remote detonator. remote fuze

The main charge of ammunition (artillery projectile, mines, aerial bombs, missile warhead, torpedoes).

According to the principle of operation, fuses are divided into contact, remote, non-contact, command, as well as combined action.

The first, simplest fuse was developed by A. Nobel to ensure a reliable explosion of the dynamite he invented, and consists of a primer and a detonator. The initiating impulse in him was fire. Subsequently, percussion fuses have become widespread in the armies of various countries, which have dominated over the past 100 years.

Contact fuses

Contact explosive devices (VU) are designed to provide contact action, that is, the operation of the VU due to the contact of the ammunition with the target or obstacle.

According to the response time, contact VUs are divided into three types:

• instant action - 0.05 ... 0.1 ms;
• inertial action - 1...5 ms;
• delayed action - from units of milliseconds to several days; multi-installation VU can have not one, but several settings for the response time [ ] .

proximity fuses

Non-contact VUs serve to ensure non-contact action, that is, the fuse is triggered due to interaction with a target or obstacle without contact with the ammunition.

• automatic subdivided according to the type of impact:
  • magnetic,
  • optic,

Induction-type fuses have an induction sensor (vortex generator) that detonates the warhead when the missile/projectile passes near the target's metal plating. With a direct hit, the warhead is detonated by a backup contact fuse.

Promising weapon systems in NATO countries are designed to fire controlled detonation ammunition with the implementation of a standardized programming scheme for an AHEAD-type projectile fuse (muzzle programmer), or in the power paths of cannon systems (Bushmaster II, Rheinmetall Rh503, Bofors L70 and CT40. When munitions are detonated by a remote controlled detonation of the PABM (Programmable Air Burst Munition) type, the specified efficiency of fragmentation of the protected manpower in the NIB is ensured.

Remote action fuses

Remote fuses are designed to provide remote action, that is, they are triggered at a given point in the flight path of the ammunition (at a distance) without any interaction with the target. Typically, remote VUs count the amount of time required for the ammunition to reach the required trajectory point, however, there are other ways to determine the spatial position of the ammunition.

According to the design, the following remote VUs are distinguished:

• pyrotechnic;
• sentries;
• electromechanical;
• electronic.

Command fuses

Command (or remotely controlled) fuses are VUs that are triggered by a command given from a ground or air command post.

The invention relates to the field of military technology and can be used in cannon and rocket artillery fuses, mainly for cluster projectiles. The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the body of the fuse with the outer diameter of the spectacle thread D is made with an internal jumper thickness D 1 . Fuze units - firecracker, safety-detonating device and electronic temporary device are located under the jumper. The remaining elements of the fuse are located above the jumper. Diameter B and thickness D 1 are related by the ratio D=(2.0…7.0)D 1 . Increases the reliability of the projectile. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of military technology and can be used in fuses mainly for cluster munitions of cannon and rocket artillery when firing at a distance.

The remote action of the fuse is characterized by its operation on the trajectory after a given time of remote action from the moment of firing. Remote fuses are used in high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, lighting and propaganda artillery ammunition.

In the last 25-30 years, remote fuses have been most widely used in cluster munitions for cannon and rocket artillery to open cartridges with submunitions at a given point in the projectile trajectory. As submunitions in cluster projectiles, ballistic, self-aiming and homing submunitions are used. According to the nature of the impact on the target, the combat elements can be fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative fragmentation, and other types of action.

Electronic elements are widely used in modern fuses to improve the accuracy of counting the time of remote action. This makes it possible to fully realize the damaging potential of cluster munitions, since the cartridge is deployed at a given point in the trajectory.

The most widespread in recent years have received head remote electronic fuses. When triggered after a predetermined time of remote action, the head fuse gives out an igniting impulse to detonate the expelling charge, which causes the destruction of the ammunition body and the ejection of cassettes with submunitions in the direction of the projectile. A description of such fuses is given in Armada International, 4/2002, pp. 64-70.

An analogue of the claimed invention is the German remote fuse DM52A1, developed by Junghans, which is used in the ammunition of the 155-mm PzH2000 self-propelled howitzer and is designed for smoke, agitation and cluster projectiles, including projectiles with self-guided submunitions. The design of the DM52A1 fuse contains a hollow body with a firecracker and a safety-detonating device placed in it. A redundant type power supply is placed in the upper part of the case, and an electronic temporary device is placed above it.

This source provides information about other remote fuses made according to the same design scheme as the DM52A1 fuse. Among them are the M9084 and M9220 fuses developed by Fuchs (South Africa), the 132 series fuses for 105- and 155-mm shells from the British company Royal Ordnance Control Systems and Fuse Division, the Singaporean fuse EF-784, etc.

Common features of the listed analogues with the proposed invention are the presence in their structures of the case, firecrackers, safety detonating device, power source and electronic temporary device.

The closest in technical essence and achieved technical result to the claimed invention is the American M762 fuse, taken by the authors as a prototype (see Jane's International Defense Review, May 2001, www.janes.com).

The design of the M762 fuse contains a hollow body, in which a firecracker and a safety-detonating device are placed. In the upper part of the case, with the help of a union nut, an ampoule power supply of a backup type and a ballistic cap are attached, inside which an installation device and an electronic temporary device are placed.

On the trajectory, after the set time of remote action, the temporary device issues a command to trigger the expelling charge in the projectile. After the expelling charge is triggered, the head of the projectile is destroyed and cluster submunitions are ejected in the direction of the projectile.

The disadvantage of the M762 fuse is the impossibility of its use in projectiles with the ejection of cluster elements in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the projectile. The ejection of cluster elements in projectiles of this kind occurs under the influence of high pressure that occurs when the firecracker of the fuse and the expelling charge of the projectile are fired at the moment of destruction of the bottom of the projectile. A projectile with such an ejection of cluster elements provides a higher accuracy of elements, accuracy of hitting and density of destruction of openly located targets compared to cluster munitions that have an opening along the trajectory.

The design of the prototype with a hollow body does not provide resistance to high pressure in order to prevent it from being bled through the fuse.

Common features with the proposed invention in the prototype fuse is the presence of a housing, power source, firecrackers, safety-detonating device, installation and electronic temporary devices.

The objective of the invention is to create a remote fuse that is resistant to high pressure that occurs when the firecracker of the fuse and the expelling charge of the projectile are fired when the cluster elements are ejected in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the projectile.

This is achieved by the fact that in the design of the fuse, containing a body with an outer diameter of spectacle thread D, a firecracker, a safety detonating device, a power source, an installation device and an electronic temporary device, the body is made with an internal jumper with a thickness D 1, and under the jumper there are firecrackers, a safety-detonating device and an electronic temporary device, and above the jumper the remaining elements of the fuse, while the diameter D and thickness D 1 are related by the ratio

D=(2.0…7.0)D 1 .

As the results of calculations and full-scale tests show, when a firecracker and an expelling charge fire, a pressure of the order of (8000 ... 15000) MPa is created inside the projectile, depending on the caliber of the projectile. The fuse withstands the specified pressure until the cluster elements are ejected towards the bottom of the projectile with a bridge thickness in the range of (10...15) mm, which is ensured by the fulfillment of the ratio D=(2.0...7.0)D 1 . Moreover, this ratio is valid both for steel cases and for cases made of aluminum alloys.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the drawing, which shows a General view of the proposed design of the fuse.

The remote fuse contains a metal case 1 with an outer diameter of a spectacle thread D and a jumper with a thickness D 1 . In the case, on the side of the bottom of the fuse, a firecracker 2, a safety-detonating device 3 with a transfer charge 4 and a detonator cap 5, and an electronic temporary device 6 with an electric igniter 7 are placed. operating pressure, located under the jumper.

In the volume above the jumper are the power source 8 and the installation device (not shown). The upper part of the fuse is attached to the housing 1 with the help of a union nut 9 and casing 10.

The fuse works as follows. At a given point in the trajectory, after a set time of remote action, the electronic temporary device 6 generates a signal to fire the electric igniter 7. As a result, the blasting cap 5, the transfer charge 4, the firecracker 2 and the expelling charge of the projectile (not shown in the drawing) fire. Inside the projectile, the pressure of the explosion products of all the firing elements of the fuse and the projectile is created. The jumper in the body 1 of the fuse with a thickness D 1 does not allow pressure to be released until the bottom of the projectile is destroyed and the cluster submunitions are ejected.

In a specific implementation of the claimed invention, the body is made of steel with an M52x3 spectacle thread and a jumper thickness of 15 mm.

The effect achieved when using the claimed invention is to ensure the operability of the cluster projectile when the cluster elements are ejected towards the bottom of the projectile.

The technical result of the claimed invention is confirmed by the results of the above and field tests.

A remote fuse containing a body with an outer diameter of a spectacle thread D, a firecracker, a safety detonating device, a power source, an installation device and an electronic temporary device, characterized in that the body is made with an internal bridge of thickness D 1, moreover, a firecracker, a safety detonating device and the electronic temporary device is located under the jumper, and above the jumper - the other mentioned elements of the fuse, while the diameter D and thickness D 1 are related by the ratio D=(2.0...7.0)D 1 .

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Time in electric remote fuses is determined by the time of transition of an electric charge from one capacitor to another (ignition), causing the electric fuse (or EV) to fire when a certain potential difference is reached on its plates. These types of fuses, the first samples of which were developed before the start of World War II, due to a number of disadvantages inherent in capacitors (as power sources), were used only in some aerial bombs and types of missiles.
Modern electronic VUs of remote and remote-contact action will be described at the end of Sec. 13.6, and first we give classic samples of remote fuses and pyrotechnic and metal tubes
912
13. Fuses
chanic principles of action. They are characterized by the same general principles of construction as for the above-considered designs of the CMVU. This makes it possible to analyze the functional purpose and design of all the main units and mechanisms that are elements of the functional-structural diagram of the VU, and the principles of their operation in the same manner for all VU, i.e., use a systematic approach. The greatest fundamental difference between remote fuses from the point of view of the structural diagram of the VU lies in the features of the design of their IS, which contains pyrotechnic or mechanical remote devices, as well as triggering (for pyrotechnic VU - prick) mechanisms or devices. The main components and mechanisms of other systems (OTs, safety systems) of remote fuses are similar, and often unified with the corresponding mechanisms of contact explosive devices (this is most clearly expressed in remote-contact fuses).
The remote-contact (impact) fuse D-1-U (Fig. 13.38) is designed for howitzer shells of the main (fragmentation and
Rice. 13.38. Remote impact fuse D-1-U: /, 15 - stoppers; 2, 8, 16 - springs; 3 - settling chulochka: 4 body: 5 - emphasis; 6 - powder fuse in the cup; 7.19-KB; 9 - sting; 10 - membrane; // - drummer; 12 - upper distance ring; 13 - bushing; 14 - flat sting; 17 middle distance ring; 18 - lower distance ring; 20 - spiral spring; 21 - rotary sleeve; 22 - detonator sleeve; 23 - detonator; 24 - transfer charge; 25 - powder moderator; 26 - connecting bracket; 27- safety cap (composite); 28 - CD
13.5. Remote fuses and tubes
913
high-explosive fragmentation) and auxiliary (smoke) purposes of caliber 107 ... 152 mm. The fuse of the safety type with long-range cocking is made in the dimensions of the RGM (see Fig. 13.23).
The initiating system includes a firing mechanism (KB 7, spring 8, tip 9) located in the upper distance ring, a pyrotechnic distance device (rings 12, 17,18 with powder press-fits in the channels), as well as a reactionary PA (striker 11, flat sting 14, KB 19). The reaction striker, under service conditions and when fired, is kept from moving to the KB 19 by a stopper 15 with a spring 16. The stopper abuts against a cup with a pyrotechnic fuse 6. The safety-detonating mechanism (borrowed from RGM type fuses) together with the PPM (it also provides long-range cocking, i.e., is a pyrotechnic DVM) constitute a protection system. The firing chain, when installed on a contact action, has the structure KB - KD - PZ - D, and when installed on a remote actuation - KB of the PTS pin mechanism -
z-cd-pz-d. v.
When fired, the sting 9 under the action of the force of inertia compresses the spring 8 and pricks the KB 7, the fire from which is transferred to the powder composition of the upper distance ring 12 and the powder fuse 6. After the powder fuse burns out, the stopper 15 moves away from the axis of rotation under the action of the spring 16 and centrifugal force the fuse to the side and releases the striker 11. Through the transfer "window, the flame from the upper remote ring is transmitted to the powder composition of the middle remote ring 77; similarly, the fire passes into the lower remote ring 18. From the lower ring, fire through the powder moderator 25 ignites the CD and detonator. Burning time is determined by the length of the remote composition, which burns at a constant speed (~ 1 cm / s) The length of the burning remote composition is regulated by turning the distance rings.
In the event of a fuse failure during remote action or when the fuse is set to strike, it works in the same way as contact artillery fuses (see Section 13.4). The fuse is cocked on all propellant charges on which the RGM-2 is cocked, it has a satisfactory remote action, and when firing at the terrain (on impact) it is more sensitive than the RGM (due to the design features of its reactionary UM, in particular, the absence of a counter-safety spring) .
The T-5 pyrotechnic remote fuse is used in fragmentation anti-aircraft shells of medium caliber (Fig. 13.39, a). The composition of the FSS fuse includes: ballistic cap 14; fixing device (pressure nut) 13; pin mechanism 12; pyrotechnic remote device 11; combined safety mechanism, including IPM (spring 1, inertial stopper 10) and CPM (stopper 6, spring 5); PDU - centrifugal engine 2 with CD 9 and PZ 3. The firing chain has the following structure: KB - PTS - U - KD - PZ - D.

A quarter of a century ago, almost certainly the watch on the reader's hand was mechanical. Today, even if the watch has a familiar dial with arrows, the mechanism by which the watch “walks” is most likely based on electronic circuits and is equipped with a master oscillator with quartz frequency stabilization. The same trend can be observed in the world of artillery fuses. A relatively inexpensive replacement for mechanical assemblies, in particular, mechanical devices that work out time intervals, are electronic blocks.

Traditionally, artillery shells were equipped with four types of fuses:

1. shock;

2. shock with deceleration;

3. remote;

4. non-contact.

Mechanical components in all the above types of fuses are gradually being replaced by electronic units, which allow all four types of action to be combined in one multifunctional device. In some applications, however, the advantage remains with traditional mechanical fuzes, therefore, despite the persistence of trends, the development of single- or dual-mode conventional fuzes continues.

The replacement of mechanical subsystems with electronic units, among others, raised the problem of the need to supply the fuse with its own power source. At the same time, this source must provide the fuse with energy after it is subjected to significant shock loads accompanying the shot from the gun, and, moreover, the fuse must be resistant to long-term storage, for a period of 10 years or more.

Chemical current sources with long shelf life, used as the main batteries, served as one of the possible solutions to this problem. Suitable for this purpose were lithium batteries, which have a long shelf life and a sufficiently high power density, which are now widely used in everyday life, for example, to power digital video cameras. The use of a "backup battery" has become an alternative solution that is used in some types of fuzes. To activate such a battery, either a separately contained liquid electrolyte is injected, or a solid one is melted. Generators placed in the head of the fuse are also used, which are driven by the oncoming flow.

The very name "" (or "UV") indicates that this type of fuse is designed to be initiated by direct impact on an obstacle (target). Typically, the projectile filling initiation time is less than 2 ms. Some percussion fuses are equipped with a special initiation delay mechanism. This allows the projectile to penetrate the target before the main charge is detonated.

US is still widely used and the basic design of these fuses has changed little over the past fifty years, some models have been in production for almost the same time. But most of the latest UV developments are already electronic.

The Fuchs M9802 fuze is a typical example of an explosive device that uses electronic components. It has two operating modes:

1. shock with deceleration;

2. shock instant action.

Their installation is carried out using a switch on the side wall. Like other fuzes manufactured by this company and called “fuzes of the new generation” (some will be described below), the Fuchs M9802 fuze has a unified safety-arming device, abbreviated as PVU, an electronic unit based on a programmable microprocessor and a backup lead-acid ( lead/lead oxide) power battery.

However, several new mechanical blasters have appeared in recent years, as mechanical impact fuzes still have useful properties. Back in the late 90s, Junghans Feinwerktechnik specialists developed a new mechanical shock absorber based on the M557 fuse, labeled PD544, that meets the requirements for instantaneous shock / shock with delay, compatible with a high-speed rammer.

High-speed, hydraulically actuated rammers were designed to increase the rate of fire by literally driving the projectile into the chamber. A high-speed rammer, developing a power of 8 kW or more, as its name implies, does not handle the projectile very carefully, providing a ramming speed of 8 m / s at an acceleration of up to 130 m / s (it should be noted that the manual ramming speed is about 0.3 m/s, and conventional mechanical 1.2 m/s). In some models of fuzes manufactured by Junghans Feinwerktechnik, the assembled fuze is filled with polyurethane foam, which increases the resistance to high overloads, making the fuze safe when using a high-speed rammer.

Picture. To destroy fortified targets, the fuse must withstand breaking through the barrier and only then detonate. In the figure fuse
RA98A1 projectile 155 mm company
Nammo, which is able to work with barriers up to 0.8 m thick.

One of the problems with the use of shock absorbers of any design is the risk of premature operation of the device when it collides with any obstacle on the way to the target. This "barrier" can be a lightweight structure, such as a roof or ceiling, placed over a basement target, and a fuze such as the M557 has previously shown a tendency to detonate prematurely even when fired in heavy rain. Today, traditional SWs are more suitable for operation under significant shock loads, which are typical for overcoming strong obstacles. It is this principle that is applied in the "concrete" fuse model DM371, which was developed by Junghans specialists in accordance with the requirements of the German Army that existed in the mid-80s. The fuse is equipped with a strong steel head designed to protect the fuse units and blocks when the projectile breaks through a concrete barrier.

The mechanical clock mechanism, which was previously used to initiate the detonation of a warhead in the immediate vicinity of the target, has been replaced in the latest developments of the RW (remote fuses) by an electronic timer. Developed by the ARDEC R&D center for the US Army back in the late 80s, the new DV M762 allows you to set the response time in the range of 0.5:199.9 seconds in steps of 0.1 seconds.

Picture. 155 mm KAC OGRE firm
GIAT (left) fitted with a fuse
Samprass/Spacido of the same company with range correction. It mechanically interacts with traditional fuses, usually installed on the same and other projectiles.

The response time is set manually, by means of a button located on the side surface of the fuse. The LCD will display the set time. In addition, the trigger time can be set using the M1155 portable inductive fuze setter. The use of an electronic timer provides an accuracy of counting time intervals of +0.05%. Whether or not the clock mechanism will work after firing when using mechanical DV remains unknown until the very fact of operation (or failure). The DV M762 has, like most digital devices, an automatic self-test function.

Picture. Left - multi-mode fuse M782 MOFA
ATK company, which is installed only with an inductive installer. Right - non-contact fuse
M732A2 used by the US Army and Marine Corps.

Initially, the M742 fuse was supposed to be used in shells from the Crusader self-propelled guns, currently this fuse is used for cluster shells. From the very beginning, the production of the M742 has been carried out by Bulova Technologies and Alliant TechSystems (in December 2001, Bulova Technologies was acquired by L-3 Communications, which changed its name to BT Fuze Products). In early 2001, Bulova won a five-year contract with the US Department of Defense for the supply of M762A1 and M767A1 fuses. Both models were developed in accordance with the terms of the contract for the modernization of the initial versions, which was issued to Bulova back in August 1998. Like the original M762, the M762A1 fuse is equipped with a detonator that allows the fuse to be used with conventional OFS.

The development of fuzes in the UK was mainly concentrated under the direction of Royal Ordnance (part of BAE Systems Corporation) Fuzes Division and Control Systems.

But, despite the fact that the development under the Tacas program of a prototype of a new MPF multi-mode fuze is already nearing completion, all Royal Ordnance divisions leading the development of fuzes were recently sold to the main competitor, Junghans. The rights to all developments related to the MPF, and all rights to the Series 132 electronic fire engines for 105- and 155-mm projectiles, were included in the price of the completed transaction. Despite this, Junghans will continue to be a long-term supplier of fuzes and all related products to Royal Ordnance Defense, which continues to co-finance Diehl's program to develop fuzes equipped with a projectile trajectory correction function.

The electronic fuse DV DM52A1 manufactured by Junghans, which is part of the ammunition load of the PzH2000 self-propelled guns, was adopted by the armies of Germany, Finland and Denmark. It is used with cluster, smoke and lighting projectiles, including CAS with KOBE SMArt 155. A built-in lithium battery with a shelf life of more than 10 years is used as a power source.

It is possible to set the triggering time either by means of an inductive fuze setter or manually. For manual setting, there is a ring on the fuze body, and an integrated LED indicator shows the trigger time. In the PzH2000 self-propelled guns, the onboard fire control system (FCS) transmits information about the value of the set fuse operation time to the inductive fuse setter.

Consumers who do not use manual setting of the trigger time are offered another version of the fuse - DM52A2, the price of which is 20% lower due to the lack of manual setting of the trigger time, LED indicator, and replacement of the lithium battery with a backup one.

The same approach is taken by Fuchs. The M903 does not have manual means for setting the trigger time, while the M9084 electronic DV allows manual programming, using two special buttons and a display, with an M22 inductive portable fuze setter or any other that meets the requirements of STANAG 4390. Both of these fuzes can additionally be used in the “ percussion instant action. Fuchs produces an electronic DV M9220, designed for cluster projectiles, which is powered by a lead-acid battery (lead-oxide battery), which has “instant impact” and “delayed impact” modes.

Some designers have created DVs that require only manual installation. For some time manufactured by CIS in Singapore under the index ET784, DV M137 Delta, by Reshef, is installed manually, using three special mounting rings. The range of actuation values ​​is 3:199.8 seconds; when set to 199.9 seconds, the fuse is switched to the “instant impact” mode.

Today, the SV and the US Marine Corps use OFS equipped with M732A2 proximity fuses (NV) manufactured by ATK. The flight time to the target in the range of 5:150 seconds is set using a rotary ring, the fuse is powered by a backup battery. Non-contact mode is activated approximately 3 seconds before the set time. A continuous wave Doppler radar is used for non-contact detonation, carried out at a distance of approximately 7 m above the ground. The fuse is able to work as a shock fuse in the event that the non-contact mode unit fails.

Picture. Scheme of the non-contact fuse M732A2

A new development is the Omicron M180 fuse developed by the Israeli company Reshef, which was put into service in 1999. The fuse, which was developed for use with standard NATO projectiles, has two modes of operation - non-contact and impact (in case of non-contact failure). An electronic timer set within the range of 0:150 seconds activates a non-contact mode based on a continuous wave radar having a frequency modulation (FM) of 1.8 seconds before the set time. At a height of 9 m above the ground, the fuse is triggered. There is another version of the same fuse, known as the Epsilon M139, designed for Chinese and Russian-made shells, which have different fuse point parameters.

Picture. Fuze Omicron M180. Uses non-contact mode to undermine at a given height.

Nevertheless, Fuchs specialists prefer the time-tested NV design based on Doppler radars. The resistance of fuses to enemy electronic countermeasures (for example, NV suppression devices) is ensured through the use of a fast frequency change method and advanced signal processing methods. In HB M8513, which provides for operation at a height of 6-8 m above the ground, in the event of a failure of the non-contact unit, there is a backup mode of "shock instantaneous action". To delay the inclusion of the non-contact unit for 12 or 50 seconds after the shot and turn on the shock mode, the switch in three directions allows.

For more than 10 years, the NV M8513 has been mass-produced in two versions: optimized for use with standard NATO shells 105-203 mm, M85C13, and with shells of the Eastern Block 130 mm M85R13. Three more versions of this HB are being produced under license from the Indian company Ecil. These are M85P13A1, M85P13A2 and M85P13A3, used with 105, 130 and 155 mm rounds, respectively.

Picture. Proximity fuse M85P13A1.

Relatively recently, a trend has emerged to develop multi-mode fuses. Although they are inevitably more expensive and more complex than single- or dual-mode weapons, their use simplifies logistics by allowing shells to be delivered fully loaded.

In the late 1960s, the US Army Harry Diamond Laboratories, now part of the US Army Research Laboratory, conducted major research in the field of broadband linear frequency modulation. These works served as a motive for the emergence in the mid-70s of a concept called directional Doppler ranging, which is a system that has high protection against REB and is suitable for use as a non-contact sensor. At the same time, the result of applied research was the creation of flat broadband printed microstrip antennas (patch antenna), which made it possible to place them under the head fairing of a regular fuse, due to their rather small size. By the mid-80s, the development of this concept was sufficient for use in a device called the medium-high non-contact remote fuse MAR / T Fuze. The finished signal processing device received the form of a custom-made microcircuit and firing tests of the fuse took place. In the late 80s, as a result of research in the field of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (ICs), conducted by the ARPA Advanced Research Office, changes were made to the design of the transmitter. A batch of these fuses, as part of a demonstration program, was manufactured and tested by Harry Diamond Laboratories in order to study their technical characteristics.

A prototype of the M782 MOFA (Multi-Option Fuze for Artillery) multi-mode fuse was taken into development in 1992 by Alliant TechSystems. The resulting sample is being upgraded in preparation for mass production. Its use is expected in the ammunition of the Crusader self-propelled guns and the XM777 light howitzer. The development of the fuse was carried out by ATK, but the production contract for the first two years was won by KDI.

The M773 fuse united four modes: slow-acting percussion, instantaneous percussion, remote and non-contact. This fuse is intended to replace all standard fuses currently used in the US Army, with the exception of the М739А1 UV, left for training needs, the M762 electronic DV, used in cluster projectiles and Bulova's special Mk 399 Mod 1, designed for combat operations in urban conditions ( initiates a combat charge after the projectile penetrates stone or concrete structures).

Developed taking into account the use of both manual and inductive installation, the M773 fuse, in the course of preliminary preparation for mass production, did not receive the approval of the US Army command, which decided to abandon the manual installation of the fuse, extending the prototype preparation stage for another 18 months. As a result, a new portable inductive version of the fuse installer was developed, with which the new modification of the fuse received the M782 index.

In the “remote” fuse mode, it allows you to set the trigger time in 0.1 second increments in the range of 0.5:199.9 seconds with a timing accuracy of 0.1 seconds (which corresponds to a flight range of 50 km), and in the “impact” mode with deceleration, the initiation delay is processed over a period of 5 to 10 milliseconds. In non-contact mode, the detonation is carried out at a height of 9-10 m above moderately rugged terrain. Reliability of operation exceeds 97% in any of the four available modes (non-contact, remote, shock, shock with deceleration).

More simple than the M782 is the L116 multi-mode fuse, developed by specialists from the British companies Thorn EMI and Royal Ordnance in the late 70s. It has only two modes: shock and non-contact Doppler. But the newer fuse from Royal Ordnance Defense, not inferior to the M782, has the same four firing modes: non-contact, remote, impact and impact with slowdown.

The setting of the fuse can be carried out by any inductive fuse setter, powered by a battery and meeting the requirements of STANAG 4369. The impact mode allows you to set the cocking time in the range of 0.5:199.9 seconds in increments of 0.1 seconds, the remote mode allows you to set the triggering time in the same range (shock mode thus becomes duplicating). In the "shock with deceleration" mode, the response time is 10 milliseconds. On the basis of a mm-range radar, continuously emitting a frequency-modulated signal, a block of non-contact operation has been developed. The "default" trigger height in non-contact mode is 9 m, but you can set the height in the range of 5:20 m.

Other fuze manufacturers currently offer similar designs. A multi-mode fuze with proximity, remote, percussion and percussion with delay triggering modes, DM74, manufactured by Junghans, is designed for 105:203 mm OFS. The transmitter activation time is set in non-contact mode, the response height is 12 meters. The response delay time in shock mode is 10 microseconds, and in remote mode it is set in the range of 2:199.9 seconds. For non-contact and remote modes, the “shock with deceleration” mode is duplicated.

The detection of the battery and the calculation of the trajectory of the flight of the projectile by means of enemy radio reconnaissance is prevented by a delay in turning on the non-contact sensor, which also prevents the fuse from being triggered under the influence of the enemy's electronic electronic equipment.

Picture. Multi-mode fuse DM74.

Used by the armies of Norway, Denmark and Canada, the DM74 is programmed by the PzH2000 on-board inductive fuse setter. Especially for the armed forces of the Netherlands, a version of this fuse has been developed, under the index DM84, which is designed to complete 155 mm caliber shells and mortar mines for 120 mm caliber rifled mortars. In use with mines, this modification of the fuse provides for a “large” and “small” detonation height, working out a longer response delay time in the “shock” mode. The DM84 electronics are powered by a backup battery, which is activated as a result of small overloads (for example, equal to one), and the fuse safety mechanism ensures safe use even after falling from a height of 1.5 meters. Axial and rotational overloads during the shot cock the device, while the firing circuit is closed by the rotary sleeve only when the projectile reaches a safe range. The DM84 multi-mode fuze complies with all standards: STANAG 4369, MIL-STD 1316C and 331B.

Picture. M multi-mode fuse M9801.

The main modes, which are set manually by means of a switch, and the additional ones, which are set using an inductive fuze setter that meets the requirements of STANAG 4369, have a multi-mode fuze M9801 manufactured by Fuchs. The non-contact mode is set manually (in this case, the preset values ​​​​of the long-range cocking time and actuation height are used), as are the shock and shock with deceleration modes. The fuse is switched to the programming mode by an inductive installer by setting the switch to the fourth position. This mode allows you to set three settings for the height of the explosion: "low", "medium", and "high", as well as the cocking time for non-contact mode (range 3:199, 9 seconds) and the initiation delay value in shock mode. The device is powered by a backup battery.

The telemetry function of the fuze (which is new) is only available if a special installer is used. This function allows you to get data on the state/status of some fuse components that are considered critical (set mode, temperature, set time, response delay time, processor status, battery voltage). The received data is transmitted to the ground station in the form of encrypted digital signals and can be useful, for example, during acceptance tests.

Picture. Russian electronic multi-mode fuse 3VM18.

The Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise "NII Poisk" considers itself the main developer and manufacturer of "mechanical, electromechanical and multi-mode electronic fuses" in Russia. The 3VM18 fuse presented by Poisk is an “electronic percussion” and “electronic multi-mode” fuse. This fuse has an inductive OFS installation, but specific data on the operation modes are not disclosed.

Mechanical fuses, which ensure that the charge is detonated only after the projectile is fired, are currently used in PES. As a rule, they use the crossing of the fire chain by some kind of obstacle, the removal of which produces a fuse cocking. The mechanical parts of such PES are produced using various technologies (casting, sintering, cutting), with tight tolerances, and, as a result, their cost is high. In addition, mechanical PES have large dimensions, on the scale of a fuse.

The next generation of fuses will require the use of PES with smaller dimensions, which, at the same time, provide greater reliability than the mechanical ones currently available, and better interfaced with electronic components. Most likely, such PES will be manufactured on the basis of MEMS (Micro ElectroMechanical Systems) microelectromechanical devices, which are manufactured according to already established technologies for the production of microelectronic devices, and, therefore, have a relatively low cost, but at the same time, are able to generate the required forces. and movement, while consuming little electrical power.

According to William Kurtz, head of sales at KDI Precision Products, the emphasis will be on reproducing high-precision fuzes. Mr. Kurtz noted, moreover, that with an increase in quality, the quantity of products produced will decrease. However, the demand for fuses remains stable.

William Kurtz, Sales Manager at KDI Precision Products, says that future emphasis will be on reproducible high precision fuzes, noting that as the quality of fuzes increases, the number of fuzes will decrease. But the need for fuses will remain.

The advent of fuze development programs that combine all the classic functions in one device, plus some form of projectile flight path correction, has caused an ever-increasing need for high firing accuracy. This step was inevitable on the way leading to the complication of the device and the increase in the cost of the product. However, the increased effectiveness of artillery hitting the target, reduced ammunition consumption and a significant reduction in collateral damage, serve as a reward for this inevitable step.

Correction of the trajectory of an artillery projectile equipped with a high-tech fuse can be carried out both exclusively in range and in range along with direction. The most common option is to adjust solely for range. This is explained simply: it is the range miss that represents the largest component of the total miss when firing guns at long distances. And this miss can be avoided by changing the frontal aerodynamic drag. Correction of the flight path in range and direction would make it necessary to equip the fuse with horizontal rudders stabilized in roll, and most of the development teams preferred the development of special projectiles, considering it more appropriate than working on similar fuses.

The SAMPRASS project ("Système d" Amélioration de la Précision de l "Artillerie Sol-Sol" ~ "field artillery firing accuracy improvement system") is being developed by GIAT Industries, with the participation of Thales Avionics and TDA Armements. The same company is working on the SPACIDO (Système a Précision Améliorée par Cinémomètre Doppler) project with the DGA. Both projects under development are considering equipping 155mm projectiles with "smart fuses" equipped with, among other things, drop-down aerodynamic brakes.

The SAMPRASS project involves the possibility, using a GPS receiver integrated into the fuse and transmitting to the ground station the coordinates of the ammunition determined by it, to transmit to the ammunition received from the ground station, which compared the parameters of the actual flight trajectory to the target with the parameters of the reference trajectory, the command to open the aerodynamic brake in that the very moment when it is necessary to correct the actual trajectory. The SPACIDO project used the same “mechanical” units, but the calculation of the parameters of the actual flight path of the projectiles was carried out by a ground station with a Doppler velocity meter, which calculated the moment for opening the aerodynamic brake and transmitted the necessary command to the ammunition. Further work on the SAMPRASS project is unlikely to continue, since the DGA and the command of the French Army considered the SPACIDO project to be much more promising.

The MLM division of Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) is developing a "compact fire adjustment system" (Compact Fire Adjustment System, CFAS), which uses a special sighting projectile equipped with a GPS receiver and having a communication channel with a ground station to transmit projectile coordinates to it on trajectories that are determined by the receiver. With the help of GPS (differential GPS techniques), the trajectory of the sighting projectile is determined by the ground station, which compares it with the reference trajectory and calculates the corrections for the vertical and horizontal aiming angles, the input of which is necessary for firing live projectiles.

The Team Star research group in 1999, within the framework of the Smart Trajectory Artillery Round (STAR) project, carried out the first firing tests using "intelligent" fuses equipped with a GPS receiver and a single opening airbrake.

The coordinates of the firing position are entered into the fuse before firing, using an inductive setter, as are the coordinates of the target. In this case, shock or non-contact operation mode is set. When fired at a target, the projectile is given a deliberate flight. After three seconds, the exact coordinates of the projectile are determined using the onboard GPS receiver and the exact moment of operation of the aerodynamic brake is calculated, which compensates for the miss in range.

At the Eurosatory 2002 exhibition, Diehl Munitionssysteme presented data on the joint development of a fuse with a range correction function based on a GPS receiver with Junghans. Developed under a contract with the German Ministry of Defense, the fuse is equipped with four firing modes: for use with OFS, impact, impact with deceleration and non-contact modes are provided, and for use in cluster projectiles - remote mode. The full functionality of the device (including receiving a GPS signal from the spinning projectile) was demonstrated by firing tests conducted in June 2001.

The fuse for the promising but little-known DART guided missile being developed today for the Italian Navy is perhaps the most revolutionary development. There is evidence that DART (Driven Ammunition Reduced Time of Flight ~ guided high-speed projectile) will become sub-caliber ammunition for 76-millimeter naval guns such as Super Rapid and Compac guns manufactured by OTO-Breda. It is planned to be guided by a beam (most likely a laser one), and the projectile will be equipped with a combined fuse / seeker. Of course, DART is a very bold concept, but whether it will be implemented or it will suffer the fate of the long-forgotten development of a corrected projectile back in the 70s, it is still premature to say.

sources: http://talks.guns.ru/forummessage/42/67.html

Fuzes Go Multi-role and Smart. Doug Richardson, inputs by Johnny Keggler.-In: ARMADA International, Issue 4/2002, pp. 64:70

A remote fuse (or tube) is a fuse that operates after a predetermined time after the shot. Remote fuses can be pyrotechnic and mechanical (sentry).

All remote fuses have a special remote mechanism that counts the flight time of the projectile and causes the fuse to act after the time set before firing. A mechanical remote fuse, in addition to the elements of the firing chain, has a clock mechanism, a starting and setting device, a remote striker, primer isolation mechanisms, a long-range cocking mechanism, safety mechanisms and a detonating device. In double action fuses, in addition, there is also a conventional percussion mechanism.

Clockwork consists of driving, transmission and control devices, assembled in one piece with with the help of strips and gaskets, which are fastened together with screws.

The driving device is a source of mechanical energy necessary to bring the mechanism into action. The engine consists of a drum and a mainspring. The transmission device of the clock mechanism connects the driving device with its regulating device. The wheel drive, consisting of a system of gears, is designed to convert the slow rotation of the central wheel into the fast rotation of the road wheel and transfer power from the engine to the speed controller.

The adjusting device provides a uniform rotational movement of the central hollow axis of the clock mechanism with an arrow. The main elements of the regulating device are balance and hair.

Setting device is designed to set the time of the remote action of the fuse and consists of a cap with a mounting bar and locking knives. The setting device determines the angle by which the central axis of the clockwork is rotated by the time the fuse is activated.

remote striker(pricking mechanism) provides pricking of the igniter capsule at a given point in time. The remote striker moves under the action of a compressed spring.

Starting device ensures the start of the clock mechanism when fired. In service use, the boom is kept from rotating by a starting device, which consists of a wedge-shaped stopper placed in the longitudinal groove of the slats.

The pyrotechnic remote fuse, in addition to the elements of the firing circuit, has a pyrotechnic remote mechanism, an igniter mechanism, an adjusting mechanism, safety mechanisms, primer isolation mechanisms, a long-range cocking mechanism and a detonating device. In fuses "double action, in addition, there is a conventional percussion mechanism.

In remote tubes, instead of a detonating device, a gunpowder firecracker made of black powder is used. The main parts of the pyrotechnic remote mechanism are the distance rings with an arc groove (Fig. 7.7) filled with a pyrotechnic composition. This composition, when ignited, burns at a more or less constant rate of about 1 cm/s. Distance rings, together with a heavy body that fixes them when fired, form an installation mechanism. When two spacer rings connected by a bracket are rotated relative to the middle fixed one, the length of the pyrotechnic composition combustion area and, consequently, the time of the remote action of the fuse changes. As a starting device in pyrotechnic fuses, a conventional ignition mechanism is used.

To set the time of the remote action, various keys-setters are used, and the rings are rotated until the required division on the scale of the remote ring coincides with the installation risk marked on the fuse body. The distance scale can also be applied to the installer key.

In contrast to a remote fuse, the action of a proximity fuse occurs at a certain distance from the target as a result of the impact on it of a signal coming from the target.

Proximity fuses can be passive, active, semi-active. The former use the energy emitted by the target itself, the latter themselves radiate energy to the target and use the reflected energy, in the third case, the target is irradiated by an external source of energy.

For the action of proximity fuses, various types of energy can be used: electrical, magnetic, thermal, sound, etc.

Of all the known types of non-contact fuses, the most widespread are active-type radio fuses using the Doppler effect and built on an autodyne scheme. In autodyne fuses, the functions of transmitting and receiving a radio signal are performed by one unit, called a transceiver. It generates and radiates high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations, receives waves reflected from the target, and emits a control low-frequency (Doppler) signal.