Thesis: The deposit policy of a commercial bank on the example of JSC "Bank Petrovsky". Deposit policy Basic provisions of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
In modern conditions, for effective functioning, development and achievement of its goals, each commercial bank must develop its own deposit policy, that is, a practical management strategy. As you know, the attraction of financial resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of activity of a commercial bank.
A fund of funds formed on a paid basis is used to invest in active instruments. Passive operations, therefore, are primary in relation to most of the banking operations aimed at generating income. In this regard, the attracted funds should be considered as an independent object of policy.
Thus, the management of attracted funds is an important component of the bank's business policy. However, issues related to the study of the theoretical foundations of this field of activity have not been sufficiently developed in the scientific literature. This is especially true of the concept of the deposit policy of a commercial bank as an integral element of the liability management strategy.
The definition of the essence of the bank's deposit policy cannot be approached unambiguously, since it varies depending on its subject. The deposit policy is a strategy and tactics of a commercial bank to attract customer funds on a repayable basis.
The bank's deposit policy should include:
Development of a strategy for the implementation of the bank's activities in raising funds in deposits, based on a comprehensive market research, that is, an analysis of the financial environment, the place and role of the bank in the field of raising funds, diagnostics and forecasting;
Formation of commercial bank tactics for the development, offer and promotion of new banking deposit products for customers (in the field of commodity, pricing, marketing and communication policy);
Implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;
Monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness;
Monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to raise funds.
The main document regulating in commercial banks the process of attracting temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits) is the deposit policy of the bank. This is a document that is developed by each bank independently on the basis of the bank's strategic plan, analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base and based on the prospects for its development. In addition, such documents are used that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank's Investment Policy.
The document "Deposit policy of the bank" should define its strategy for raising funds to fulfill the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policy, with a focus on maintaining the bank's liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the bank provides:
Prospects for the growth of the bank's own funds (capital), and hence the ratio between own and borrowed funds;
The structure of attracted and borrowed funds (deposits, deposits, interbank loans, including loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation);
Preferred types of deposits and deposits, terms of their attraction; the ratio between time deposits (deposits) and for the period "on demand";
The main contingent of deposits and deposits, i.e., the category of depositors;
Geography of attraction and borrowing of funds;
Desirable creditor banks for interbank loans, terms for attracting the latter; conditions for attracting deposits (deposits) and interbank loans;
Ways to attract deposits (based on bank account, correspondent account, bank deposit (deposit) agreements, by issuing own certificates, bills of exchange);
The ratio between ruble and foreign currency deposits (deposits);
New forms of attracting funds in deposits;
Special conditions for opening certain types of deposits (deposits);
Measures to comply with the bank's risk standards for borrowed funds.
The deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:
Economic expediency;
Competitiveness;
Internal consistency.
The classification of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy is summarized in (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 Composition of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy
The formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is based on both general and specific principles, which is clearly reflected in (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 - Principles of formation of the deposit policy
A number of structural subdivisions of the bank (treasury, financial department, business development department, credit department, securities department), as well as the bank's management bodies: the bank's board and the asset management committee and liabilities.
Rice. 3.
Thus, the board of the bank determines and approves the main directions of the deposit policy, approves the procedure and conditions for attracting deposits, and exercises general control over the implementation of the deposit policy.
The Assets and Liabilities Management Committee makes fundamental decisions on the formation of a deposit portfolio, analyzes the structure and dynamics of resources, their contingency in terms and amounts with the bank's assets in order to develop, if necessary, decisions to adjust the bank's deposit policy; exercises current control over the implementation of the deposit policy by individual structural divisions of the bank.
The financial management of the bank, together with the treasury, determines the total need of the bank for deposit funds (for a year, including broken down by quarters): sets the interest rates for each type of resource (deposits (deposits), bills, interbank loans); determines the volume of reservation of attracted funds in the Bank of Russia; controls the bank's compliance with the risk ratios for borrowed funds established by the Bank of Russia, etc.
Special departments of the bank are directly involved in attracting deposits in various forms: the department of deposits of citizens, the department of securities (issuing own bills, deposit and savings certificates), the credit department or the department of assets and liabilities (deposits of legal entities) and other departments in accordance with the internal organizational structure each bank.
In order to carry out practical activities to raise funds, banks develop Regulations on deposit (deposit) operations (separately for deposits of individuals and deposits of legal entities), which stipulate:
Rules and conditions for accepting deposits (deposits);
Legal status of subjects of contractual relations;
The procedure for concluding a bank deposit agreement;
Methods of accepting and issuing a deposit (deposit);
The list of documentation required for opening and using a deposit (deposit), and the requirements for them;
The rights of depositors and the obligation of the bank;
Methods of calculating and paying interest on deposits (deposits).
Intra-bank instructions on the procedure for making specific deposit (deposit) operations, which are developed by the bank in development of the Regulations on deposits (deposits), contain the organization of the work of a branch (subdivision) of the bank with various categories of depositors; the procedure for issuing documents corresponding to the commission of these operations, the scheme of their document flow; reflection in accounting of operations on acceptance and issuance of deposits, accrual and payment of interest on them.
The volume of funds attracted by the bank in deposits (deposits) depends on the state of supply and demand for monetary resources, the deficit or excess of funds from the bank, the state of the deposit market.
In order to attract funds from business entities and citizens into their circulation, banks develop and implement a whole range of activities. So, first of all, an important means of competition between banks for attracting resources is the interest rate policy, because the amount of income on invested funds serves as a significant incentive for customers to place their temporarily free funds in deposits (deposits).
The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is set by each commercial bank independently, focusing on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia and the state of the money market, as well as based on the provisions of its own deposit policy. First of all, the level of interest rate on deposit (deposit) operations of banks depends on the type of deposits (deposits). As a rule, on demand deposits, characterized by the instability of the balance, high mobility and mobility, minimum interest rates are set.
In order to encourage clients to maintain stable, not declining balances on demand accounts, which generally has a significant impact on the profitability of credit operations, banks set higher interest rates on them or on the amount of the balance not lower than the minimum calculated by the bank and agreed with the client (which is stipulated in the bank account).
When setting the interest rate on time deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the period for which the funds are placed: the longer the period, the higher the interest rate. An equally important factor is the amount of the deposit, and, therefore, the larger the amount of the deposit and the longer the period of its storage, the higher the interest rate on it, as a rule. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income on deposits (deposits). The interest rate on the deposit is inversely related to the frequency of payment of income, i.e. the less often they are made, the higher the level of the interest rate on the deposit (deposit) set by the bank. It should be noted that paying interest to banks at rates significantly higher than the economically justified level is not illegal. In this case, the material benefit received from the difference between the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the credit institution's rate on specific deposits should be subject to income tax.
Payment of interest on a deposit (deposit) can be made:
· once a month;
once a quarter;
after the expiration of the contract.
In order to stimulate the attraction of customer funds to time accounts in the bank, the conditions of deposits (deposits) may provide for the capitalization of interest. It is possible if the bank uses the compound interest technique when calculating income.
The traditional type of calculation of income is simple interest, when the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation, and, based on the interest rate stipulated by the agreement, the calculation and payment of income on the deposit take place with the established frequency. Another type of income calculation is compound interest (interest on interest). In this case, after the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount, and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period, the interest rate is applied to the new deposit amount, which has increased by the amount of previously accrued income.
To raise funds for deposits, commercial banks have begun to widely use foreign experience, in particular, they carry out:
· Development of various programs to attract funds from the population;
· provision of various types of services to depositor clients, including those of a non-banking nature (for example, elements of medical care; subscription to periodicals of economic literature; subscriptions for excursion services in museums, etc.);
Use of a high interest rate on deposits of an investment nature;
program "Bonus percentage".
In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits. In order to protect investors, depositors and provide them with guarantees of compensation of funds in the event of their bankruptcy, banks should create special deposit insurance funds both in a centralized and decentralized manner.
Along with deposit insurance, it is important for depositors to have access to information about the activities of commercial banks and the guarantees they can provide. When deciding on the placement of available free funds, each creditor must be sufficiently informed about the financial condition of the bank in order to assess the risk of future investments. In this regard, invaluable assistance to depositors and investors can be provided by rating assessments of the activities of banks by special agencies and bureaus.
At the same time, it should be noted that banks must also provide comprehensive information about themselves (on the amount of authorized capital, equity, founders, development prospects, performance results, etc.) to their creditors and depositors. This is especially true for individuals who choose banks to deposit their funds. Therefore, in the premises of a bank (branch, branch, additional office) accepting deposits from citizens, for the information of depositors, the following must be presented:
· a license from the Bank of Russia, which gives a particular bank the right to accept deposits from individuals either in rubles or in rubles and in foreign currency;
· auditor's report on the bank's annual report;
· the bank's balance sheet as of the last reporting date and profit and loss statement according to the forms for publication in print;
· position of the bank on the deposits of individuals;
List of types of deposits accepted by the bank from individuals. persons;
conditions for each type of deposits;
information on the conditions for providing and guaranteeing deposits by the bank;
Forms of documents required for registration of deposits and transactions with them;
· information of the board of the bank (or other management bodies of the bank) on changes in the interest rate for certain types of deposits (indicating the reasons and terms for making changes to the conditions of deposits).
The work of credit institutions to attract creditors' funds into their circulation is associated with certain risks, which they must take into account in their activities and be able to manage them in order to avoid negative consequences for liquidity and stability.
The Bank of Russia establishes for banks and monitors their compliance with certain restrictions on the amount of funds raised. In accordance with the latest instructions of the Bank of Russia, a procedure is established for determining the balances on demand accounts and fixed-term accounts of individuals and legal entities (with the exception of credit institutions) for their inclusion in the calculation (exclusion from the calculation) of the instant (H2), current (H3) and long-term liquidity (N4) of the bank Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated 16.01.2004. No. 110-I.
The approach proposed by the Ordinance implements the method used in international practice for assessing bank liquidity risks, taking into account the so-called "behavioral" adjustments, that is, indicators characterizing the state of assets and liabilities based on accumulated statistical data.
The Ordinance establishes that banks independently determine the appropriateness of using the values of the minimum aggregate balances for calculating liquidity ratios.
It should be noted that not the entire amount of the funds of its clients attracted by the bank can act as resources for its active operations. Part of the funds raised in the amount established by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia is subject to mandatory deposit on a separate account with the Bank of Russia. Required reserves are deposited with the Bank of Russia in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation No. 255-P dated March 20, 2000 “On Required Reserves”. The Bank of Russia forms the obligatory reserve fund of the credit and banking system of the state. It can be used to provide credit assistance to commercial banks by the Bank of Russia in various ways, for settlements with depositors and creditors in the event of bankruptcy of a credit institution.
By changing the norms of required reserves, the Bank of Russia influences the credit policy of commercial banks, and, accordingly, the state of the money supply in circulation. For example, a decrease in the mandatory reserve requirements for funds attracted by banks allows them to use the generated resources in their turnover to a greater extent, i.e. increase credit investments in the national economy, and vice versa. Required reserves (reserve requirements) are a mechanism for regulating the overall liquidity of the banking system, used to control monetary aggregates by reducing the money multiplier.
The obligation to fulfill reserve requirements arises for a commercial bank from the moment it receives a license from the Bank of Russia for the right to perform the relevant banking operations.
Required reserve ratios are set by the Bank of Russia for a certain period of time and may be reviewed periodically, but they cannot exceed 20% of a credit institution's liabilities. It should be noted that the norms of required reserves can be differentiated depending on the timing of raising funds, their types (cash of legal entities or individuals), the currency of the deposit. Usually, the highest reserve ratio is set for demand accounts, since the client can withdraw his funds from them at any time.
The stages of the formation of a savings policy are shown in Figure 4.
Monitoring is a necessary tool for assessing and managing the quality of banking activities in the savings market. It is thanks to monitoring that the commercial bank and supervisory authorities can evaluate the results of the deposit policy pursued by the bank, which is extremely important in the development of monetary policy and other market regulation instruments, as well as to prevent crisis situations in the banking system associated with the loss of customer confidence in financial and commercial institutions.
Next, we consider the stages of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. It is very important to study the formation and implementation of the deposit policy mechanism of a commercial bank, since the successful fulfillment of the goals and objectives that are set for the bank in the process of developing and implementing a deposit policy largely depends on the effectiveness of its functioning.
Figure 4 Stages of formation of a savings policy
Based on the analysis of the current practice of behavior of banks in deposit operations, a scheme for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is proposed, which is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Scheme of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
Each of the stages of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is closely related to the others and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the correct organization of the deposit process. In this regard, the following areas of the deposit policy of a commercial bank can be distinguished:
Analysis of the deposit market;
Determination of target markets to minimize deposit risk;
Minimization of costs in the process of raising funds;
Optimization of deposit and loan portfolio management;
Maintaining the liquidity of the bank and increasing its stability.
An analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of the deposit base of any commercial bank, as a complex and time-consuming process, is associated with a large number of problems, both subjective and objective.
Subjective issues include:
1) scale of activity and weak capital base of Russian commercial banks;
2) the lack of interest of the bank's management in attracting funds from customers, especially the population, which is dictated by the tactical and strategic goals and objectives of the bank;
3) insufficient level and quality of top and middle management;
4) the lack of a science-based concept for conducting a deposit policy in most Russian banks;
5) shortcomings in the organization of the deposit process: the absence of an appropriate department in the bank, or a low level of marketing research on the deposit market, a limited range of deposit services offered, etc.
Among the objective factors are the following:
1) direct and indirect impact of the state and state bodies;
2) the impact of macroeconomics, the impact of global financial markets on the state of the Russian money market;
3) interbank competition;
4) the state of the money and financial market in Russia;
The role of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a regulatory body over the past few years has been especially pronounced in matters of setting the refinancing rate and reserve requirements for commercial banks. Changes in the refinancing rate do not allow commercial banks to accurately predict and plan their activities in the field of asset and liability management for the long term and make transactions with long-term liabilities quite risky.
A negative impact on the structure of the resource base of a commercial bank has a growing dependence on large interbank loans, since an interbank loan does not contribute to the diversification of risks in deposit operations.
To solve existing problems, when developing a deposit policy, a commercial bank must be guided by certain criteria for its optimization. Optimization of the bank's deposit policy is a complex multifactorial task, the solution of which should be based on the consideration of the country's economy as a whole. Obviously, these interests do not always coincide. Therefore, the optimal deposit policy involves first coordinating their interests.
So, the optimization criteria are as follows:
a) the relationship of deposit, credit and other operations of the bank to maintain its stability, reliability and financial stability;
b) diversification of the bank's resources in order to minimize the risk;
c) segmentation of the deposit portfolio (according to clients, products, risks);
d) differentiated approach to different groups of clients;
e) competitiveness of banking products and services;
f) the need for an effective combination of resources, ensuring the optimal combination of stable and "volatile" resources while increasing the share of stable resources in the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank in conditions of increased risks (including deposit operations);
g) taking into account the concept of the life cycle in the process of forming the range of deposits and the deposit portfolio as a whole.
In order to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the following is necessary:
Each commercial bank must have its own deposit policy, developed taking into account the specifics of its activities and the criteria for optimizing this process;
It is necessary to expand the range of deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals with a term “on demand”, which will allow, even in conditions of insignificant financial savings, the field to satisfy the needs of bank customers and increase the interest of investors in placing their funds on bank accounts;
As one of the directions for improving the organization of deposit operations, it is possible to use different types of accounts for all categories of depositors and improve the quality of their service;
Individual approach (the desire of the bank to provide the client with special benefits).
These are some of the possible ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank and increase its role in ensuring its sustainability.
The relationship between the savings and deposit policies of a commercial bank is as follows: on the one hand, the main directions of the deposit policy are elements of the formation of the savings activities of the bank (for example, the range of deposits, interest rate policy, promotion of the product on the market, organization of the work of the relevant divisions of the commercial bank). On the other hand, it is impossible to call the deposit policy an integral element of the bank's savings policy. The bank's deposit policy is a broader concept, which includes, in addition to the strategy and tactics of attracting resources on a repayable basis, the organization and management of the deposit process.
In general, each commercial bank develops its own deposit policy. Also, the bank's management independently determines the degree of importance of these areas, the priority of one or another type of bank policy. First of all, this will depend on the area of operation of a particular bank, its specialization and universalization.
Moscow 2004
1. General provisions
1.1. This document has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation and takes into account the recommendations set forth in the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activity", Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "No. 242-P of December 16, 2003" On the organization of internal control in credit institutions and banking groups " , a number of other documents of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
1.2. The purpose of this document is to present the deposit policy
Bank, which refers to the Bank's policy in the field of attracting resources.
1.3. The main goal of the Bank's deposit policy is to attract
the optimal amount of financial resources (by terms and currencies), necessary and
sufficient to operate in the financial markets, subject to the provision
the minimum level of costs.
1.4. Resources are attracted in the course of specific
operations under the current banking licenses. Wherein,
the main instruments used by the Bank to attract resources,
are:
Opening and maintenance of accounts for legal entities and individuals,
implying the receipt of funds in these accounts;
Opening and maintaining accounts of other banks, involving the receipt
to these accounts of funds;
Issue and sale of bank bills;
Opening limits on the Bank by other banks, allowing
attract resources in the form of interbank loans.
The list of instruments for raising funds can be expanded in the course of further banking activities. In particular, a bank can start issuing its own bonds, conclude an agreement with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to receive loans from it, and so on.
1.5. Carrying out banking operations that allow attracting resources,
provide the following divisions of the Bank:
a) Customer Relations Department:
Attracting funds "on demand" from legal entities and individuals
persons (excluding employees of the Bank) through the opening of the relevant
accounts;
Attracting urgent funds from legal entities and individuals
(including employees of the Bank) through the opening of deposit accounts.
b) Department of Accounting and Reporting:
Attracting funds "on demand" from the Bank's employees through
opening appropriate accounts for them;
c) Treasury:
Attracting funds from banks through the sale of bills of exchange of the Bank,
obtaining interbank loans from them, placing bank funds on
their correspondent accounts opened with the Bank;
Attracting funds from legal entities and individuals through the sale of
bank bills.
Other divisions of the Bank may also be involved in the above operations. At the same time, the participation of individual divisions of the Bank in these operations is carried out within the framework of the tasks and functions assigned to them by the Regulations on these structural divisions, as well as on the basis of relevant orders and instructions for the Bank.
1.6. In the course of conducting deposit operations, the Bank's divisions are guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Charter of the Bank, this Document and internal documents regulating the technical procedure and conditions for conducting specific types of banking operations.
2. Basic provisions and principles
2.1. The deposit policy of the Bank is closely connected with the credit and interest policy of the Bank, being one of the elements of the banking policy as a whole.
The deposit policy of the Bank is formed with the allocation of the following
Setting goals and defining objectives of the deposit policy;
Identification of the relevant departments involved in the implementation
deposit policy, distribution of powers of the Bank's employees;
Development of necessary procedures and technical procedures for conducting
banking operations that provide attraction of resources;
Organization of control and management in the process of implementation
banking operations aimed at attracting resources.
2.3. When forming the deposit policy, the following specific principles are taken into account:
Principles for ensuring optimal (subject to subsequent
receipt of income from the placement of resources) level of costs;
the principle of security of conducting deposit operations and maintaining
reliability of the Bank.
Compliance with the above principles allows the Bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the efficiency and optimization of the deposit policy.
2.4. The deposit policy of the Bank is based on:
Subjects of deposit relations (in relation to individuals and
legal entities);
Banking instruments used to attract resources;
Terms of attraction of resources (short-term, medium-term and
long-term deposit policy);
Purposes of attracting (for investing, lending, maintaining
current liquidity);
Aggressiveness in attracting resources and related
the issue of pricing policy and the degree of risk of operations.
2.5. The deposit policy of the Bank provides for:
Analysis of the deposit market;
Determination of target markets to minimize deposit risk;
Minimization of expenses in the process of attracting funds;
Optimization of the management of the Bank's deposit portfolio in order to
maintaining the required level of the Bank's liquidity, increasing its
sustainability.
2.6. The Bank, when conducting its deposit policy, takes into account the following
factors:
Changes in tax legislation;
The current state and trends of the financial market both in part
attraction and allocation of resources;
Changes made to the calculation of banking standards;
Change in the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
Limits, control figures set by the Bank itself on
ongoing banking operations.
2.7. Implementation of the Bank's deposit policy is carried out in the course of
carrying out specific banking operations listed in paragraph 1.3. given
documents that allow you to raise funds. At the same time, the BANK
deposit operations, that is, attracts funds on the terms:
recurrence;
Urgency;
Payment (when it is provided by the relevant agreements);
Publicity (regarding the conditions for raising funds).
2.8. The main principle of the Bank's work in the course of deposit
operations is to ensure the amount of resources required for the normal functioning of the Bank, achieved at minimal cost for their purchase.
2.9.The main principle is achieved through portfolio diversification
attracted financial resources by sources of their attraction and structure,
linking the volumes and structure of these resources (by currency and by maturity) to the volumes
and asset structure.
2.10. Mandatory requirement when determining possible conditions
attracting resources is a preliminary analysis of possible directions
spending attracted resources with an assessment of financial results and
structural changes as a result of proposed banking operations.
3. Policy of the Bank when conducting specific deposit
operations
3.1. Opening and maintenance of accounts for legal entities.
3.1.1. The main source of formation of the resource base of the Bank are
balances on the accounts of legal entities - clients of the Bank.
3.1.2. The Bank's policy in working with legal entities is based,
first of all, at work with existing clients of the Bank.
The increase in the sustainability of the Bank's resource base (in terms of volume and timing) should be facilitated.
Business development by existing clients of the Bank;
Opening accounts in the Bank by organizations and enterprises -
counterparties and partners of existing clients of the Bank;
Accumulation of financial flows associated with the implementation
programs and projects implemented with the participation of the Bank's clients.
3.1.3. The Bank opens and maintains accounts of legal entities in rubles and foreign
currency on the basis of existing agreements that differ depending on
urgency of accounts and categories of customers (companies of municipal form
property, other categories of organizations and enterprises).
3.1.4. The pricing policy of the Bank in working with clients - legal entities,
provides about there is no fee for the balances of funds on the settlement accounts of legal entities, except for the cases of setting an individual fee for the balances of funds on the accounts of enterprises and organizations.
3.1.5. Given the increasing demands from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation regarding
increase in the level of liquidity, expressed in the need for daily
compliance with banking standards, as well as striving for a balance
resources with assets by maturity, the Bank takes measures aimed at
increase in the total amount of funds on the accounts of legal entities of the share of urgent
resources. These activities involve personal work with specific
clients, including:
Tracking the movement of funds on customer accounts -
legal entities, selection on the basis of the information received the most
prospective clients in terms of forming on the database of clients
urgent resource base;
Creation of conditions for clients - legal entities, stimulating to
transfer of part of funds from current accounts to urgent accounts;
Timely informing clients - legal entities about new
terms of customer service.
3.1.6. As part of solving the problems of expanding the range of legal entities,
serviced by the Bank, increasing the resource base of the Bank at the expense of funds
accumulated on the accounts of legal entities, paramount importance is given to
creation of conditions for clients conducive to the inflow of cash into the Bank
resources. Competitive, according to
compared with other banks, the Bank's tariff policy, the Bank's flexibility in
regarding the establishment of fees for attracted financial resources that are beneficial to
customer service conditions, including obtaining loans, the possibility
remote customer service through the Client-Bank system and so on.
Introduction 3
1. The essence of the deposit policy of a commercial bank 4
2. Problems of formation of the deposit base of a commercial bank 11
3. Deposits 12
4. Deposit and savings certificates 13
Conclusion 15
References 17
Introduction
Reforming the economy and Russia's transition to the mainstream of world economic development suggest the need for an in-depth study of the processes that make up the core of market transformations, which include the formation and development of the securities market, their placement, resale, modification, redemption and other operations.
Commercial banks in the securities market can act as issuers of securities, intermediaries in transactions with securities and perform transactions with securities on their own behalf in order to receive income.
Securities issued by commercial banks can be divided into two main groups:
1. Shares and bonds;
2. Checks, savings and additional certificates.
The main part of the banks' resources is formed by borrowed funds, which cover up to 90% of the total need for funds for active BANKING operations. A commercial bank has the ability to attract funds from enterprises, organizations, institutions, individuals and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and open appropriate accounts for them.
Contribution (deposit) is money (in cash and non-cash form, in national or foreign currency) transferred to the bank by their owner for storage on certain conditions. Operations related to the attraction of funds in the deposit. They are called deposits. For banks, deposits are the main type of their passive operations and, therefore, the main resource for conducting active lending operations.
1. The essence of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
In order to attract resources for their activities, it is important for commercial banks to develop a deposit policy strategy based on the goals and objectives of a commercial bank, enshrined in the charter, to maximize profits and the need to preserve bank liquidity. The deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:
- economic expediency;
– competitiveness;
– internal consistency.
Economic feasibility here is understood as the profitability of using the attracted resources of the population. This issue, of course, must be considered in the general context of active-passive control. When calculating the relative efficiency of attracting deposit resources of individuals, it is necessary to take into account both the costs associated with them, including reserve allocations, as well as the uncertain degree of their liquidity, and clear benefits.
The system of interest rates on deposits should be oriented to the market situation with indispensable consideration of the emerging hierarchy of reliability of comparable instruments. Thus, a bank that keeps rates at a lower level than competitors close to it in terms of reliability risks losing part of its clientele.
It is possible to consider the internal consistency of the deposit policy in several aspects. This is the term structure of deposit rates, and their differentiation by amounts, types of deposits in comparison with other comparable instruments of the same bank (certificates, promissory notes, etc.), as well as by various categories of clientele (for example, for individuals and legal entities).
Considering the essence of the deposit policy of commercial banks, it is necessary to touch upon such issues as: the subjects and objects of the deposit policy, the principles of its formation, as well as the boundaries of the deposit policy.
The composition of the subjects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank includes the bank's customers, commercial banks and government agencies. The objects of the deposit policy include attracted funds of the bank and additional services of the bank (comprehensive service). The classification of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy is summarized in Figure 1.
The formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is based on both general and specific principles, which is clearly reflected in Figure 2.
Under the general principles of the deposit policy are understood the principles that are common both for the state monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, carried out at the macroeconomic level, and for the policy at the level of each specific commercial bank. These include the principles of an integrated approach, scientific validity, optimality and efficiency, as well as the unity of all elements of the bank's deposit policy. An integrated approach is expressed both in the development of theoretical foundations, priority areas of the bank's deposit policy in terms of its development strategy, and in determining the most effective and optimal tactics and methods for its implementation for a given stage of bank development.
Figure 1 - Composition of subjects and objects of the deposit policy
commercial bank
The specific principles of the deposit policy include the principles of ensuring the optimal level of bank costs, security of deposit operations, reliability, since the bank, by accumulating temporarily free funds for the purpose of their subsequent placement, seeks to receive income not at any cost, but taking into account the realities of the market in which he carries out his work.
Compliance with the above principles allows the bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the efficiency and optimization of its deposit policy.
Figure 2 - Principles of formation of the deposit policy
commercial bank
One of the important issues of the work is the issue of the boundaries of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, which is understood as a certain allowable limit for the accumulation by the bank of temporarily free funds of legal entities and individuals. In this case, the classification of these boundaries is given according to the following criteria:
– depending on supply and demand in the deposit market (economic boundaries);
– by the impact of the CBR regulations and bank limits (administrative boundaries);
– depending on the subjects of deposit relations (external and internal borders);
– depending on the urgency of deposit relations (time limits);
– depending on the geographical principle (territorial boundaries);
– depending on the volume and structure of funds raised (quantitative and qualitative boundaries).
In a generalized form, the classification of boundaries is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - The boundaries of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
Considering the deposit policy of the bank as one of the elements of the banking policy as a whole, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the main goal of the deposit policy is to attract as much money as possible at the lowest price. Successful implementation of this multifaceted goal of the bank's deposit policy involves solving such tasks as:
– assistance in the process of conducting deposit operations to obtain banking profits or create conditions for making profits in the future;
– maintaining the required level of bank liquidity;
– ensuring the diversification of subjects of deposit operations and a combination of different forms of deposits;
– maintaining the relationship and mutual consistency between deposit operations and operations for issuing loans in terms of amounts and terms of deposits and credit investments;
– minimization of free funds on deposit accounts;
– pursuing a flexible interest rate policy;
– constant search for ways and means to reduce interest costs on attracted resources;
– development of banking services and improvement of the quality and culture of customer service.
In this issue, it is also advisable to consider the mechanism for forming the deposit policy of a commercial bank, which is schematically shown in Figure 4. The successful implementation of the goals and objectives that are set by the bank in the process of developing and implementing the deposit policy largely depends on the effectiveness of this mechanism.
Each of the stages of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is directly related to the others and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the correct organization of the deposit process. Various structural subdivisions of the bank take part in the process of developing the mechanism of the bank's deposit policy. In the context of this issue, it should also be noted that an important factor determining the liquidity of a bank is the quality of its deposit base. The criterion for the quality of deposits is their stability. The larger the stable part of the deposits, the higher the bank's liquidity, since the accumulated resources in this part do not leave the bank. An increase in the stable part of deposits reduces the bank's need for liquid assets, as it implies the renewal of the bank's liabilities.
Figure 4 - Scheme of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
An analysis of the state of various types of deposits, conducted by foreign researchers, showed that demand deposits have the greatest stability. This type of deposits does not depend on the level of interest rate. Its affiliation to a particular bank is largely due to such factors as: quality and speed of service; the reliability of the bank; variety of services offered to depositors; the proximity of the bank to the client. Less stable, according to a survey of foreign researchers, are the balances of fixed-term and savings deposits. Their attachment to a particular bank is influenced by the level of interest rates. Therefore, they are subject to migration in the event of certain fluctuations in the level of deposit interest set by different banks.
2. Problems of formation of the deposit base of a commercial bank
An analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of the deposit base of any commercial bank, as a complex and time-consuming process, is associated with a large number of problems, both subjective and objective.
Subjective issues include:
– scale of activity and weak capital base of Russian commercial banks;
- lack of interest of the bank's management in attracting funds from customers, especially the population, which is dictated by the tactical and strategic goals and objectives of the bank;
- insufficient level and quality of top and middle management;
– the absence in most Russian banks of a science-based concept for conducting a deposit policy;
- shortcomings in the organization of the deposit process: the absence of an appropriate unit in the bank; low level of marketing research of the deposit market; limited range of offered deposit services and so on.
Among the objective factors are the following:
- direct and indirect impact of the state and state bodies on commercial banks;
– the impact of macroeconomics, the impact of global financial markets on the state of the Russian money market;
– interbank competition;
– state of the money and financial market in Russia;
– the absence in Russia of a legal mechanism for insurance and protection of bank deposits.
3. Deposits
A deposit is an economic relationship regarding the transfer of client funds for temporary use to a bank.
Deposit accounts can be very diverse and their classification can be based on such criteria as the sources of deposits, their intended purpose, the degree of profitability, etc., however, the category of the depositor and the form of withdrawal of the deposit are most often used as a criterion.
Deposits of individuals.
Deposit operations are a broad concept, since they include all the bank's activities related to raising funds in deposits.
Deposits of citizens have the right to accept only banks that ensure their safety and timely return by insurance or other methods provided for by law.
Safety and return of deposits of citizens in banks established by the state, and banks where the state owns more than 50% of shares (shares) guaranteed by the state or the Central Bank, responsible for failure to fulfill obligations to depositors.
The deposit can be used in two ways:
1. A deposit is money or securities deposited by a debtor in financial and credit, judicial or administrative institutions for storage with subsequent transfer (under certain conditions) to one or another business entity or citizen - a depositor (contributions for payment of customs duties, contributions for deposit court accounts in securing a claim and for transfer to recoverers, contributions to notary offices, if it is impossible to deliver money or securities directly to the recipient).
2. A deposit is a deposit of money or securities in banks. A deposit is a contribution for a rigidly defined period, in which the conditions for the return or securities are immediately negotiated.
Deposits are a source of formation of the bank's loan capital, which is used to issue loans, make investments, etc. These banking operations generate income for the bank. Therefore, the bank pays the citizen his deposit. Interest on deposits to a citizen is a payment for the money invested.
4.Deposit and savings certificates.
A certificate is a written obligation of the issuing bank to deposit funds, certifying the right of the depositor or his right of the receiver to receive the amount of the deposit and interest on it after the expiration of the established period. Certificates can be issued both in a single order and in series.
Certificates can be registered and bearer.
The certificate cannot serve as a settlement or means of payment for goods sold or services rendered.
Cash settlements for the purchase and sale of certificates of deposit and the payment of amounts on them are carried out only in a non-cash manner.
Deposits and savings certificates are securities.
A savings certificate can only be issued to a citizen of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as the official currency. A certificate of deposit can only be issued to an organization that is a legal entity registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or in the territory of another state that uses the ruble as an official currency.
The certificate is not subject to export to the territory of the state that does not use the ruble as the official currency. The right to claim a certificate of deposit can only be transferred to legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official currency. The right to claim a savings money certificate is transferred only to citizens of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official payment unit.
Certificates must be current. The term of circulation for certificates of deposit (from the date of issue to the date when the owner of the certificate receives the right to demand a deposit or deposit under the certificate) is limited to one year.
The term of circulation of savings certificates is limited to three years.
If the term for receiving a deposit or a deposit under a certificate is overdue, then such a certificate is considered a demand document, according to which the bank is obliged to pay the deposit at the first request of the owner (beneficiary).
The Bank may provide for the possibility of early presentation for payment of an urgent certificate. In this case, the bank pays the owner of such a certificate the amount of the certificate and interest at a reduced rate established by the bank when issuing the certificate.
Interest on certificates is set upon issuance and is indicated on the forms in percentage and monetary form. At the same time, interest payments due to the owner after the expiration of the certificate do not depend on the time of purchase.
Conclusion
Passive operations play a primary role in commercial banks in relation to active ones. It is at their expense that funds are raised for further investment activities of banks.
At the same time, one cannot but say that such a source of formation of banking resources as deposits has some disadvantages. We are talking about the significant material and monetary costs of the bank when attracting funds to deposits, the limited availability of funds within a particular region. In addition, the mobilization of funds for deposits depends to a large extent on the clients, and not on the bank itself. Therefore, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits. For these purposes, it is important for commercial banks to develop a deposit policy strategy based on their goals and objectives. Strengthening the deposit base is very important for banks. By increasing the total volume of deposits and expanding the circle of depositors of legal entities and individuals, it is possible to improve the organization of deposit operations and the system to stimulate the attraction of deposits.
To strengthen the deposit base and expand the resource potential, the bank is offered:
1) Expand the list of existing deposits, focusing on different segments of the population with different income levels.
2) Master the issuance of savings certificates.
3) Take measures to minimize the negative impact of unforeseen withdrawal of term deposits by the population.
4) To pay interest on placed deposits in advance in order to compensate for inflationary losses.
5) Introduce a new service for customers - a telemarketing service.
Also, in general, for commercial banks, it is proposed to build a system for guaranteeing bank deposits, taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian banking system.
Bibliography
1. Akhmetov A. E. How to assess the liquidity and solvency of the bank. - Saratov: CJSC "Finiz", 2000. - 78s.
2. Balabanova I. T. Banks and banking activity. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 345 p.: ill.
3. Banking: Textbook. Ed. Kolesnikova V.I. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1999. - 536 p.: ill.
4. Zhukov E. F. Banks and banking operations. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 234 p.: ill.
5. Serebryakov SV Financial ecology: will it be safe to keep money in Russia // Banking. - 2001. - No. 5. - S. 15-20.
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The implementation of deposit operations involves the development by each commercial bank of its own deposit policy, which should be understood as a set of measures of a commercial bank aimed at determining the forms, tasks, content of banking activities for the formation of banking resources, their planning and regulation. The implementation of the deposit policy can be viewed from two positions. In a broad sense, this is the activity of the bank associated with attracting funds from depositors and other creditors, as well as determining (regulating) the appropriate combinations of sources of funds. In a narrow sense, these are actions aimed at meeting the bank's liquidity needs by actively seeking to raise funds, including borrowed funds.
The ultimate goal of developing and implementing an effective deposit policy of any commercial bank is to increase the volume of the resource base while minimizing the bank's expenses and maintaining the required level of liquidity, taking into account all types of risks.
The main elements of the deposit policy of a commercial bank are:
- 1) the bank's strategy for developing the main directions of the deposit process;
- 2) the bank's tactics in organizing the formation of the resource base;
- 3) control over the implementation of the deposit policy.
As a rule, banks are encouraged to develop a special deposit policy document that would allow them to determine the strategy and tactics of the bank in organizing the deposit process. The document "Deposit Policy of the Bank" is developed on the basis of an analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base, as well as in close conjunction with such documents that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds. Specifically, in the deposit policy, the bank provides for the growth prospects of own funds, and hence the ratio between own and borrowed funds; structure of attracted funds; preferred types of deposits and deposits, terms of their attraction; the ratio between time deposits and term deposits and demand deposits; the main contingent of deposits and deposits, etc.
Taking into account the world experience in conducting deposit operations by banks and the possibility of its adaptation to Russian conditions, one could recommend the following scheme of the model for forming the deposit policy of a commercial bank (Fig. 1): Banking: Textbook / Ed. G.G. Korobova. - M.: "Jurist", 2007. p. 210
Rice. one. Model of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
The above model is formed on the basis of the current tasks that need to be addressed in the process of carrying out passive operations and creating an optimal resource base for the bank. The bank's deposit policy should correspond to its strategic goals. Therefore, in its formation, the choice of the general line is extremely important. Managing the activities of a commercial bank (banking management) / Ed. O.I. Lavrushin. - M.: "Yurist", 2007. p.352 The Bank can choose as its priority potential customers either private depositors - "retail" customers, or commercial firms and other legal entities, or both. If the bank does not attract widespread deposits from the population, then it can replace fixed costs with interest. When working with the population, the bank at the initial stage develops a penetration strategy for markets, customers and banking products, and then a development and diversification strategy. In a competitive environment, banks are forced to pursue an aggressive policy. In the market of private deposits, the strategy of the leader is, of course, pursued by the Savings Bank of Russia. The bank's deposit policy assumes that special attention should be paid to risk management in the field of deposit operations. It is based on the constant maintenance of the required level of diversification of deposit resources, as well as ensuring the possibility of attracting funds from other sources and maintaining the balance of the bank's liabilities with its assets in terms of terms and interest rates.
The objectives of the bank's deposit policy may be:
- - observance of the bank's balance sheet liquidity;
- - attracting resources with minimal costs; - attracting the required amount of resources into deposits for the longest possible period;
- - Creation in the future of conditions for the sustainability of the funds raised.
Maintaining stable balances on customer accounts can be stimulated, for example, by setting a higher interest rate, but for a minimum account balance, or by differentiating interest depending on the size of the minimum balance.
The deposit policy of the bank must be documented. It can be fixed in the form of an independent document for 1-2 years or represented by separate provisions on the procedure for attracting funds to deposits and on opening and maintaining client accounts.
The regulation on the deposit policy of the bank may contain the following sections:
- - general provisions;
- - objectives of the bank's resource policy;
- - interaction of structural subdivisions of the bank;
- - the structure of the bank's resources;
- -terms for attracting funds and the procedure for establishing the terms of contracts;
- - a list of documents required to conclude an agreement and open a deposit or bank account;
- - a list of documents and the procedure for processing operations to raise funds in deposit and savings certificates;
- - the procedure for raising funds and formalizing operations to raise funds from credit institutions;
- - the procedure for calculating and paying interest on passive transactions;
- - the procedure for deductions to the mandatory reserve fund of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, control over compliance with economic standards;
- - the order of storage of documents.
In addition, depending on the composition of the clientele and the direction of the bank's activities, the document may include other sections. Thus, the bank's deposit policy is determined, firstly, by priorities in the choice of customers and deposit instruments (market segmentation), and secondly, by the rules and regulations (including legislative, instructive, intrabank, etc.) that regulate practical activities bank personnel implementing these priorities in practice. The quality of the deposit policy and the efficiency of passive operations also depend on the competence of the bank's management and the level of qualification of the staff and the development of the terms of deposit agreements.
The deposit policy creates the necessary prerequisites for the effective work of the personnel of the bank's resource divisions, unites and organizes the efforts of the personnel, reduces the likelihood of errors and making irrational decisions.
The presence of a deposit guarantee system strengthens confidence in the national banking system and creates prerequisites for the flow of household savings to banks. To provide guarantees for the return of citizens' funds attracted by banks and compensation for the loss of income on invested funds, a federal fund for compulsory insurance of deposits is being created. Federal Law No. 28-FZ of February 28, 2009 “On Banks and Banking Activity”. Art. 38 The members of the Federal Compulsory Deposit Insurance Fund are the Bank of Russia and banks that attract citizens' funds. The procedure for the creation, formation and use of the funds of the Federal Compulsory Deposit Insurance Fund is determined by federal law.
Banks have the right to create voluntary deposit insurance funds to ensure the return of deposits and the payment of income on them. There. Art. 39 Voluntary deposit insurance funds are created as non-profit organizations. The number of banks - founders of the voluntary deposit insurance fund must be at least five with a total authorized capital of at least 20 times the minimum authorized capital established by the Bank of Russia for banks on the date of the fund's creation. The procedure for the creation, management and operation of voluntary deposit insurance funds is determined by their charters and federal laws. The Bank is obliged to notify customers of its participation or non-participation in voluntary deposit insurance funds. In case of participation in the voluntary deposit insurance fund, the bank informs the client about the conditions of insurance.