Make pairs of sentences with a compound nominal predicate. Types of predicates in Russian with examples

Which includes a subject and (or) predicate. Their correct selection is the key to successful syntactic parsing. In this case, difficulties most often arise with finding the predicate. It can have different structures and ways of expression. Depending on this, the following types of predicates are distinguished: simple and compound.

What is a predicate?

In a sentence, the subject usually names an object (or has the meaning of objectivity). The predicate denotes the action, state, quality of the object named by the subject. You can ask him one of the questions: what does he do? what it is? what is he like?

This member of a sentence can be expressed in words of different parts of speech and contains lexical and grammatical (the relation of the statement to reality) meaning. They can be combined in one component or require two or more components for expression. Accordingly, the composition of the predicate can be different: one or several interrelated words. Knowing these subtleties helps to correctly find the grammatical basis in a sentence.

Types of predicates: table

Syntax is the subject of study. In the Russian language, the following types of predicates are distinguished:

Simple verb predicate

It is this type of main member that usually comes to mind when asked what types of predicates you know. It is believed that it is quite easy to find, but in reality everything can be more difficult. Indeed, usually such a predicate is expressed by only one word - a verb in one of the forms of the mood: indicative ( I'll sing you a song), subjunctive or conditional ( He would read a poem, but his throat hurts), imperative ( Please tell me my favorite fairy tale). In this case, both lexical and grammatical meanings are contained in one word.

However, when working with this type of predicate, you need to remember several important points. First of all, about the fact that a verb in the form of the future complex tense is a simple verbal predicate ( A friend will meet you at the station), although it consists of two words. Ignorance of this fact is the most common cause erroneous definition of the grammatical basis and its type. Characterizing different types predicates in the Russian language, you need to take into account the following little-known (or often forgotten) ways of expressing it.

Difficulties in determining a simple verbal predicate

Here are examples of sentences in which you can make a mistake when finding and characterizing the main members.

1. Two verbs used in the same form essentially mean one action: I'll go eat something.
2. The predicate, along with the main one, includes the verb TAKE in personal form: She took it and refused.
3. The same verb is used twice - in an indefinite and personal form with a negative particle between them: She doesn’t read herself...
4. The personal verb is repeated to reinforce what is being said ( I'm still moving forward...), sometimes with the particle SO (Yes, he sang, he sang like that).
5. The sentence contains a combination of a verb with the word WAS or KNOW (KNOW YOURSELF), which has the meaning of a particle: At first he thought...
6. A predicate is a phraseological unit: Finally he came to his senses.

Thus, when determining the type of predicate in a sentence, you need to be guided by the grammatical features of the verb as a part of speech and the above conditions.

Compound predicates

Very often, when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence, semantic constructions consisting of two or more words are identified. These are subjects expressed by an indivisible phrase, or compound predicates, in which there are two parts: the main one (contains the lexical meaning) and the auxiliary one (in addition to indicating grammatical features, it can sometimes introduce additional semantic shades). The latter are divided into verbal and nominal. To correctly locate and characterize them, it is necessary to know their structure.

Compound verb predicate

The lexical meaning is always expressed by an infinitive, and the grammatical meaning by an auxiliary verb (want, wish, be able, begin, complete, desire, love, etc.) in personal form or a short adjective (glad, obliged, ready, must, capable, intends). Here are these types of predicates with examples:

• Soon the sun began to set.
• The friend was obliged to warn about his departure.

When determining a compound verbal predicate, it is necessary to distinguish between the combination of the predicate and the object expressed by the infinitive: The guests asked the hostess - about what? - sing. In such a case, you can follow a hint: if the actions denoted by a verb in a personal and indefinite form are performed by one person (the subject), then this is a compound verbal predicate, if different, this is a simple verbal predicate and an object.

The infinitive can also have an adverbial meaning and will be a minor member in such a sentence. Example: He sat down - For what? - relax.

Thus, the presence of an infinitive in a sentence does not always indicate that a compound verbal predicate is used in it.

Compound nominal predicate

This is the type that causes the greatest difficulty in defining. In it, the nominal part contains the main lexical meaning, and the connective - the grammatical one.

The nominal part can be expressed:

1. A noun in the nominative or instrumental case.
2. An adjective in one of the forms (full, short, degree of comparison).
3. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case.
4. Communion.
5. Pronoun (used alone or as part of a combination).
6. An adverb (more precisely, a word of a state category).
7. A complete phrase.

The nominal part can be represented by one word or a combination of them. Moreover short adjectives and participles, as well as simple comparative, can only be part of a nominal predicate in a sentence.

• Human life is a constant struggle.
• Everything around seemed magical.
• Six and five are eleven.
• The hat was pulled down onto his forehead.
• The book is now yours.
• By evening it became stuffy.
• His face seemed darker than a cloud.

The verb BE in the personal form is often used as a connective, as well as the words SEEM, BECOME, CONSIDER, MAKE, etc., which complement the lexical meaning ( She's been a nurse for two years now.). Sometimes these types of predicates include as connectives verbs that denote activity, state, movement and express independent semantic meaning in other sentences: STAND, WORK, RUN, GO, etc. ( The girl had been standing like a statue for about ten minutes now.).

Using this knowledge will help you correctly parse any sentence, and the question of what types of predicates you know will no longer cause difficulties.

In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.

As you know, the predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

Main types of predicates:

1) simple verb;

2) compound verb;

3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).

Two principles for identifying types of predicates

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

1) by composition;

2) by their morphological nature.

In the first case, types such as simple and compound are distinguished. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed as an adjective, noun and adverb. These divisions intersect. Thus, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.

Simple verb predicate

The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated ones (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)

Compound nominal predicate

As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, such sentences contain a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: “He is young. He is worried about his work and worries.”

Such predicates always have two components. The first is a copula that expresses predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the connecting part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.

Copula in a compound nominal predicate

The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the copula is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is an indication of tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.

In the first sentence, the connective “to be” is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or attribute, as well as the category of aspect that any of them possesses.

Notable and semi-nominal connectives

Other examples present connectives of a different type - denominative and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a feature (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.

The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.

Significant connectives are verbs with a definite, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in a particular state). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in the etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.

Sentences with compound nominal predicate with significant connectives, the following examples can be given:

1. He came hungry (hungry).

2. The boys remained tomboys.

Connection "to be"

The connective “to be,” being abstract, does not have a present tense form in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:

1. It's in vain.

2. The evening is wonderful.

3. The road is good.

The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:

1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).

2. Have (my sister had a doll).

Connections "essence" and "is"

The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb "to be", in modern language are considered service words, namely particles.

The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:

1. The street will (was) crowded.

2. The street would be crowded.

3. The street is crowded.

Compound verb predicate

We looked at such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verbal predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The last one grammatical form And lexical meaning expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).

Rules for determining a compound verbal predicate

A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any compound with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.

The following examples can be given. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, the infinitive is usually called subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.

2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the nature of the semantic relationship between the infinitive and the conjugated verbal form. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has this meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I came to chat, I came running to find out, I was sent to find out. The infinitive of the goal (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is minor member. Compound predicate Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase verbs) should be considered.

The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) terms, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).

We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. It's just short review this topic, more detailed information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or related phrase. A compound verbal predicate includes two parts: an infinitive and a verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade and consists of two parts: the connective and the nominal part.

Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)

Copula in a compound nominal predicate

The copula expresses modality and tense category. The following verbs can most often act as connectives:

• The verb to be in all tense categories. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense form turns into a zero copula;
• verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
• verbs with the categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, get there, swim, fly away, come, etc.;

• Katerina is excited and nervous due to unforeseen circumstances that arose on her way home. I will be first just to be better than you. You will become good boy, maybe I'll take you to the circus with me.
• It was getting cool outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel with everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of days gone by.
• I wish I could leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

Types of ligaments

A compound nominal predicate has several types of ligaments, noticeably different from each other:

In the past and future forms, the verb to be expresses clearly. The same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition, and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition. In the sentences, compound nominal predicates with the abstract connective be are highlighted.

A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood; when used, a particle would be added to the abstract connective be. Suggestion: She would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

• The connection is semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs appear, appear, appear, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-nominal connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
• Significant connection, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Sentences: The geese walked around in the yard, as if they were the owners of the entire farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The role of the nominal part is:

• Summer days become shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be back later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
• She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental case).
• Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This year's summer was unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in the positive degree).
• This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extremely rich. Honey collected from your own apiary is so sweet. (adjective in short form).
• All mistakes made when writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
• I suddenly felt scared. It was quite strange (adverb).

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its peculiarity is the presence of two parts: connectives and nominal parts. The problem of modern school education is that sometimes students do not have time in class to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates, as a result of which it is impossible to find and define one of the main members of a sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

Compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of two parts:

A) Main part - nominal part, which expresses lexical meaning;

b) Auxiliary part- a linking verb in a conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical feature of the predicate: tense and mood.

She was a singer. She became a singer.

Ways of expressing the main part of a compound nominal predicate.

Main part of a compound nominal predicate can be expressed by the following forms and parts of speech:

There are sounds of explosions here seemed louder. You the kindest in the world.

3. A pronoun or phrase with a main word expressed by a pronoun:

It was something interesting. All happiness - yours.

Her sister Married for my friend. They were on guard.

Note.

1) Participles and short forms of adjectives in a sentence are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

2) Even in cases where the predicate consists of one word - an adverb or a significant part of speech, then we still have before us a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective;

3) The nominative and instrumental cases are the most common forms of the main part of the compound nominal predicate.

In Russian syntax, it is customary to distinguish three types (or types) of predicates: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal. In this article we will talk about the latter.

What does a compound nominal predicate consist of?

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that includes a nominal part. But this is not its only part, because it is not by chance that it is called composite.

Although we call this predicate nominal, it does not always include those parts of speech that are called names (noun, adjective and numeral).

The nominal part expresses the main meaning of the predicate, but cannot convey important grammatical features: time, attitude to reality. Therefore, the second part is also present in the sentence. This is a linking verb that is in the required form.

Linking verb

Usually the linking verb “to be” is used, which does not bring any additional meaning to the sentence, but only makes a grammatical connection and expresses the grammatical features of the predicate: tense, mood.

In the present tense, the linking verb “to be” is omitted, but this does not mean that it does not exist. We just need to talk about the zero link.

Less common in sentences are “semi-links”: become, become, seem, etc.

Nominal part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by almost anything: any part of speech, except for gerunds and verbs in personal or impersonal form, as well as phraseological units and syntactically indivisible combinations. In this case, it does not convey the verbal meaning (action or state), but characterizes the subject in some very important aspect. In this case, the predicate answers the questions "What it is?

", "Which?", "What is reported about the subject?"

Let us give examples of a nominal predicate with different ways noun phrases:

Cat is a pet.

Life is Beautiful !

Egor became an agronomist.

The die is cast!

Porridge was to die for.

How to distinguish the linking verb “to be” from the independent predicate “to be”?

The verb “to be” also has its own eigenvalue, which scientists call “existential”: it communicates that something exists in reality. For example, “Oli had a scooter”. This sentence states that Olya actually had a scooter. Here the verb "to be" is a simple verbal predicate.

It is actually not difficult to distinguish a linking verb from an independent predicate. The linking verb in the present tense disappears, but the predicate, naturally, remains. That is, it is enough to put the sentence in the present time, and everything becomes clear.

Let's look at our example.

Olya had a scooter. - Olya has a scooter.

Let's compare it with a sentence in which the verb “to be” serves as a linking verb.

The scooter was red. - The scooter is red.

The connection became zero. We have before us a compound verb predicate.

In which sentences is a compound nominal predicate found?

Compound nominal predicates are found in any two-part sentences, including those complicated by homogeneous or isolated members: The house has been restored. The house has been restored and is for sale(complicated by homogeneous predicates). The house next to the river has been restored(complicated by a separate definition).