waterfalls rustled and even people began to settle.

The region of the South-Eastern Crimea includes many attractions, among them I would like to highlight:

- Genoese fortress, Sudak. The Genoese fortress is a monument of medieval architecture of world significance, the only Genoese citadel that has survived in the Crimea. Built by the Genoese between 1371 and 1469.

- grotto of Chaliapin, n. New World. An amazing grotto with a centuries-old history is now called Chaliapin's Grotto. The name of the grotto is associated with the visit of the famous singer. He liked to visit his friend the count, and of course, he could not ignore the grotto along with its contents.

- House Museum of Maximilian Voloshin, town. Koktebel. The house-museum of Maximilian Voloshin is perhaps the only museum in the world that survived the wars and preserved the mystery and charm of the Silver Age in the atmosphere of the life-creation of its owner.

- Feodosiya National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky, Feodosia. Feodosiya National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky - one of the oldest art museums in Ukraine, a unique, world-famous museum of marine painting, the first public museum in Ukraine.

Extinct volcano Kara-Dag, town. Koktebel. The Kara-Dag volcano is the oldest volcano in Europe with a respectable age of 140 million years. Its sea coast is a group of amazingly beautiful bays, many of which can only be reached from the sea. These bays are closed by overhanging rocks up to three hundred meters high with underwater grottoes and caves. One of the most amazing creations of volcanic activity can definitely be called a rock in the Golden Gate Sea, through which a rather large boat can easily pass.

Climate This resort region is moderate, characterized by the absence of sharp temperature fluctuations. Thanks to the sea breezes, the summer heat is quite easily tolerated. The swimming season starts at the end of May and lasts until the beginning of October. The southern slopes of the mountains are covered with Mediterranean vegetation, to the east the Crimean mountains smoothly turn into a steppe landscape. The beaches of the South-Eastern Crimea are sandy and pebbly, with the addition of small shell rock.

South-Eastern Crimea provides ample opportunities for the development of various types of tourism. Pedestrian routes in the South-Eastern Crimea are carried out mainly parallel to the coastline and along the river valleys.

Sudak gives great opportunities for cycling tourism. Sudak also has ample opportunities for outdoor activities. These are diving, horseback riding, paragliding. The New World has natural resources for the development of such a type of tourism as rock climbing. In the city of Feodosia there is a center for hang gliding, tasting excursions to the Novosvetsky factory of sparkling wines and a dolphinarium are held. Various festivals are held in the city.

This area is attractive for those who prefer a relatively inexpensive and relaxing holiday. There are few chic health resorts here, as in the South Coast, small, cozy, quite comfortable rest houses and boarding houses prevail. Housing compared to the South Coast is a little cheaper, the private sector prevails, and not high-rise buildings.

The local coast is very beautiful, somewhat exotic, there are many cozy bays and rocks. The beaches are mostly small pebbles, and in Feodosia and to the east - sandy.

This area has long been chosen by car tourists, so almost all health resorts and the private sector are focused on vacationers with a car. In the summer season, in every city and village on the coast, summer campsites and parking lots are equipped for autotourists.

The local places, especially the capes protruding into the sea - Meganom, Kiik-Atlama, etc. - are very convenient for lovers of various types of sailing because of the constantly blowing gentle winds. And the bays of Koktebel and Novy Svet, the steep coast of Karadag attract fans of diving (snorkeling) like a magnet.

There are fewer sights in this area than in the mountainous southwestern Crimea (especially historical ones), but there are enough magnificent and unusual landscapes, natural monuments.

Unearthly, deserted landscapes of Yayla Karabi, mysterious Valley of Ghosts with a giant stone chaos and the Funa fortress near Mount Demerdzhi, the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach near Stary Krym, White Rock near Belogorsk, the Dzhur-dzhur waterfall, the partisan memorial near Kalan-Bair, the ruins of the "long walls" near Chigenitra and many other memorable places will always be of interest to travelers. And the breathtaking landscapes that open from almost every peak will not leave indifferent true connoisseurs of beauty.

While the peninsula is in a fever with every new news regarding the construction of a bridge across the Kerch Strait, another part of the Crimea has planned the construction of another transport crossing over the reservoir. The bridge in the Nizhnegorsk region is an opportunity to attract tourists to the northern region of the peninsula, give new life to local villages, and develop infrastructure. At the moment, in the view of many tourists, Crimea is the western harbors, Tarkhankut, Sevastopol-hero, Balaklava bays, the unique South Coast, the Crimean mountains, the gentle sea and the beaches of Feodosia, a historical heritage on the coast of the Kerch Peninsula. The north of Crimea for an ordinary tourist is a white spot on the map. Indeed, what could be interesting in an ordinary steppe, without significant sights, without unique picturesque mountains, forests and noisy entertainment resort towns. Crimean residents hope that there will be a skilled leadership that will be able to turn the northern depressive areas of the peninsula into a resort area that could compete with other tourist regions. An incredible miracle of nature that few tourists have seen is the Arabar arrow. It stretches from the north-west of Crimea to the east, separating the Sea of ​​Azov from Lake Sivash. Throughout its length, the width of the arrow diverges from a minimum of 270 meters to 8 kilometers. Behind the Arabat Spit you can watch the lakes that were dug in Soviet times when sand was mined here.
The arrow originates on the territory of Ukraine, near Genichesk, and connects with the Crimea in the Leninsky district. The longest river of Crimea, the Salgir, flows into the Sivash Bay. The most frequent visitors to the Arabat Spit are tourists - fans of a relaxing holiday, clean, long beaches, lovers of yacht tourism. There are amazing sunsets and sunrises that do not interfere with observing the high Crimean mountains. A huge number of birds live in the local thickets of reeds, the lakes are filled with fish and shrimps.
To attract tourists here, it is necessary to create a special innovative project, the basis of which is the construction of a bridge to connect the Crimean peninsula with a spit. To do this, they choose the narrowest place, and then three Crimean regions will become resorts at once - Dzhankoy, Sovetsky and Nizhnegorsky. In addition, it is necessary to make plans for the development of the recreational zone in such a way that the construction of roads and infrastructure does not destroy the local ecological state. It is planned to build a crossing almost 2 kilometers from the village of Izobilny. The future bridge will consist of a two-lane road, a pedestrian zone and a path for cyclists. Empty areas near Sivash give a good prospect for the future construction of sanatoriums, recreation centers, hotels, resort infrastructure. The Sovietsky district has its own reserves of therapeutic mud, on the basis of which it is possible to equip medical sanatoriums. In addition, there are opportunities for the construction of a yacht club on the Arabat Spit, which can become a competitor to Balaklava. Yachts can be delivered to the Sea of ​​Azov by rafting along the canals and rivers flowing into it. @

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NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA The Sivash-plain region located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula Region composition: Nizhnegorsky district Sovetsky district Kirovsky district

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Northeastern Crimea is perhaps the most unknown and little visited region of Crimea. But in this distant corner you can find a lot of interesting and unusual things. This place is for those who pave the way for themselves. The recommended mode of transport is a bicycle, a motorcycle or an ATV, an SUV or an ordinary passenger car. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

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Features of the nature of the northeastern Crimea

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STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE "PRISIVASHSKY" It is protected virgin steppe with medicinal plants, including extensive thickets of chamomile, a valuable and very popular medicinal plant. Lake Sivash, framing the reserve, has no less health benefits. .

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AGARMYSH FOREST More than 200 years old. In 1964 it was declared a protected area. Beech, oak, hornbeam are the main species of the Old Crimean forest. A unique Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam and two varieties of oak are under protection here: fluffy and rocky.

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SIVASH - the coast of the bay is extremely dissected and winding. The coastline does not have a clear, stable outline and creates a picture of a complex natural labyrinth. Most of the narrow peninsulas elongated in the northeast direction are called “tyups” or “kuts”, and the land areas temporarily flooded due to surge currents are called “droughts”

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Mount AGARMYSH is a classic Mediterranean type karst. Water, dissolving limestone, forms a variety of grottoes, wells, mines, caves. Here is an interesting cave "Bottomless well". The entrance to this cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. Bottomless well - an open mine. It is a failure, leading to a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which a 38-meter shaft expanding downwards begins. At the bottom there is a blocky heap, on the walls there are separate streaks. There are many legends about this cavity, which are reflected in its names. The main feature is the increase in the warm period of carbon dioxide concentration to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). The record content of CO2 is 7.62%. Descent only in an insulating gas mask. The oxygen content drops to 1416%. In winter, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases.

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ARABAT STRELKA - A narrow and long (113 km) spit extends from the Akmonai isthmus in a northwestern direction. It separates from the Sea of ​​Azov its shallow and very salty (up to 200 ppm) lagoon - Sivash. The Arabat Spit consists mainly of shell material, the width is from 270 meters to 8 kilometers.

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ARMS OF REGIONS

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NIZHNEGORSKY Nizhnegorsky (until 1944 Seitler; Crimean Tatar Seyitler, Seyitler) is an urban-type settlement in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea, the center of the Nizhnegorsky district. The largest and most significant enterprises of Nizhnegorsk include a plant for the production of mixed fodder, juices, oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has a bread factory and organizations providing housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises of Nizhnegorsk are engaged in trade and construction activities

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Sovetsky (until 1944 - Ichki, Crimean Tatar. İçki) - an urban-type settlement in the Soviet district of the Republic of Crimea of ​​Russia (Autonomous Republic of Crimea). district. The largest enterprises: a bakery, a winery, a printing house. There are 449 enterprises operating in the region. Trade services for the population are carried out by consumer cooperation enterprises and business structures.

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KIROVSKOE Kirovskoe (until 1945 Islam-Terek; Crimean Tatar. İslâmTerek, Islyam Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. The center of the Kirovsky district of the republic. The population is about 7 thousand people. The industry of the village is represented by such enterprises: OATP "Kirov Repair and Transport Enterprise" (engineering and metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirov Feed Mill".

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA REGIONS The economy is based on agricultural production. In recent years, active work has been carried out in the region to develop tourism and recreation. Particularly promising are the territories on the coast of Sivash. A variety of natural landscapes (floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed beds), deposits of unique therapeutic mud, the presence of fish ponds, a large concentration of hunting bird species - all these factors create favorable ground for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the area (primarily fishing tourism) . Rural (“green”) tourism is developing rapidly, which is also due to favorable natural conditions. Much attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly related to the processing of sheep products.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA First of all, these are mounds - the so-called "pyramids of the steppes". One of them - the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervonoe (Nizhnegorsky district) - in 1974 pleased with a unique find. The burial of a woman who supposedly lived at the end of the second century BC was discovered. - first century AD The woman’s head was crowned with a golden diadem, her neck was decorated with a massive golden hryvnia with the image of griffins, a golden brooch rested on her chest, there were bracelets on her arms and legs, and her hands were decorated with precious stones. in the form of a dolphin

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The city of OLD CRIMEA is a tourist "Mecca" of the Kirovsky district

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Stary Krym is a city in the eastern part of Crimea. The population is about 10 thousand people. The main sights of the city are the buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. The current mosque of Khan Uzbek has been well preserved to this day. In the eastern part of the city are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of Stary Krym is the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach (Holy Cross), the revival of which has begun in recent years. In addition, the city has an ethnographic museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people.

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MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK In OLD CRIMEA Khan Uzbek, who ascended the throne of the Golden Horde in 1312, having become an adherent of Islam, ordered the construction of a beautiful mosque and a higher Muslim religious school - a madrasah in Solkhat. The construction of the mosque began in 1314. According to the Turkish traveler EvliyaChelebi, in 1512-1513, under Mengli Giray, the mosque was a cathedral one. Now the mosque is a rectangular building of the basilica type with an entrance from the north side and a minaret built into the northeast corner. The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in the north-south direction, so that the faithful in the building, praying, turn their faces to the south, towards Mecca.

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SURB-KHACH Surb-Khach - Armenian monastery. The church bearing the name of Surb-Nshan was built in 1358 during the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavit (porch) with a bell tower was added to the temple. And in 1719 - a fraternal building with cells for monks. The monastery is more like a fortress than a humble abode. The windows are like loopholes, and from the bell tower, which looks like a watchtower, until the forest surrounded the monastery, the access road was visible.

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GREEN MUSEUM IN THE OLD CRIMEA The exposition of the museum consists of two small rooms. One of them is completely preserved in its original form. Alexander Stepanovich died here. An iron bed by the window, a couch on which Nina Nikolaevna Grin was on duty at the bedside, a badger skin, an old alarm clock, a vase for flowers. In the second room - books, manuscripts, old photographs with views of the Old Crimea and Kara-Dag.

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HOUSE-MUSEUM OF K.G. Paustovsky Museum is located in a house with a shady old garden. Here the writer stayed in the 1950s. In support of this, an original open-air exposition has been created - a wonderful garden, which presents quotes from the works of Paustovsky. As if the writer himself tells the visitor about his favorite corner. The typological interior of a provincial petty-bourgeois house of the early 20th century has been recreated in four halls, and an exposition has been deployed that tells about the life and creative path of Paustovsky.

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TOPONYMS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA

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Stary Krym - a city of museums Museum complex of the city Literary and Art House-Museum of A.S. GrinK. Paustovsky House-MuseumMuseum of Culture and Life of the TatarsMuseum of History and Local Lore Memorable places of the Old Crimea Panteleimon Starokrymsky cemetery, including --- the grave of Alexander Grin --- the grave of Yulia Drunina Memorable historical places of the North-Eastern Crimea

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