Download presentation Osipova climate of Africa. Personally-oriented lesson-presentation “African climate”. Equatorial climate zone

The African continent crosses the equator, that is, most of it is located between the tropics. Naturally, this situation greatly influenced the climate of Africa. It is also influenced by such climatic factors, like trade winds, circulation features air masses, ocean currents and features of the continental topography and its latitude.

General climate characteristics, briefly

When describing general characteristics climate of Africa, first of all, we must not forget that winter and summer in different hemispheres occur in different months:

• North hemisphere : winter in December, January, February;
• Southern Hemisphere : winter in June, July, August.

Summers throughout Africa are very hot. The thermometer does not fall below +20 degrees. Winter also does not pretend to be particularly “cold”.

Even in the coolest regions of South Africa, the thermometer does not drop below +8 degrees. Thus, it is not surprising that the lowest position of the sun in this region is similar to the position of the sun in central Russia on the day of the summer solstice.

Rice. 1 Climate of Africa. Climate map

In general according to their climatic conditions Africa is very clearly divided into 4 regions:

• North Africa(dry and hot; tropical desert and dry-loving Mediterranean forests);
• South Africa(dry and hot; tropical deserts);
• Central Africa(humid; equatorial and subequatorial moisture-loving forests);
• East Africa (moderately humid; savannas and woodlands predominate).

Rice. 2 East Africa in summer (savannas and woodlands)

African climate types

There are several climate zones in Africa. Since the equator cuts the continent in half, they are repeated to the north and south of it. So in Africa (judging by the climate map) there are 7 climate zones (on both sides of the equator):

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

• equatorial climate zone;
• two subequatorial belts;
• two tropical zones;
• two subtropical zones.

All climatic zones differ from each other primarily in the amount and regime of precipitation. Thus, in the equatorial and subequatorial zones, 2000-3000 mm of precipitation per year is considered the norm (the wettest place in Africa is at the foot of Mount Cameroon, where up to 9500 mm of precipitation per year can fall). But in some subtropical regions the norm is 300 mm per year.

Equatorial climate zone

Humid and hot climate. average temperature fluctuates around +23-+28, and daily temperature amplitudes are much greater than annual fluctuations. There is quite a lot of precipitation (up to 2000 mm), it falls evenly throughout the month. You could say. That in this zone there is always one season.

Subequatorial climate zone

In the south and north of the continent the situation is almost the same. The average temperature is around +23-+25. Falls in summer a large number of There is less precipitation in winter. There is a seasonal change in the movement of air masses, and monsoons are frequent. It is in this belt of the African continent that the deepest and longest rivers flow.

Tropical climate zone

In the tropical part of the continent, in the north and south, the situation is somewhat different from each other. Although in both parts of the tropical zone the weather is dry and hot.

There is virtually no precipitation in the northern part of the continent. In summer, the temperature can stay at around +40 degrees (the absolute maximum was recorded in the Libyan Desert - +58 degrees), in winter - +18 degrees.

Rice. 3 Libyan Desert

IN southern parts colder, more precipitation. In the west (Namib Desert) there is virtually no precipitation. In summer and winter the temperature is almost the same (the annual average is from +20 to +15 degrees). In the east (Dragon Mountains) the humidity is highest. This is facilitated by the movement of air masses from the equator and their collisions with warm air coming from the ocean.

It was in the tropical zone of both hemispheres that desert spaces were concentrated. Due to the lack of clouds, the daily temperature fluctuation in the desert is very high. During the day, the sun can heat sand and stones to a temperature of +70, and at night the entire space cools down and, in some cases, the thermometer can drop below zero. African samum winds often blow in deserts, and at night you can hear the crackling of stones.

Subtropical climate zone

If we compare the southeastern and southwestern coasts of Africa, then in the same season, with the same climatic zone, there is sudden change climate. The southwest (subtropical Mediterranean climate) has dry and hot summers and warm but wet winters. To the south east coast summers are hot and humid (due to warm air masses from the Indian Ocean). And winter is cold and dry (the penetration of precipitation is prevented by the Cape Mountains).

Table“Characteristics of African climate zones”(data from this table can be used in 7th grade geography lessons).

The influence of climate on the diversity of natural and flora Africa obviously. Climate also influenced the pattern of the river network and river regime. So, where the humidity is higher, the rivers are longer and deeper. They feed mainly on precipitation that falls in the form of rain. Inland waters Africa also has a certain influence on the climate of Africa.

Despite the fact that on African continent there is the largest arid desert in the world by area; it is also home to the second deepest river in the world, the Congo, and the second longest river in the world, the Nile (in terms of deepness and length, the Nile and Congo are “surpassed” only by the South American Amazon).

Rice. 4 River Nile, Africa

What have we learned?

The climate in Africa is generally hot, but humidity, like pressure, also varies in different climate zones. The continent's climate is influenced by various climatic factors. Oceans, topography and inland waters play an important role.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 502.

Individual regions are determined by the amount of precipitation and the duration of the rainy season. Vast areas lack moisture. Africa is characterized by the transport of tropical air by trade winds. High banks make it difficult for wet winds to enter. West Banks in tropical latitudes washed by cold currents. In Africa there are seven: equatorial, two subequatorial, two tropical and two subtropical.

Most of the continent lies in hot thermal zone. Between the two tropics, the midday sun is always high above and is at its zenith twice a year. Even in winter average monthly temperatures do not fall below +18…+20 °С. The Sahara receives the most light and heat. Summer temperatures here are more than +30 °C. In the Tripoli area, the absolute maximum temperature on Earth was +58 °C. Africa is the hottest continent.

Equatorial belt covers a significant part of the basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea: extends to 7-8° N. w. and 5° S. w. Due to the strong warming of the land surface in the Congo, rainfall occurs throughout the year (Figure 50-1). The wettest place in Africa is located at the foot of the city - 9655 mm per year. In precipitation mode
There are two maxima associated with the highest position of the Sun.

Quantity atmospheric precipitation exceeds evaporation by 1.5-2 times. Average precipitation is about 2000 mm. High temperatures +26…+28 °C and above ensure continuous growth of plants. For equatorial climate One season is typical - summer with daily heavy (zenithal) rains in the afternoon.

Forming on the east coast tropical humid climate with maximum precipitation in summer.

Subtropical zone covers the extreme north and south of Africa. On the coast Mediterranean Sea and on the southwestern edge of the continent a subtropical climate is formed with dry, hot summers (+28 °C) and warm, wet winters (+12 °C, precipitation up to 1000 mm) (Fig. 50-4). Subtropical humid climate in southeast Africa is different uniform distribution precipitation throughout the year. In winter, they are associated with the westerly transfer of air masses, and in summer, winds blow from . Precipitation are 1500 mm. In summer, a significant amount of moisture remains on the slopes of the Drakensberg Mountains, in winter - on the western slopes of the Cape Mountains. Subtropical continental climate characteristic of the deserts of the Cape Mountains and Karoo.

Widespread use of heat reserves for maintaining Agriculture hampered by lack of precipitation and frequent rainfall. With precipitation of 600-800 mm, crops are unstable, and with less than that, farming is impossible without it. In deserts you can only practice in oases. Vast territories are occupied by unsuitable for human life and impassable equatorial forests. Low fertility of many soil types and dangerous tropical diseases hinder agricultural development in Africa.

Africa is located in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, and subtropical climate zones. The climate of Africa determines it geographical position, trade winds, ocean currents, relief features. Sufficient heat allows the cultivation of tropical and subtropical crops.

Africa is the hottest continent on Earth, to which it owes its geographical location. The continent is located in four climate zones: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical and subtropical. Africa is located between 37° north and 34° south latitude - that is, in equatorial and tropical latitudes.

The equatorial belt of Africa is located on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea and stretches inland to Lake Victoria. The equatorial air mass dominates here all year round, so there are no seasons, it is constantly hot here, and very often there are heavy rains. Due to abundant moisture (2-3 mm per year) and very warm climate(above +20°-+30°C throughout the year) formed here natural area wet equatorial forests. The forests of Africa are home to an unimaginable number of animal and plant species, many of which are still unknown to science. The interior regions of the equatorial belt remain uninhabited.

Subequatorial belt Surrounds the equatorial belt from the north, east and south. In contrast, there is no longer year-round rain here, but distinct rainy and dry seasons appear. In summer, the belt is dominated by an equatorial air mass, bringing the rainy season. The amount of precipitation and the duration of this season decrease with distance from the equator. In areas of the mainland where the season lasts most of the year, variable-humid forests are formed, but where the rainy season lasts less than six months, precipitation is no longer sufficient for development. woody vegetation- open forests and savannas appear there. It is worth noting that summer in Africa falls on June-August in the northern hemisphere and December-February in the southern hemisphere, because when in one part subequatorial belt The rainy season is underway, while the tropical air mass dominates in the opposite direction - that is, the dry season begins.

Tropical zone Africa is clearly divided into northern and southern. Here all year round The weather is clear and there is practically no rain. The amount of precipitation decreases as you move deeper into the continent. Since a very large area of ​​Africa is located precisely in the northern tropical latitudes, optimal conditions for the formation of deserts - dry air, high blood pressure due to the tropical air mass and distance from the ocean. That is why Africa is considered the continent of classical desert development. In addition to the aridity of the African tropics, it should be noted that there are huge temperature differences. In summer, when the Sun rises high, it literally heats up the desert sand, and the air temperature rises above 30 and even 40 degrees. The most heat air temperature in Africa and throughout the world was recorded in the Libyan Desert and amounted to +58°C. At the same time, after sunset the temperature drops sharply by several tens of degrees, and on winter nights it even drops to negative values.

The subtropical zone stretches in a narrow strip along the northern coast of Africa, as well as in the very south of the continent. It is also divided into northern and southern. In the subtropics, two air masses change throughout the year: in the summer the tropical one comes, because summer in the subtropics is hot and dry, and in the winter moderate air comes, bringing precipitation. A natural zone of hard-leaved and evergreen forests has formed here. However, it has not been preserved in its original form almost anywhere, since the territory of the subtropics is actively being transformed by economic activity person.

Teacher Girko T.V.

Slide 2

• Know:
• climate of Africa, main factors of climate formation.
• Be able to: work with climate diagrams.

Slide 16

Good weather everyone.

View all slides

African climate Features of the climate. Climate zones and climate types

The presentation was created by geography teacher V.M. Nazarenko. Khartsyzsk secondary school

"Intelligence" with in-depth study individual items Donetsk People's Republic

C. Anderson about the Namib Desert

It is difficult to find a place in the world that would better correspond to our ideas about hell.

The spirit of endless loneliness that hovered over this vast desert made me shudder.

Even death would be better instead of exile to this region.

Poetic lines of N. Gumilyov

… And all around on the wide plains where the grass shelters the giraffe, the gardener of the Almighty God in the silvery mantle of wings created the reflection of PARADISE.

Underlying

Geographic latitude

surface

Air circulation

Ocean currents

Remoteness

Terrain

from the ocean

I'll find out in class

• Why is Africa the hottest continent?

• What climate zones is Africa located in?

• Why do deserts in Africa occupy a large area and are located not only inside the continent, but also on the ocean coast?

I'll learn in class

To Work with climate map Africa

Analyze climate charts

Exercise

Answer the question

1. Set the average temperatures of July and January at the equator, North. and Yuzh. The tropics, on the Mediterranean coast and in the extreme south of the mainland.

Why does the territory of Africa receive a large amount solar heat?

2. Determine in which areas of Africa the Pole of Heat is located.

Air temperature distribution on the mainland

Conclusion:

• Geographical location of Africa

in a hot thermal zone causes a huge amount of solar heat to flow onto its surface

Exercise

Answer the question:

1. Determine in which atmospheric pressure zones Africa is located.

Why does it fall near the equator? greatest number precipitation?

2. How does precipitation occur in belts with high and low atmospheric pressure?

Conclusion:

• In equatorial latitudes, in areas of low atmospheric pressure, heated air rises, forming clouds and precipitation.

• In tropical latitudes, in belts of high atmospheric pressure, downward air currents do not form clouds, and precipitation is minimal.

The role of air masses in shaping the climate of Africa

Exercise

Answer the question

1. Establish under the influence of which constant winds most of the territory of Africa is located.

Why is the climate drier at the same distance from the equator in northern Africa than in southern Africa?

The role of air masses in shaping the climate of Africa

Conclusion:

• The northeast trade wind from the deserts of Eurasia is dry.

• The southeast trade wind from the Indian Ocean is humid.

Exercise

Answer the question

1. Determine the ocean currents of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, washing the mainland.

What influence do cold and warm currents have on the climate of Africa?

2.Distribute them into two groups - cold and warm.

The role of ocean currents in shaping the climate of Africa

Conclusion:

• Currents redistribute heat between latitudes .

• Warm currents contribute to the saturation of the air with moisture and the formation of precipitation.

• Cold currents reduce the temperature of dry air in the coastal part of the mainland, creating a cloudy landscape .

Task: insert missing words .

The continent is based on an ancient _______

platform. The prevailing landforms here are _____ and _____.

In the northwest and extreme south to the platform

adjacent to _______ areas , which correspond to the mountains ______ ______ _____ .

Answer the question:

How does topography influence climate formation?

The role of relief in shaping the climate of Africa

• The plains ensure the unhindered passage of air masses over long distances, the mountains create a natural barrier for their penetration deep into the continent.

Equatorial belt of Africa

Main features of the equatorial type climate

High air temperatures throughout the year

• Increased air humidity

Subequatorial belt of Africa

The main features of subequatorial climate type

There are two seasons - summer wet and winter dry

Tropical Africa

Main features of the tropical type climate

In the northern hemisphere, dry TBMs predominate. It has a tropical desert climate.

IN southern hemisphere humid trade winds blow from the Indian Ocean.

A humid tropical type of climate is formed here.

Subtropical zone of Africa

Main features of the subtropical type climate

Mediterranean type of climate: dry, hot summers, humid, warm winters.

Southeast Africa has a subtropical climate with uniform humidity.

Check of knowledge

Exercise. Determine which climate zone these characteristics correspond to (cards)

Self-test

Equatorial belt

3, 6, 7, 10

Subequatorial belt

Tropical zone

1, 4, 11

Subtropical zone

2, 12, 13,14

2. Compose comparative characteristics climate of the Sahara and Kalahari deserts.

3. Write a syncwine with the word climate.