Beluga fish. Fish products Types of salmon fish and their names

Rice. 1. Structure of fish ()

Fish have a head, body, tail and fins. Mostly body shape elongated, streamlined(Fig. 1). The body of the fish is without protrusions and covered with mucus, which facilitates movement in the water. The pointed head is tightly covered with gill covers; it helps well to move in the water and cut through the water. The tail and fins determine the direction of movement of the fish in the water.

Fish body In most cases covered with scales, which sits in the folds of the skin like fingernails. The free ends of the scales overlap each other, reminiscent of roof tiles. It grows along with the fish itself. Fish scales happen different shapes. But there are species that have a smooth body, like a catfish.

Another feature is the structure of the eyes of fish. They do not have eyelids, the eyes are on both sides of the head, but in the flounder they are shifted to one side. Pisces can't cry, the eyes become wet naturally. They see at a distance of one meter. Fish do not tolerate bright lighting; some species can distinguish colors.

Fish have gills Basically, they all breathe like this: the fish swallows water with its mouth, it passes through the gills and pours out through a special hole. The water contains oxygen, and through the gills it enters the fish's blood. But in nature there is lungfish . They use both gills and lungs to breathe. This is Horntooth (Fig. 2).

In most cases, fish lay eggs from which future offspring emerge. In water they lay eggs in a variety of places: special nests, stones, sand, plants. But fish can also be viviparous. An example of this is the guppy fish (Fig. 3).

These fish give birth to fry immediately.

One of the most curious differences between fish and other vertebrates is their special sense. You are interested to know why the school first swims together in one direction, and then suddenly, as if on someone’s command, all at once turns in the other direction. It helps to do lateral line on the fish's body. It consists of sensitive cells that detect the slightest fluctuations in water flow.

Fish also have a unique adaptation - swim bladder. It serves as a life preserver that prevents you from falling to the bottom. By filling with oxygen or deflating it, fish change the depth of their immersion in the water.

It is worth saying that fish feel pain, they have an organ of hearing - inner ear. They have a subtle sense of touch - they feel everything through their skin. Animals have nostrils, distinguish odors. Fish themselves can smell; they have special glands.

The body shape of fish is very diverse. The serpentine body shape, like an eel, makes the fish elusive (Fig. 4).

A spherical shape with needles, like those of a hedgehog fish, - invulnerable (Fig. 5).

The wide and flat shape, like a stingray, allows you to spread out along the bottom (Fig. 6).

The seahorse does not look much like a fish; it blends well with algae (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Seahorse ()

The pipefish is so thin that you won't notice it right away (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Needlefish ()

There are absolutely fish found in nature different sizes. The smallest of famous fish- dwarf goby. It can be up to 1 cm long (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. Dwarf goby ()

And the biggest one is whale shark- up to 18 m (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Whale shark ()

Some types fish emit cold light. Mainly deep sea fish. It is very dark at the bottom and it is necessary to attract prey. Glow is provided by special glands; they are found in angler fish (Fig. 11) and midshipman fish (Fig. 12).

Rice. 11. Anglerfish ()

Rice. 12. Midshipman fish ()

Nature has done a great job of making sure that the fish are comfortable and comfortable living in their habitat. In this case, the habitat can be located in different places. Fish can be found where it is very warm and where it is very cold. They are found at high altitudes and also where they are very low. Of course, they had to adapt well to all these conditions, therefore, along with common features they have many differences.

Rice. 13. Drummer ()

Rice. 14. Triggerfish ()

Some thus attract attention during the breeding season.

Many fish have adopted electricity and poison for their safety and to catch prey. Send electrical discharge Nile elephant, European stargazer, marbled stingray can (Fig. 15-17).

Rice. 15. Nile elephant ()

Rice. 16. European astrologer ()

Rice. 17. Marble slope ()

Some fish sting no less dangerous than snakes. This sea ​​dragon, scorpionfish, lionfish (Fig. 18-20).

Rice. 18. Sea dragon ()

Rice. 19. Scorpionfish ()

Rice. 20. Lionfish ()

Fish coloring is amazing. The color palette is varied. A bright color either attracts the attention of the victim, or, on the contrary, is needed to scare away. Appropriate coloring is also needed for camouflage. The angel fish, mandarin fish, and clown fish have a very colorful appearance (Fig. 21-23).

Rice. 21. Angelfish ()

Rice. 22. Mandarin duck ()

Rice. 23. Clown fish ()

Some fish need to be able to fly and have sharp teeth. Some fish can crawl and bury themselves in the sand. There are fish that have special suckers in order to stick to another animal. There are completely blind fish; other senses help them in life. There are many devices, each fish requires its own.

The role of fish in human life simply invaluable. Since ancient times, people have eaten fish. In our diet this is the supplier useful substances, minerals: proteins, fats, vitamins. Also in ancient world people began to breed fish for beauty. In any modern home you can see an aquarium with beautiful and amazing fish. Fish is also used in industry and medicine. Man copied the streamlined shape of fish in the construction of ships and submarines. Unfortunately, in Lately Industrial fishing has become more frequent, there are cases of poaching, so some species of fish are simply disappearing. In this regard, many civilized countries have entered into an agreement that strictly states where fishing can be done and how much.

Every person on Earth should think about preserving this class of animals.

Bibliography

1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world 1. - M.: Russian word.
2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: Enlightenment.
3. Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: VITA-PRESS.

1. Festival of Pedagogical Ideas "Open Lesson" ()
2. Pro-ryb.ru ()
3. kindergenii.ru ()

Homework

1. Who are the fish?
2. Tell us about the structure of fish.
3. What is the role of fish in human life?
4. * Draw the fish that you remember most and tell us about it.

Pisces class- this is the largest group of modern vertebrates, which unites more than 25 thousand species. Fish are inhabitants aquatic environment, they breathe with gills and move with the help of fins. Fish are distributed in different parts of the planet: from high mountain reservoirs to ocean depths, from polar waters to equatorial ones. These animals inhabit salt waters seas, found in brackish lagoons and estuaries large rivers. They live in fresh rivers, streams, lakes and swamps.

External structure of fish

The main elements of the external structure of the body of a fish are: head, operculum, pectoral fin, pelvic fin, trunk, dorsal fins, lateral line, caudal fin, tail and anal fin, this can be seen in the picture below.

Internal structure of fish

Fish organ systems
	1. Skull (consists of the braincase, jaws, gill arches and gill covers) 2. Skeleton of the body (consists of vertebrae with arches and ribs) 3. Skeleton of fins (paired - pectoral and abdominal, unpaired - dorsal, anal, caudal)	1. Brain protection, food capture, gill protection 2. Protection of internal organs 3. Movement, maintaining balance
Musculature	Wide muscle bands divided into segments	Movement
Nervous system	1. Brain (divisions - forebrain, middle, medulla oblongata, cerebellum) 2. Spinal cord (along the spine)	1. Movement control, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes 2. Implementation of the simplest reflexes, conduction of nerve impulses 3. Perception and conduction of signals
Sense organs	3. Hearing organ 4. Touch and taste cells (on the body) 5. Lateral line	2. Smell 4. Touch, taste 5. Feeling the direction and strength of the current, the depth of immersion
Digestive system	1. Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus) 2. Digestive glands (pancreas, liver)	1. Capturing, chopping, moving food 2. secretion of juices that promote food digestion
swim bladder	Filled with a mixture of gases	Adjusts immersion depth
Respiratory system	Gill filaments and gill arches	Carry out gas exchange
Circulatory system (closed)	Heart (two-chambered) Arteries Capillaries	Supplying all body cells with oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products
Excretory system	Kidneys (two), ureters, bladder	Isolation of decomposition products
Reproduction system	Females have two ovaries and oviducts; In males: testes (two) and vas deferens

The figure below shows the main systems internal structure fish

Fish class classification

Living fish today are divided into two main classes: cartilaginous fish and bony fish. Important distinctive features cartilaginous fish - the presence of an internal cartilaginous skeleton, several pairs of gill slits that open outward, and the absence of a swim bladder. Almost all modern cartilaginous fish live in the seas. Among them, the most common are sharks and rays.

Overwhelming majority modern fish belongs to the class bony fish. Representatives of this class have an ossified internal skeleton. A pair of external gill slits are covered with gill covers. Many bony fish have a swim bladder.

Main orders of Pisces

Orders of fish	The main characteristics of the detachment	Representatives
	Cartilaginous skeleton, no swim bladder, no gill covers; predators	Tiger shark, whale shark, katran
	Manta ray, stingray
Sturgeon	Osteochondral skeleton, scales - five rows of large bone plates, between which there are small plates	Sturgeon, beluga, sterlet
Dipnoi	They have lungs and can breathe atmospheric air; the chord is preserved, there are no vertebral bodies	Australian cattail, African scalefish
lobe-finned	The skeleton mainly consists of cartilage, there is a notochord; poorly developed swim bladder, fins in the form of fleshy outgrowths of the body	Coelacanth (the only representative)
Carp-like	Mostly freshwater fish, there are no teeth on the jaws, but there are pharyngeal teeth for grinding food	Carp, crucian carp, roach, bream
Herring	Most are flocks sea ​​fish	Herring, sardine, sprat
cod	A distinctive feature is the presence of a mustache on the chin; the majority are cold-water marine fish	Haddock, herring, navaga, burbot, cod

Ecological groups of fish

Depending on the habitat there are environmental groups fish: freshwater, migratory, brackish and marine.

Ecological groups of fish	Main features
Freshwater fish	These fish constantly live in fresh water. Some, such as crucian carp and tench, prefer standing water. Others, such as the common gudgeon, grayling, and chub, have adapted to life in the flowing waters of rivers.
Migratory fish	This includes fish that move from sea ​​water to fresh (for example, salmon and sturgeon) or from fresh water go to reproduce in salt water (some types of eels)
Salty fish	They inhabit desalinated areas of the seas and the mouths of large rivers: such are many whitefish, roach, goby, and river flounder.
Sea fish	Live in salt water seas and oceans. The water column is inhabited by fish such as anchovy, mackerel, and tuna. Stingrays and flounder live near the bottom.

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A source of information: Biology in tables and diagrams./ Edition 2, - St. Petersburg: 2004.

Fish They are common in all types of reservoirs, from marine waters to the smallest ponds, eriks and rivulets. Tropics and eternal ice are also rich in unusual varieties of fish. In the reservoirs of Russia, aquatic inhabitants are very diverse and distinguished by their beauty. In the territory Russian Federation there are more than 120 thousand rivers, about 2,000,000 lakes, 12 seas, 3 oceans, and all of them are habitats fish. Even in fresh Russian reservoirs, over 450 animals have adapted to live. fish species, and many live permanently, while some arrive temporarily until a certain period.

general information

Based on the presence and nature of the rays in the fins of most bony fishes, a fin formula is compiled, which is widely used in their description and definition. In this formula with Latin letters the abbreviated designation of the fin is given: A - anal fin (from the Latin pinna analis), P - pectoral fin (pinna pectoralis), V - ventral fin (pinna ventralis) and D1, D2 - dorsal fins (pinna dorsalis). Roman numerals indicate the numbers of prickly rays, and Arabic numerals indicate the numbers of soft rays.

The gills absorb oxygen from the water and release it into the water. carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea and other waste products. U bony fish four gill arches on each side.

Gill rakers are the thinnest, longest and most numerous in fish that feed on plankton. In predators, the gill rakers are sparse and sharp. The number of rakers is counted on the first arch, located immediately under the gill cover.

The pharyngeal teeth are located on the pharyngeal bones, behind the fourth branchial arch.

Fish are classified according to a number of characteristics: lifestyle, fishing season, sex, physiological state, fatness, feeding pattern, length or weight.

AB - fishing length of fish; AB - standard size; 1 - gill cover; 2 - hard dorsal fin; 3 - soft dorsal fin; 4 - caudal fin; 5 - lateral line; 6 - anal fin; 7 - anus; 8 - ventral fins; 9 - pectoral fins

The length of the fish is measured in a straight line from the top of the snout to the beginning of the middle rays of the caudal fin (Fig. 20). Some small and low-value fish are classified as small fish of groups I, II or III. A number of fish species listed in the standard are not subdivided by length and weight. The minimum length of fish that can be caught is set by fishing regulations and international conventions.

IN commodity practice fish are classified by species and families.

A species is a collection of individuals occupying a specific geographical area and having a number of inherited characteristics that distinguish this type from related species. Species that are similar in a number of characteristics are grouped into genera, and the latter into families.

IN trading practices Classification of fish into families is carried out mainly according to external signs. Strictly scientific classification fish into families is produced according to many characteristics. Characteristics of the main characteristics of the families of fish most commonly found in commercial practice are given below.

Herring family has a laterally compressed body, covered with easily falling scales. There is no lateral line. There is one dorsal fin, the caudal fin has a deep notch. Herrings of commercial importance are: Atlantic, Pacific, Danube, Don, Dnieper, Kerch, Volga, Chernospinka, Azov belly, Herring, Sardines, Sardinella, Sardi-nops (Ivasi); sprat: Caspian, Baltic (sprats), Black Sea, Tyulka.

Anchovy family has a cigar-shaped body, similar in size to small herrings. This family includes the Azov-Black Sea Hamsa and Anchovy.

Sturgeon family has an elongated fusiform body, with five rows of bone formations - bugs: two abdominal, two thoracic, one dorsal. Elongated snout, With four antennae. The dorsal fin is single, the caudal fin is unequally lobed. Of commercial importance are: beluga, kaluga, sturgeon, thorn, stellate sturgeon, sterlet. By crossing beluga and sterlet, Soviet scientists obtained a bester, which is bred in reservoirs.

Carp family has a tall, laterally compressed body, covered with tightly fitting scales, sometimes naked. The dorsal fin is one, soft, the lateral line is well defined, the teeth are pharyngeal. This family includes fish of inland waters: carp, carp, crucian carp, roach, roach, ram, bream, white-eye, bluefish, barbel, silver carp, grass carp, buffalo, vimba, shemaya.

Salmon family It has tall body, laterally compressed, covered with small scales. There are two dorsal fins, the second is adipose. The lateral line is well defined. Chum salmon, pink salmon, sockeye salmon, Chinook salmon, Caspian salmon, salmon, trout, whitefish, vendace, muksun, and omul are of commercial importance.

Family smelt has an oblong body shape, with easily falling scales, and an incomplete lateral line. There are two dorsal fins, the second is adipose. Main species: European smelt, smelt, capelin.

Perch family has two dorsal fins, the first is spiny, the anal fin has three spiny rays, the lateral line is straight, and there are transverse stripes on the sides. Common species: perch, pike perch, ruff.

Horse mackerel family has a flattened body shape. The lateral line has a sharp bend in the middle, and in some species is covered with bony spines. There are two dorsal fins, the first is spiny, the second is soft and long. There are two spines in front of the anal fin. The tail stalk is thin. The Azov-Black Sea mackerel, oceanic mackerel, trevally, seriola, pompano, lichia, and vomer are of commercial importance.

Cod family are divided into subfamilies of cod-like and burbot-like. The former have three dorsal and two anal fins, the latter have two dorsal and one anal. These are marine fish, with the exception of burbot. They have a well-defined lateral line. The pelvic fins are located under the pectoral fins or in front, and many representatives have a barbel on the chin.

The body shape is close to torpedo-shaped. Cod, haddock, navaga, pollock, pollock, blue whiting, burbot, and cod are of commercial importance.

Mackerel family has an elongated fusiform body and a slender caudal peduncle. There are two dorsal fins; behind the second dorsal and anal fins there are four to seven additional fins. Black Sea, common, and Japanese mackerels are of commercial importance. Mackerels are sold under the names “Azov-Black Sea mackerel”, “Far Eastern mackerel”, “Kuril mackerel”, “Atlantic mackerel”.

In terms of body shape and arrangement of fins, tuna, bonito, and mackerel fish are similar to mackerel; the latter have one dorsal fin and additional fins.

Flounder family It has flat body, flattened from the back to the abdomen, the eyes are located on one side of the head. Dorsal and anal fins along the entire length of the body. The commercially important halibuts are black, common, and arrow-toothed; sharp-headed and river flounder.

From fish of other families commercial value have the following.

Groupers golden, beaked, Pacific from the scorpionfish family have big head, oblong, laterally compressed body, often red in color, one dorsal fin, usually spiny in the front part.

Catfish striped and spotted from the catfish family

They have one long soft dorsal fin, a large round head, and the body in the back is laterally compressed.

Terpugi northern, southern, toothy have a spindle-shaped body, one spiny dorsal fin, highly developed anal and pectoral fins.

Ice fish from the white-blooded family, it has a large head with an elongated snout, two lateral lines, the color is light green, the blood is colorless, as it contains copper instead of iron.

Butterfish and butterfish small fish from the Stromatoid family they have a flattened high body, one soft long dorsal fin of the same size and shape as the anal fin, the lateral line follows the curve of the ridge.

Marbled and green notothenia, squama, toothfish from the nototheniaceae family have a large head, two spiny dorsal fins, a long anal fin, large pectoral fins, and the body is thickened in the front.

Croaker, captain, umbrina- fish from the croaker family, have a high body, a humpbacked back in front, one dorsal fin, divided by a deep notch, the front part is spiny, the lateral line is well defined.

Macruruses from the grenadier family they have an elongated body that tapers off at the tail in the form of a thread. There are two dorsal fins.

Other types of fish that are caught are catfish, pike, lamprey, eel, gobies, argentina, mullet, eelpout, pristipoma, bluefish from families that have similar names, and sea bream from the brahmin family; merrow, rock perch- from the Serranaceae family.

The two fish species you see below differ dramatically in their fertility. The first is the champion among bony fish in terms of the amount of eggs and

lays up to 300 million eggs. Fish number 2 is capable of producing no more than 300 eggs. What features of the lifestyle and behavior of these fish can explain such a strong difference in the number of offspring produced?

1. Name the representatives of the class of cartilaginous fish. Using their example, tell us about the influence of the habitat on the external structure of these fish. 2. Using an example

sturgeons, characterize the features of the external and internal structure of bony fishes. What features make them similar to cartilaginous fish? Which practical significance have sturgeon-like fish? 3. What are the similarities? various groups bony fish and what is the difference? 4. Name the representatives of bony fish. 5. Using the example of neoceratoda and coelacanth, list the structural features of lungfish and lobe-finned fish. Help urgently, please(((

1. Two species living in the same natural community, having the same food resource, the same method of settlement and the same requirements for

habitat:1) They will occupy the same ecological niche,2) They will occupy different ecological niches,3) They cannot exist in the same community.2. Trophic connections that arise on the basis of the activity of one species, which contribute to the emergence of access to food for another species, are called: 1) Direct trophic connections, 2) Indirect trophic connections, 3) Connections that facilitate dispersal.3. The competition of two species for the same resource is called: 1) Competition, 2) Symbiosis, 3) Parasitism.4. Long-term competition of two species in a community for the same food resource most often leads to: 1) The death of one of the species, 2) The displacement of a less adapted species outside the community, 3) Specialization in nutrition and more complete use of the food resource.5 . Select examples of mutually beneficial cooperation of two species: 1) Leech and mirror carp, 2) Sea anemone and hermit crab, 3) Longhorned beetle, gnawing holes in wood and ants settling in these holes, 4) Ants and peach aphids.6. Choose an example of a neutral relationship between two species, when the activity of one species is vital for the other, and the first is indifferent to the existence of the second: 1) Leech and mirror carp, 2) Ants and peach aphids, 3) Dung beetle and ungulates, 4) Sea anemone and crayfish hermit.7. Indicate the amount of food consumed that goes towards building body cells and tissue growth: 1) 10%, 2) 20%, 3) 90%. 8. Find the correct statement: 1) The inhabitants of the biocenosis can be divided into ecological groups according to the prevailing food items, 2) Human activity always causes harm to natural communities, 3) Over 90% of the food consumed is spent on the formation of body cells and tissue growth.9. Find the error:1) The food connections of animals are manifested directly and indirectly,2) A hare feeding on spring grass is an example of a direct trophic connection.3) A fish leech and a mirror carp are an example of an indirect trophic connection.10. Phytocenosis is: 1) Natural community animals living together in a certain territory, 2) Plant community, 3) Natural community of plants and animals united by trophic links.