Parts of the river and their definitions. What is a river? Parts of the river and their definitions River system - line - length

Lesson: Rivers. Parts of the river. river system

The purpose of the lesson:

To form an idea of ​​the river, its parts, parts of the riversystems and valleys. Learn to measure the length of a river by geographicmap, characterize the river according to conditional topographic maps,determine the left and right banks, tributaries left and right, tributarieskiI, IIetc. order.

Equipment:

Demonstration tables "River Valley". hemisphere map,physical map of Russia. Cards with the terms: "source", "mouth","main river", "tributaryI”, “inflowII”, “river system”, “river valley”, “floodplain”, “channel”. River cards, reproinduction of paintings depicting a river. Picture cardsformation of various types of mouths.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

II . Poll

Tasks for knowledge of definitions, concepts

- What are aquifers?

Insert missing words.

a) If groundwater is between two aquicludesnym, then this is ... water;

b) If groundwater is at the first aquiclude, thenThis.....

What waters are called mineral?

Underline permeable rocks with a wavy line, straightmine is waterproof: clay, sand, gravel, pebbles, basalt.

Tasks to check the assimilation of patterns

- Which breeds pass water faster? Why?

Where will you look for a spring during the hike?

Which waters are cleaner - groundwater or interstratal?

Why do they say that the spring "beats"?

Is there a regularity in the distribution of mineral waters?

Why does the water level in wells fluctuate during the summer?

In what season are wells dug?

While the students are preparing for the answer at the blackboard, you can check the task4 at the end of § 30, analyze the homework.

III . Learning new material

The topic of today's lesson will be the answer to the following riddles.

Flowing, flowing - will not flow out;Runs, runs - does not run out.

Not a horse, but running, Not a forest, but making noise.

Between the mountains, between the valleys A white horse runs.

You have already understood that the topic of the lesson ...(River.)

- So, open notebooks, write down the topic.

Pay attention to the painting by the artist A. M. Vasnetsov"Northern Territory" ("Kerzhenets" N. M. Romandin, "Bigwater" by I. I. Levitan, "The River-Tsarevna N. M. Remezova). Lotgreat and beautiful artists were depicted in their paintingsnah rivers. Not only artists, but also writers ... Who does not remembernit of Gogol's lines: "The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather ...","A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper..."

Loved rivers and poets. Many beautiful, wonderful lines to themthey dedicated.

(Check the creative task, listen to 2-3 works.)

It can be:

Oh, Volga!., my cradle,

Has anyone loved you like me?

(Nice.)

The Neva rushed all night to the sea ...

And she couldn't argue...

But by the force of the wind from the bay

Blocked Neva

Went back, angry, turbulent,

And flooded the islands.

(A. S. Pushkin.)

- Rivers evoked different feelings among poets, writers, artists.kov, and we will try to say in prose what a river is. (Children fromvechayut, give their definitions.)

Let's check our definitions with what is written in the textbook.nick.

If the definitions match, the teacher gives an excellent mark, and ifthere are sharp differences, it should be answered: why did they not pay attentionon this detail of the definition?

The river consists of a source, a channel, a mouth. Draw in a notebookku, using the component parts in the figure.

One student works at the blackboard. It depicts a river:

lake

- Sign: tributary, source, mouth, channel.

lake

source

Define the terms: source, tributary, mouth, channel.

Source - the beginning of a river, the place from which a permanentthe flow of water in the stream.

mouth - the place where a stream (river, stream) flows into another river, more, lake, reservoir.

channel - the lowest part of a river valley along whichdit water flow.

tributary - a watercourse flowing into another, in relation to thisto another.

There are different types of mouths.

Estuaries - funnel-shaped mouth of the river, expanding a hundredthe crown of the sea. It is formed when sediments brought by a river are carried away by tidal currents, and the adjacent part of the sea isexactly deep, so that sediment accumulation does not occur.

Delta - the shape of the mouth of the river with channels into which it is dividedmain stream. Deltas in the form of different types, more often have threecharcoal or fan-shaped. Deltas are not formed smallwater areas of the sea (lake) at the confluence of the river, carrying a largethe amount of deposits.

Open the physical map of Russia and the hemispheres in the atlases.Give examples of rivers that have a mouth in the form of a delta orestuaries. The entry in the notebook is done in the form of a diagram.

mouth

delta

estuaries

Lena,

Volga,

Mississippi

Yenisei,

Thames,

St. Lawrence

We have almost answered the question: what is a river systemma? Let's get back to the drawing. We should finish it.

Where does the main river start?(In the lake.)

Where does the flow start?(Mountains have glaciers.)

- Where else can tributaries originate?(For example, in a swamp, spring.)

- Let's finish our diagram: a tributary originating from a spring andtributary originating from the swamp.

How many tributaries did you get?(Three.)

How will we distinguish them?

Students put forward versions, until someone says,that there are left and right tributaries.

How do we determine which is left and which is right?(Need stand in the direction of the current, facing the mouth. If the river flows to the right, then this is a right tributary, and if on the left - then le exit.)

If the students do not answer themselves, then look for the answer in the textbook.

Look at the tributaries originating from the swamp and the spring.What can you say about them? (They are left.)

Do you have a question?(How to tell them apart if they are both left?)

- One of them is of the first order, and some of the second. How would you like themcalled?(The one that flows first is of the first order, the one that flows into a tributary of the first order is the second.)

- This is the river system. Subtitle your risunka in a notebook. Read in a textbook what a river system istopic (or define yourself and compare with the definitionin the textbook).

Let's work on the atlas. RF map. Find r. Ob. Describeriver system according to the plan:

1) Main river.

2) The source of the main river, the mouth of the main river.

3) Left and right tributaries.

4) TributariesI, II, IIIetc. tributaries.

Answer:

1) The Ob is the main river.

2) The source of the city of Altai, at the junction of the river. Biya and Katun. Mouth -Kara Sea.

3) Left tributary - Irtysh;

4) InflowIorder - the Irtysh;IIorder - Ishim.

And now let's try to describe the river system of that river, whichparadise flows in your area.

The teacher hangs out cards with the image of rivers in the system paalleles and meridians. Ask students to identify rivers.

And now our task is to learn how to determine the length of rivers. Wewe already know how to measure the length between cities. What is the differencethe essence of measuring the distance between cities and the length of rivers?(Rivers meandering.)

- How can you measure the length of a meandering river? (WITHby the power of thread and ruler.)

- Correctly. The thread is laid on the bends of the river. Then cutthreads are combined with a ruler, the resulting distance incentimeters multiplied by the named scale. Measurethe length of the rivers 1 option - Ob, 2 option - Yenisei.On the board there are cards with fragments of topographicmaps showing rivers. Students characterize riversby cards.

Now let's go back to the beginning of the lesson. We started with creativitypoets, artists. What other poem have you preparedknowledge about rivers?

(You can at this stage of the lesson guess puzzles, anagrams,homonyms.)

The name of which river consists of a preposition and a number?(Pripyat.)

- Which Siberian river consists of a personal pronoun and prelog?(Yana.)

- What river name is in your mouth?(Gum.)

- What river can be cut with a knife? Or: which river grows ontree?(Rod.)

- What tributary of the Don is called a tree?(Pine.)

- What river of Western Siberia is called dishes?(Taz.)

I am a Siberian river

Wide and deep.

Change the letter "e" to "y" -

I will become a satellite of the earth.

(Lena - Luna.)

You probably know me

I am the hero of Pushkin's fairy tales.

But if you change "I" to "n",

I will become a Siberian river.

(Elisei - Yenisei.)

I fall into the Selenga with the letter "d",

And with "p" I merge into the Oka.

And I get into the Volga with "s",

But with "f" I'm the White flow.

(Uda - Upa - Usa - Ufa.)

- We rested a bit and got back to work. In contourOn other maps, you need to sign the following rivers: Volga, Ob,Yenisei, Lena, Amur, Congo, Nile, Yangtze, Indus, Ganges, Don,Dnieper, Amazon, Mississippi.

If the students do not have time, then it can be given as homework.

The main river with all its tributaries forms a river system, which is characterized by the density of the river network, i.e., a set of rivers that pour out water in one common channel or system of channels into the sea, lake or other body of water.

The land surface from which the river system collects its waters is called

is a catchment area, i.e., a part of the earth's surface from which water enters a separate watercourse or catchment area. The catchment area along with

the upper layers of the earth's crust, which includes this river system and is separated from other river systems by watersheds, is called river basin

Rivers usually flow in elongated low landforms - valleys.

(Fig. 8), i.e., negative, linearly elongated landforms of various

profile with a uniform fall, the lowest part of which is called the channel, and the part of the valley bottom, flooded with high river waters, is called the floodplain. In addition, the valley has a number of floodplain terraces (usually 2-3) (Fig. 9).

naya (terraced); d - U - shaped

Scheme of the location and structure of the Volga terraces in the area of ​​the city of Syzran (according to the explanatory note to the temporary stratigraphic scheme of the Quaternary deposits of the Caspian Lowland, 1951): 1 - alluvial sands with pebbles;

2 - alluvial sands; 3 – loamy floodplain facies; 4 – Early Khvalynsk chocolate clays; 5 - Khazar, or Volga, fauna of mammals; 6 - Neogene and more

ancient deposits

River terraces are horizontal or slightly inclined surfaces on the slopes of river valleys, bounded by ledges. They are formed by erosive and accumulative activity of the river and are usually composed of alluvium. By origin, they are divided into nested and superimposed terraces; according to the term material - into accumulative, socle and indigenous (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. River terraces: 1 - accumulative; 2 - erosion;

3 - superimposed; 4 - nested

A source is the place where a watercourse (eg a river or stream) originates.

On a geographical map, the source is usually represented by a conventional point.

The source is usually the beginning of a stream that receives water from a spring, the end of a glacier, a lake, a swamp. On marsh rivers, the source is often taken as the point from which an open stream with a constant channel appears.

Mouth - the place where a river flows into a reservoir, lake, sea or other river. The part of the river adjacent to the mouth can form a delta or estuary (bay, firth).

The channel is the lowest part of the valley, worked out by the flow of water, along which the main part of the bottom sediments moves and the water drains during the periods between floods. The channels of large rivers have a width of

several meters to tens of kilometers (for example, in the lower reaches of the Ob, Lena,

Amazon), while the increase in the depth of the channel as the size of the river increases is slower than the increase in width. Along the length of the channel, deep places (reaches) alternate with shallow ones (rifts). The channels of lowland rivers are usually meandering or divided into branches, formed in silty, sandy or gravelly deposits. As a rule, the channel in the plan has complex outlines; along with relatively straight sections, there are bends, which are called meander, i.e. a smooth bend of the river bed. Meandering, the rivers gradually increase their meanders, washing away the concave bank and depositing the transported material near the opposite convex bank. Gradually, the bottom of the valley expands and a floodplain is formed. At a certain stage of development, the river can straighten its course. The meander separated from the river turns into an oxbow lake - a closed body of water - a lake with an oblong, winding or horseshoe shape (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Sequence diagram

vatny shift speech-

nyh meanders as they develop:

a - initial stage; b – meander growth and displacement; c - the formation of an old woman

In the channels, deeper places alternate - stretches and shallow areas - rifts. The line of the greatest depths of the channel forms the fairway, and the line of the greatest current velocities is called the core.

A floodplain is a part of a river valley that is flooded during floods or floods.

The width of the floodplains of lowland rivers is usually on the order of the width of the Russian

la up to several tens of channel widths, sometimes reaching 40 km.

A stretch is a deep section of a river bed located between shallow sections of a river bed (rifts). A pool usually forms where a local increase in the speed of the river flow is observed during floods and its bottom is intensively eroded (for example, in curved sections of the channel, in the narrowing of the river valley). Usually, a stretch is formed in the channel of a meandering river at the top of a bend near a concave bank. Usually, along the course of a meandering river, stretches regularly alternate with rifts.

Perekat is a shallow section of a river bed. Usually the rift is composed of loose deposits (alluvium), crosses the channel and has the form of a rampart: with a gentle slope facing the current, or with a steep slope facing

The rift is formed as a result of uneven erosion of the channel by the water flow and the deposition of sediment. Rollover is often found in areas of expansion

river beds, near the mouths of tributaries. Over the rifts, the flow loses its energy.

The height difference between the source and the mouth of the river is called the fall of the river; the ratio of the fall of a river or its individual sections to their length is called the slope of the river (section) and is expressed as a percentage (\%) or per mille (‰).

Delta - a lowland in the lower reaches of the river, composed of river sediments,

cut through by an extensive network of branches and ducts.

Deltas are usually

represent a special mini-ecosystem both on the planet as a whole and in the basin of a particular river.

Despite their limited size (the area of ​​all the deltas of the world slightly exceeds 3% of the land area, and the delta coasts account for about

9% of the coastline of the World Ocean), deltas have rich natural resources (water, land, biological), which makes them very promising for agriculture and fisheries, water transport.

that. Thanks to fertile soils and an abundance of moisture, river deltas in a warm climate (Huang He, Nile, Amazon, etc.) became the birthplace of agriculture and human civilization as a whole. Estuary is a funnel-shaped

spitting mouth of the river, expanding towards the sea. It is formed near rivers flowing into the seas, where the mouth of the river is strongly affected by tides or other movements of ocean waters. In the northern regions they received the name of the lips (Obskaya

lip). In desert regions, the so-called dry mouth is formed.

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Elements of rivers and currents

RIVER- a watercourse of considerable size, fed by atmospheric precipitation from its catchment area and having a clearly defined channel.

COURSE- a bed developed by a river flow, along which a runoff is carried out without flooding the floodplain.

RIVER SYSTEM- a collection of rivers that merge together and carry out their waters in the form of a common stream. The river system consists of the main river and tributaries of the 1st order, of tributaries of the 2nd order flowing into the tributary of the 1st order, etc.

RIVER POOL(rule 1) - the watershed of a river or river system. It is also customary to consider a certain part of inland waterways or a river system as a whole (for example, the Amur and Volga basins, etc.) as a basin. The basin of the Lena is 2490 thousand km 2, the Yenisei - 2580, the Volga - 1360, the Kama - 507, the Don - 422 thousand km 2.

RIVER COLLECTION- part of the earth's surface, the thickness of soils and rocks, from where water enters the water body. The watersheds of the river are surface and underground. Sometimes the catchment area of ​​a river is referred to as a drainage basin or simply a basin. The catchment area of ​​the river is divided by a watershed (Fig. 1).

SOURCE OF THE RIVER(rule 3) - the beginning of the river, i.e. a place from which a constant flow of water appears in a river. The source of a river can be a spring, a swamp, a lake or a glacier. Often, the confluence of two other rivers is taken as the beginning of a river.

MOUTH(rule 3) - the place where a river flows into another river, lake, reservoir or sea. Sometimes rivers that do not have a clearly defined mouth are lost in the sands.

MOUTH COAST- part of the coastal zone of the sea, in which the influence of river runoff is manifested and the formation of the underwater part of the delta occurs. Estuary seashore can be of several types: open, closed, deep, shallow.

DELTA- the mouth section of the river, within which it is divided into watercourses (Fig. 2). Deltas are created by filling the basins of sea bays with sediments (on the Danube River) or by flooding river valleys as a result of geological processes (on the Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, etc.) rivers. River deltas occupy large areas (km 2): Lena - 28,000; Danube - 3,600; Volga - 15,000;

Formed over many centuries, they gradually move forward and attack the sea. With each flood, the Deltas grow, change their shape, expand and lengthen. For example, on the river Danube Delta length increases annually by 4-6 m, on the river. Terek - 100 m, on the river. The Neva area of ​​the Delta increases annually by 50 thousand m 2 Navigation in the Delta is difficult due to the shallow depths, narrowness and changeability of the fairway. For example, the Delta The Northern Dvina has many branches, but the approach to Arkhangelsk is carried out only along one branch, Maimakse, which is shallow and intensively drifted.

POYMA- a part of the river valley, composed of sediments and periodically flooded during floods and floods (Fig. 3).

RIVER VALLEY, a river valley is a lowered part of the earth's surface through which a river flows. At the river valley, wide places alternate with narrow ones. The width of the river valley can reach tens of kilometers, and the depth - hundreds of meters. The river valley is bordered on the sides by the bedrock banks.

SLEEVE- part of the river channel, divided into channels, the largest of which is the river in terms of water content.

SIDE RIVER- a tributary of the main river, used during the full-flowing navigation period for expeditionary delivery of cargo and for the movement of small boats.

BEND- the bend of the river. Bends are gentle, steep, long and short. In nautical practice, some Bends, depending on the size and position, are called bow and knee.

LUKE- a long and steep bend of the channel along with a river valley, in which the distance between the beginning and end of the bend is very small compared to the length.

ROOT COASTS, ridges, slopes - areas of the earth's surface that limit the river valley from the sides.

ISLAND A piece of land surrounded by water. The upper part of the O. along the river is called the top, the lower part is the tail.

WALKING SHORE- the coast near which the ship's passage passes.

YAR- low steep, as a rule, concave floodplain bank of the riverbed (Fig. 4). On the curvilinear sections of the channel, transverse currents arise, directed near the surface under the angle to the concave bank, and near the bottom - towards the convex one. Having reached the shore, surface jets turn to the bottom and wash it out. Bottom transverse currents capture the erosion products and carry them to the convex bank, where, due to the low longitudinal flow velocity, pumps are deposited. This process leads to the fact that the depths near the concave coast are the greatest, and those near the convex coast are the smallest. Yar has two shoulders: upper and lower. The shoulders, defining the beginning and end of the ravine, coincide with the beginning and end of its erosion, as well as with stable large depths, where the ship's passage mainly passes.

FAIRWAY- a navigationally safe passage along the waterway, characterized by sufficient depths and the absence of obstacles to navigation.

WATER LINE- the line of intersection of the surface of the water with the shore.

OLD MAN- a reservoir in the floodplain of the river, elongated in plan, gradually silting up, resulting from the separation of a section of the river channel during the straightening of the bend by breaking through the isthmus of the loop or developing a straightening channel.

WATER MODE- change in time levels, costs and volumes of water in reservoirs and soils. In V.R. rivers, there are several characteristic phases that repeat from year to year and are determined by the type of river feeding (high water, high water and low water).

LOW- the phase of the water regime of the river, which is repeated annually in the same seasons, characterized by low water content, a long standing low water level, which occurs due to a decrease in the supply of the river.

SHALLOW WATER- Shallow depths during low water levels.

WATER LEVEL- the height of the water surface in the water body above the conditional horizontal comparison plane (Fig. 5). The most important are the following water levels: natural - the level in watercourses and reservoirs in their natural state, i.e. not affected by hydraulic structures; dead volume - the lowest level to which the reservoir can be emptied; the lowest navigable (NSU) — a conditionally low (low-water) level with a given security of a guaranteed depth of a navigation course in natural conditions (taking into account possible dredging); normal retaining level (NSL) - the highest retaining level that can be maintained under normal operating conditions of hydraulic structures; retaining (PU) - the level formed in the watercourse or reservoir as a result of backwater; retaining (PU) - a conditionally low level with a given availability, where the availability is understood as the duration of the period (in percent) when the water level was above or corresponded to its given mark, (from PU the depth values ​​are shown on the navigation charts of the rivers, the height of the farms in spans is reported bridges, a guaranteed depth is established; PU is set on the basis of long-term observations so that the time of a lower water level is no more than 10% of the duration of navigation on rivers with undeveloped navigation and up to 3% on rivers with developed navigation; the height of PU is given in the preface to navigation charts); working (RU) - the level at the time of its measurement; design navigable (DCS) - navigable level, determined by the calculation, from which the above-water height of the bridge clearance is counted; cut-off - the conditional level to which the depths measured at various working water levels lead; forced retaining (FPU) - a level above normal, temporarily allowed in emergency conditions of operation of hydraulic structures.

SLOPE OF WATER SURFACE- the ratio of the drop in water level in a given section of the river to the length of this section. Here, the drop in water level is the difference between the marks at two points located along the river at the beginning and end of this section (Fig. 6). The drop can also be characterized by a value (usually in centimeters) per 1 km of the length of the river section. For example, the average fall of the river. Ob per 1 km is 4 cm. The slope is expressed as a dimensionless value (decimal fraction): I = (H1-H2) / L - low-water slopes of the Volga near Nizhny Novgorod are 0.00007, the Northern Dvina near Berezniki - 0.00003, the Yenisei near Krasnoyarsk - 0.00002, etc.

The values ​​of the longitudinal slopes of the water surface in rivers depend on the height of the water level, the type of the longitudinal profile of the river, the planned outlines of the channel, etc. At low water levels less, and, as a rule, it is less on the reaches than on the riffles. With an increase in consumption and a rise in the level of C.p.v. on the reaches they increase, and on the rifts they decrease. With a further increase in the level of U.p.v. on stretches and rifts they can equalize. With an even greater increase in the level of U.p.v. on the reaches they increase, and on the rifts they decrease. After the water exited the channel and spilled over the floodplain of the U.p.v. will depend on the outlines of the river valley in terms of: where the valley is narrower, the surface R.p.w. more; where the valley widens, it is less. The speed of water flow in the river depends on the longitudinal RW: the larger the RW, the greater the flow rate, and vice versa. Therefore, during low water, the flow velocity on the rifts is greater than on the stretches, and vice versa during the flood. The surface of the water in the river also has transverse RWs that occur at the curvature of the channel, during sharp rises and falls in water, and also due to the rotation of the Earth.

WATER- accumulation of large masses of water in depressions of the earth's surface (pond, lake, reservoir).

LAKE(rule 3) - a natural reservoir with a slow water exchange.

RESERVOIR(rule 3) - an artificial reservoir formed by a waterworks on a watercourse for the purpose of storing water and regulating the flow. V. are used to maintain the water regime of a river or canal, water supply, irrigation, the operation of hydroelectric power stations, and the provision of favorable conditions for navigation. Depending on the specific wind-wave regime in the east, a distinction is made between lacustrine, river, and backwater wedging zones.

LAKE AND RIVER ZONE OF THE RESERVOIR- part of the reservoir, located between the lake and river zones. Relatively large depths at 0-r.s.v. are stored only at a normal retaining level (NSL). When the reservoir draws down, the depths above the floodplain are small, so the ship's passages above it are closed, the waves are weakened, and relatively strong currents are observed. Navigation conditions in 0-r.s.v. approaching the river.

RIVER RESERVOIR ZONE- the part of the reservoir that is the most remote from the dam, is constantly under water, but the water fills only the low-water channel, without leaving the floodplain. There is a current here, under the influence of which deformations of the riverbed occur.

CHANNEL(rule 3) - an artificial open conduit in an earthen excavation or embankment (Fig. 7). By appointment K. is divided into connecting, bypass and approach. Connecting channels serve to connect rivers of different basins by water, as well as to connect rivers, lakes, and seas (for example, the Moscow, Volga-Don, and White Sea-Baltic canals). Roundabouts are designed for boats to bypass lakes where severe storms occur, as well as the central parts of large cities (Ladoga, Onega, etc.).

Approach channels serve for the approach of ships to ports, settlements, and industrial enterprises located away from the main navigation channel (for example, canals in Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, etc.).

According to the method of supply, watercourses are gravity-fed (water comes directly from a river or lake and is itself distributed throughout the city) and artificially fed (water from a source is pumped into the watershed pool, from where it flows by gravity).

The hydraulic structures necessary for the operation of the kayak include mainly shipping locks, emergency repair barrier gates, spillways, and outlets. The speed of vessels on K. is limited and does not exceed 10-15 km/h. Dumping of rubbish and waste in K. is prohibited. Release of anchors is possible only in designated places, the use of lots and drag chains is not allowed.

CHANNEL MARINE- an artificial recess in the seabed for the passage of ships to ports, marked with navigational signs. Such channels are Arkhangelsk (delta sleeve), Dnieper-Bug (bar). Kherson (estuary, arm and river), Volga-Caspian (delta arm), Leningrad, Mariupol, Kaliningrad (sea bay).

CONDITIONAL FLOW(rule 3) - current on lakes and canals, where there is practically no current or it is insignificant, accepted conditionally. A notification is made about it in sailing directions, navigation charts and local sailing rules.

The text of this presentation

World around class 2 Theme of the lesson: Rivers. A river starts from a blue stream

A river is a constant natural flow of water on the land surface.

The birthplace of the river is the source.
Lake
source

The source can be
- spring - swamp - lake - glacier in the mountains

source
Lake
The movement of water in a river is called flow.

Depending on the course of the river, there are:
PlainsMountain

Mountain rivers flow fast

Lowland rivers flow slowly

If you swim along the river, then the right bank will be on the right, and the left bank on the left.
right bank
left Coast
source
Lake

left tributary
Other rivers and streams flow into the river - tributaries
right tributary
Lake
source

source
right tributary
left tributary
Lake
The place where a river flows into another body of water is called a mouth.
mouth

Sign the sources and mouths of the rivers, the left and right tributaries. Determine the direction of the current and indicate with an arrow.

Let's check ourselves!
1. Draw a diagram of the river and sign its parts.

Rivers flowing on a gently sloping surface begin to curve back and forth and across the landscape. Such rivers are called meandering (wandering).

Over time, rivers form a trough in the bedrock over which they flow. Rivers flowing through soft sedimentary rocks can carve very deep gorges and canyons into them.

When a river reaches a lake or sea, the flow of water slows down and loses its ability to carry precipitation. . Then precipitation accumulates at the mouth of the river. Some rivers deposit such a large amount of sedimentary material that neither the waves of the sea, nor the tides, nor the tides, can bear it. Thus, deltas appear at the mouths of rivers.

Some deltas are so large that people can live on them. The Nile Delta is very important for agriculture in Egypt.

If you take a look at the map rivers and streams, you will see that they create various forms called drainage structures. Drainage structures tell us about the terrain through which rivers flow.

static map

Rivers most often start out as shallow streams that gradually get bigger and bigger as water is added along the way. Heavy rains and spring meltwater can bring in so much water that some rivers burst their banks and flood the surrounding area.

Rivers usually get larger when their tributaries join the main river channel.

Some rivers have many small channels that are constantly disconnected and connected.

These rivers are called branched. They tend to be wide but shallow and form steep slopes where the banks are easily eroded.

Some rivers are water-bearing only during the rainy season or during the spring melting of snow and ice. These rivers are called temporary.

Many rivers, when flowing into the ocean, form estuaries (estuaries). An estuary is a part of a river where fresh water and salty sea water mix. Tides cause the water level in estuaries to rise and fall.

Geologists call the river an alluvium deposit. Alluvium is indicated on the geological map of Great Britain in yellow.

Can you find the place where the river starts its journey? Hint: alluvium appears at the source of the river, and as several rivers merge into one, alluvial deposits expand.

3. Sign the source and mouth of the river on the diagram. An arrow indicates the direction of the river. Draw a man on the right bank, and a tree on the left.

4. The wise Turtle asks you to tell her about the water riches of your land. Write her a letter.

There is a relatively dense river network on the territory of the Moscow region. There are up to 2,000 rivers and rivers. The rivers of the Moscow region entirely belong to the Volga basin. These are Lama, Dubna, Oka, Protva, Nara, Lopasnya, Tsna, Sturgeon, Iskona, Ruza, Istra, Yauza, Pakhra, Nerskaya, Severka, etc. 1213 reservoirs and ponds were built on the rivers and the canal: Akulovskoye, Istra, Mozhayskoye, Ozerninskoye and Ruza reservoirs. There are lakes in the Moscow region: Trostenskoye, Nerskoye, Round Chernoye, Velikoye, Svyatoe, Oakovoye, and others. Swamps are found in the lowlands and in river valleys.

5 Seryozha and Nadia's mother found in the book a wonderful poem by the poet V. Orlov. Read it and try to imagine the sea in different outfits.

Draw the sea in one of his outfits.

6. And here you can paste one of the photographs showing the amazing beauty of the sea.

Question 1. Draw a diagram of the water cycle in nature. How important is the global water cycle?

The importance of the water cycle is great, since it not only unites all parts of the hydrosphere, but also connects all the shells of the Earth (atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere).

Question 2. In which of the oceans is the maximum depth recorded, what is the name of this place?

Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. Depth is about 11000 meters.

Question 3. What waters are land waters? What part of the hydrosphere do they account for?

Land waters: rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs, groundwater. The volume of fresh water entering the ocean with river runoff and precipitation does not exceed 0.5 million cubic kilometers, which corresponds to a water layer on the ocean surface with a thickness of about 1.25 m.

Question 4. What is called the source of the river, mouth, river system, basin, watershed? Draw a diagram of the structure of the river system.

Source - the place where a watercourse (eg, a river or stream) originates. Mouth - The place where a river flows into another river, lake, reservoir or sea. A river system is a collection of rivers within a given river basin. Consists of the main river and its tributaries. A river basin is a region of the earth's surface from which all atmospheric precipitation that feeds it is collected in a given river. Watershed - a conditional topographic line on the earth's surface, dividing the catchment areas (basins) of two or more rivers, lakes, seas or oceans, directing the flow of precipitation along two opposite slopes.

Question 5. What is a river? What are the types of rivers? Give examples of rivers belonging to different types.

A river is a natural permanent (it can dry up seasonally and change its course over time) water flow (watercourse) of considerable size with a natural course along the channel (a natural depression worked out by it) from the source down to the mouth and fed by surface and underground runoff from its basin.

Mountain rivers. They are characterized by a rapid current, a high fall and a slope. They flow in narrow valleys, actively eroding the rock. Yenisei, Indigirka, Tunguska

Flat rivers. Characterized by the tortuosity of the channel. Rivers flow slowly over flat terrain. The channels of lowland rivers are often washed out, shallow, then sediments collect in these places, forming rifts, islands. In contrast to them, in other parts of the channel, reaches are formed (popularly - whirlpools), the bottom of which is deepened by currents or whirlpools. The lowland rivers include the Volga, Kuban, Don, Neva, Ob, Don, Amazon, Mississippi, Congo, Nile, Dnieper.

Question 6. What is called a lake? How is a lake different from a river, pond, sea? Using the maps of the atlas, give examples of lakes on various continents.

A lake is a closed depression of land filled with water and not directly connected to the ocean. A lake is a closed reservoir that occupies a natural depression in the surface of the Earth. This is the difference between a lake and a pond. Unlike rivers, lakes are reservoirs of slow water exchange.

Caspian Sea, Baikal, Huron, Upper, Titicaca, Victoria.

Question 7. What is called groundwater? Which waters are called groundwater, and which are called interstratal?

Groundwater is water located in the upper part of the earth's crust (up to a depth of 12-16 km) in liquid, solid and vapor states. Most of them are formed due to seepage from the surface of rain, melt and river waters.

There are two types of groundwater: groundwater and interstratal. Ground waters lie on the first water-resistant layer from the surface. Interstratal waters lie between two water-resistant layers.

Question 8. Why is the water in the well, as a rule, clean, clear, cold?

Clean and transparent - because it is filtered through the soil layers and then settled, all the turbidity, if any, settles to the bottom. And the cold one, because up to a certain depth, the temperature of the soil drops and remains at a level of about +5 degrees.

Question 9. What are called glaciers? What conditions are necessary for the formation of glaciers? Prove that glaciers are part of the hydrosphere.

Glacier - a mass of ice of predominantly atmospheric origin, experiencing a viscoplastic flow under the action of gravity and taking the form of a stream. Glaciers are formed as a result of the accumulation and subsequent transformation of solid atmospheric precipitation (snow) with their positive long-term balance. Ice is one of the states of aggregation of water, and water is the hydrosphere, therefore, the glacier is part of the hydrosphere.

Question 10. What role do land waters play in human life?

Water is the basis of life. The role of water in the life of our planet, the individual components of nature, each living being is enormous. It is present in all organisms. The richness and diversity of nature directly depends on the availability of water. Man uses rivers and lakes for movement, recreation, creating reservoirs to use the energy of rivers.

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Parts of the river and components of the river.

In the structure of the river, it is customary to distinguish the following components of the river:

The first part of the river is the source - the beginning of the river.

The source is a part of the river, the place where the river originates, where it begins. It can be a spring, a lake, the end of a glacier, a swamp. In the latter case, the source (the beginning of the river) is the place where the watercourse acquires a permanent channel. Also, the beginning of the river may be the confluence of two rivers with different names, in this case, the source should be taken as the beginning of the longer of the two rivers.

A tributary is a river that flows into a main river. Distinguish rights and left tributaries.

A bank is the boundary of a stream. Distinguish between the right and left banks relative to the middle line of the channel along the river.

The second part of the river is the river bed.

Channel - part of the river, the lowest part of the river valley, along which the main part of the water flows. The channel is usually washed out by the stream itself.

In the part of the river - the channel - they distinguish:

• stretches - deep places;
• whirlpool - the deepest place in the river;
• rifts – shallow sections of the river;
• threshold - a rocky or rocky step-shaped area in the riverbed with an increased flow rate and a relatively large drop in water levels;
• waterfalls —fall of water flow from a pronounced ledge;
• shallow - coastal, going from the shore shallow;
• thalweg – line along the deepest sections of the channel;
• fairway - the line of the ship's course;
• rod - the line of the highest velocities of the river.
• center - deposit in the riverbed, formed by sediments and not having vegetation. It can be both surface and underwater. In the case of a close location to the coast, it is called sideways, and off the coast beach.
• channel islands - centers fixed by vegetation or something else.
• sediment - solid particles of soil carried by water flow. They are formed due to the destruction of rocks and erosion of the coast.
• meander - a smooth bend in the riverbed. The concave coast is usually steep, the convex - flat.
• old woman - a section of the former meandering riverbed. It usually forms when a river finds a shortcut during a high water or flood.

A branch is a secondary channel of a river that separates from the main channel and rejoins it downstream (sometimes only in wet years).

The third part of the river - the mouth - the end of the river.

Mouth - part of the river, the place where the river ends, flowing into the sea, lake or other river.

A river may have a “dry mouth”, i.e. it may end in a “blind end”, if in the lower reaches the slopes of the territory through which the river flows are very small, the water consumption is high for evaporation, filtration into the ground or for irrigation (the Chu Tarim rivers , Murghab, etc.).

Parts of the river, estuaries, formed at the confluence with the sea, are of the following types:

Delta - an estuary divided into separate streams. Deltas are formed as a result of the filling of basins of sea bays with sand and silt (the Danube River) or the flooding of river valleys (Khatanga, Olenyok, etc.). Parts of the rivers, deltas, can reach enormous sizes, for example, the Ganges River Delta has an area of ​​​​105.6 thousand km², the Amazon - 100 thousand km², the Lena - 28.5 thousand km², the Nile - 24 thousand km², the Volga - 19 thousand km² .
Estuaries - deep, tide-formed, bays at the mouths of rivers, expanding towards the sea. The estuaries go deep into the land and are accessible to navigation. There are no sediments in them, since sea water during high and low tides takes everything superfluous with it into the sea. An example of a part of a river, an estuary, is the mouth of the Anabar River.
Lip - a wide and long bay at the mouth of the river. The oblong shape, as it were, is a continuation of the banks of the river. In our country, the Ob Bay, Onega Bay, etc. are widely known.
Estuary Estuary - a shallow flowing bay at the mouth of the river, filled with river sediments and separated from the sea by an embankment - a narrow strip of land. This part of the river formed as a result of flooding of the mouth of a river or coastal lowland.

Parts of the river. The beginning of the river is called the source. The place where a river flows into another river, lake or sea is called a mouth. The depression through which a river flows is a channel. The river has right and left banks. Other rivers and streams - tributaries - usually flow into the river.

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The world around 2 class

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