Dukhanina society knowledge. Lyubov Dukhanina, Chairman of the Russian society "Knowledge": “People asked if artificial intelligence could replace a teacher or a judge? Stages of development of the society "Knowledge"

On June 6, the first congress of the all-Russian public and state educational organization "Russian Society" Knowledge "(ROZ)" opened in Moscow at VDNKh.

Lyubov Dukhanina, Chairperson of the Coordinating Council of the Knowledge Society, named the development of a development strategy for the Knowledge Society as the key theme of the congress. Planned. that the organization will be engaged in educational projects on history, political science, new scientific research, international relations and a number of other areas.

The event will be attended by about 500 delegates and guests.

The decree on the creation of the all-Russian public-state educational organization "Russian society" Knowledge "was signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin on December 11, 2015. The organization's constituent assembly was held on March 29, 2016. Now ROZ has representative offices in 60 regions of the Russian Federation, in the future, branches of the society will be created in The founders note that the modern society "Knowledge" is the legal successor of the society "Knowledge", created in the USSR in 1947.

17:54, 06.06.2016

MOSCOW, 7 June. /TASS/. The congress of the Russian society "Knowledge" approved a member of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation Lyubov Dukhanina as the chairman of the organization, as well as deputy head of the Central Election Commission Nikolai Bulaev and president of the RSUH Efim Pivovar as co-chairs.

"Today, the congress approved my powers as chairman of the Russian Knowledge Society, as well as two co-chairs - Nikolai Bulaev and Efim Pivovar," Dukhanina told TASS on Tuesday.

The executive committee of the society also reported that the society "Knowledge", the first congress of which was held in Moscow, had a supervisory board.

"The first congress of the social-state organization society" Knowledge ", which will be engaged in educational work, has ended," a source in the society reminded TASS. He informed that "as part of the creation of the governing bodies (of the organization), a supervisory board has been elected." "In the near future, the Supervisory Board will meet and elect its chairman," the source added.

According to him, the Supervisory Board includes 29 people, among them - representatives of departments, research institutes of the Academy of Sciences, television educational channels, and the media. Among the members of the Supervisory Board were Vyacheslav Volodin, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Natalya Tretyak, First Deputy Head of the Ministry of Education and Science, Lyubov Glebova, head of Rossotrudnichestvo, Sergey Pospelov, head of Rosmolodezh, Yury Petrov, director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Alexander Brechalov, secretary of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, Sergey TASS CEO Mikhailov, editor-in-chief of the magazine "Istorik" Vladimir Rudakov.

"The Council will determine the educational policy of the Knowledge Society and oversee its activities," the representative of the organization explained.

The congress of the "Russian society" Knowledge "is held in Moscow on June 6-7. The decree on the creation of the organization was signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin on December 11, 2015. The constituent assembly of the society" Knowledge "was held on March 29 this year. The founders note that the current society" Knowledge " is the legal successor of the "Knowledge" society, which was created in the USSR in 1947.

Congress of the society "Knowledge" is held in Moscow

Space exploration, the latest technologies, the development of the media space and cultural issues - this is how the participants of the first congress outlined the main topics that will be in the field of view of the revived Russian society "Knowledge". It takes place in Moscow. It brought together more than 500 representatives from different regions.

The traditions of the society that was created in the Soviet Union almost 70 years ago, as noted at the meeting, continue. And the main task - to educate - has not changed even after years.

The first meeting as a starting point. The educational organization announces the beginning of a new era, where knowledge is at a special price, where it is not technology that is responsible for progress, but the people who develop it, where professionals build careers in several areas at once, and the educational process does not end with graduation.

"Scientists say that a person will change profession 6-8 times during his life. The education system is not able to change the content of education so quickly. And we need to create an excess space for education," says the chairman of the coordinating council of the Russian society "Knowledge" Love Dukhanina.

Designed for the curious - for schoolchildren, students, professionals. The creators of the new educational space will be teachers and graduate students of leading universities, scientists, writers, political scientists. They will give lectures and supervise scientific projects.

"Education throughout life, enlightenment throughout life - this is the main task. Our citizens have a wide demand for modern scientific knowledge. It is very important that communities of professionals be formed who will give qualified, verified scientific answers to these questions," he said. Minister of Education and Science Dmitry Livanov.

The All-Union Society "Knowledge", which existed in the USSR, appeared almost immediately after the war - in the 47th, when a new impetus was needed for cultural and, of course, scientific growth in the country. Activists, among them - scientists, academicians, then also gave lectures, published articles, established their own publishing house. And young people poured into technical universities. Being an engineer has become prestigious.

The new Russian society "Knowledge" again focuses on the sciences: both the exact and the humanities. 11 directions - from space and IT-technologies to culture and art. Special attention to politics and international relations.

"What is happening to Russia now, why is it under such pressure in all directions, why is history being rewritten, falsifying not just the role, even the meaning of our Victory in the Second World War," lists political scientist Natalia Narochnitskaya.

“It is very important not to launch these processes of disinformation far, because then it will be more difficult to understand what is actually true. And, of course, one of the tasks of the Knowledge society is an educational story about history,” says the rector of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov Viktor Sadovnichy.

What is already in the works. Research project - "Pioneer-M". Will be made to start in Sevastopol. On the basis of a local university, students from various regional universities have to come up with and build a laboratory ship for environmental and underwater research with mobile complexes that will be assembled like a designer.

"The first ship of an entire flotilla that will be built for many universities in Russia: in Kaliningrad, the Far East, and St. Petersburg. As a result of this project, we assume that a whole generation of young professionals will appear who work in various areas of maritime industry," said Valery Koshkin, head of the regional representative office of the Knowledge society in Sevastopol.

Representative offices of the Knowledge Society, as a rule, on the basis of local universities have already been opened in 60 regions, in the remaining 25 they will appear in the near future.

However, the educational process will not be tied to the place at all. Lectures and scientific articles will be available on the Web, it will be easy to connect to the discussion using the Internet broadcast, and the teacher will be able to ask any question by writing to his personal website.

All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" as a communicator for the authorities and the scientific community of the USSR

Not so long ago, we published an article “The Polytechnic Museum and the origins of civil society in Moscow”, written by Gurgen Grigoryan, the long-term director of this museum. His current publication, a continuation of the story, tells about later events and is based on archival documents that have not been published before.

Gurgen Grigoryan, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation

November 1991 The X Congress of the All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" (hereinafter - SOCIETY) was held, which completed the history of this organization.

By this time, according to the materials published then, the SOCIETY was probably the world's largest public national humanitarian organization, which, according to the charter, had a clear hierarchical structure and united more than 2.5 million members from all over the USSR. Members of the society spoke to a mass audience of fellow citizens with almost 20 million lectures a year. Also a year, the SOCIETY published 750 titles of books and brochures with a total circulation of about 160 million copies (according to “From the history of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY “KNOWLEDGE”, author A.I. Chinyonny. M., “KNOWLEDGE”, 1988).

More than 20 years have passed since then. These years showed the high qualities of the SOCIETY's gene pool, which allowed organizations inheriting the KNOWLEDGE brand to continue their humanistic activities in conditions that are fundamentally different from those in which the SOCIETY arose and developed its activities.

The emergence and development of the SOCIETY is associated in the minds of a number of compatriots with the ideology of the CPSU (b) - CPSU, with the concept of "USSR". This allowed the militant critics of the Soviet past to put the SOCIETY on a par with the pioneers, the Komsomol, and a number of creative unions against the wall of "critical executions". Today, the maximalist criticism of the meaning of the lives of fathers and grandfathers under the "Soviet" regime is being replaced by a mature reflection on what from "that time" should not be vainly and hastily parted with. After all, that time contained in its bosom hundreds of millions of human destinies, heroic and vile, crippled and exalted, righteous and sinful. All these contradictory destinies determined the history of our fatherland with their deeds from that time to the present day. What should not be parted with is an existential question. Its decision by everyone for himself will determine the ability of the society of RUSSIA to resist the current trend to commercialize both human relations and people's attitude to life. This trend corrodes the morality of the coming generations of compatriots. In the context of this approach, a retrospective analysis of the history of the All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" is of interest - this all-Union public organization, unique in scale and meaning of activity.

The era of the creation of "Knowledge"

As you know, the SOCIETY was founded in May 1947, less than a year after the end of the fighting on the fronts of World War II, the main burden of which fell on the shoulders of the people of the USSR, who, having suffered incalculable losses and victims, defended their right to life in the generations of their descendants. It was the people of the USSR, and not of any other country, that went down in history as the victorious people. The price for this is tens of millions of people's lives, hundreds of millions of wounded destinies, a largely destroyed national economy, created by the incredible efforts and sacrifices of the people by the time this war began, but which turned out to be capable of mobilization and provided the rear of victory. The country's main task was to restore the economy. But not only that.

It was necessary to lay the foundations for the long-term development of the national economy, primarily its agricultural sector. For these purposes, a gigantic "Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature" was developed and was at the initial stage of implementation, which aimed to prevent droughts in the regions of the Volga and Trans-Urals by creating protective forest belts, canals, and introducing innovations in agriculture. But again, not only that.

It was necessary to prepare for the possibility of a new war - now against the former allies, who threatened the USSR with a new generation of weapons - weapons of mass destruction of people. It was necessary to create such weapons for ourselves. During these years, the "NUCLEAR" and "ROCKET" projects were launched, the implementation of which required huge resources.

The main and main resource for solving all these incredibly complex and gigantic tasks was the human resource of the Soviet people. The people who knew how to believe in a happy future, put off their lives "for later" and endure hardships, sometimes even hunger, for the sake of this, knew how not to lose interest in life. But the spiritual health of the people could not be deaf to the mass manifestations of cruelty and inhumanity of the totalitarian Stalinist regime. Even the happiness of VICTORY did not extinguish the hotbeds of the cold civil war, which replaced military operations in the 1920s. Therefore, the AUTHORITIES in this period of total mobilization of resources had to pay special attention to the "spiritual health" of the people, "to protect it from any harmful influences." The phraseology of the newspapers of that time firmly included the phrases "ideological front", "ideological war".

At the same time, the work carried out by the authorities in the 1920s and 1930s to raise the educational level of the masses gave rise to a spontaneous mass demand for knowledge in the post-war period. Here is how Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and later of the Russian Academy of Sciences, G.I. Marchuk recalls this. (“SCIENCE AND HUMANITY”, M., 2009. Fund “Knowledge” named after S.I. Vavilov):

After the Great Patriotic War, despite the difficulties of the recovery period, my peers literally poured into the student classrooms, creating a unique spiritual and moral environment in society - a thirst for knowledge.

Knowledge was massively demanded. about the world around us: about countries and peoples, about how the universe works, about the history and culture of one's country, etc. This demand was also stimulated by the fact that the last war was forced to open the "iron curtain" of ignorance of the bulk of the population of the USSR about how people live where they have not yet begun to build socialism.

Thus, the acute demand for knowledge by the masses, on the one hand, and the need for ideological support for the mobilization of the masses and their sacrifice for the implementation of the grandiose plans of the communist government, on the other hand, created the prerequisites for the emergence of a mass educational movement controlled by the authorities. To implement such a plan, a systematic approach was needed, linking together those who needed to carry knowledge with those who could be trusted, placing both of them at the service of ideological work among the masses under the control of the CPSU/b/.

The intangible resource of this project was both the intellectual potential of the Soviet intelligentsia, primarily scientists, and the traditions of Russian enlightenment.

Enlightenment - i.e. dissemination of knowledge (both in the form of regulated educational processes, and in various forms of popularization that are flexibly adapted to the demand and nature of the audience)

was a factor underlying the formation of human civilization. This problem is widely covered in the literature, including the works of Russian cosmist philosophers. In the last years of his life, Academician N.N. Moiseev paid great attention to this problem. in his writings on universal evolutionism. In his book Ascending to the Mind. Lectures on universal evolutionism and its applications” (M., IzdAT, 1993), the author, analyzing the prehistoric period of the formation of human society, fighting for its place in the biosphere, states: The nascent society needed ... .. to preserve craftsmen and experts capable of preserving and transmitting knowledge to other generations.

A long historical process of development of forms of "preservation of craftsmen and experts" and translation of their knowledge in time and space N.N. Moiseev calls the formation of the universal INSTITUTE "TEACHER",

which is called play a very special role in the history of mankind. It is impossible to overestimate its significance - it is also a bearer of morality, it is both new knowledge, and new mastery and protection from atavism and savagery of the era when the psyche of modern man was formed ......

Russian enlightenment has its roots in the depths of centuries - to the great educators Cyril and Methodius, and passes through the entire national history, manifesting itself as a powerful lever for the modernization of Russia, influencing primarily the worldview of people. This view was very clearly and passionately expressed by the great Russian historian, rector of Moscow State University in the 70s of the 19th century S.M. Solovyov in his “Public Readings About PETER THE GREAT” (M. SCIENCE. 1984). With science in mind as the concentration of knowledge, he wrote at the end of the "reading of the third": science achieves full power not only when it teaches and develops mental abilities, not only when it increases the comforts of life by studying the laws of visible nature: it reaches full power when it educates a person, develops all the principles of his nature for their correct and harmonious manifestation.

At At the heart of its motives for educational activities, the Russian intelligentsia has always been based on a sense of duty to its people, suffering hardships and hardships, the need to serve their fatherland.

It was fate's will, and it is no coincidence that the mission of the domestic educational movement at the stage of the inception of the KNOWLEDGE Society would forever be associated with the name of a remarkable Russian person, a worthy successor to the traditions of Russian enlightenment - Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov.

The first head of the All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" S.I. Vavilov

S.I. Vavilov led the SOCIETY for a relatively short time - from the moment of its creation in the spring of 1947. until his sudden death on January 25, 1951. two months before his sixtieth birthday. But the incredible scale and versatility of his personality, his unique human qualities allowed him, as a CREATOR, to create the Society and endow it with the ability to serve the ideas of enlightenment for many years.

The roots of the genealogical tree of Sergei Ivanovich are fixed in the peasant-serf soil. His father, Ivan Ilyich, at the age of 12, “switched the arrows” of the movement of his kind from the village to the city, and having overcome the hundred and thirty-kilometer path to Moscow on foot, stood behind the counter

shop of manufacturing magnates Prokhorovs. By the beginning of the 90s of the 19th century, he was able to become a prominent figure in the Moscow business community. His sons Nikolai and Sergei were able to receive an excellent education, and each in his scientific field became an outstanding phenomenon in domestic and world science, although the fate of each was tragic. For his talent, scientific successes and advanced views, Nikolai Ivanovich was hounded by rivals favored by the authorities in the field of science and died in 1943. in prison, repressed on their slander.

The heart of Sergei Ivanovich could not stand the force that was tearing him apart from grief in connection with the tragedy of his beloved brother, from the daily struggle for the honor and dignity of domestic science, the "captain" of which he was in the rank of President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During his presidency (1945-1951), a total ideological, repressive Stalinist attack on the so-called. "bourgeois and anti-patriotic" currents in science and culture. The non-partisan President of the Academy of Sciences, a merchant, brother of the repressed “enemy of the people”, who did not renounce his roots and tried honestly, as a scientist, to defend the work entrusted to him, could instantly expect “retribution”. The journal “Problems of the History of Natural Science and Technology”, published under the guidance of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, published in 2004 (No. 1.2) materials from the diaries of SV Vavilov. October 6 entry: The Academy has a series of difficult cases. I feel like a target being hit from all sides. Construction, scandals, papers without end, denunciations, illiteracy, and, “like a criminal before execution, I am looking around for my dear soul.” Entry January 21, 1951, shortly before death: Tough week… Problems pipeline at the Academy: computer scandal, builders, elections. The heart is not right. Yesterday I got it again in the Kremlin. I can't lie on my left side. Music by Handel, firs in the snow, the moon in the clouds. It would be nice to immediately die unnoticed and lie down here in the ravine under the fir trees forever.

These mournful lines belong to an outstanding world-famous physicist who, through his work, opened a number of new promising areas in science and technology, including those related to the country's defense capability, who revived the activities of the Academy of Sciences after its return from evacuation after the war and created the world-famous Physics Institute of the Academy Nauk (FIAN) and headed it. A man of deep and versatile knowledge, high culture and morality, S.I. Vavilov created around him an atmosphere of creativity, goodwill and cooperation. In the secret "Reference of the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR on the scientific and social activities of full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" dated July 8, 1945, sent to Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov (probably in order to inform before the election of the President of the Academy) it is noted: Vavilov possesses organizational skills and is on good terms with most of the scientists of the Academy of Sciences and enjoys authority among them. In circulation it is simple, in everyday life it is modest.

Vavilov is now at the dawn of his creative powers and is personally conducting research work. Has major students and followers. Known in the USSR and abroad. (Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov book. New touches to the portrait. M., FIAN, 2004. pp. 162,163). July 17, 1945 Vavilov was elected President. 92 out of 94 academicians voted for him. The personality of S.I. Vavilov was formed by the traditions of his family and the atmosphere in which he studied.

A pupil of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, S.I. Vavilov was among those young people who were lucky enough to take the baton of scientific ethics from such magnificent scientists of Russia as N. Zhukovsky, K. Timiryazev, V. Vernadsky, P. Lebedev (whose name was named FIAN). For his first independent scientific work, S.I. Vavilov was awarded in 1915. Gold medal of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography at Moscow State University. The Polytechnical Museum owes its appearance to this society, to which the Vavilov brothers “got stuck” since their gymnasium times, attending popular science lectures that shaped their future aspirations in study and science. S.I. Vavilov himself subsequently gave lectures at the Polytechnic Museum, having a special attitude towards the scientific popularization of knowledge.

All of the above suggests that the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.I. Vavilov, a great scientist and patriot of the popularization of knowledge, put forward the idea of ​​a large-scale development of this activity in the post-war USSR under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences on the basis of the Polytechnic Museum (which, apparently, was then in deplorable state, occupied by various organizations). This Vavilov idea was probably received favorably by I. Stalin, but significantly rethought, taking into account the requirements of the "current moment" and the already existing experience of political propaganda carried out since 1943. Lecture Bureau under the direction of A.Ya. Vyshinsky.

All-Union Lecture Bureau

The theory and practice of the Bolshevik transformation of RUSSIA and the building of a socialist society and state in it proceeded from the fact that agitation and propaganda are fundamental factors in the "technology" of such a transformation. They open up possibilities for involving the broad masses in the planned transformations. A serious obstacle to the cause was the extremely low level of literacy of these broad masses. By the end of the 19th century, no more than 20% of the Russian population could read. Therefore, among the first decrees of the Soviet government were the decrees

dedicated to enlightenment (1917) and education (1918). According to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the Elimination of Illiteracy in the RSFSR" dated December 26, 1919, the entire population of Soviet Russia aged 8 to 50 years old, who could not read or write, was obliged to learn to read and write in their native language or in Russian (optional). The People's Commissariat of Education was given the right to involve all literate persons in the education of the illiterate on the basis of labor service (!). According to the 1939 census, the literacy of people aged 16 to 50 in the USSR was already approaching 90%. During these 20 years, the number of ideas prepared for the perception of the ideas propagated by the Bolsheviks was actively expanding.

VI Lenin developed and presented comprehensive aspects of the theory and methodology of agitation and propaganda. He proceeded from the fact that propaganda and agitation affect the minds of people, bringing into their minds ideas and teachings that require mastering as a guide to action.* In his book What to Do (1902), he separated the functions of propagandist and agitator. According to Lenin, the propagandist illuminates many ideas, and the agitator takes one of them to induce people to think and act. “Personal influence and speaking at meetings in politics means a lot. Without them, there is no political activity, and even writing itself becomes less political” (V.I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 47, p. 54).

Until the end of the 20th century, Lenin's ideas on propaganda and agitation served as a guide to action in the implementation of all plans and programs (regardless of their thoughtfulness and success) of socialist construction in the USSR, and after 1945. and in the countries of the "socialist camp".

From the very first days of the existence of the Bolshevik Soviet Power, its current affairs and plans for the construction of socialism were very ambiguously perceived by the population of the country, which for many, many years was split by a civil war, the consequences of which have not been eliminated to this day. That is why the authorities of the country of the Soviets have always paid special attention to the so-called. "ideological support" of their deeds and plans, i.e. primarily propaganda and agitation.

Tragic for the USSR, the beginning of the war with Nazi Germany in 1941. demanded from the Soviet leadership a tough total mobilization of all human, material and spiritual resources to fight for the life of the country on the fronts of the war and for its rear support. Ideological work in the form of propaganda and agitation took its place in the ranks of the defenders of the Fatherland, making a significant contribution to what was later referred to as "the moral and political unity of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War." This work was carried out in the troops of the defenders of the Motherland, both by army political workers and by visiting brigades from the rear. Particular attention was paid to propaganda and agitation in the rear, aimed at mobilizing labor resources for the cause of victory. The scale and depth of the echelons of this work is illustrated, in particular, by the small-format brochure " TO A SCHOOLCHILD ON POLITICAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE VILLAGE», (detgiz, 1942; 50,000 copies, 0.5 p.l., signed for publication on 06/11/1942), prepared by the political education department of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Education with a foreword from People's Commissar V. Potemkin. The pamphlet is addressed to schoolchildren leaving for agricultural work, which was part of the implementation of Stalin's May Day (1942) order, which "obliges the Soviet people to strain all their forces to help the front for the final defeat of the enemy in 1942." The brochure calls on schoolchildren arriving in the village to “become an active assistant in the work of the reading room, library”, instructs and teaches them “how to conduct a conversation, read a newspaper loudly”, “how to design a wall newspaper, battle sheet, poster”, how to conduct a reference (!) work in the countryside, etc. This illustrates the organization of political enlightenment work at the most grassroots level.

Carrying out this work at the highest level was entrusted by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the USSR of 07/31/1943. The Lecture Bureau, established under the Committee for Higher Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (later the All-Union Lecture Bureau under the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR), was entrusted with the leadership of the Lecture Bureau by high-ranking party and state officials headed by A. Ya. Vyshinsky.*

In the report on the work of the LECTURE BUREAU for the period August 1943 - June 1944. ( GARF, F-r9548, op.7. case5) it is noted that the BURO began its activities on 08/03/1943, defining its task, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, to organize public paid lectures in Moscow and throughout the country on topics related to the international situation, current military-political events, historical, military-historical and other issues, moreover, leading scientists, prominent military and public and political figures were to be involved in the preparation and delivery of lectures. This was supposed to "ensure the relevance of the topic, the proper ideological and theoretical level and the political sharpness of the lectures."

Permanent sections were created under the Bureau: military; international relations; military-historical; historical; state and law; economic; scientific and technical; literature and art; philosophical. These 9 sections were headed by: 5 academicians and 1 corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 3 generals and 1 professor.

From 16.08.1943 to 01.07.1944 The Lecture Bureau held 493 paid public lectures on 85 topics in Moscow and other cities. These lectures were attended by 253 thousand listeners. The ticket price for the lecture was from 2 to 5 rubles. Funds from the collection were used to pay the lecturers' fees (50%), to make visual aids. Lectures were given by prominent scientists, military commanders, figures of the international communist movement, cultural figures. The list of lecturers is characterized by such names as S.Vavilov, E.Tarle, S.Mikhoels, D.Ibaruri. I. Ehrenburg and many others no less worthy.

The leadership of the Lecture Bureau made a decision on the possibility of admission to public reading of the lectures offered by the authors, carefully analyzed their quality, criticizing their shortcomings. For example, the well-known Hungarian communist M. Rakosi (later the leader of the former Hungarian People's Republic, whose activities are associated with the tragic events of 1956 in Hungary) was criticized for a number of political and historical imperfections (according to the leadership of the Lecture Bureau) of his lecture on the topic: “ Hungary is a vassal of Nazi Germany.

In September 1944 Vyshinsky approved the Regulations “On the LECTURE HALL OF THE BUREAU under the COMMITTEE for HIGHER SCHOOL AFFAIRS under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR” ( GARF, F-r9548, op 7, case 2). In accordance with it, the Lecture Hall (Large Auditorium of the Polytechnic Museum, which later - on June 2, 1946 - was assigned to the Lecture Bureau by Decree No. 1451 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR) became the main base for the activities of the Lecture Bureau in Moscow (hence, probably, the name preserved for many years "Central Lecture Hall"), with full economic independence.

The scale of the activities of the Lecture Bureau and the pace of its development can be judged by the data cited by Vyshinsky at a meeting of lecturers of the Lecture Bureau on May 24, 1945. ( GARF, F-r9548 op 7, case 72). In 1945 The activity of the Bureau was manifested in the organization of 363 lectures per month with full classrooms in all places where they were held. These lectures were published in mass circulation for their distribution (lectures prepared by lecturers " the first category of scientific quality" Lecture Bureau and approved by it; on these texts lecturers spoke on the ground"second category"* ). The successful experience of the Lecture Bureau made it possible to raise the question of a significant expansion of lecture activities. At this meeting of lecturers, Vyshinsky voiced ideas about the prospects for the further activities of the Lecture Bureau. In post-war conditions, it was required (hereinafter in the text of the transcript) « expand the work deeper, embrace wider sections of our society, and perhaps even not only our Soviet society, but much wider than it has been until now, and raise our entire work as a whole to a new higher level of its development ... .. Lecture Bureau should be a tribune of public opinion, should be a well-known mouthpiece for expressing views, points of view, approaches to solving certain problems, which (mouthpiece) is not always possible to use in an official form, in order for this expression of views to be carried out in a less official or at all not in official form .

The development of activities in such a setting required a new approach to its implementation. Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks 02.02.1947 makes a decision "On the transformation of the All-Union Lecture Bureau" with the creation of an All-Union public organization based on the experience of its activities. Two months later - 04/01/1947. The Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks convenes a meeting of scientists and cultural figures to discuss this issue. ( RGASPI, fund 17, op 125, item 505, sheets 1,2,24,25). A month later, the appeal of the participants of this meeting to the Soviet intelligentsia with a call for the creation of such an organization was published by the newspaper "PRAVDA"

Those who are familiar with the activities of the All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" should be obvious that the "matrix" for it was the activities of the All-Union Lecture Bureau under the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR.

The first steps of the brainchild of the CPSU / b / and S.I. Vavilov

The biography of the All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" (hereinafter - WHO) counts its beginning from April 29, 1947. On this day, I.V. Stalin signed Decree No. 1377 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge”. The first paragraph of this ruling is (GARF, fund r-9547, op1, delo1):

« To approve the appeal of a group of scientists and public figures to all figures of Soviet science and culture on the creation of an All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge and to allow the publication of the appeal in the central press.

It is about the treatment that was permissions(!) LEADER was published on May 1 by the newspaper "PRAVDA" for 70 signatures, of which the first is the signature of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.I. Vavilov. This is followed by the signatures of the presidents of the Academy of Sciences of 9 Union Republics, 17 full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics, 8 corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 22 scientists-workers of higher education, as well as the signatures of famous writers, generals, members of the Government of the USSR, secretaries of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions .. In particular, the Appeal was signed by academicians Tarle E.V., Artobolevsky I.I., Orbeli I.A., Ambartsumyan V.A., and writers Simonov K.M., Fadeev A.A., Tikhonov N.S. .

This Appeal already contains a concept for the activities of the future All-Union Society. Here is how its main provisions are presented in the Appeal (PRAVDA newspaper):

– The successful accomplishment of the great task of building a communist society requires systematic and extensive work to raise the culture of the working people, intensify work on the communist education of the Soviet people, and tireless struggle to completely overcome the survivals of capitalism in the minds of people.

- We propose to create an All-Union Society for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge. The task of this Society should be to organize a wide propaganda of scientific and political knowledge by holding public lectures in the field of international politics, the Soviet economy, science, culture, literature and art, as well as by publishing and distributing transcripts of lectures.

- We must show the greatness of our socialist Motherland, instill in Soviet people a sense of pride in the Soviet country, in our heroic Soviet people, waging a resolute struggle against the servility of individual citizens of the USSR to modern bourgeois culture. Members' debt.

By a resolution of the Council of Ministers, an organizing committee was approved in the amount of 21 people chaired by Academician S.I. Vavilov - President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The organizing committee consists of 12 academicians, including: Tarle E.V., Muskhelishvili E.I., Grekov B.D., Artobolevsky A.A., Oparin A.I., Lysenko T.D. By its Decree, the Government instructed the organizing committee to carry out work on the preparation of the general meeting of the founders of the SOCIETY in July of the same year, having previously formed a team of these founders. By a decree, the created SOCIETY was transferred all the available property, equipment and funds of the All-Union Lecture Bureau under the USSR Ministry of Higher Education. Also, the “Moscow Polytechnic Museum”, which was previously under the jurisdiction of the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, passed into the jurisdiction of the SOCIETY.

Events unfolded rapidly. The organizing committee had to develop the foundations for the life and activities of a large All-Union public organization for discussion by the general meeting of the founders, and it was also necessary to decide who should be considered the founders.

Debate on the main issues unfolded at a meeting of the Organizing Committee on May 12, 1947. (GARF, f r-9547, op1. delo7) The question of membership in the SOCIETY was especially sharply discussed. The severity of this problem is explained by the fact that it was necessary to combine in the “one team” of lecture activity the wide participation of local enthusiasts (rural intelligentsia, the intelligentsia of small towns, i.e. precisely those areas where the lecturer’s word had a special value and potential for dissemination), with the necessary the level of scientific support for the content of lectures. An aggravated controversy on this issue unfolded between A.Ya. Vyshinsky and A.A. Voznesensky* . The presiding S.I. Vavilov defined his position as follows:

- I ask you to take into account that the Appeal, printed in the newspapers, had a very wide response. Indeed, a huge circle of people - both school teachers, and engineers working at factories, and others - were extremely interested in this Appeal. It seems to me that it is necessary to involve them to some extent in the activities of the Society, as it turned out from the discussion. Otherwise, we will encounter a number of difficulties in further work. It was indicated here that it would be some kind of division into groups, but I must say that the name “competitor member” is the name that has existed from time immemorial. Even in the party relation there are such gradations - a member of the party and a candidate. In scientific societies and in the old days, students participated as competitive members, and they considered this a great honor for themselves. I myself was a competitive member, and for me it was a great honor.

At this meeting of the Organizing Committee, proposals were discussed on the structural and regional structure of the SOCIETY, on the thematic structuring of lecture activities and its management, on the formation of the governing bodies of the SOCIETY. The huge amount of work to be done raised doubts about the possibility of its implementation within the time frame stipulated by the Government Decree. But S.I. Vavilov was firm, and at the appointed time the general meeting took place.

Newspaper "PRAVDA" July 7, 1947 in the material under the heading "Dissemination of political and scientific knowledge" she reported on the holding at the Bolshoi Theater of "a general meeting of members of the All-Union Society". The newspaper wrote: “Members of the society from all over the Soviet Union came to the meeting ... In the Union republics, before the general meeting, a lot of work was done to form republican societies.”

First of all, the Assembly had to determine the fundamental foundations of the Society's activities. S.I. Vavilov spoke about this in his opening speech:

– The goal of the Society is at first glance so clear and obvious that its special consideration may seem superfluous. In reality, however, every day one has to meet with very diverse understandings and interpretations of the purpose and nature of his forthcoming activities. For example, opinions are sometimes expressed that the society should be an association of numerous Soviet special scientific and technical societies, similar to the corresponding English and American associations ... ... Another point of view is that the task of the Society should only be the popularization of political and scientific knowledge, designed for the most wide circles of the population of the Soviet Union .... Joseph Vissarionovich (meaning I.V. Stalin. author's note) pointed out ... ... "It also happens that new paths of science and technology are sometimes paved not by people well-known in science, but by people completely unknown in the scientific world, practitioners, innovators of business." One of the main tasks of our Society is to create cultural conditions under which such people, practitioners, innovators of business would appear in science as much as possible. (BULLETIN OF THE AN USSR, 1947, No. 8, pp. 3-11).

The preparation of the General Meeting was personally controlled by the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks / A.A. Zhdanov, with whom the composition of the Board was agreed in advance,* draft CHARTER and a number of other issues (GARF, f r9547, op1, case 2a, sheets 35.36 - Letter dated July 2, 1947 to Zhdanov, signed by Vavilov and Mitin).

The general meeting adopted CHARTER Society, which was subsequently approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 3401 of September 29, 1947, and also formed the Board headed by the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.I. Vavilov. Since that time, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR handed over to the Society its journal "Science and Life".

THE FIRST CHARTER OF THE SOCIETY (GARF f r-5446, op1, case 313) consisted of 8 sections, which determined the tasks and membership of the Society, its structure and financial bases of activity. His first article goes like this: "The All-Union Society for the Propagation of Political and Scientific Knowledge is a voluntary public political and educational (!) Organization and has as its goal the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge among the population of the Soviet Union."

Article 8 reads: "The All-Union Society consists of: honorary members, full members - individual and collectives, members-competitors."

Honorary Members could be persons elected by the congress of the SOCIETY for "especially valuable services to the cause of dissemination of political and scientific knowledge in the USSR."

Full members there could be figures (!) (science and technology, socio-political and military, literature and art, as well as teachers) "those who take a personal active part in the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge among the population of the USSR (composing and delivering lectures, compiling popular books, etc.)". Collective members could be public and state organizations and institutions participating in the creation and activities of the Society. Competing members of the Society could be “persons participating in the activities of the Society by lecturing on the basis of texts approved by the Society, participating in the organization of scientific experiments, exhibitions, as well as providing other types of assistance to the Society.”

For "development of issues corresponding to the tasks of the Society" The CHARTER provided for the existence of SECTIONS in separate branches of knowledge within the Society, consisting of full members.

The financial well-being of the Society was determined by the entrance and membership fees stipulated by the CHARTER, income from all statutory activities, deductions from public organizations and institutions and individuals “interested in the development of the Society”.

At the General Meeting (by prior agreement with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks / A.A. Zhdanov), the honorary members of the Society were to be elected: comrades Stalin I.V., Molotov V.M., Zhdanov A.A., and also academicians Zelinsky N.D., Obruchev V.A., Pryanishnikov D.N. However, their election took place at the 1st Congress of the Society in January 1948.

Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 4032 of December 16, 1947 "ON MEASURES TO ASSIST THE ALL-UNION SOCIETY IN THE DISSEMINATION OF POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE" signed by I.V. Stalin (GARF, f r-9547. op1. delo1) was instructed:

- 9 ministries and departments "to deliver in December (!) 1947. All-Union society .... materials and equipment in accordance with Appendix No. 1";

- 5 ministries and departments, as well as the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "to transfer before February 1, 1948. To the All-Union Society ... ... exhibitions, a library and museums located in the building of the Polytechnic Museum in accordance with Appendix No. 2 ";

The mentioned Appendix No. 2 lists: 1. Central station for young technicians (Ministry of Education of the RSFSR); 2. Labor Museum of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. 3. Forest Museum (Ministry of the Forestry Industry of the USSR; 4. Moscow House of Technology (Ministry of the River Fleet of the USSR); 5. Exhibition of instrumentation (Committee for Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR); 6. Central Polytechnic Library (Committee on Affairs of Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR).

The resolution obliged 5 departments and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions until February 1, 1948 "to relocate from the building of the Polytechnic Museum of institutions and organizations subordinate to them in accordance with Appendix No. 3", and instructed the leaders (personally) of the Moscow City Executive Committee and the Administration of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "to assist the Board of the All-Union Society ...... in eviction from the building of the Polytechnic Museum of institutions and organizations specified in Appendix No. 3.

The resolution also established exemption from state and local taxes for "public lectures and other scientific and educational events" organized by the Society. January 26, 1948 The first congress of the Society has already taken place. With the report "On the results of the Society's activities for 1947. and on the work plan for 1948. Academician M.B. Mitin spoke. The spirit of this report can be perceived already from the following quotation from it. (Magazine "Science and Life", 1948, No. 2, p. 35.):

“The task of our Society is not non-party “culturalism”, but a militant, offensive propaganda of political and scientific knowledge imbued with the spirit of the Bolshevik party spirit .... All the work of the Society, lectures, printed publications should help eradicate these harmful and disgusting manifestations of bourgeois survivals. The author of the report has in mind the "survivals" he mentioned earlier in the report in the form of "low worship of foreigners."

In the Resolution of the 1st Congress of the Society (published in the same place) it is written:

item 2 "The Congress considers it necessary to oblige every active member of the Society to read in various audiences or to compose at least two lectures a year on behalf of the Society."

item 3 “According to the content of the lecture work of the Society for 1948. The congress issues the following instructions:

a / The most important place in the lecture topics should be occupied by topics in the section of social sciences ... ... ...

b / ... ... In lectures (according to the section of natural and technical sciences, author's note) should find a broad and comprehensive coverage of the role of Russian science and the achievements of Soviet scientists .... Showing the advantages of Soviet socialist science should be the guiding principle in the work of lecturers.

The Society attached great importance to the participation of the Central Polytechnic Library in its work. The Presidium of the Board of the Society adopted a special resolution on the work of the Library on February 24, 1948. Paragraph 1 of this resolution reads as follows:

Establish that the Central Polytechnical Library, in accordance with the tasks of the Society, should specialize, along with scientific, technical and industrial literature, in the field of popular science literature.

By the same Decree, the Presidium approved the Regulations on the Library, which defined the concept of its activities in the following way:

The Central Polytechnic Library of the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge is a public scientific library - a book depository of technical literature and a research center for library and bibliographic work with technical literature. The library specializes in the field of popular scientific literature on technology and natural science.

The position determined that The main contingent served by the Central Polytechnic Library of the Society should soon be full individual members, members-competitors and members-collectives of the Society. The library needs to organize appropriate services for members of the Society involved in lecturing.

The direct management of the Library on the part of the Board was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the Board, Academician ARTOBOLEVSKY I.I.

Thus began the life and activity of the largest All-Union public organization, which from its first steps turned out to be a significant factor in public activity in the USSR. This can be judged by the published materials of that time.

Journal "Science and Life" since 1948. introduced a permanent column "In the All-Union Society for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge." Below is a brief overview of this rubric for 1948-1949.

1948 . No. 8 Publishes materials dedicated to the first anniversary of the Society. "To transform the Society into a mighty hotbed of political and

scientific knowledge” (according to the results of the June plenum of the Board of the Society - the speaker at the plenum is Academician M.B. Mitin).

No. 9 Publishes materials: on the propaganda of the Michurin doctrine; about the lecture by Prof. A.A. Kosmodemyansky, dedicated to the founders of modern rocket technology; about the lecture of the Candidate of Biological and Pedagogical Sciences V.P. about popular science literature; on assistance to rural lecturers, where it is reported that thousands of lecture halls have been organized in rural areas, for which the Board is preparing 4 series of popular brochures: "What modern science says about the origin and development of life on earth." "The Science of the Origin of the Universe", "Soviet Agricultural Science", "The History of Our Motherland".

№10 Continues to publish materials on lecture activities in the countryside. In September, the first two collective-farm lecture halls of the Society were opened in the Moscow region. SV Vavilov spoke at the opening of one of them in the agricultural artel "Garden Giant". For schoolchildren

in the summer of Ivanovo, 30 lectures were given to a total audience of 4,000 high school students on the topics: "The Moral Character of the Soviet Man." “Love, friendship and comradeship”, “On the survivals of capitalism in the minds of people and ways to overcome them”, “Education of will and character”, “Culture of behavior of a young person”, “Mother in a person's life path”.

The Section of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the Society is preparing for publication under the guidance of Academician G.S. Landsberg a series of popular science books under the general title "Popular Physics Library". The books are designed "for persons with a 6-8 grade education and are intended for independent reading."

1949 №3 Material about collective farm universities in Ukraine. The Poltava branch of the Society organized 34 collective farm universities for more than 1500 students. The educational program of universities in the volume of agricultural technical school is designed for three years. For university lecturers, so-called cluster seminars are held 2 times a month, at which scientists speak.

The magazine also reports: "The branch of the Society in Kolyma lives a full life." For the last quarter of 1948. more than 30 public lectures for 4,000 people were delivered in Magadan. “And in the outback in October-November there were 92 lectures, attended by over 10 thousand people.” Lecture topics: "The role of ideology in social development", "The Soviet Union in the struggle for peace and security", "On the countries of the new democracy", "On Communist morality", "The emergence of life on earth", "Search for the remains of mammoths in the Kolyma Territory" . The journal publishes an abstract presentation of the lecture by Professor B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov "RAY OF LIGHT - THE BULLETIN OF DISTANT WORLDS", informs about the Stalingrad lecture hall of economic knowledge of the local branch of the Society for planning, economic and financial workers, about the lecture hall for parents in Arkhangelsk.

No. 4 "Exclusion of bourgeois cosmopolitans from the ranks of society." The Presidium of the Board “on the proposals of the general meetings of the sections of literature and art and the Leningrad branch of the Society, considered the issue of being among the full members of the Society Altman, Bleiman, Boyadzhiev, Belz and others, exposed by the Soviet press (!) and the Soviet public (!) as anti-patriots and bourgeois cosmopolitans. The Presidium decided to exclude this group of persons from the number of full members with consideration of this issue by the Plenum of the Board.

№8 He spoke, in particular, about the experience of the collective-farm lecture hall in the village of Lipnyazhki, Kirovograd region, Ukrainian SSR, as presented by V.M. Maidebura, the head of the lecture hall. “I can’t help but talk about the selfless behavior of Comrade. Lyubitsky, who teaches at a school in the village of Markova, 15 km. from U.S. It was in the spring. Tov. Lubitsky was supposed to give a lecture on the topic "The Origin of Life on Earth."

It was pouring rain that day, it was muddy, the road was washed out. I call him: - Can we reschedule the lecture? - No way. Prepare the audience. - Exactly at the appointed hour Comrade. Lubitsky appeared; the club was full, and the collective farmers listened to the good lecture with great interest. For more than an hour, the lecturer answered numerous questions from the audience.

Let's finish the whole review with a curiosity, which was reported by No. 9 of the magazine in the heading "In the Presidium of the Board of the All-Union Society."

"The Case of Shvidler-Ronev"

"BUT. Shvidler (Ronev), using the title of an active member of the Society, labored in the Pskov region, in Leningrad, in the Estonian SSR with an anti-scientific lecture "The Brain and the Psyche", accompanying it with hypnosis sessions. All Shvidler's performances were paid, most often without vouchers - the entire gross collection ended up in his pocket. Ticket prices have always exceeded the established norms. He created a privately owned "lecturer group" consisting of close and distant relatives. "The Presidium of the Board of the All-Union Society .... He put an end to the anti-scientific hacky "lecture" activities of this "group".

This curiosity indirectly characterizes the popularity and authority of the Society, as well as Mr. Shvidler as a "hero of our time today."

The very first report on the activities of the COMPANY. was sent on November 9, 1948, signed by the Chairman of the Board, Academician S.I. Vavilov and the First Deputy Chairman of the Board, Academician M.B. Mitin, to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks G.M. Malenkov. ( RGASPI, f17, op.132, d.10, sheets 77 - 104). It is noteworthy that all (!) official letters of the SOCIETY to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and to the Government were sent with two signatures: S.I. Vavilov and M.B. Mitin. Apparently, the latter was assigned the role of "party duennas» under a non-partisan Chairman.

Stages of development of the society "Knowledge"

An analysis of the materials reflecting the activities of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY "KNOWLEDGE" in the process of its development from prehistory to completion, allows us to single out a number of periods in the life of this organization.

These periods, or stages, are characterized by changes in the self-identification of the SOCIETY, which, of course, is connected with the evolution of the political and socio-economic conditions of life in the USSR.

The materials presented earlier make it possible to single out the first, “Stalinist” period with the inclusion of the “prehistoric” stage of the Lecture Bureau's activity as its subsection.

The peculiarity of the activities of the COMPANY during this period is fixed by the main provision of its CHARTER, which defines the COMPANY as political educational organization . The nature of the activities prescribed by the authorities could not differ from the fact that I.V. Stalin and his associates were elected honorary members of the SOCIETY with enthusiasm and unanimously. During this period, the CPSU / b / mobilized the SOCIETY for agitation and propaganda support for the post-war reconstruction of the country and for the ideological struggle "at the front and in the rear of the Cold War." The latter far from fit into the original idea of ​​S.I. Vavilov, but he did not establish the rules of the game. Nevertheless, during these years, the popularization of the achievements of the natural sciences began to unfold: physics, astronomy, chemistry, earth sciences. In 1953 after Stalin's death, the painful process of rethinking life began in the country. The former "pagan idols" (and above all the honorary members of the SOCIETY) were overthrown from their pedestals.

But faith in building a "bright future" was preserved, moreover, the time of its onset was determined - 1980. Thus, a new stimulus arose for mobilizing the creative potential of the Soviet people. All-Union "KNOWLEDGE" was assigned its own role in this work. The post-Stalin “thaw” period has come in the life of the SOCIETY.

Charter of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFERENCE OF POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE 1955 declares in its first paragraph that it (the SOCIETY) is a voluntary public scientific and educational organization. It aims to contribute to the strengthening of the Soviet socialist state by widely disseminating among the population of the Soviet Union political and scientific knowledge on the foundations of Marxism-Leninism on the following issues: this is followed by a list of at least 25 thematic areas, starting with foreign and domestic policy, further listing all branches of science, cultural activities, and ending with sports and best practices. No "statutory" ideological war.

The "thaw" period in the life of the country and SOCIETY is characterized by revival and enthusiasm. The ranks of the SOCIETY are growing due to the formation of groups of its members in production teams. By 1964 there were already about 90 thousand such groups. (Yu.K. Fishevsky, N.N. Murashov. The primary organization is the basis of the society KNOWLEDGE M., 1981, "KNOWLEDGE"). At the 6th congress of the SOCIETY (since 1963 it has been simply called the Knowledge Society), a CHARTER was adopted, providing for the presence of primary organizations at the heart of its structure. The Polytechnic Museum begins to play a special role - the role of a showcase of the SOCIETY. Its halls host exhibitions and meetings dedicated to the achievements of excellence. Within the walls of the MUSEUM, the SOCIETY met and honored the first cosmonauts. Employees - members of the primary organization "KNOWLEDGE" of the MUSEUM, gave lectures and demonstrations popularizing scientific and technical knowledge in places of recreation, at enterprises and educational institutions in Moscow and beyond. In the Big Auditorium of the Polytechnical - the main tribune of the SOCIETY, outstanding domestic and foreign scientists spoke, for example, N. Wiener in 1960. The very term "thaw" in its political and moral context, as it were, fluttered out of the walls of the Polytechnic, whose Large Auditorium became the "nest" of thaw poets who gained worldwide fame.

It can be assumed that the thaw period in the life of the country and SOCIETY ended at the very end of the 60s, after the “thaw” manifested itself as a syndrome of revision of the ideological foundations of the “social camp” by the events in Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The CPSU strengthened the inviolability of these foundations by "tightening the ideological screws." For this, the most extensive company for the preparation and celebration of the 100th anniversary of V.I. Lenin was used 100%. The coming period can rightfully be considered “stagnation” with its apogee in 1987, when the CHARTER of the COMPANY was adopted in a new edition.

The preamble to this document reads, in part:

Society "KNOWLEDGE" works under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, contributes to the implementation of its program goals. Its activities are aimed at:

- the formation of a scientific worldview, high ideological and consciousness of the Soviet people, raising their political and general culture, a deep mastery of Marxist-Leninist teachings, education in the spirit of Soviet patriotism and proletarian internationalism, the ability to assess social phenomena from a clear class position, defend the ideals and spiritual values ​​​​of socialism ;

What follows is a series of initial instructions, such as education of intolerance to any manifestations of an alien ideology and morality…, readiness for active participation in the implementation of the strategic course of the party to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country….

During these years, SOCIETY organizations are integrated into the system of the propaganda apparatus of the CPSU at all levels, from primary organizations and above. The thematic structure of the activities of the SOCIETY includes the following areas of propaganda (!): socio-political, scientific and technical and natural sciences. The most important attention is paid to the first of them. It should also be noted that over the past 40 years since the founding of the Society, the lecture form of its activity, as the basic one, begins to lag behind the times. The increased cultural and educational level of the population, the development by the population of a wide range of mass media services required a deep modernization of the entire technology of the Society's activities, for which it turned out to be unprepared. The inertia of thinking of the "curators" of the Society from the leadership of the CPSU kept him in a well-trodden rut.

But the main reason why this period manifests itself as stagnation is that the basic statutory prescription to the SOCIETY (see above) is gradually losing its justification. This is becoming more and more obvious as the attitude given to the Society does not stand the test of life experience of citizens. Under these conditions, the essence of enlightenment begins to be replaced by the cult of rituals for its implementation. It is no coincidence that the main provisions of the new CHARTER, adopted by its 10th Extraordinary Congress of the SOCIETY and registered on February 25, 1991, look completely different, 4 years after the previous one (1987) and less than a year in general before the end of the SOCIETY's activities. The main goal that the company should be guided by in its activities is formulated by the latest CHARTER as follows:

– To contribute to the solution of national tasks - to bring the country to the level of advanced states in the economic, scientific, technical, social and humanitarian spheres, to achieve civil harmony, to unite and consolidate democratic forces, to spiritually improve the people, to develop and strengthen universal and socialist values, internationalism and friendship of peoples , the establishment of the ideals of a humane, democratic society, freedom, equality and justice, the formation of the rule of law and the provision of human rights.

The fundamental, revolutionary difference between this call and the one that was relevant quite recently - in 1987, speaks volumes, in particular, that by 1990. SOCIETY has used up the ideological resource of its development following the CPSU.

Nevertheless, during the stagnation period, when the intellectual and spiritual resources of the CPSU were gradually fading away, the work of the SOCIETY intensified to support lifelong education, to promote

professional growth of interested groups of the population, for the development by specialists of the knowledge they need from related scientific fields. Thus, for example, the SOCIETY through its publications and lectures helped the masses of specialists master the "ideology" of computer technology and its applications. A worthy role in all this activity was played by the People's Universities, which allowed interested categories of citizens to expand their cultural horizons, replenish and update their intellectual and professional baggage.

In this regard, the role of the Academy of Sciences in the life of SOCIETY is incomparable. The traditions laid down by S.I. Vavilov continued to be preserved until the end of the activities of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY "KNOWLEDGE".

During all 44 years of this activity, the SOCIETY has always been headed by a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as a rule, an outstanding scientist of world renown, often a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. The SOCIETY was also headed by two Nobel Prize winners - Academician Semenov N.N. (1960-1963) and academician Basov N.G. (1978-1989) Academician Basov N.G. and Artobolevsky I.I. (1966-1977) led the SOCIETY for the longest time and very significantly influenced the content of its activities, primarily and mainly in the field of popularization of science, innovative areas of application of its achievements. N.G. Basov received many letters to the Board with a request to evaluate all possible ideas proposed by the addressees for the use of lasers.

Basov was the initiator of the adoption of a joint Decree of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Presidium of the Board of the All-Union Society "KNOWLEDGE" "On the further strengthening of cooperation between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the All-Union Society" KNOWLEDGE "(May 11, 1979 No. 644/6, see also BULLETIN of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1987. No. 12). In accordance with this Decree entrusted heads of the following sections of the Presidium of the Academy: physical-technical and mathematical sciences ( Academician Velikhov E.P..), chemical engineering and biological sciences ( academician Ovchinnikov Yu.A..), geosciences ( academician Sidorenko A.B..), social sciences ( academician Fedoseev P.N..) together with academicians– heads of relevant structures of the COMPANY's Management Board ( Dollezhal N.A., Sokolov V.E., corresponding member. Lisitsin A.P., Konstantinov F.V.) at joint meetings to consider plans for the promotion of relevant areas of science, as well as to promote the broader involvement of scientific workers in the work of propagating scientific knowledge, considering their participation in propaganda as a public duty of the Soviet scientist. For these purposes to instruct the heads of all scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR:

to use expeditions, business trips of scientists, including those abroad, for giving lectures;

- when summing up the results of the activities of departments, sectors, laboratories and when recertifying research workers, take into account their participation in the activities of the Knowledge society.

In the development of this Decree, on February 22, 1979, a joint resolution was adopted “On the list of institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences for joint work with the scientific and methodological councils of the All-Union Society “Knowledge” to promote the relevant branches of scientific knowledge.” This document

instructed the heads of 52 scientific organizations of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to ensure the participation of their scientific councils in joint work with the scientific and methodological bodies of the Board of the SOCIETY. To do this, directors were asked

allocate this area of ​​work as an independent one and assign responsibility for it to one of his deputies.

It should be borne in mind that the SOCIETY also worked closely with the Academy of Medical Sciences, promoting medical knowledge and a healthy lifestyle, and with the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences on the problems of raising children and family building.

Popularization of knowledge is a natural form of activity for a scientist. Since ancient times, the "cellular" structure of the implementation of scientific activity has been presented in the form of a triad: "TEACHER - STUDENTS - SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL". A teacher can win over students only by his passion for scientific research and clarity of presentation of his essence. According to the behest of S.I. Vavilov, many dozens of scientists themselves delivered lectures, developed their topics, created programs and manuals for public universities, prepared popular science brochures and books, involving their students in this work. Meetings of leading scientists with the general public in the Large Auditorium of the Polytechnic Museum in the cycle "Tribune of the Academy of Sciences" were special events. This communication of "big science" with the people acquired another original form in the mid-80s. The Board of the COMPANY took the initiative and organized presentations by scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Academies of Sciences of the Union Republics at enterprises at the venues of the annual field meetings of the Council for the Coordination of Scientific Activities of the Academies of Sciences of the Union Republics under the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Academician A.P. Aleksandrov was then the Chairman of the Council. Such meetings were held in Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Turkmenistan. The events organized by the SOCIETY in the context of the program of work of the Council were attended by vice-presidents of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academic secretaries of departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Presidents of the republican academies. At the same time, up to 30 outstanding scientists traveled with speeches to factories, agricultural enterprises, fishing vessels, etc. The experience of this work showed that the eminent scientists themselves were sincerely interested in the possibility of personally "bringing knowledge from the scientific laboratory to the people." Each of these meetings gradually turned from a lecture into an interesting conversation for all its participants.

Outcome

Taking a look at the history of the All-Union Society "Knowledge", a history inextricably linked with the post-war history of the USSR and the CPSU, it can be confidently stated that not without compromises and conformism with the inertness of the ideological leadership of the country, the SOCIETY honestly served the HOMELAND. It really contributed both to the improvement of the general culture and education of the population, and the professional growth of specialists.

Moscow, July - September 2012

* In the second half of the 20th century, Western psychologists will develop a similar approach in the so-called. "transpersonal psychology".

* VYSHINSKY A.Ya.. From September 6, 1940 to 1946 - First Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. From June 1933 - Deputy, and from March 1935 to May 1939 - Prosecutor of the USSR.

The leadership of the Lecture Bureau also included KAFTANOV S,V, In 1937-1946. - Chairman of the All-Union Committee for Higher Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the same time in 1941-1945. - Authorized State Defense Committee for Science. In 1946-1951. - Minister of Higher Education of the USSR; ALEXANDROV G, F * A.A. Voznesensky (1900-1950; prominent economist, rector of Leningrad University, then - Minister of Education of the RSFSR). He was repressed and posthumously rehabilitated.

* A hardened “fighter of the ideological front”, an ardent opponent of “bourgeois pseudoscience - genetics”, philosophers, academician M.B. Mitin was “assigned” to the non-partisan Chairman of the Board as a deputy.

The Congress of the Society "Knowledge" of Russia - to be!

December 17 in Moscow, in the conference hall of the Federation Council of Russia a meeting of the Board of the all-Russian public organization - the Society "Knowledge" of Russia. More than fifty of the most authoritative members of the Board, heads of regional organizations and public structures gathered to discuss the fate of the country's most famous and influential educational organization.

The President of the Knowledge Society, a member of the Federation Council, delivered a welcoming speech to the participants of the meeting Nikolai Bulaev. In his speech, Nikolai Ivanovich noted the high results achieved by the Knowledge Society of Russia over the past few years and, in particular, in the current year 2015 - this is the growth of fame, the authority of the Knowledge Society, both among high-ranking federal leaders and among other non-profit organizations. He emphasized the achievements in increasing and developing the regional network.

With particular interest, the participants of the meeting accepted the clarifications on the goals and objectives defined by the President of Russia V. Putin in the Decree on the creation of the Russian society "Knowledge".

The position of the state on the same issue was covered in detail by the head of the Department for Public Projects of the Administration of the President of Russia Pavel Zenkovich, who not only emphasized the role and importance of the Knowledge Society of Russia in matters of educational activities, but also noted the importance of partnerships that have developed between the public organization and government agencies in the past few years.
As a result of the discussion The Board of the Knowledge Society of Russia decided to convene an extraordinary 17th Congress of the Society to resolve the issue of joining the co-founders of the Russian Society of Knowledge, which is being created in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 11, 2015 No. 617. The congress is scheduled for March 17, 2016 .

T The Board also made a number of personnel decisions due to changes on a national scale in the educational sphere. The President of the Knowledge Society of Russia, a member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was elected to the post of Chairman of the Board Nikolay Ivanovich Bulaev. Elected as his deputy Dmitry Vladimirovich Bogdanov. Also elected as Deputy Chairman of the Board Dmitry Vyacheslavovich Krasnov- Head of the Directorate of Grant Programs of the Knowledge Society of Russia.

Also at the meeting of the Board, issues of priority areas of educational activities were considered, among which the participants of the meeting emphasized the need for large-scale explanatory work on the theses of the Address of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly, on combating terrorism, combating corruption, strengthening intergenerational ties, working with youth and with the older generation Russians, promoting health, improving the quality of life, developing a system of additional professional education.

The society was divided - its property on the territory of Russia passed to the society "Knowledge of Russia". The new organization fell into decline in the 1990s: the number of members decreased, many regional branches disappeared. In June 2016, the congress of the Knowledge of Russia society decided to liquidate this organization.

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Subtitles

I greet you dear friend in touch Denis Teterin in this short video I would like to tell you about the attitude to skill and knowledge, we all perfectly understand that training is very important to achieve any results, I understand this very well and completely agree with you, constantly learning the same, I urge you myself I teach naturally I have paid courses I make money on this, so everything is fine here, you always need to study, I invest and also take money from people who come to me for training and together we change lives for the better it's all great fine as a second What do you think is more important than skill or knowledge, here people are different, very different, some there is a category of people who are deeply convinced that constantly learning to learn to learn is all cool, and this makes them some kind of superhumans much better than their immediate environment, there are a lot of such people who really know how to learn they know how it is do they study all the time everything is great well done I am ready to shake his hand but at the same time they are poor they have nothing they know how to build a business how to write a business plan they took trainings they did their homework they defended some projects in these trainings everything is great cool beyond their own no business, it’s the same as in institutes, you know, we have economic and financial institutes of computer technology, institutes, teachers teach people to do business, build a business, while not a single day in their life they had their own business, the same analogy is identical when a person is constantly studying passes business trainings but he does not have a business, therefore I am deeply convinced that if you choose from two evils, the most important thing in life is a skill, not your knowledge, but a skill, because you agree that your knowledge will give you well, you went through the training, but you have knowledge further what what they like they will change your life in general children make a lot of mistakes you do something maybe wrong even most likely wrong but it will give you confidence that I tried something wrong I have the opportunity to try something again and do it maybe a little better maybe right or maybe perfect not necessary do it for a long time ideally and well you need to do it no matter how fast therefore the skill is the most important thing that changes your life not your knowledge not your training courses attending webinars books read they will not change your life they will not set the table for you and your family they will not buy you a new car and your skill when you came did something you did something something didn’t work out there were clients paid you money this skill everything went cool calls you start to be an intermediary a link in some business build your own business open production this skill through failures through want and don't want you to build your personal experience you have your own way and skill de bark your life is truly exciting so if you choose between endlessly studying and stupidly doing, I choose to always do so be the ones who do just be doers doers and not endless students Denis Deterin was in touch wait for new videos subscribe to the youtube channel bye

Story

The reasons for the creation of the Society were:

• significant damage caused by the Great Patriotic War to the entire system of Soviet education;
• the massive deprofessionalization of the population caused by the war;
• a course towards the speedy creation of a Soviet nuclear shield;
• Cold War, which spurred the growth of the competitiveness of the Soviet high value added industry.

The objective need for mass education of the adult population - the "academy of millions" - was presented as an initiative of the intellectual part of society, supported by the party and the government.

Initially, the future structure was called the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge. On May 1, 1947, the appeal appeared in the Soviet press; On May 12, at its first meeting, the organizing committee decided to create branches of the Society in the Union republics, the largest regional and regional centers of Russia.

Soon, one after another, 14 republican societies for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge arose, and in 1957, the 15th society, the All-Union Society.

It became prestigious to be an engineer and engage in research work, young people poured into technical universities. The image of a worker-intellectual was born in the cinema, created by director Iosif Kheifits and artist Alexei Batalov (“Big Family”, 1954).

In 1963, the All-Union Society for the Propagation of Political and Scientific Knowledge was renamed the All-Union Society "Knowledge". By this time, an adult Soviet person listened to an average of 4 to 5 lectures annually.

In 1964, the IV Congress of "Knowledge" decided to create people's universities, thus paving the way from disparate lectures and pamphlets to a systematic special education. Enterprises not only raised the qualifications of their personnel at the people's universities, but also attracted academic circles to solve applied problems. And the leaders of higher education got the opportunity to open and debug the most advanced faculties at these universities (for example, cybernetics), which appeared in universities only years later.

By the beginning of 2017, it was planned to form regional branches and renew the staff, after which the recruitment of lecturers was to begin. The budget of the organization for 2017 was 100 million rubles.

The sphere of activity of the updated "Knowledge", in addition to raising civic consciousness, was called spiritual and moral education, popularization and protection of the Russian language, literature, and a healthy lifestyle. Members of the organization, most of the heads of departments in the regions of which were representatives of universities, called the strategic tasks of the Knowledge society "work to turn knowledge into convictions", broadcast "state ideology" and form in the mass consciousness "the image of the country as a modern dynamically developing state" .