Essay on the topic: international terrorism. International terrorism that does not exist The role of philosophy in solving global problems

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY OF THE HUMANITIES

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS

On the topic "Terrorism as a social phenomenon"

Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and complex, difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring all kinds of forms and threatening proportions. Acts of terrorism most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material values ​​that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, distrust and hatred between social, religious and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation. The components of the phenomena "terrorism" and "international terrorism" - acts of violence, differing in a huge variety both in terms of means and methods of committing, and in terms of subjects, are relatively new phenomena for the Russian Federation and for many other countries. These crimes go beyond ordinary (criminal) acts, which mainly encroach on the safety and well-being of the individual. Terrorism and international terrorism, along with other forms of crime - enemies of any statehood, are a threat to the security of the individual - society - the state - the international community, affecting not only the rule of law, but also the economic, political, state, life of peoples, states, national and international regions.

Terrorism is a policy based on the systematic use of terror. Synonyms for the word "terror" (lat. terror - fear, horror) are the words "violence", "intimidation", "intimidation". There is no generally accepted legal definition of this concept. In Russian law (CC, Art. 205), it is defined as the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing public consciousness, decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations related to intimidation of the population and / or other forms of illegal violent actions. In US law - as a deliberate, politically motivated violence committed against civilians or objects by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually with the aim of influencing the mood of society. In the late 1960s, a specific form of terrorism appeared - international terrorism.

Types of terrorism

According to the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into:

· Unorganized or individual (lone terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is carried out by one or two people who are not behind any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol, etc.);

· Organized, collective - terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Narodnaya Volya Social Revolutionaries, Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA, state terrorism). Organized terrorism is the most widespread in the modern world.

According to its goals, terrorism is divided into:

· Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals;

· Religious - may be associated with the struggle of adherents of religion among themselves (Hindu and Muslims, Muslims and Christians) and within one faith (Catholic Protestants, Sunni Shiites), and aims to undermine secular power and establish religious power (Islamic terrorism);

· Ideologically given, social - pursues the goal of radical or partial change in the economic or political system of the country, drawing public attention to any acute problem. Sometimes this kind of terrorism is called revolutionary. Anarchist, Socialist-Revolutionary, fascist, European "left", ecological terrorism, etc., serve as an example of ideologically given terrorism.

This division of terrorism is conditional and similarities can be found in all its forms.

Approximately in the middle of the 90s, Russia came face to face with the problem of terrorism. In 1995-1996 the largest terrorist acts in Russia were: raids on the cities of Budenovsk and the city of Kizlyar by Chechen fighters, an explosion at the Kotlyakovskoye cemetery in Moscow, when 13 people died and 80 people were injured, a powerful explosion in a residential building in the Dagestan city of Kaspiysk, when 68 people died. On December 31, 1996, the Segodnya newspaper summed up the terrorist manifestations in 1996, recording 33 facts. According to the newspaper, approximately 90% of such facts are associated with an explosion or attempted explosions. In 1999, explosions in residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk claimed hundreds of lives. On September 11, the international Islamic terrorist organization Al Qaeda attacked the Pentagon (Washington) and the buildings of the World Trade Center in New York. Terrorists are trying to influence, first of all, society and public opinion. They primarily want to intimidate people. At the same time, the threat of violence or violence itself is accompanied by acts of intimidation aimed at partial or complete demoralization of society as a whole, and, as a result, of the state apparatus. Ultimately, the number of victims for terrorists does not really matter. More important is the demonstration to millions of people of the very fact of human suffering, carried out through the media.

March 2010 at 7:56 Moscow time, an explosion occurred at the Lubyanka metro station, in the second (according to another version, in the third) carriage. Another explosion at 8:37 a.m. occurred at the Park Kultury station. As a result of the attacks, 40 people died and 85 were injured. Law enforcement officers have identified one of the suicide bombers who staged terrorist attacks in the Moscow metro. The explosion at the Park Kultury station was carried out by a 17-year-old native of the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan, Janet Abdurakhmanova, the widow of the leader of the Dagestani militants, Umalat Magomedov, nicknamed Al-Bara. The leader of the "Caucasian Emirate" Doku Umarov claimed responsibility for this attack. Also, the outgoing year 2011 will be remembered by all the terrorist attacks in Domodedovo. On January 24, a suicide bomber blew up a bomb at Domodedovo Airport in Moscow at 16:32. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, 37 people died (including the terrorist), 130 people were injured of varying severity. Certain terrorist crimes, including those of previous years, have been uncovered and the perpetrators brought to justice, but in general, the punishment for such dangerous acts is at a very low level. On February 26, 2006, the State Duma adopted the law "On Combating Terrorism". The law provides for the creation of a state system for countering terrorism - in particular, the formation of an organization that ensures the prevention and suppression of terrorist attacks, regulates the participation of the Armed Forces in countering terrorism and coordinates the actions of executive authorities. The main powers in the fight against terrorism are vested in the FSB, whose director heads the operational headquarters and coordinates the actions of the armed forces, internal affairs agencies, justice and civil defense. The new law allows the FSB to involve armed forces in the fight against terrorism, which, in particular, can be used to "interrupt the flights of aircraft used to commit a terrorist act or captured by terrorists" - up to their complete destruction. Including, by decision of the President of Russia, the military may be involved in strikes against terrorist bases abroad. In July 2006, in connection with the kidnapping and murder of employees of the Russian embassy in Iraq, Russian President Vladimir Putin asked the Federation Council to give permission for the use of Russian armed forces and special forces abroad to fight terrorism. On July 7, the Federation Council unanimously voted in favor of granting such a right indefinitely and without any additional conditions.

terrorism religious ideological power

1.Constitution of the Russian Federation

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Zamkova V., M. Ilchikov. Terrorism. is a global problem of our time. M., 2007.

Salimov KN Modern problems of terrorism. M., 2006.

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Stop explosion. Explosion in the subway. Aircraft hijacking. Hostage taking. Numerous casualties after a bomb exploded, planted by an unknown person. Panic, screaming, crying. Victims, wounded. This is not the plot of the movie, but reality. We hear such and similar messages almost daily in the news, and all this is terrorism. It is about terrorism that we will write an essay today.

Terrorism essay on the topic

I would like to start an essay on terrorism with the very definition of this concept. Terrorism is the intimidation of the people through violence and violent actions. Today, terrorism in all countries is the number one problem, so this topic is relevant and an essay about terrorism will also be relevant for schoolchildren, because when asking various essays on social topics, it is impossible to pass by an essay about terrorism, or an essay about the fight against terrorism. So we decided to help and write an essay on the topic of terrorism.

So, terrorism is an evil against humanity and in the essay I would like to say how hard and painful it is to see the suffering of people who have been affected by this disaster, the worst thing is, no one knows and cannot be sure that tomorrow the disaster will not affect his or his family members. But we go down to the metro every day, every day we stand at stops waiting for transport, every day we walk in parks, we gather in squares. All these places are targeted by terrorists, because where there are large crowds of people, massive harm can be done to people. And that is exactly what the terrorists want.

Terrorism in its scale, destructive force, cruelty has become a problem for all mankind. This is the plague of modern life, this evil that has enslaved the whole world, keeps it in horror and fear, and something needs to be done about it.

Fight against terrorism

It is necessary to fight terrorism and terrorist acts, the state needs to direct all its efforts to protect the civilian population, which is innocent of anything, but it is very difficult to eradicate terrorism, especially in solitude. It is necessary for countries to unite in the fight against terrorism, and only in this way, by comprehensively studying the problem, building an effective mechanism to counter terrorist threats, finding out the nature of the manifestation of terrorism, it is possible, if not to completely eradicate terror, which is very difficult and probably impossible, then at least reduce its manifestation .

Terrorism is the word that evokes horror, fear and at the same time sympathy. Remembering the footage of terrorist acts broadcast on television, a mixture of feelings overwhelms. There are two contradictory attitudes towards the one who committed this crime, or, more precisely, a terrible act. These are pity and hatred. The first feeling arises from the realization that this person is just a pawn and there are many people behind the terrorist acts. The second is because he nevertheless did it and not from the trajectory planned for him. But as they say, it’s good to judge from the outside, but if all the grief touched, then the opinion would be completely different.

Problems of terrorism - as a factor that puts pressure on society

Terrorism is primarily a problem not of one country, but of the entire world community. Since terrorist acts are booming all over the world. As a result of them, many people die, many families suffer, as well as the infrastructure of cities. But the eradication of terrorism is a very difficult task, and so far there is crime in the world - it is becoming practically unsolvable. Since the main income of terrorists is in the underground market of weapons and drugs.

Another significant problem of terrorism is the involvement of children in this activity. They are prepared from birth for their mission. It's no secret that a child is less likely to be suspected, so it's easier for him to get in, because the inspection at the stations is mainly carried out for adults.

Fight against global problem - terrorism

In the modern world, a fierce struggle is being waged against terrorist organizations, in order to achieve success in which many methods are used. Fighting only with the help of hostilities will not give the desired result, because if one extremist group is destroyed, another will form in its place. Therefore, both political and economic and informational methods are used against terrorists. The creation of certain units whose activities combine the fight against terrorists and criminals. One such well-known organization is Interpol (International). From a political point of view, one can note the introduction of bills restricting or prohibiting the carrying of weapons. Information methods are primarily anti-terrorist propaganda, because it is not in vain that terrorism is presented in all colors on TV, on the Internet and in newspapers.

Terrorism is the most terrible manifestation of extremism, which does not leave the majority indifferent.

The forces of international terrorism are attacking Europe, the forces of international terrorism have attacked Russia... An amazing lie! No single international terrorist organization exists and never has existed. There are separate terrorist organizations, each of which has its own ideology. In some cases, this ideology has religious foundations, in others it is expressed by the doctrines of the national liberation struggle, and in the third - by various social teachings (anarchist, Trotskyist, Maoist orientation). But they prefer not to talk about the ideology that encourages terrorist attacks.

In our de-ideologization time, the very posing of the question that ideological alternatives to the existing system of living arrangements are possible is perceived as a greater threat than terrorism itself. Meanwhile, it is impossible to resist it without deconstructing the ideological motivators of terrorism.

BLURING THE IDEOLOGICAL ESSENCE OF THE CATEGORY "INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM"

Terrorism is currently not only an expression of political realities, but also an informational phenomenon. It is defined today in the list of global threats as one of the main challenges facing humanity.

Terrorism is positioned as an adversary of nation-states recognized by the international community, including Russia. The war in Chechnya was characterized precisely as an attack on the Russian Federation by forces of international terrorism. International terrorism is the only named enemy of Russia in the National Security Strategy. The topic of threats of international terrorism is in fact the main problematic motif in the US National Security Strategies. All this informational discourse looks like an attempt to retouch the true nature of the challenges considered under the terrorist marker. Terrorism in itself cannot be defined as an adversary, since it is not a subject. Terrorism is a tactic that can be used by a wide variety of ideological forces. And they prefer not to say what the ideology of terrorism is, because in this case, questions that are not quite desirable for the beneficiaries of the modern world and national systems will be raised.

The fact that aggression against Russia was committed by the forces of international terrorism has been said more than once by the President of Russia. Words about this aggression were contained, in particular, in presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly.

2002: “By joint efforts, we managed to solve the most important strategic task - to eliminate the most dangerous center of international terrorism in Afghanistan. Stop its negative impact on the situation in other regions of the world, eliminate the threat emanating from there for you and me.

After September 11 last year, many, many people around the world realized that the Cold War was over. We realized that now there are other threats, another war is going on - the war against international terrorism. Its danger is obvious, it does not require new evidence. I would like to note that this fully applies to Russia as well.”

2004: “Russia turned out to be one of the first countries to face a large-scale threat of international terrorism. As we all know, not so long ago this threatened the very territorial integrity of the Russian Federation. After the well-known terrible tragedies that occurred as a result of terrorist attacks, an anti-terrorist coalition has formed in the world. It took shape with our active participation, in cooperation with the United States of America, with other countries, and in the situation with Afghanistan has shown its high efficiency in the fight against the threat of terror.

Russia cherishes the formed anti-terrorist community, cherishes it as an instrument for coordinating interstate efforts in the fight against this evil. Moreover, successful cooperation within the framework of the coalition and on the basis of international law can become a good example of the consolidation of civilized states in the fight against common threats.”

2005 year: "The integrity of the country was violated by the terrorist intervention and the ensuing Khasavyurt capitulation."

So, we were attacked, and who attacked - it is undesirable to pronounce - "some dark forces". In the Russian case, as in the case of terrorist attacks in Western countries, one would have to analyze the phenomenology of the currents of modern Islam and deal with the ideology of jihad. But neither the Russian nor the Western expert communities are ready for this. Meanwhile, without such an analysis, Islamist currents that use terror tactics will only grow stronger.

And such an analysis should lead to the conclusion that traditional Islam and jihadist versions of Islam contradict each other. The very category of traditional Islam's jihad cannot be fitted into modern terrorist practices. The idea of ​​struggle is contained in any of the religions and cannot be contained. Any of the religions is built on a rigid dichotomy of good and evil. And to fight evil is a moral imperative for any believer. Jihad just expresses this philosophy of struggle. There are various types of jihad, which include, among other things, the fight against criminals, the fight against one's own bad thoughts. Between terrorism and the fight against one's own evil thoughts, of course, there is an abyss. The jihadists have made a fundamental change. The imperative to fight evil was actually replaced by the imperative of genocide - the physical destruction of others. This is a direct replacement for Islam, which has nothing to do with the great religion.

All traditional religions affirm human life as one of the basic values. Religious terrorism, it would seem, acts in the name of religion. But the very fact of taking a person's life is in conflict with the original religious value foundation. It is significant that the spiritual authorities of all the leading traditional religions condemn terrorism today. Terrorist acts cannot be interpreted in this sense as a struggle between the religious world and the secular world. This is how the forces interested in producing a conflict want to present it. In reality, terrorism contradicts both religious and humanistic secular systems of value coordinates.

HISTORY OF TERRORISM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY AND PROSPECTS FOR GLOBAL POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION

In a sense, the history of terrorism correlates with the history of mankind. However, in ancient and medieval times, it was mainly represented in the form of tyranny. The genesis of modern terrorism is associated with the emergence of the beginnings of the information society.

Although in the Middle Ages and in antiquity, the terrorist attack not only had a personal focus, but also assumed a conceived excitative function, i.e. served as a form of agitational or intimidating message. Moreover, there was a mythological layer of the sacralized pantheon of terrorist heroes. Judith and Brutus, Zealots and Assassins, Robin Hood are variations on the terrorist canvas of archaic periods of history. A terrorist is perceived as a cult figure, even a ritual figure in that culture or counterculture, for the sake of whose ideas he went on a terrorist attack. Thinking with double standards is expressed in the fact that "foreign" terrorism is presented as villainy, while being "ours" is evaluated as a feat. In the first case, a terrorist is defined as a criminal and a bandit, in the second - as a rebel, underground fighter, partisan. It is impossible to overcome this axiological dichotomy. Its emergence as a mass phenomenon dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century. From the moment of its formation, it has been articulated within the framework of three ideological directions: anarchist terrorism (USA and Western Europe), socialist terrorism (Russia), ethno-confessional terrorism (Ireland, Poland, India, the Middle East).

It cannot be said that the terrorism of a hundred years ago was different in content and was directed at specific figures of power. Indeed, the SR attacks were mainly personalized. But the attacks carried out by anarchists or maximalists were directed against "bourgeois society" as a whole, which was expressed, for example, in the explosions of public institutions, bombing cafes, "agrarian" and "factory" terror.

A terrorist act in the conditions of the information society is focused on public outcry. In the absence of information, it is meaningless. Consequently, the creation of an information vacuum around the activities of terrorist groups is an effective way to combat terrorism. But the principles of openness and freedom of the media are the cornerstones of civil society organization, and therefore, in order to limit them, even in order to prevent the terrorist threat, it would be necessary to abandon the existing ideological model.

There is another universal way known since ancient times to prevent terrorist attacks - hostage taking. Back in ancient times, when concluding peace, the practice of exchanging hostages was widely used, which was the most significant factor preventing peoples from attacking each other. Hostage-taking served as an effective restraining mechanism for the local population in the colonization policy of tsarist Russia on the national outskirts. But positioning in accordance with the marker of “civilization” did not allow taking hostage representatives of its own intelligentsia, and as a result, the Russian Empire, which successfully prevented the development of national terrorism, was overwhelmed by the terrorist wave of the social revolution. By the way, the Bolsheviks did not hesitate to use the hostage-taking procedure. So, in 1922, the execution of the sentence for the suicide bombers was postponed with the proviso that the execution of the accused would take place if the Socialist-Revolutionary Party continued to use terrorist methods of struggle against Soviet power.

The threat of death will not frighten the terrorist. According to a long-established view, the motive for the attack is suicidal psychopathology. The terrorist seeks death, and the prospect of the scaffold turns out to be desirable for him. But, sacrificing himself, a terrorist will not always go to the sacrifice of his comrades or relatives who are held hostage. However, the practice of hostage-taking is naturally also incompatible with the concept of "human rights". Accordingly, the promotion of the topic of terrorism logically leads to the conclusion that in order to "ensure security" go to the curtailment of the system of human rights and freedoms. In the perspective of global trends, the indicated landmarks can be defined as a projection of the new fascisization of the world.

TERRORISM AS A MANIFESTATION OF A NEW CIVILIZATIONAL WAR

Negative axiology of terrorism by the ideological attitudes of the victorious or dominant side. But often terrorism was the only way to defend their rights and dignity when the legitimate way was ineffective.

The Armenian Genocide would by and large have not been noticed by the world community, if not for the Dashnak terror. “After all, who is talking about the annihilation of Armenians today?”- A. Hitler asked after a lapse of time a rhetorical question in substantiation of the possibility of genocide against the Jews. However, the high-profile political murders by the Dashnaks of those involved in the genocide forced the world community to recognize the existence of the Armenian issue. Of course, terror cannot be recognized as an acceptable means, being on humanistic positions. But politically, as a method, it often turns out to be almost the only possible way to convey one's position.

In interstate wars, as you know, there are winners and losers. In principle, it is impossible to win civilizational wars. The force of action is equal to the force of reaction. Translating this formula of Isaac Newton into the language of the humanities, one can use the metaphor of the "civilizational pendulum". The greater the amplitude of the pendulum movement in one direction, the more significant will be its movement in the other direction. The suppression of civilizational identity in the first phase will inevitably lead to civilizational rejection in the second phase. A counterstrike against the civilizational aggressor is also inevitable.

The movement of the "civilizational pendulum" is vividly illustrated in this respect by the history of the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Persian aggression to the West - Campaigns of Alexander the Great to the East - Parthian offensive to the West - Roman offensive to the East - Invasion of the Huns to the West - Byzantine imperial restoration of power in the East - Arab campaigns to the West - Crusades to the East - Ottoman aggression to the West - Western colonial aggression to the East. The modern terrorist attack on Europe, the spread of anti-Western jihadism is the next phase of this pendulum movement. Stopping the course of the bloody pendulum is possible only by abandoning the practice of civilizational aggression.

It is impossible, being on humanistic positions, to justify the practice of terrorism. But this does not mean that its genesis should not be explained. The explanatory analysis objectively leads to the conclusion about the responsibility of the Western neo-Crusaders. Was there really no understanding that aggression - military and informational - could not lead to anything other than the spread of the extremist ideology of uncompromising struggle - jihadism, the strategy of waging a "war without borders", the tactics of individual terror? The logic of countering the superior forces of the enemy should have led to just such an outcome.

Prophetic were the words of Muammar Gaddafi, who was overthrown by a "broad coalition" of forces and who a few months before his death, referring to the Western community, warned: “Neglect of the stability of Libya will entail the collapse of peace in the world, through instability in the Mediterranean. In the event that our power in Libya should cease, millions of Africans will flood illegally into Italy, into France... Europe will become black in no time at all. It is our strength to block illegal immigration. It is thanks to us that stability reigns in the Mediterranean, a full length of 2,000 kilometers along the Libyan coast. We prevent immigration, restrain the development and advancement of Al Qaeda... Thus, if the stability in Libya is broken, it will immediately have bad consequences for Europe and for the Mediterranean. Everyone will be in danger!”.

And what could lead to such actions as the publication of cartoons in relation to Muhammad and Islamic shrines. The incident with the Charlie Hebdo cartoons was not an exceptional case in this regard, being in a series of anti-Islamic manifestations. How to evaluate this kind of action, as an expression of freedom of opinion, or a deliberate provocation?

And here is another example that lies in the dualism between the right to freedom and provocation. In 2003, after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, one of the first steps taken by the new authorities was to decriminalize homosexual relations. An unprecedented step for an Islamic country! How Muslims would perceive this legislative novel was obvious. The birth of ISIS by such steps was programmed. Characteristic are the pronunciations of modern political figures, no, and even allowing concepts from the arsenal of religious wars of the Middle Ages. On September 12, 2011, the day after the high-profile terrorist attack on the United States, George W. Bush spoke of a new war against terrorism using the idiom "crusade". For the countries of Islam, after that, everything became clear. Subsequently, the American president admitted that the words about the "crusade" were inappropriate. But the conversation took place. And the subsequent rhetoric sounded completely in the spirit of the appeals of the initiator of the first crusade, Pope Urban II.

“And we,” says the American president in the style of a messianic sermon on the fifth anniversary of the events of September 11, “ let us go forward with confidence in our national spirit, in the justice of our purposes, and with the faith of God, who has made us all free... We are now in the very early stages of the battle between tyranny and freedom. Despite the ongoing violence, many are still asking the question: do the peoples of the Middle East want freedom? For 60 years, these doubts have determined our policy in this region. And then, on a clear September morning, it became clear to us that the peace we had seen in the Middle East was only a mirage. Years of trying to achieve stability were wasted. And we changed our policy.".

A surprising confession is being made - whether or not the peoples of the region want freedom in its American interpretation is unimportant - the policy of appeasement is over, a policy of a different kind is beginning. And what is the policy opposite to appeasement (and you can appease only those whom you consider an immanent enemy) is clear - this is a policy of suppression.

Russia, if it is serious, takes on the role of opposing the lawlessness that is being created in the Middle East, it should finally decide who is being fought ideologically. Terrorism is not an ideology, but a means of waging a struggle, which can be resorted to by completely different organizations. To say that we are fighting terrorism is to say nothing. To say that we are fighting ISIS is also not enough, since the ISIS organization has a well-defined ideology. But they do not want to be afraid to determine the essence of a hostile ideology. They don’t want to be afraid because the conflict will go beyond the scenario of a “small victorious war” in this case, because, having declared the ideology of the enemy, it will be necessary to declare their own ideology and rebuild the entire existing system of life order for it. To do - sooner or later it will have to be done by anyone.

INFORMATION PROMOTION OF THE THEME OF THE WORLD TERRORISM THREAT

The challenge of the terrorist threat, it would seem, is more than obvious. Terrorist attacks directly undermine the existing system of government, chaoticize the life of society, and cause a state of panic. But isn't the increase in the frequency of terrorist attacks a consequence of the corresponding information promotion? This assumption was verified by comparing the dynamics of terrorist attacks with the dynamics of mentioning the problem of terrorism in the headlines of the world's leading newspapers. As a result, it was found that the heating up of the topic of the terrorist threat began earlier than the actual increase in the number of terrorist attacks. The creation of relevant information issues in the media pulled real terrorism as a response. The result was an articulated dilemma - freedom of private life - in exchange for security.

International terrorism is currently not only a real threat, but also a special kind of scarecrow. The card of the terrorist threat looming over the world is being actively played out.

The content analysis of the media, the identification of the frequency of the topics being operated today makes it possible to make fairly accurate forecasts regarding political processes. The conducted experiment consisted in establishing a chronological sequence between the phenomenon and its information promotion. According to the general logic, an event occurs first, and only then its information dissemination. If information initially appears, then it is precisely this information that brings the phenomenon to life. What was discovered? Initially, there was an increase in publication activity on terrorism, and only then an increase in the dynamics of terrorist acts. This suggests that it is the media that are programming this kind of action. The technology of information wars is evident. Remembering the aphorism of Jean Baudrillard, in the room where the TV is, sooner or later there will be a murder.

The dynamics of terrorist attacks in the world, as calculations have shown, is not increasing. But at the same time, the topic of terrorism, as an informational occasion, does not cease to be promoted. Consequently, information promotion does not pursue the goal of combating the terrorist threat, but some other strategic guidelines that are not advertised.

The Western world is presented as the main victim of aggression by international terrorism. In reality, the geography of the distribution of the number of terrorist attacks and their victims in different regions of the world is completely different.

Consequently, the information promotion of the topic of international terrorism has a purposeful project character. The resonance of reports about terrorist attacks, not even the attacks themselves, turned out to be politically in demand. The point here is not the terrorists themselves - the puppets of someone else's geopolitical game, but the interested parties of the corresponding information stuffing.

DOUBLE GAME AND THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

The experience of studying the history of terrorism allows us to state the existence of an invariable connection between terrorists and representatives of power structures and law enforcement agencies. Russian terrorist organizations of the early 20th century were inundated with provocateurs and operated under the hood of the Police Department. The “Azef Case” is just the tip of this iceberg. The murders of Plehve, Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov, Stolypin took place, at least with the connivance of the Okhrana. Now there is no doubt that a significant part of the terrorist attacks of the Stalin era was initiated by the NKVD. So, if in historical retrospect terrorism almost always turned out to be directed by the authorities, then why can't such a pattern be applicable to the modern era? It is known that al-Qaeda was originally an American project, and Osama bin Laden fought with the support of the Americans against Soviet troops in Afghanistan. The possibility of linking international terrorism with a global beneficiary in this logic cannot be recognized as something fundamentally impossible.

Look for who benefits... The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 in the United States was a catalyst for the growth of patriotic discourse. The attack resulted in an attempt by George W. Bush to consolidate the American nation against an external enemy. Passed in October 2001, the Federal Law "To Unite and Strengthen America by Providing the Appropriate Means Required to Suppress and Obstruct Terrorism," which gave the government broad powers to oversee citizens and restrict freedoms, was unofficially called the "patriot act." After sixteen years, the law has not been repealed. The geopolitical consequence of the September 11 attacks was the American expansion into Iraq and Afghanistan. In both cases, there was no evidence linking the terrorists to the States concerned. But the general information context - the attack on the United States by terrorists legitimized in the mass perception the possibility of retaliatory invasion of other countries and even participation in the "crusade" proclaimed by George W. Bush.

TERRORISM AND THE THREAT OF NEW FASCIZATION

The creation of any civilizational system involves the construction of the image of the enemy. If there is no real enemy, it can be brought out artificially. There is no doubt that we are on the threshold of establishing a new world system of governance.

International terrorism is positioned as the main enemy of the modern globalized world. The reproduction of the theme of the global terrorist threat is the specific mechanism for the implementation of political globalization. However, the construction of a global totalitarian system is hindered by the ideological relapse of the era of modernization - "human rights". Through the development of the topic of international terrorism, the mass public consciousness is preparing for the perception of the involution of civil liberties. The society is already ready to accept the expedient formula: "human rights - in exchange for security".

International terrorism- a specific form of terrorism that originated in the late 1960s and developed significantly by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The main goals of international terrorism are the disorganization of public administration, causing economic and political damage, and violating the foundations of the social order, which, according to the terrorists, should prompt the government to change its policy. Modern international terrorism is, as a rule, Islamist.

The main features of international terrorism are globalization, professionalization and reliance on extremist ideology. The use of suicide bombers, the threat of using non-conventional (nuclear, chemical or bacteriological) weapons and a rational approach are also noted. One of the greatest modern researchers of terrorism, Brian Jenkins ( English) considers international terrorism a new type of conflict.

Resolution No. 1373 of the UN Security Council of September 28, 2001 notes "the close relationship between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illegal drugs, money laundering, illegal arms trafficking and illegal transportation of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially lethal materials" . Experts also note the growth in the technical equipment of terrorists and their tacit support from some states.

To achieve their goals, terrorist organizations widely use the Internet, radio and television.

International terrorism poses a particular danger due to the fact that it threatens the international legal order and interstate relations. Any action of international terrorism affects the interests of several (at least two) states, and to suppress or prevent such actions, broad interstate cooperation is necessary.

42) The ideology of the "new right"

New Right- a term that is used to refer to a number of political movements and right-wing parties.

Often the designation "new right" refers to the totality of right-wing radical socio-philosophical movements that arose in a number of Western countries in the 1970s. as a reaction to the theories of neo-Marxists and the New Left. In particular

the political movement Nouvelle Droite, which arose in 1969 in France, declared its commitment to right-wing (“conservative”) values, the core of which was the Group for the Study of European Civilization (GRESE), whose notable members were Alain de Benoist and Dominique Wenner

One of the main themes of the geopolitics of the “new right” is the restoration of the balance of power in the world. Under the balance of power in geopolitics is meant a state of not static, but dynamic equilibrium, where continuous fluctuations in the impact of opposing centers of political dynamics on the strategic and geopolitical configuration of world politics are permissible.

Ideology of totalitarianism

Totalitarianism from the point of view of political science is a form of relationship between society and power, in which political power takes society under complete (total) control, completely controlling all aspects of human life. Opposition manifestations in any form are cruelly and mercilessly suppressed or suppressed by the state. Another important feature of totalitarianism is the creation of the illusion of full approval by the people of the actions of this government.

Historically, the concept of "totalitarian state" (ital. stato totalitario) appeared in the early 1920s to characterize the regime of Benito Mussolini. The totalitarian state was characterized by powers of power not limited by law, the elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repression against dissidents, and the militarization of public life. The jurists of Italian Fascism and German Nazism have used the term in a positive way, while their critics have used it in a negative way. The West uses the common features of Stalinism and fascism to unite them under one banner of totalitarianism. This model is widely used in anti-communist propaganda.

1. The presence of one comprehensive ideology on which the political system of society is built.

2. The presence of a single party, usually led by a dictator, which merges with the state apparatus and the secret police.

3. The extremely high role of the state apparatus, the penetration of the state into almost all spheres of society.

4. Lack of pluralism in the media.

5. Rigid ideological censorship of all legal channels of information, as well as programs of secondary and higher education. Criminal punishment for the dissemination of independent information.

6. The big role of state propaganda, the manipulation of the mass consciousness of the population.

7. Rejection of traditions, including traditional morality, and complete subordination of the choice of means to the goals set (to build a "new society").

8. Massive repressions and terror by law enforcement agencies.

9. Destruction of individual civil rights and freedoms.

10. Centralized planning of the economy.

11. Almost total control of the ruling party over the armed forces and the distribution of weapons among the population.

12. Commitment to expansionism.

13. Administrative control over the administration of justice.

14. The desire to erase all boundaries between the state, civil society and the individual

44) Varieties of totalitarianism: similarities and differences

Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into communism, fascism and national socialism.

Communism (socialism), to a greater extent than other varieties of totalitarianism, expresses the main features of this system, since it implies the absolute power of the state, the complete elimination of private property and, consequently, any autonomy of the individual. Despite the predominantly totalitarian forms of political organization, humane political goals are also inherent in the socialist system. So, for example, in the USSR, the level of education of the people sharply increased, the achievements of science and culture became available to them, the social security of the population was ensured, the economy, space and military industries developed, etc., the level of crime sharply decreased, moreover, over the course of For decades, the system has hardly resorted to mass repression.

Fascism is a right-wing extremist political movement that arose in the context of revolutionary processes that swept the countries of Western Europe after the First World War and the victory of the revolution in Russia. It was first installed in Italy in 1922. Italian fascism gravitated toward the revival of the greatness of the Roman Empire, the establishment of order, and firm state power. Fascism claims to restore or purify the "people's soul", to ensure a collective identity on cultural or ethnic grounds. By the end of the 1930s, fascist regimes had established themselves in Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe. With all its national characteristics, fascism was the same everywhere: it expressed the interests of the most reactionary circles of capitalist society, which provided financial and political support to fascist movements, seeking to use them to suppress the revolutionary uprisings of the working masses, preserve the existing system and realize their imperial ambitions in the international arena.

Third kind of totalitarianism- National Socialism. As a real political and social system, it arose in Germany in 1933. Goal: world domination of the Aryan race and social preference - the German nation. If in communist systems aggressiveness is directed primarily inward - against its own citizens (class enemy), then in National Socialism it is directed outward, against other peoples.

There is a very popular and rather stable opinion, according to which the Soviet communist empire in the East and the Nazi Third Reich in the West are rooted in the national historical traditions of Russia and Germany, and in essence represent the continuation of the history of these countries in new conditions. This opinion is only partly true, since in a number of key aspects they were built on a break in historical continuity, and in some ways even the rejection of some key elements of the national historical tradition.

45. Fascism and neo-fascism as a political ideology

Appeared at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. as a result of imperialist contradictions. Manifested in the movement of anti-globalists and the "new right" was formed between the First and Second World Wars against the backdrop of a deep economic crisis and political instability. Fascism relies on a mass totalitarian political party (when it comes to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and the unquestioned authority of the "leader", "fuhrer". The Führer is both the spokesman and personification of the racial, national and folk spirit. The power of the state comes from him, he gives certain powers to lower leaders.

Ideology of fascism identifies society with the nation, and the nation with the state. The interests of the state are immeasurably higher than the interests of individuals, groups and organizations. The strength of the fascist state depends on the spiritual unity of the masses, which must be protected by all means. Apart from the fascist party, the only bearer of power and the fate of the state, no other parties have the right to exist with their inter-party struggle. Any democratic movements and organizations, as well as the manifestation of free-thinking, were strictly prohibited under fascism. In order to fight dissent, advanced police forces, special paramilitary organizations, a total system of surveillance and control, concentration camps were used in the fascist states, in which many tens of thousands of democrats, cultural figures and opponents of fascism, millions of Jews, Slavs and simply representatives of the "non-Aryan" were destroyed. » population.

Ideology of feminism

Feminism(from lat. femina, "woman") - a socio-political movement, the purpose of which is to provide all women who are discriminated against on the basis of sex, race, orientation, age, ethnicity, social status, and the fullness of social rights. In a broad sense - the desire for equality between women and men in all spheres of society. In a narrow sense - a women's movement, the purpose of which is to eliminate discrimination against women.

Feminism as a movement emerged in the 18th century; during the first wave of feminism from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the struggle was for gender equality. Subsequently, during the second wave, the focus of the struggle shifted to achieving de facto equality between women and men. Feminism became especially active in the late 1960s. Within the framework of feminism, there are ideas of an extremist orientation.

The emergence of feminism as a theory was prepared by the following intellectual trends in the West: liberal philosophy and the theory of human rights (Locke, Rousseau, Mill and others); socialist theory, consideration of sexuality and human sexual behavior in a social and political context (Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, Margaret Mead, philosophers of the Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse and Theodor Adorno). In addition, feminist thought was greatly influenced by the ideologies of the youth protest of the new left, the struggle of blacks for civil rights, counterculture utopias, and the ideas of the sexual revolution. Feminist literature originated in the United States, and later in Great Britain and France. Initially, it was journalistic and political. But soon "female" issues become the subject of academic research in a number of areas of knowledge: anthropology, ethnology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, political science, etc.