Tatar-Mongol invasion. The Mongols struck the first blow at the principality When the Mongols struck the first blow
Determine the date of the historical event: The Turks sent the first blow to the Kinburn fortress, which, being against a strongthe Turkish fortress of Ochakov and covering the approaches to the western coast of Crimea, was of great strategic importance. The defense of Kinburn and the entire Black Sea coast from Kherson to the Crimea was led by A.V. Suvorov, who had about 30 thousand troops at his disposal. On October 1, under the cover of artillery fire, the Turkish squadron landed a landing force of 5 thousand people on the Kinburn Spit. However, the almost half the size of the Kinburn garrison under the command of Suvorov defeated it: only about 500 people from the entire landing force returned to the ships. Suvorov personally led the battle, was wounded twice, but did not leave the ranks of the fighters. At one point, several Janissaries attacked him at once, and only the dedication of the grenadier Novikov, who rushed to the aid of his commander, saved his life.
Topic 3. Rus' during the period of political fragmentation in the XII-XIV centuries. Tataro-Mongol yoke in Rus'.
1) One of the prerequisites for the transition to the period of feudal fragmentation is:
1) formation of a large patrimonial estate
land tenure
2) the formation of a trade route “from the Varangians”
to the Greeks"
3) establishment of the Kyiv polyudye
princes
4) distribution of local
land tenure
2) The main reason for feudal fragmentation in Rus' is:
1) boyar autocracy 2) order of succession to the princely
power established by Yaroslav
Wise
3) princely strife, greed and
lust for power of Russian princes
4) the logic of the development of the feudal system and
feudal state
3) The possessions of the younger members of the princely family during the period of fragmentation were called:
1) fiefdoms 2) allods
3) destinies 4) estates
4) In the era of feudal fragmentation, the princes in the fight against the boyars relied on:
1) foreign mercenaries 2) townspeople
3) slaves and servants 4) dependent peasants
5) Indicate the form of government established in the Vladimir-Suzdal land:
1) boyar aristocratic
republic
2) authoritarian princely rule
3) democratic republic 4) estate-representative monarchy
6) Consequences of the fragmentation of Rus':
1) rise of economy and culture
separate principalities and lands
2) weakening of Rus''s defense capability
3) conflicts between princes and 4) all of the above by the local boyars
7) Localism is:
1) Feudal tradition
fragmentation, when everyone
the owner of the inheritance or fiefdom was also
military leader and judge in his
territories
2) the procedure for occupying positions according to
nobility of origin
3) the procedure for collecting tolls and
transportation of goods through the territory of the feudal lord
4) synonymous with the term “boyar-governor”
8) Mark the chronological framework of the period of state fragmentation:
1) end of the 11th – middle of the 13th century. 2) end of the 11th century. – beginning XII century
3) beginning XIII century – 40s of the 16th century. 4) 30s XII – mid. XV century
9) Batu’s invasion of Rus' and the establishment of Horde rule occurred in:
1)X century 2) XII century.
3) XIII century. 4) XIV century.
10) Khan Batu ordered to wipe it off the face of the earth and called it an “evil city”:
1) Torzhok 2) Mozhaisk
3) Ryazan 4) Kozelsk
11) What battle was the first clash between Russian squads and the Mongols?
1) Battle of the Neva 2) Battle of Kulikovo
3) battle on the river. Kalka 4) battle on the river. Vozhe
12) In what series are the years of battles of Russian squads with Swedish and Swedish troops named?
German knights?
1) 1201, 1219 2) 1223, 1237
3) 1240, 1242 4) 1378, 1380
13) The Horde controlled the policies of the Russian princes and the collection of tribute by:
1) labels 2) clerks
3) emirs 4) Baskaks
14) Horde exit is:
1) the tribute that the Horde took from the Russians
lands
2) ceremonial departure of the Horde khans,
taking place once a year in honor of
birth of Genghis Khan
3) annual military review of the Mongolians
Tatar troops
4) a certain amount
artisans who had to
go to the Horde annually
15) Features of the Horde yoke in Rus' (exclude INCORRECT):
1) Russian princes retained power in
their principalities
2) the Mongols did not install in Rus'
their laws, language, etc.
3) tribute was collected by the Grand Duke 4) the population was forcibly converted
Islam16) The first of the Moscow princes received a label for the great reign of Vladimir in
Orde:
1) Daniil Alexandrovich 2) Yuri Dolgoruky
3) Yuri Danilovich 4) Dmitry Donskoy
17) Establish a correspondence between events and dates.
1) Battle of Kulikovo A) 1147
2) “standing on the river.” Eel" B) 1223
3) battle on the river. Vozhe V) 1380
4) battle on the river. Kalke G) 1378
D) 1480
18) The victory of the Russian army led by Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo field led to:
1) intensifying the struggle of the Ryazan and
Tver princes with Moscow
2) strengthening Moscow as a center
unification of Russian lands
3) the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke 4) the annexation of Moscow to
anti-Horde alliance with Lithuania
19) Which of these historical figures were contemporaries?
1) Rurik and Vladimir the Saint 2) Dmitry Donskoy and Sergius
Radonezh
3) Ivan Kalita and Aristotle
Fiorovanti
4) Ivan the Terrible and Simeon of Polotsk
20) Spiritual unity of the Russian land in a period of political fragmentation
supported:
1) the cessation of internecine wars 2) the supreme power of the Kyiv prince
3) maintaining a single structure
Orthodox Church
4) the struggle of the principalities against the Polovtsian threat
21) Match.
Works, monuments Time of creation
1) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” A) ser. XI century
2) icon “Trinity” by Andrei Rublev B) end of the 12th century.
3) Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod B) first quarter of the 15th century.
4) “Walking beyond the three seas” D) second half of the 15th century.
D) first half of the 14th century.
22) Which of the following was a consequence of the event that went down in history as “standing on
Eel"?
1) establishment of Russian independence
states from the Horde
2) annexation of Tverskoy to Moscow
principalities
3) invasion of Russian lands by Polish-
Lithuanian troops
4) the destruction of Ryazan by the Horde army
francs (7 letters). 11. The city where the Franks defeated the Arabs. (6 letters). 13. The Germans who conquered Gaul. (6 letters). 14. Nickname of a noble Frank, winner of the Arabs (translated into Russian). (5 letters). 16. Roman province conquered by the Franks. (6 letters). 18. Dynasty of the first Frankish rulers. (9 letters). 21. New title of Charlemagne. (9 letters). 22. Participants of sea voyages from Scandinavia. (7 letters).
Vertically:
who went to the Prussian lands in 997 was the Bishop of Prague Adalbert, a Czech
origin (his Czech name is known - Wojciech). The Polish prince gave him
and those accompanying him, the ship on which, according to Vistula
(Kaliningrad) Bay Adalbert arrived in the country of the Prussians (probably the area
modern city of Svetly), where he began his sermons.
In the first settlement a local
the elder asked the preacher to stop his activities and leave the country,
since he is responsible for allowing strangers into the country with his property and freedom
the population of the territory where they land. After this Adalbert and
with his companions sailed around the bay for several days until they landed on
land, as expected, in the area of the modern city of Primorsk. Bye
the companions were resting, the missionary went to the neighboring forest, upon leaving which
The mounted Prussians attacked him and killed Adalbert.
It is unclear what prompted the murder. Either
he violated the boundaries of the sacred grove, or there were some personal motives.
According to one of the authors of his biography, one of the attackers had a brother
captured in Poland and died there, so he was the first to strike the missionary twice
spear. Adalbert's companions fled, and the Prussians burned his body and then handed it over to
ashes of the martyr to the Polish prince.
Quote from: Essays on the history of East Prussia. Kaliningrad,
2002.
decreased due to
23. Shah of Khorezm minted coins in 1210, 1217-1218. in the city
24. The growth in the number of urban residents was rapid due to
25. Proved the heliocentric system 500 years before Copernicus
26. History, ethnography, oral folk art, the language of the Turkic peoples of the Middle Ages are reflected in the book of the 11th century.
27. From Sygnak through Aksumbe, one of the northern branches of the GSR went to
28. Social and political life, customs and traditions, beliefs of the Turkic peoples are reflected in scientific work of the 11th century.
29. Trade and economic relations and cultural ties of cities and states through the GSR continued until
30. On the GSR route, the main shopping centers in Southern Kazakhstan were cities
31. The GSP in Ispijab was divided into
32. Type of hearth in the 10th-12th centuries.
33. Silver coins
34. More than 100 sites of medieval cities have been found in the territory
35. The Mausoleum of Kara Khan is located in the city
36. The growth of urban areas was rapid due to
37. One of the first scientists of the East of the 10th century was called the “second teacher” after Aristotle.
38. Scientists associate the cult of the ram among the Oguzes and Turkmens with
39. A new element in urban planning of the 10th -12th centuries.
40. The poet of the Karakhanid era, nicknamed during his lifetime “the leader of the sages,” called on people to be honest and kind-hearted
41. The length of the VTR was
42. The main gate of the GSR to the West in the Middle Ages was considered
43. From Zhetysu past the lake. Alakol to Mongolia in the 13th century. followed
44. Cultural and ethnopolitical information, preaching humility and asceticism are contained in the work of the 12th century.
45. The GSR reached its development in the early Middle Ages as a result of the development of trade relations between China and
46. Copper coins
47. In Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, the growth in the number of cities and the development of sedentary culture is observed in
48. Silver vases and jugs made in Byzantium were found in
49. The mausoleum is one of the monuments of Karakhanid architecture
50. The central part of the medieval city
51. 600 years before Galileo and Newton scientifically proved the law of universal gravitation
52. The spread of Islam on the territory of Kazakhstan began with
80. Monuments of the Early Iron Age, allowing one to determine the cardinal directions
92.In the fight against his brother Yunus, Khan of Mogulistan Yesen-Bug tried to use
165. Lands of servants of the Islamic religion and religious institutions
1. In the architecture of residential buildings of the 12th century. Tashnau appeared - this is
11. The outskirts of the city where commoners lived
Choose the correct answer. 1. At the beginning of the 13th century. the ruler of the Mongolian state took the name: a) Temujin b) Yesugei c) Genghis Khan d) Subedei
2. The Battle of the Kalka River took place in: a) 1206 b) 1211 c) 1221 d) 1223
3. The Mongols struck the first blow on the principality: a) Vladimir c) Chernigov b) Ryazan d) Smolensk
b) Ryazansky, on the eve of the Mongol invasion, on the territory of the former Kievan Rus, there were about 30 state entities that did not have political and military unity. In 1235, the council of Mongol khans decided to begin a campaign to the West. The army was led by the grandson of Genghis Khan, who had died by that time, Batu. The first blow was dealt to the Ryazan principality in 1237.
4. Batu’s first campaign ended with: a) the complete subjugation of Rus' to the Mongols b) the terrible defeat of the north-eastern lands of Rus' c) the defeat of Batu d) the conquest of not only Russian lands, but also the invasion of Western Europe
5. According to legend, the surviving residents of Ryazan, who gathered in a squad to fight the Mongols, were led by: a) Evpatiy Kolovrat b) Prince Fedor c) Philip Nyanka d) Pyotr Oslyadyukovich
6. Batu’s invasion of Rus' dates back to: a) XI century. b) XII century. c) XIII century. d) XIV century.
7. In the Baltic lands, German knights united into the Order of: a) Swordsmen (Livonian) b) Templars c) Hospitallers (Johnnites) d) Dominicans
8. Baskak is: a) a Mongol official who conducted a population census in Rus' b) a Mongol warrior c) a military rank in the Mongol army d) a representative of the Horde khan in Rus'
9. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the political center of Rus' moved to: a) Novgorod c) Suzdal b) Vladimir d) Smolensk
10. In the Lithuanian-Russian state, the Lithuanian prince on the annexed Russian lands: a) established strict control over the lands b) preserved their customs, traditions, and the previous order of government c) established a large tribute d) forced the Russian population to supply soldiers to the Lithuanian army
11. Indicate the correct statements: a) on the City River, the Russian army unexpectedly attacked the Mongols and defeated them b) Batu in the second campaign directed the main attack on the southern Russian lands c) after the conquest of Rus', Batu Khan conquers the countries of Central Europe d) at the end of the 18th century. the Pope declares a crusade against the inhabitants of the Baltic lands e) the battle on Lake Peipus went down in history under the name Battle of the Ice f) the Horde khans changed the established order of government in Russia g) after the uprising of 1262 in many cities of Russia the right to collect tribute was transferred to the Russians to the princes h) the Russian clergy was not freed from the Horde tribute and) the Russian and Lithuanian lands united into a single state in order to resist enemies from the west and east j) the Russian language was the state language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
12. Match: 1. 1237 a) the fall of Vladimir under the attacks of the Mongols 2. 1238 b) the return of the Mongol army to the Lower Volga 3. 1240 c) the battle on Lake Peipus 4. 1242 d) the beginning of Batu’s campaign against Rus'
13. Place in chronological order: a) the formation of the Golden Horde b) the beginning of Batu’s second campaign against Rus' c) the battle of Russian and Mongol troops on the City River d) Alexander Nevsky’s suppression of the Novgorodians against the Horde e) the Mongol invasion of the Polovtsian steppe
13. Place in chronological order: a) the formation of the Golden Horde - 1243 b) the beginning of Batu’s second campaign against Rus' - (1239 - 1240). c) the battle of Russian and Mongol troops on the City River - 1238 d) Alexander Nevsky’s suppression of the Novgorodians against the Horde - 1257 e) the Mongol invasion of the Polovtsian steppe - 1223
15. What is extra in the row? The threat to Russian lands from the west came from the Danish kings, Swedes, the Polish kingdom, and the German knightly order
16. In the battle on the Kalka River, the allied army of the Polovtsy and Russian princes: a) won b) neither side was able to gain the upper hand c) was defeated d) the troops dispersed, standing against each other without starting the battle
17. The Mongol invasion of Rus' began in: a) 1227 b) 1237 c) 1239 d) 1240
18. a) Khan Batu called “an evil city”: Torzhok c) Kozelsk b) Kolomna d) Kyiv
19. As a result of defeat in the fight against the Mongols, the Russian lands: a) became part of the Golden Horde b) fell into vassalage from the Golden Horde c) paid a large tribute, but retained independence d) united into a single state
20. The Lithuanian-Russian state was formed and reached its peak in: a) XI - XIII centuries. c) XIII - XIV centuries. b) XII - XIV centuries. d) XIV - XV centuries.
21. The Lithuanian-Russian state flourished under the prince: a) Mindovga c) Olgerd b) Gediminas d) Jagiello
22. During the Battle of the Neva, the Russian army fought against: a) Danish knights c) German knights b) Swedes d) Poles
23. Khan’s charter, which gave the right to Russian princes to rule in their principalities: a) exit b) label c) lesson d) graveyard
24. As a result of the annexation of the western and southwestern Russian lands to Lithuania: a) religious oppression of the population of these lands by the Catholic Church began b) stone construction ceased for almost a hundred years c) it was possible to jointly resist the threat from both the east and the west d) the order of management of these lands has changed
25. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became the city: a) Riga c) Revel b) Vilna d) Grodno
26. Establish the correct correspondence: 1. 1223 a) Battle of the Neva 2. 1237 b) battle on the Kalka River 3. 1240 c) uprising against the Horde in North-Eastern Rus' 4. 1262 d) beginning of the campaign Batu to Rus'
27. Place in chronological order: a) the capture of Kiev by Batu b) the siege and capture of Torzhok by the Mongols c) the Battle of the Ice d) the fall of Ryazan e) the conduct of a population census in Rus' by Mongol officials
27. Place in chronological order: a) Batu’s capture of Kiev -1240 b) siege and capture of Torzhok by the Mongols - 1238 c) Battle of the Ice - 1242 d) fall of Ryazan -1237 e) Mongol officials conducting a population census in Russia - 1257 G
13. The peculiarity of the Mongol army was that the Mongols: a) fought only on horseback b) used both lightly armed infantry and cavalry c) had only heavily armed cavalry d) used a unique military formation - wedge
14. As a result of the battle on the Kalka River, the Mongol-Tatar army: a) moved deep into the Russian lands b) turned to the northeast, to Volga Bulgaria c) gained a foothold in the Polovtsian steppes d) began a campaign to the West
15. The beginning of the Mongol march: a) 1223-1240. c) 1238-1241 b) 1237-1242 d) 1257-1259
16. During the second campaign against Rus', Batu pursued the goal: a) suppress the uprising against the Mongols in North-Eastern Rus' b) conquer southern Russian lands and invade Western Europe c) conduct reconnaissance for the subsequent implementation of Genghis Khan’s plan d) capture Kiev and establish himself in as ruler of the Russian lands
17. The way out is: a) departure of the prince with his retinue to the Golden Horde b) regular tribute, which was collected in Rus' for the Golden Horde c) mandatory supply of a certain number of Russian soldiers to the Mongol-Tatar troops d) receipt by the prince of a charter for reign
18. In Rus', one of the consequences of Horde rule was: a) strengthening of veche traditions in ancient Russian cities b) establishment of the sole power of the Horde khan c) change in the nature of princely power d) introduction of a new order of succession to the princely throne 
21. Alexander Nevsky was a contemporary of: a) Genghis Khan b) Batu c) William the Conqueror 11th century d) Pope Gregory VII
22. Of the events listed below, the following occurred earlier than others: a) the battle on the City River b) the Battle of the Ice c) the Mongol census of the population in Rus' d) the capture of Vladimir by the Mongol-Tatars in 1238
23. Choose the correct answers. Determine the reasons for the defeat of the allied army of Russians and Polovtsians on Kalka: a) betrayal of part of the Russian princes b) sending part of the Russian troops to eliminate the threat of a possible attack by German knights c) lack of a general command d) refusal of part of the princes to take part in the battle e) surprise attack of the Mongol-Tatar army f) lack of unity among Russian and Polovtsian princes
24. Select a pair related to each other as cause and effect: a) popular unrest in Novgorod in 1257 against the Horde’s desire to subjugate their land b) transfer of the right to collect tribute for the Golden Horde to the Russian princes c) expulsion of all Horde members from the city by the residents of Rostov d ) popular unrest in 1262 in Russia, caused by abuses in collecting tribute for the Golden Horde
G-d
25. Select a pair related to each other as cause and effect: a) the establishment by the Mongol-Tatars of extraordinary payments to the Russian principalities b) the implementation in 1257-1259. Mongol officials of the population census of Rus' c) exemption from tribute for the Golden Horde of the Orthodox clergy d) establishment in Rus' of widespread and regular tribute from the population for the Golden Horde
26. Match: 1) He created one of the most powerful armies, which in a short time conquered the peoples of Northern China, Central Asia, Iran, the Caucasus 2) The grandson of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest, he, at the invitation of the Novgorodians, became their prince. On behalf of the Swedish king, he received the following challenge: “If you can resist me, the king, then I’m already here and will take your land captive.” 3) “Listen, my rich people looking into my eyes! My great grandfather, the Sacred Shaker of the Universe, ordered me to conquer all the lands in the West to the last limit, and I swear that with you, unsurpassed in courage, Bagaturas, I will do this and lead a bloody fiery path to the end of the universe! 4) The Grand Duke, an experienced commander and brave warrior, after the fall of Ryazan, went north to gather an army. He camped near the City River, waiting for the regiments of his brother Yaroslav. But the Mongols unexpectedly attacked the Russian army. A battle took place in which the Grand Duke and his warriors fell: a) Alexander Nevsky, b) Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, c) Genghis Khan, d) Batu
REPEATING, GENERALIZING AND SYSTEMATIZING KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC “RUSSIAN LANDS IN THE MIDDLE”XIII-XIV C.
1. Arrange the events in chronological order.
A. The devastation of Ryazan by the Mongols
B. Capture of Kyiv by Batu’s horde
V. Siege of Kozelsk by the Mongols
G. Batu’s devastation of the Galicia-Volyn principality
D. Devastation of Batu Vladimir by the soldiers
Answer:
A-D-C-B-D
2. Match the names of the cities and the names of their defenders.
A. Evpatiy Kolovrat
B. Philip Nanny
V. Petr Oslyadyukovich
G. Voevoda Dmitry
Answer:
3. Match the concepts and definitions.
A. Organ of popular representation among some Turkic peoples
B. Preferential charter of the Mongol khans of the subject nobility
B. Representative of the Mongol khans in the conquered lands, in charge of collecting tribute and accounting for the population
D. Representative of the Mongolian nobility, secular ruler in Mongolia
Answer:
4. Match dates and events.
A. Battle on the Ice
B. Battle of Kalka
V. Battle of Kulikovo
G. Neva Battle
D. Battle of the Vozha River
Answer:
| 1 | 1223 | B |
| 2 | 1240 | G |
| 3 | 1242 | A |
| 4 | 1378 | D |
| 5 | 1380 | IN |
5. Match dates and events.
A. Capture of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality by the Mongols
B. Defense of Kyiv
B. Capture of Ryazan land by the Mongols
G. Capture of Pereyaslavl by Batu’s horde
Answer:
| 1 | 1237 | IN |
| 2 | 1238 | A |
| 3 | 1239 | G |
| 4 | 1240 | B |
6. Fill in the missing words.
1) According to legend, on the eve of the battle, Prince Dmitry visited (Troitsky) monastery where he received the blessing of the founder of this monastery (Sergius of Radonezh) . Moving towards Mamai, the Russian army crossed (Don), to the place where the Nepryadva River flows into it.
2) In 1257-1259. Mongol numbers spent in Rus' (population census) .
3) In 1327, an uprising broke out in Tver against violence perpetrated by people (Cholkhana). The rebels were supported by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander. I took advantage of this situation (Ivan Kalita) , which, together with the Horde detachment, attacked Tver.
7. Correct errors in the text.
In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich, the son of (grandson) Ivan Kalita. At the beginning of his reign, Dmitry fought for a label for the great Kiev (Vladimir) reign with the Nizhny Novgorod and Tver princes. As a result, Dmitry managed to preserve the label and make it a hereditary privilege of the Moscow princes.
Meanwhile, the cunning and treacherous military leader Tokhtamysh came to power in the Horde (Mamai), who sought to strengthen his power with the help of a new campaign against Rus'. August 11, 1378 on the Nepryadva River (Vozhe) A battle took place, as a result of which the Horde were defeated. Tokhtamysh (Mamai) could not accept defeat, and in 1382 (1380) The battle took place on the Kulikovo Field. In honor of this victory, Dmitry was popularly nicknamed Nevsky (Donskoy). The forces of Moscow weakened after the Battle of Kulikovo, and the Khan of the eastern part of the Golden Horde, Mamai, took advantage of this. (Tokhtamysh). In 1383 (1382) he took Moscow, plundered it and burned it.
8. Correlate the causes and consequences of the Battle of Kulikovo.
A. The Rise of Moscow
B. Restoring people’s faith in their own strengths
V. Commandership of Dmitry Ivanovich
D. Transformation of Moscow into the center of the liberation struggle against Horde rule
D. Weakening of the Golden Horde as a result of strife
E. The desire for independence of Russian lands from Horde rule
G Acceleration of the process of collapse of the Golden Horde
Answer:
Test control
- The Mongols attacked Northern China in:
- 1209
- 1218
- 1211
- 1223
- Founder of the Mongol Empire:
- Genghis Khan
- Tamerlane
- Batu
- Mamai
- The conquest of Central Asia by the Mongols began in:
- 1211
- 1218
- 1215
- 1219
- Congress of the Mongolian nobility:
- that man
- kurultai
- The capital of the Mongol Empire, founded in 1220:
- Moscow
- Samarkand
- Karakoram
- Bukhara
- The Golden Horde State was founded by:
- Genghis Khan
- Batu
- Tamerlane
- Mamai
- At the beginning of the 13th century. the ruler of the Mongol state took the name:
- Temujin
- Genghis Khan
- Egudey
- destinies
- The Battle of the Kalka River took place in:
- 1206
- 1221
- 1211
- 1223
- In the battle on the Kalka River, the allied army of the Polovtsy and Russian princes:
- defeated the Mongols
- was defeated by Lithuanian troops
- was defeated by Mongol troops
- left the battlefield without starting battle with the enemy
- Batya's invasion of Rus':
- 1223-1240
- 1238-1242
- 1237-1241
- 1257-1259
- Batu’s troops delivered the first blow to:
- Principality of Vladimir
- Ryazan Principality
- Principality of Chernigov
- Moscow
- Batu called it an “evil city”:
- Torzhok
- Kozelsk
- Kolomna
- The Mongol invasion was largely avoided:
- Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
- Principality of Chernigov
- Novgorod land
- Ryazan Principality
- One of the reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongol invaders:
- numerical superiority of Mongol troops
- Crusader campaigns that weakened the Russian lands
- inconsistency in the actions of the Russian princes
- constant Polovtsian raids
- The crusading knights invaded Russian lands with the aim of:
- convert Russians to the Catholic faith
- help the population get rid of Horde dependence
- capture Moscow
- turn Russians into your slaves
- Participants in the Crusaders' campaigns against Rus':
- Swedish and German knights
- tribes of Livs and Estonians
- Finnish and Lithuanian feudal lords
- Templars and the Order of Malta
- The battle that took place on Lake Peipus in 1242 was called:
- Battle of Novgorod
- Battle on the Ice
- Ice battle
- Battle of Neva
- During the Battle of the Neva there was a struggle between:
- Muscovites and Novgorodians
- Mongols and Novgorodians
- Novgorodians and Swedes
- Kyivians and Polovtsians
- To conquer the Baltic lands, the crusaders:
- created the Livonian Order
- entered into an alliance with Batu
- signed a peace treaty with Alexander Yaroslavich
- restored the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”
- As a result of the battles on the Neva River and Lake Peipus:
- the spread of Catholicism in Russian lands was prevented
- Rus' captured the entire coast of the Baltic Sea
- feudal fragmentation ceased
- the offensive of the Mongol troops against Rus' was stopped
- The following were exempted from paying Horde tribute:
- merchants
- peasants
- clergy
- boyars
- The main reason for the unrest in Russian cities in 1262:
- the arbitrariness of the Horde tribute collectors
- abuses of the grand ducal administration
- inclusion of Russian lands into the Golden Horde
- death of Alexander Nevsky
- Khan's charter, which gave the right to Russian princes to rule in their principalities:
- exit
- label
- Died in the Horde, refusing to perform Tatar pagan customs:
- Alexander Nevskiy
- Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
- Mikhail Chernigovsky
- Daniil Galitsky
- Batu founded a state called the Golden Horde with its capital in the city of Saray in:
- 1242 in the lower reaches of the Dnieper
- 1242 on the Lower Volga
- 1250 on the Lower Volga
- 1250 in the upper Dnieper
- The main occupation of the Mongols at the beginning of the 13th century:
- nomadic pastoralism
- irrigation farming
- arable farming
- craft and trade
- The first clash between the Russians and the Mongols took place in the river area:
- Kalki
- In an excerpt from a poem by K. Simonov: “And, only after waiting for the Livonians, // Having mixed their ranks, they were drawn into battle, // He, blazing his sword in the sun, // Led the squad behind him. // Raising swords made of Russian steel, // Bent down the spear shafts, // Novgorod regiments flew out of the forest screaming,” - we are talking about actions:
- Dmitry Donskoy
- Yuri Vsevodolovich
- Alexander Nevsky
- Olgerd Gediminovich
- Ryazan governor, who waged a partisan war against Batu, died heroically in battle:
- Philip Nanny
- Petr Oslyadyukovich
- Evpatiy Kolovrat
- Mstislav Udaloy
- One of the consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus':
- isolation of Russian lands from Europe
- migration of people from southern lands to more distant and protected lands
- Rus' completely lost its statehood
- The Russian Orthodox Church was destroyed
- The Horde army during the Battle of Kulikovo was led by a khan:
- Uzbek
- Mamai
- Batu
- Tokhtamysh
- Overexposure and Fading are:
- warriors of Dmitry Donskoy who distinguished themselves in the Battle of Kulikovo
- monks-heroes sent by Sergius of Radonezh to battle with Mamai
- Russian princes - allies of Mamai
- people's militias who took part in the Battle of the Ice
- Russian Orthodox Church before the Battle of Kulikovo:
- did not support the Moscow prince, fearing that the Horde would force the clergy to pay tribute
- took a neutral position, but secretly hoped for the victory of the Russian troops
- provided great moral support to the Moscow militia, blessing Dmitry Ivanovich to fight the enemy
- supported the Horde, hoping to get new lands from them
We repeat and draw conclusions
The answers can be used in preparing a research and creative project “Russian lands in the middle of the XIII-XIV centuries.”
1. How was Rus' conquered by the Mongols? Name the main reasons for this conquest. Why Rus' in the XIII century. managed to repel the invasion from the west, but could not defend against the invasion from the east?
We can perceive the historical period we are considering in different ways and evaluate the cause-and-effect relationship of the Mongols’ actions. The facts remain unchanged that the Mongol raid on Rus' took place and that the Russian princes, despite the heroism of the city defenders, were unable or unwilling to see sufficient reasons for eliminating internal disagreements, unification and basic mutual assistance. This did not allow the Mongol army to be repelled and Rus' fell under the rule of the Mongol khans.
It is believed that the main goal of the Mongol conquests was to conquer all the “evening countries” down to the “last sea”. This was the behest of Genghis Khan. However, Batu’s campaign against Rus' is most likely more correctly called a raid. The Mongols did not leave garrisons; they did not intend to establish permanent power. Those cities that refused to make peace with the Mongols and began armed resistance were destroyed. There were cities, like Uglich, that paid off the Mongols. Kozelsk can be considered an exception; the Mongols dealt with it in revenge for the murder of their ambassadors. In fact, the entire western campaign of the Mongols was a large-scale cavalry raid, and the invasion of Rus' was a raid for the purpose of robbery, replenishing resources, and subsequently establishing dependence with the payment of tribute.
It’s probably worth saying that Rus', in that state of political and ethnic fragmentation, had no chance of stopping the Mongol invasion. There was no unity in Rus', no awareness of ethnic community. In addition, the Mongol army cannot be perceived as a horde of wild nomads. It was an exceptional military machine, with excellent discipline, weapons, tactics, battle-hardened.
Tactics of the Mongols. Pronounced offensive character. They sought to deliver swift blows to the enemy taken by surprise, to disorganize and create disunity in its ranks. If possible, they avoided large frontal battles, breaking up the enemy piecemeal, wearing him down with continuous skirmishes and surprise attacks. For battle, the Mongols lined up in several lines, having heavy cavalry in reserve, and formations of conquered peoples and light troops in the front ranks. The battle began by throwing arrows, with which the Mongols sought to cause confusion in the ranks of the enemy. They sought to break through the enemy's front with sudden attacks, to divide it into parts, making extensive use of enveloping the flanks, flank and rear attacks.
Weapons and military technologies. A composite bow that nails armor from 300-750 steps, battering and stone-throwing machines, catapults, ballistae and 44 types of fire attack weapons, cast iron bombs filled with powder, a two-jet flamethrower, poisonous gases, dry food storage technologies, etc. The Mongols took almost all of this, as well as reconnaissance techniques, from the Chinese.
Continuous leadership of the battle. Khans, temniks and commanders of thousands did not fight together with ordinary soldiers, but were behind the line, on elevated places, directing the movement of troops with flags, light and smoke signals, and corresponding signals from trumpets and drums.
Intelligence and diplomacy. Mongol invasions were usually preceded by careful reconnaissance and diplomatic preparations aimed at isolating the enemy and fanning internal strife. Then there was a hidden concentration of Mongol troops near the border. The invasion usually began from different sides by separate detachments, heading, as a rule, to one previously designated point. First of all, the Mongols sought to destroy the enemy’s manpower and prevent him from replenishing his troops. They penetrated deep into the earth, destroying everything in their path, exterminating the population and stealing herds.
The invasion of Batu's horde bled Rus' dry, which the Western knights did not fail to take advantage of. In difficult conditions after the devastating predatory raid of the Mongol-Tatar horde, North-Western Rus' also had to repel the onslaught of the Western crusaders. It was thanks to Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich that the people of North-Western Rus' managed to overcome internal divisions, show perseverance, courage and military valor and stop the onslaught of the crusaders. The victories of Alexander Nevsky, his sacrificial behavior, and disregard for the grievances inflicted on him not only preserved the independence and faith of the North-Western lands, but also laid the traditions of an alliance with the peoples of Asia, based on national and religious tolerance, which in turn formed the basis of the new Rus'.
We clearly see the role that the unity of the people can play. There is no unity - and we get defeat at Kalka, the ruin of Rus' by Batu and dependence on the Horde. There is unity - and we observe the victory over the Swedes and Germans, the military leadership of the prince, the courage and self-sacrifice of the soldiers. Of course, it was largely possible to defend the North-West of Rus' from the claims of Western knights due to the fact that Novgorod was not attacked by Batu’s horde and was able to prepare for an invasion from the West.
2. How was the dominance of the Golden Horde over Russia expressed? What are the consequences of the establishment of the Horde yoke for the development of Rus'? What areas of people's lives did the yoke affect most detrimentally?
The dominance of the Golden Horde was expressed in both political and economic subordination. All princes had to travel to the Horde to receive confirmation of their rights to reign. Each was given a label - a khan's charter to govern the principality. The princes were obliged to obey the khan, and their principalities had to pay tribute to the Horde.
The population of Rus' had to pay tribute. The main taxes and fees were the poll tax, customs taxes and fees, “polozhnoe”, road, bridge, pit taxes, the obligation to provide warriors for the khan to conduct military operations, the obligation to provide feed and horses for the khan’s ambassadors or messengers, and a number of more specific taxes and fees . But the list of taxes and fees does not allow us to establish the significance that they had for the Horde tax system, as well as the size of these taxes and fees. We can judge the size of the tribute only from the reports of various witnesses. And this tribute was enormous. And in addition to annual payments, extraordinary payments were also possible. Often the collection of tribute was accompanied by robberies and violence. The payment of tribute placed a heavy burden on the population of Rus'. By and large, the Russian economy was undermined, established trade ties were disrupted, and agricultural land was abandoned. All this caused Rus' to lag economically behind European countries.
The consequences of the Horde yoke for Rus' were truly tragic: numerous casualties, burned and destroyed cities, abandoned agricultural lands, entire branches of handicraft were lost, stone construction ceased, huge tribute hampered the development of the lands, the princes were forced to undergo a humiliating procedure to confirm their right to a principality, a country was set back a century. However, today we already understand perfectly well that by that period the discord and strife of the Russian princes had divided the Russian lands to such an extent that the complete collapse of the state was inevitable. If this had happened in the middle of the 13th century or later, it would have happened. And in this regard, the Horde invasion and the subsequent yoke became the very drop that finally destroyed the old Rus', but served as the reason for the emergence of a new Rus', built on new principles, relying on people of a new formation with a broader mindset, thinking not only about their own benefit , but about the good of the state. Let's look at some of the assessments of historians of the Horde yoke. Using their examples we will see different positions.
V.V. Bartold: “Despite the devastation caused by the Mongol troops, despite all the extortions of the Baskaks, during the period of Mongol rule the beginning was laid not only of the political revival of Russia, but also of the further successes of Russian culture.”
B.D. Grekov: “The policy of the Horde khans not only did not contribute to the formation of a Russian centralized state, but even on the contrary - contrary to their interests and against their will. Tatar rule had a regressive character for Rus'.”
V.V. Kargalov: “The Tatar-Mongol yoke had negative, deeply regressive consequences for the economic, political and cultural development of Russian lands, and was a brake on the development of the productive forces of Rus', which were at a higher socio-economic level compared to the productive forces of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongol-Tatar yoke led to increased feudal exploitation of the Russian people, who found themselves under the double oppression of their own and the Mongol-Tatar feudal lords. The Mongol-Tatar yoke, which lasted 240 years, was one of the main reasons for Rus'’s lag behind some Western European countries.”
G.V. Vernadsky emphasizes the fatefulness for the future of Russia of the reconciliation of Nevsky with Batu and his successors in the name of strengthening the fight against the Western invasion of the Germans and Swedes, for Mongolism brought slavery to the body, but not to the soul. Latinity threatened to distort the very soul. This is exactly what happened, Vernadsky believes, as a result of the orientation of Daniil Galitsky to the West, Latinism: southwestern Rus' for many centuries found itself in Latin slavery, which has not been eradicated to this day.”
P.N. Savitsky: “In Kievan Rus, after a short-lived (by historical standards) flourishing in the 10th - 11th centuries. moments of instability and a tendency towards degradation appeared, which could not lead to anything other than a foreign yoke. The only question was who would this stranger be? Great is the happiness of Rus' that at the moment when, due to internal decay, it had to fall, it fell to the Tatars and no one else. The Tatars, a neutral cultural environment that accepted all kinds of gods and tolerated any cultures, fell on Rus' as God’s punishment, but did not muddy the purity of national creativity.”
3. Can it be said that the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde conquerors had world-historical significance? Justify your answer.
Many believe that the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde conquerors was of world-historical significance. They say that the Mongol troops were bled dry during the invasion of Rus', and this did not allow them to completely capture Europe. But some historians believe this position is erroneous.
There are several reasons for this opinion. Before going to Europe, the Mongols left North-Eastern Rus' and replenished their troops. Their path to Europe passed along the southern borders of Rus', which were already weakened by internecine wars. Only Kyiv offered serious resistance to the horde. The goals of the Mongols in the Western Campaign are also called into question. Perhaps they did not intend to fulfill Genghis Khan’s behest at any cost, but simply ensured the security of their western borders. The completion of Batu's campaign, which reached the Adriatic Sea, is also associated not so much with the weakening of the army, although it was defeated near Olomouc in the Czech Republic, but with the death of the Great Khan Ogedei and the beginning of the internal struggle in the Horde itself. To guess whether the Mongol horde would have had enough strength to wage a war with the states of Western Europe means to speculate on what could or could not have happened.
I believe that the world-historical significance in the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde conquerors is not that the Russians stopped the Horde by defending Europe, but that it was the struggle for freedom that allowed the emergence of a single Great Russian ethnic group.
4. How did the revival of Rus' begin? Why did Moscow become the center of the unification of Russian lands? What works of art of that time indicate the beginning of the revival of Rus'?
The question of why Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands has always interested historians. Many saw the reason in the geographical position of Moscow, they say, it was in the center of the Russian land, at a crossroads. But Tver was in the center, and Uglich or Kostroma were in a much more advantageous position in relation to trade routes, but they did not become the capitals of the new Rus'.
Therefore, most likely the reason for the rise of Moscow is that it was the Moscow Principality that managed to attract many active and active people: Russians, Tatars, Lithuanians, Byzantines, Polovtsians - everyone who did not have wealth and power, but had excellent personal qualities. The rulers of the Moscow principality managed to unite all these people with a single Orthodox faith. At the same time, most of the people who went to Moscow were energetic and principled. In addition, Moscow managed to improve relations with the Golden Horde and receive full support from the Orthodox Church. The residence of the Metropolitan was moved to Moscow, which played a vital role in the unification of Russian lands. Also of great importance in the process of unification of Rus' was the fact that Moscow managed to avoid fragmentation, since thanks to the efforts of Metropolitan Alexei, a charter was received in the Horde that changed the order of transfer of power - the great reign in Rus' became the hereditary right of the Moscow princes from the dynasty of Ivan Kalita.
Ivan Kalita ensured mutually beneficial relations and received the support of the Horde, regularly paying tribute and fighting Westernization. This made it possible not only to stop the Horde raids and ensure several decades of quiet life for the population, but also to give Ivan Kalita the right to collect tribute from all over Rus'. Naturally, part of the collected tribute remained in the treasury of the Moscow principality, which increased the wealth of the principality and provided the economic prerequisites for the strengthening of Moscow.
In my opinion, it was for these reasons that the potential of Moscow prevailed over the riches of Novgorod, the prowess of Tver and the dynastic claims of Suzdal. And in the first half of the 14th century, it was the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita, relying on the power of the rulers of the Horde, who received the right to collect and pay tribute for all of Rus', which ensured several quiet decades.
With the rise of the Moscow principality, with its recognition as the center of the unification of Russian lands, the revival of Rus' began. Subsequently, Moscow became the center of the struggle against Horde rule. During the “great silence” established by Ivan Kalita, Russian people began to lose the habit of fear of the Horde. Accordingly, it now seemed humiliating to many to pay tribute to the Horde, and they were ready to defend their right with arms in hand. In addition, there was an understanding that, having united, the Russian lands could provide worthy resistance to the Horde. Victories over Lithuania, Tver, and Ryazan gave rise to confidence that it was possible to cope with the Horde, especially since by that time the Horde had weakened significantly due to internal strife.
These hopes for freedom were reflected in art, which also entered a revival stage. The idea of the unification of Rus', the heroism of the ordinary Russian person was embodied in works of oral folk art and literature. Changes in worldview also became noticeable in painting and architecture.
5. Why is the Battle of Kulikovo considered one of the most important events in the history of our country? What is its main historical significance?
The significance of the victory on the Kulikovo field turned out to be colossal. The people of Suzdal, Vladimir, Rostov, and Pskov went to fight on the Kulikovo field as representatives of their principalities, but returned from there as Russians, although living in different cities. And therefore, in the history of our country, the Battle of Kulikovo is considered the event after which the new ethnic community - Moscow Rus' - became a reality, a fact of world-historical significance.
The victory of the Russian squads on the Kulikovo field became possible primarily due to the fact that the Russians entered the battle as a single force. This allowed Prince Dmitry Donskoy to show his military leadership talents.
As a result of the victory on the Kulikovo field:
- Moscow's authority has increased;
- the process of unification of Russian lands accelerated;
- The Golden Horde began to avoid open clashes with Russian armies;
- in the minds of the people, faith in the inevitable fall of Horde rule grew stronger;
- Rus' was saved from defeat;
- The Russian people became convinced that the enemy could only be defeated by uniting their forces.
In this lesson, everyone will be able to study the topic: “Tatar-Mongol invasion.” The events of the 13th century are revealed about civil strife within the country, weakening Rus' in the face of external threats, and the great commander Genghis Khan. The three princes of Mstislav decide to help the Polovtsians and move south, but in the absence of a leader, failure awaits them. After the division of Mongolia, the western ruler Khan Batu in 1235 went west with a devastating campaign against Rus'. Trade centers and entire states were destroyed, there were no craftsmen left in Rus', and crafts disappeared. After the Tatar-Mongol invasion, Rus' will never be the same.
Topic: Old Russian state
Lesson:Tatar-Mongol invasion
In today's lesson you will learn about the events of the first half of the 13th century, which turned the entire course of Russian history. During this period, Rus' was subjected to a devastating invasion of the Tatar-Mongol tribes, which resulted in a more than 250-year yoke.
While the Russian princes at the beginning of the 13th century. They were waging internecine wars; far in the east, in the vast expanses of the steppes of Central Asia and Southern Siberia, thunderclouds were gathering. One of the energetic and successful military leaders of the nomadic Mongolian tribes, Temujin, defeated his rivals and was elected great khan - Genghis Khan. He gathered a huge army and moved it to conquer neighboring countries. Genghis Khan's army had a clear organization and iron discipline. Each participant in the campaign had the right to spoils of war. The Mongols captured civilians and seized the property of the vanquished.
Genghis Khan's conquests were accompanied by unprecedented cruelty. The advanced detachments of the Mongol-Tatars reached the Don in 1223. Here they encountered the Cumans. The Polovtsian leaders rushed to Kyiv for help, persuading the Russian princes to jointly act against the uninvited guests. In Kyiv they decided that it was better to meet the newcomers away from their native land, and accepted the proposal of the Polovtsians. The united army of the South Russian princes equipped themselves for the campaign.
The first skirmishes with the enemy gave the Russians the impression of a quick and easy victory. However, the Tatars lured the Russian-Polovtsian regiments to an inconvenient area near the Kalka River and here they taught them an objective lesson. It was not so difficult to do this, since there was no agreement and unity in the Russian army. Each prince stood in his own camp, acted independently, not wanting to reckon with others. The rapid attack of the Tatar cavalry crushed the advanced detachments of the Polovtsians and Russians. They began to retreat in confusion, receiving no help. Attempts by some units to hold on to their chosen positions led to defeat. The princes, besieged in fortified camps, eventually surrendered on condition that their lives were spared. But immediately the ordinary soldiers were killed, and the princes were given a painful execution. Bound, they were thrown to the ground, boards were placed on top, and the Tatar commanders sat down to feast on them. A little time passed, and the unfortunates were crushed.
The news of the battle on Kalka caused great sadness in the Russian lands and gave rise to bad forebodings. But the Tatars, having appeared unexpectedly, disappeared just as suddenly in the eastern steppes.
The Battle of Kalka made Rus' an enemy of the Mongols. The Council of Mongol khans - the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan - decided to punish those who resisted. In 1237, a Mongol army led by Khan Batu went to Rus'. The Mongols took advantage of the political fragmentation of Rus' and defeated several Russian principalities in turn. The princes did not come to each other's aid. Everyone thought that the Mongols would defeat their neighbors, but his principality would not be touched.
By the time of the attack on Rus', the Mongol army numbered up to 75 thousand people. Not a single Russian principality had such a number of warriors.
The first blow was dealt to the Ryazan principality. Approaching the Ryazan land, Batu demanded from the princes the 10th part “of everything that is in your land.” The Ryazan prince with rich gifts sent his embassy to Batu, led by his son Fedor. Having accepted the gifts, Batu demanded that the prince's sisters and daughters be given as wives to the Mongolian nobility, and for himself, the beautiful Eupraxia, Feodor's wife. Knyazhich responded with a decisive refusal and, together with the ambassadors, was subjected to painful execution. And the beautiful princess, in order not to fall into the hands of enemies, threw herself down from the high bell tower. Ryazan repelled continuous attacks for 6 days, but on December 21 it was taken by the Mongols. The conquerors carried out a massacre in the city, sparing neither the elderly nor small children. The Ryazan prince and his family also died. The city was wiped off the face of the earth. According to legend, the surviving inhabitants of the Ryazan land gathered a squad, led by the national hero Evpatiy Kolovrat.
Rice. 3. N. Matveev. Eupraxia Ryazanskaya ()
Having dealt with the Ryazan principality, Batu moved north to Vladimir. Along the way, stubbornly defending Kolomna was captured. Then the Mongols approached Moscow. The townspeople, led by governor Philip Nyanka, bravely defended themselves for 5 days. But the city was taken, plundered and burned.
On February 3, 1238, Batu’s army approached Vladimir. When storming the city, the Mongols used vices and stone-throwing machines. After the fall of Ryazan, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri went north to gather an army, and the defense of the city was led by governor Peter Oslyadyukovich. On February 7, the Mongols broke into the city and set it on fire. After the devastation of Vladimir, Batu's warriors captured almost the entire Vladimir-Suzdal principality. They plundered, burned, killed and took captives. Miraculously, the surviving residents made their way to the Sit River, to the camp of Yuri Vsevolodovich. Deciding that he already had enough strength, Prince Yuri prepared to fight with the Mongol warriors, but underestimated the enemy. In March, the Mongols attacked the Russian army and defeated it. Grand Duke Yuri himself died in the battle.
After the victory on the City River, Mongol troops rushed to Novgorod. Their path lay through Torzhok. Residents prepared in advance for a fight with the enemy. They froze an ice shell on the city walls and gates so that the Tatars could not secure the assault ladders and set the city on fire. The townspeople fought off enemy attacks for two weeks. But even after capturing Torzhok, the Mongols were unable to replenish their grain reserves; residents set fire to grain warehouses.
In mid-March, the Mongol army resumed its campaign against Veliky Novgorod. But Batu’s army noticeably thinned out in battles with Russian armies; the supply of food and fodder for horses was not enough. The Mongols were forced to stop before reaching Novgorod a hundred kilometers. The city was well fortified. At the head of the Novgorod militia was Prince Alexander, the son of Grand Duke Vladimir Vsevolodovich. Intelligence reported this to Batu. After much deliberation, the khan ordered his warriors to “turn the muzzles of their horses to the south.”
By the end of March, the Tatar Mongols approached the small fortress of Kozelsk, where they expected to rest. But the small town was not going to give up and meekly let in the invaders. Stubborn fighting ensued under its walls. Stones and heavy logs flew onto the heads of the Mongols, and hot tar poured down. The Kozelites managed to damage even the enemy’s formidable battering machines. The battle for Kozelsk lasted forty-nine days. Batu’s warriors failed to break into the city through the breach they made in the wall, but there the battle flared up with renewed vigor. Only when all the defenders who could still hold weapons had fallen did Kozelsk fall into the hands of the enemy. There were no Russian prisoners. The Kozelites died, but did not give up. By order of Batu, who did not know on whom to take out his anger, the heads of the dead Russians were cut off and a high pyramid was built from them. And he called Kozelsk himself an “evil city” and ordered it to be razed to the ground.
After the capture of Kozelsk, Batu’s exhausted troops went to the Don steppes rich in pastures and spent the entire summer of 1238 there. And in the fall of the same year they raided Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities of North-Eastern Rus'.
Rice. 4. Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus' ()
Batu's first campaign against Rus' did not lead to its final subjugation to the Mongols, although a significant part of the northeastern lands suffered a terrible defeat.
Then Batu conceived a new invasion. His goal was not only the conquest of the southern Russian lands, but also the invasion of Western Europe. In 1239, the Mongols captured and burned Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny, Chernigov and other cities of Southwestern Rus'.
In September 1240, having crossed the Dnieper, Batu's main forces surrounded Kyiv on all sides. All residents stood up to defend the “mother of Russian cities.” The people of Kiev fought bravely for three months, but at the cost of heavy losses, the Mongols managed to capture the city. The last stronghold of defense was the Church of the Tithes, in which the last defenders took refuge.
In the spring of 1241, having replenished their ranks, Batu’s warriors rushed to Galician Rus', Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic. But the bloodless Mongol troops were never able to conquer Europe.
List of recommended literature for studying the topic “Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'”:
- Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Rus'. Tver, M., 1997.
- Gumilyov L.N. From Rus' to Russia. M., 1992.
- Erenzhen Khara - Davan. Genghis Khan as a commander and as a legacy. Elista, 1991.
- Narration about the Chuvash ().
- Research company "RAU-University" ().
- Old Chita ().
- Who at the beginning of the 13th century. at the congress of the Mongolian nobility was proclaimed the ruler of the Mongolian state?
- Where and when did the first meeting of Russians with the Tatar-Mongols take place?
- Which principality did the Mongols strike first?
- Why didn’t Batu go to Novgorod?
- Which Russian cities offered the strongest resistance to the Mongols?