Hypersonic Zircon missile: how a new Russian weapon forced America to rewrite its military doctrine. Hypersonic missile "zircon": why NATO is afraid of new Russian weapons New Russian hypersonic missile 6
Almost unnoticed was a media report on March 17 about the start of testing of the Russian Zircon hypersonic cruise missile. However, the military expert community managed to evaluate it. Essentially, this means that the Russian military-industrial complex has reached the finish line in creating a superweapon that potential enemies will have nothing to oppose in the near future.
Hypersonic missile "Zircon". Characteristics
NPO Mashinostroeniya has been developing the Zircon cruise missile since 2011. Her appearance and the characteristics are strictly classified, which is understandable. All we know is that it's a rocket sea-based with an estimated speed of Mach 5-6 and a flight range of 300-400 km. In the future, the speed can be increased to Mach 8.
According to some experts, Zircon is essentially the same Russian-Indian supersonic rocket"BrahMos" only in hypersonic version. If we continue to continue her “pedigree”, then new rocket“Zircon” will turn out to be the “granddaughter” of the P-800 “Onyx”, on the basis of which the “BrahMos” was created.
By the way, in February last year, representatives of the Brahmos Aerospace company announced their readiness to create a hypersonic engine for a joint brainchild in the next 3-4 years.
First test results
The first tests of the Zircon rocket were carried out at the State Flight Test Center (Akhtubinsk) in 2012-2013. The long-range supersonic bomber Tu-22M3 was chosen to play the “role” of the carrier. Testing was continued 2 years later, but from a ground launcher.
The fact that Russia will soon have a new formidable weapon became clear after successful tests last year. Tests should be completed this year, and a year later Zircon is expected to be launched into mass production.
Problems encountered during development
For the Zircon anti-ship missile to become hypersonic, its creators had to work hard. One of the main problems is the monstrous overheating of the body during flight at hypersonic speed with the subsequent formation of a plasma cloud. As it turned out, one of the main missile systems, responsible for homing, is practically “blind” in it. It became obvious that Zircon would require a new generation of electronic components.
To accelerate the rocket, it was decided to use a ramjet rocket engine with supersonic combustion using fuel with increased energy intensity - “Decilin-M”. To solve the whole range of problems, the best Russian specialists in the field of aerodynamics, engine building, materials science and electronics were involved in the development of the product.
Prospects
Initially, the Zircons were designed as “aircraft carrier killers” - sea-based missiles that would be equipped with the 5th generation Husky nuclear submarines. However, it is not difficult to assume that over time they will be able to launch from surface ships, ground-based launchers and from strike aircraft.
Equipment Russian Army Zircon missiles can seriously affect the balance of forces. Firstly, US strike forces will become even more vulnerable. Secondly, the unique high-speed and maneuverable characteristics of the domestic hypersonic missile will reduce the effectiveness of the American missile defense system to almost zero.
Hypersonic projects of the USA and other countries
However, one should not write off the main Russian competitors. Back in the early 2000s, during the presidency of George W. Bush, the development of the doctrine of rapid global strike began, where the main focus was on hypersonic cruise missiles with a range of 6000 km.As part of the doctrine, tests of the AHW missile are already underway, and next in line is the HTV-2 project to create a missile capable of reaching a speed of Mach 20 with a destruction range of 7,700 km. Last March, Lockheed Martin began developing hypersonic drone SR-72.
The hypersonic trend is the focus of China's military-industrial complex. So a year ago the hypersonic aircraft DF-ZF and Yu-71 were tested. Developments underway in India tactical missile surface-to-ground class Shaurya, reaching speeds of Mach 7. France is not far behind with its hypersonic air-to-ground cruise missile project ASN4G with nuclear warhead and speed 8 Mach.
Vladimir Putin's annual address to Federal Assembly, or rather, its second part produced the effect of a bomb exploding on military experts and all those interested in weapons.
It turned out that promising developments, which were considered unfinished and were exaggerated in Western and Russian media, according to the president, are already being tested and are about to be put into service.
And if new intercontinental missile“Sarmat” is still somewhat well-known; the names of the remaining strategic complexes were heard in public for the first time. And some don’t have them at all; Vladimir Putin suggested that Russians come up with them themselves.
It can be assumed that the president decided to “reveal his cards” in response to the US modernization of its nuclear weapons. As well as the creation of low-power, but high-precision nuclear charges, which, in particular, are equipped with cruise missiles.
Russian leader It is no coincidence that he emphasized that any power nuclear attack on Russia or its allies will be perceived as full-fledged nuclear strike and will cause an instant response.
Putin made it clear to the United States that he will not tolerate the use of nuclear weapons of any size, including B-61-12 aerial bombs and air- and sea-launched cruise missiles. It is believed that low-yield charges lower the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons.
Vladimir Putin traditionally named the main reason for the development of new types of weapons as the US global missile defense system, which can make Russian missiles ultimately useless. As well as the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the ABM Treaty.
Now more about weapons. Judging by the video shown in Manege, the Sarmat missile actually passed throw tests, as has been repeatedly stated previously.
In the picture, a mock-up is launched from a silo, identical in size, weight and geometry to a real rocket. This is how the real start is worked out. The start of flight development tests is planned for this year, and adoption into service in 2019-2020. That is, very soon.
As the Supreme Commander-in-Chief said, a missile weighing 200 tons with hypersonic warheads will have an almost unlimited range of action and will be able to hit targets both through the Northern and South Pole. For clarity, the video showed how the rocket easily flies across the United States and falls in the Pacific Ocean.
Another project, Avangard, is directly related to Sarmat, which the president also spoke about. It is a gliding winged unit that flies at 20 times the speed of sound.
If we are talking about the Yu-71 block, the plasma trace from which was seen by residents near the Kura test site in the fall of 2016, then it is the Sarmat missile that is equipped with it. The warhead heats up to almost 2 thousand degrees and rushes towards the target “like a meteorite”, bypassing all known systems missile defense, and at the same time maneuvers. The President emphasized that mass production of such units is being prepared.
DF-ZF. Photo: wikipedia.org
By the way, Beijing is testing similar gliders - the DF-ZF project. But the video shown on Chinese television, it was only from a wind tunnel; whether it rose into the sky is unknown for sure. Perhaps Vladimir Putin's speech will encourage the Chinese to lift the veil of secrecy.
Avangard is currently undergoing testing. But hypersonic missiles, which are last years They are either buried or resurrected in the media; it turns out that Russia already has them and are even on duty. This is an aviation missile system"Dagger".
MiG-31. Photo: mil.ru
During the president's speech, a video was shown of a MiG-31 interceptor launching a heavy missile. It accelerates to a speed of Mach 10 and, according to the head of state, overcomes any missile defense shield. The missile's range is more than 2 thousand km, it can be equipped with both a nuclear and conventional warhead. The complex is already on experimental combat duty at airfields in the southern military district.
But the highlight of Vladimir Putin's speech was the nuclear power plant that powers the latest Russian cruise missiles with unlimited range.
They are similar to the existing X-101, but inside they have small-sized, super-powerful nuclear installations, which increase the flight range tens of times compared to the “101st”.
The cruise missile flies low, maneuvers and, as the designers intended, will successfully bypass any radar. At the end of 2017, successful tests of a new rocket were carried out at the test site. By the way, it doesn't have a name yet. President Putin invited the Russians to choose him, which has already caused a great stir in the media.
It is worth noting that under the USSR, nuclear installations were installed on military satellites, which flew successfully. However, the technology was subsequently abandoned due to the risk of an accident with radioactive contamination. Moreover, a nuclear installation was even installed on the Tu-95 strategic bomber to increase its flight range. But later the project was closed.
Meanwhile, the president did not even think about stopping. He spoke about a mysterious weapon known in the media as "Status-6".
They wrote a lot about it in the foreign press and called it the revival of the Soviet “Tsar Torpedo” T-15, which was supposed to be equipped with a thermonuclear warhead and, if necessary, wipe the United States off the face of the Earth with it.
Vladimir Putin partly confirmed the fears of Western military experts. Russia is preparing an unmanned underwater vehicle, with a nuclear power plant. It is a hundred times smaller than those found on nuclear submarines, but it accelerates the torpedo boat to enormous speeds. It is fundamentally the new kind strategic weapons, since the torpedo goes very deep and is almost impossible to detect. Its main task will be the destruction of enemy aircraft carrier groups and naval bases, which was demonstrated on the screen in the Manege.
It is extremely difficult to assess the readiness of these weapons. As the president rightly noted, there are simply no analogues in the world. All that remains is to wait until the promising units are put into service, and then more will become known about them.
Serial name: 3m22;
Affiliation: interspecific missile system 3k22 “Zircon”;
Developer: NPO Mashinostroeniya;
Start of development: 2011.
Main characteristics:
- Hypersonic (that is, at least 5 times faster than the speed of sound);
- Winged, unmanned, single launch;
- Highly accurate.
Appearance: box-shaped chopped body made of new heat-resistant alloys, flattened spade-shaped fairing (“nose”).
New Russian rocket Zircon.
Performance characteristics of a new generation missile
The information is indicative, based on indirect data and unconfirmed information, since the officially Russian hypersonic cruise missile Zircon 3M22 has not yet entered service.
| Parameter | Meaning | A comment |
| Launcher | 3s14, “revolving” type, deck and below deck placement | From 2 to 8 missiles Deck placement - vertical launch, below deck placement - inclined |
| Length | 8-10 m | Russia's latest missiles "Oniks" (P-800) and "Caliber" (3m54), similarly launched from 3s14 |
| Warhead weight | 300-400 kg | |
| Flight altitude | small (30-40 km), low dense layers of the atmosphere | The flight is carried out under the influence of its main engine (not the starting engine, not the booster engine, and not all kinds of auxiliary ones that correct the course) At lower altitudes, due to air resistance at such speeds, the skin may simply melt |
| Mach number | from 5 to 8 (according to some statements, this is not the limit) | Primitively speaking, the Mach number shows how many times the speed of the 3M22 cruise missile (at a specific altitude) exceeds the speed of sound. At different altitudes, the speed of sound is different (the higher, the lower), so the Mach number helps control the rocket's stability and course adherence Mahmeter readings: Below 0.8 - subsonic; 0.8 - 1.2 - transonic; 1 - 5 - supersonic; More than 5 - hypersound |
| Range | 300-500 km | The warheads are delivered by new Russian launch vehicles |
| Trajectory | arbitrary, including winding (to bypass air defense), with contouring (to bypass radar equipment) | Unlike ballistic missiles, it is controlled internally (independently) and externally |
| Guidance | Inertial + radio altimeter + active radar + optical-electronic complex for searching targets | |
| Engine | direct-flow, supersonic combustion | It is possible to use fuel with increased energy intensity "Decilin-M". |
The expected movement of a new generation rocket can be seen in the report of Channel One.
Possible carriers (sea-based):
- Orlan-class nuclear-powered heavy cruisers; "Peter the Great"; "Admiral Nakhimov";
- heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet" Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (after modernization);
- nuclear destroyers "Leader" (project 23560);
- nuclear submarines of the Yasen-M series (improved fourth generation, project 885m); "Antey" (949a); "Husky" (fifth generation, in a special modification).
Background of the Russian hypersonic cruise missile
The Soviet Union was the first to arm itself with serial anti-ship cruise missiles. Zircon has become the latest development of Russian scientists. And the first copy was the Termit missile (P-15). In the 70s, supersonic and hypersonic cruise missiles of a new generation (X-50) were developed, but the work was not completed due to the collapse of the USSR.
this year the “Spiral” project was launched
The first hypersonic aircraft would be a booster aircraft for the Spiral (orbital aircraft) project, which began in 1965.
The reconnaissance disperser, also known as the “50-50” product, is:
- 38-meter tailless aircraft;
- delta wing with fender length 16.5 m;
- lowerable bow;
- hypersonic air intake;
- fundamentally new turbojet engines:
on kerosene: M=4, range = 6-7 thousand km,
on liquid hydrogen: M=5, range = 12000 km.
The plane was tested at TsAGI, but in the 70s the project was also closed.
In 1979 they returned to the topic of hypersonic engines. To recreate their operating conditions, anti-aircraft missiles were used: instead of a warhead, a block with equipment for testing was installed.
- Based on the 5V28 missiles, which were just about to be decommissioned, there was a hypersonic flying laboratory “Kholod”. For seven launches in 1991-1999. The operating time of the tested E-57 engine was increased to 77 seconds, the speed was increased to 1855 m/s (~6.5M);
- The Igla flying laboratory was created on the basis of the Rokot launch vehicle (a descendant of the intercontinental UR-100N). The model of which can still be seen at air shows. Laboratory operating conditions: M = 6-14, altitude = 25-50 km, flight time – 7-12 minutes.
Timeline of development of hypersonic cruise missiles
NPO Mashevsky patent shows a special feature of the rocket - a detachable warhead The development of the hypersonic Zircon belongs to NPO Mashinostroyenia and begins in 2011.
NPO Mashevsky patent shows a special feature of the rocket - a detachable warhead | date | Source | Event |
| Late 2011 | Airshow "Max", Lytkarino | First mention of the Zircon 3K22 complex, prototypes of hypersonic projectiles |
| 2011 | Corporate newspaper "Tribune of the Military-Industrial Complex" of NPOMash | A group of chief designers has been officially formed for the 3M22 project |
| 2011 | Annual report of PKB "Detal" | The preliminary designs of “Zircon-S-ARK” (automatic radio compass) and “Zircon-S-RV” (radio altimeter) were approved |
| 2011 | Report of NPO "Granit-Electron" | Draft designs and finished design documentation for inertial navigation and autopilot system 3M22 |
| 2011 | Strela software report | Plans for mass production of new products, including Zircon missiles |
| 2012 | NPO Mashinostroyenia report | Development of technologies for the production of optical-electronic and laser guidance and detection systems for hyper- and supersonic missiles |
| 2012 | Dmitry Rogozin | Unfulfilled plans to create a superholding for the development of hypersonic technologies |
| Summer 2012 | Open news sources | Aktyubinsk, training ground 929th state. flight research center, throw tests of Zircon hypersonic cruise missiles from a Tu-22M3 bomber (successful and unsuccessful) |
| September 2013 | Boris Obnosov | A prototype of a hypersonic missile (4.5 M), the problem is stable and long flight |
| Autumn 2015 | Modernization project "Admiral Nakhimov" | Almaz-Antey, among other things, must supply the 3K22 complex, that is, Zircon, for the conversion of the cruiser, no later than 2018 |
| December 15, 2015 | News sources | Arkhangelsk region, Nenoksa village, launch of an experimental model (unsuccessful) |
| February 2016 | News sources | 3K22 will arm the modernized Peter the Great (project 1144, heavy nuclear cruiser), as well as the fifth generation Husky submarine in one of the variants |
Testing of 3m22 Zircon anti-ship cruise missiles
News of the tests appeared several times in different news agencies, but there was no official confirmation, and the sources were also not disclosed. The reality of the announced tests is in question - are they simply a demonstration of force to intimidate a potential enemy?
They promise to put the promising missile into service in 2020; mass deliveries and the transition to hypersonics are predicted for a longer period - by 2040.
Perspectives and criticism
According to the project, the new generation Zircon 3M22 anti-ship cruise missile is universal, almost all ships, as well as the army, can use it ( ground troops), military space forces, etc. However, due to the small volume official information many aspects of the design remain controversial.
| Problem | Possible Solution |
| Performance of a radio channel or homing head under conditions of aerodynamic heating. When flying in low layers of the atmosphere, the projectile is surrounded by a plasma cloud (a layer of ionized gases) and a serious distortion of target designation and radio traffic occurs. For space descent vehicles, this problem has not been solved. | Nuclear combat unit and a huge target (for example a small city) |
| Reducing speed to transonic (Mach number = 0.8) near the target, turning on the homing head | |
| After determining the coordinates of the target, the squad power plant(via pyro devices) and hitting the target with a gliding combat homing module (also less noticeable). | |
| High-precision satellite guidance, strikes are delivered by “smart” homing darts or high explosive shells(a very controversial solution, like the thermal imaging homing head) | |
| Window for radio waves in the tail of the rocket (external control channel), multiple repetition of commands | |
| Low noise immunity of existing anti-ship hypersonic cruise missiles | |
| The radar homing head may melt due to aerodynamic heating | Adopting high temperature oxide ceramics for fairings and body (can withstand 1500 degrees) |
If all possible problems are successfully resolved, Zircon is a weapon that threatens to become exactly the formidable answer as it is positioned in the media. It is expected that the new Zircon missile will reduce the importance of aircraft carriers and capital ships in battle, and also encourage other states to modernize ship-based air defenses.
Flights of the “three-mach” aircraft were accompanied by furious heating of the structure. The temperature of the edges of the air intakes and the leading edge of the wing reached 580-605 K, and the rest of the skin 470-500 K. The consequences of such heating are evidenced by the fact that already at a temperature of 370 K the organic glass used for glazing the cabins softens and the fuel begins to boil. At 400 K, the strength of duralumin decreases; at 500 K, chemical decomposition of the working fluid in the hydraulic system and destruction of seals occurs. At 800 K, titanium alloys lose the necessary mechanical properties. At temperatures above 900 K, aluminum and magnesium melt, and heat-resistant steel loses its properties.
The flights were carried out in the stratosphere at an altitude of 20,000 meters in very rarefied air. Achieving Mach 3 speed at lower altitudes was not possible: the skin temperature would reach four-digit values.
Over the next half century, a number of measures have been proposed to combat the searing fury of atmospheric heating. Beryllium alloys and new ablative materials, composites based on boron and carbon fibers, plasma spraying of refractory coatings...
Despite the progress achieved, the thermal barrier still remains a serious obstacle on the path to hypersound. An obligatory obstacle, but not the only one.
Supersonic flight is extremely expensive in terms of required thrust and fuel consumption. And the level of complexity of this problem rapidly increases with decreasing flight altitude.
To date, none of the existing types aircraft and cruise missiles could not reach speed = 3M at sea level.
The record holder among manned aircraft was the MiG-23. Thanks to its relatively small size, variable sweep wing and powerful R-29-300 engine, it was able to reach 1,700 km/h near the ground. More than anyone in the world!
Cruise missiles have shown several best result, but also failed to reach the “bar” of Mach 3.
Among the variety of anti-ship missiles around the world, only four anti-ship missiles can fly twice the speed of sound at sea level. Among them:
ZM80 “Mosquito”(launch weight 4 tons, maximum speed at an altitude of 14 kilometers - 2.8 M, at sea level - 2 M).
ZM55 “Onyx”(launch weight 3 tons, maximum speed at an altitude of 14 km - 2.6M).
ZM54 “Caliber”.
And finally, Russian-Indian “BrahMos”(launch weight 3 tons, design speed at low altitude 2M).
The promising “Caliber” came closest to the treasured 3M. Thanks to the multi-stage layout, its detachable warhead (which itself is the third stage) is capable of reaching a speed of 2.9 M at the finish line. However, not for long: the separation and acceleration of the warhead is carried out in close proximity to the target. During the marching phase, the ZM54 flies at subsonic levels.
It is worth noting that there is no information about testing and testing the ZM54 separation algorithm in practice. Despite common name, the ZM54 missile has little in common with those “Calibers” that staged an unforgettable fireworks display in the sky over the Caspian Sea last fall (subsonic missile for attacks on land targets, index ZM14).
It can be stated that a rocket developing a speed of > 2M at low altitude is, in a literal sense, still only tomorrow.
You have already noticed that each of the three anti-ship missiles capable of developing 2M during the sustaining phase of flight (“Moskit”, “Onyx”, “Brahmos”) is distinguished by exceptional weight and size characteristics. The length is 8-10 meters, the launch mass is 7-8 times higher than that of subsonic anti-ship missiles. At the same time, their warheads are relatively small, accounting for about 8% of the launch mass of the rocket. And the flight range at low altitude barely reaches 100 km.
The possibility of air-launching these missiles remains questionable. Due to their too long length, “Mosquito” and “Brahmos” do not fit into the UVP; they require separate launchers on the decks of ships. As a result, the number of carriers of supersonic anti-ship missiles can be counted on the fingers of one hand.
At this point it is worth turning to the title topic of this article.
ZM22 “Zircon” is a hypersonic sword of the Russian Navy. Myth or reality?
The rocket that is talked about so much, but no one has even seen its outlines. What will this superweapon look like? What are its capabilities? AND main question: How realistic are the plans to create such an anti-ship missile system at the modern technological level?
After reading the long introduction about the torment of the creators of supersonic aircraft and missiles, many of the readers probably had doubts about the realism of the existence of “Zircon”.
A fiery arrow flying on the border of supersonic and hypersonic, capable of hitting naval targets at ranges of 500 kilometers or more. Whose dimensions do not exceed the established restrictions when placed in UKSK cells.
The 3S14 universal ship-based firing system is an 8-charge under-deck vertical launcher for launching the entire range of Caliber family missiles. Max. the length of the transport and launch container with the missile is 8.9 meters. The starting weight limit is up to three tons. It is planned that ten similar modules (80 launch silos) will form the basis strike weapons on modernized nuclear-powered Orlans.
A promising superweapon or another unfulfilled promise? Doubts are in vain.
The emergence of a supersonic anti-ship missile capable of reaching a speed of 4.5 M in flight is the next logical step in improvement missile weapons. It is curious that missiles with similar characteristics have been in service with the leading navies of the world for about 30 years. One index is enough to understand what we mean we're talking about.
Anti-aircraft missile 48N6E2 as part of a naval anti-aircraft system S-300FM “Fort”
The length and diameter of the body are standard for all missiles of the S-300 family.
Length = 7.5 m, diameter of the rocket with folded wings = 0.519 m. Launch weight 1.9 tons.
The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation unit weighing 180 kg.
The estimated range of destruction of the VC is up to 200 km.
Speed - up to 2100 m/s (SIX speeds of sound).
SAM 48N6E2 as part of the S-300PMU2 “Favorit” land complex
How justified is the comparison? anti-aircraft missiles with RCC?
There are not many conceptual differences. The anti-aircraft 48N6E2 and the promising Zircon are guided missiles with all the ensuing consequences.
Sailors are well aware of hidden possibilities shipborne air defense systems. Half a century ago, during the first firing of anti-aircraft missiles, an obvious discovery was made: at a line-of-sight range, missile defense systems would be the first to be used. They have a smaller warhead mass, but their reaction time is 5-10 times less compared to anti-ship missiles! This tactic was widely used in “skirmishes” at sea. The Yankees damaged an Iranian frigate with the Standard (1988). Russian sailors, with the help of the Osa, dealt with the Georgian boats.
The bottom line is that if a conventional missile defense system with a disabled proximity fuse can be used against ships, then why not create a special weapon based on it to destroy surface targets?
The advantage will be high flight speed, at the border of hypersound. The main disadvantage is the high-altitude flight profile, which makes the missile vulnerable to breaking through enemy air defenses.
What are the main design differences between missiles and anti-ship missiles?
Guidance system.
To detect targets over the horizon, anti-ship missiles require an active radar seeker.
It is worth noting that anti-aircraft missiles with ARGSN have been used in the world for a long time. The first of them (the European Aster) was put into service over ten years ago. A similar missile was created by the Americans (Standard-6). Domestic analogue are 9M96E and E2 - anti-aircraft missiles shipborne air defense system"Redoubt".
At the same time, detecting a 100-meter ship should be easier than targeting an actively maneuvering point-sized object (an airplane or missile).
Engine.
Most anti-aircraft missiles are equipped with a solid rocket motor, whose operating time is limited to seconds. The operating time of the 48N6E2 rocket propulsion engine is only 12 s, after which the rocket flies by inertia, controlled by aerodynamic rudders. As a rule, the flight range of missiles along a quasi-ballistic trajectory, with a marching section high in the stratosphere, does not exceed 200 kilometers (the most “long-range”), which is quite enough to perform the tasks assigned to them.
Anti-ship weapons, on the contrary, are equipped with turbojet engines - for long, tens of minutes, flight in dense layers of the atmosphere. At a much lower speed than is typical for anti-aircraft missiles.
The creators of the 4-mach Zircon will obviously have to abandon any turbojet or ramjet engines, using a proven technique with a powder turbojet engine.
The problem of increasing the flight range is solved by a multi-stage layout. For example: the American Standard-3 interceptor missile has a destruction range of 700 km, and the interception altitude is limited to low Earth orbit.
Standard-3 is a four-stage rocket (Mk.72 launch booster, two sustainer stages and a detachable kinetic interceptor with its own engines for trajectory correction). After separation of the third stage, the speed of the warhead reaches Mach 10!
It is noteworthy that the Standard-3 is a relatively light compact weapon, with a launch weight of ~1600 kg. The anti-missile missile is placed in a standard air defense cell on board any American destroyer.
The anti-missile missile does not have a warhead. The main and only damaging element is its fourth stage ( infrared sensor, computer and set of engines), crashing into full speed into the enemy.
Returning to the Zircon, the author does not see any fundamental obstacles to the fact that an anti-aircraft missile, which has a lower speed and a flatter trajectory than the standard-3, after passing the apogee, can safely return to the dense layers of the atmosphere. Then detect and attack the target, falling like a star onto the deck of the ship.
The development and creation of hypersonic anti-ship missiles based on existing anti-aircraft missiles is the most optimal solution from the point of view of minimizing technical risks and financial costs.
A) Shooting at moving sea targets at a distance of over 500 km. Due to the high flight speed of the Zircon, its flight time will be reduced to 10-15 minutes. Which will automatically solve the problem of data obsolescence.
Previously, as now, anti-ship missiles are launched in the direction of the probable location of the target. By the time it arrives at the specified square, the target may already go beyond its boundaries, making it impossible for the missile's seeker to detect it.
B) From the previous paragraph it follows that it is possible to fire effectively at ultra-long distances, which will make the missile “ long hand” fleet. The ability to carry out operational strikes at enormous ranges. The reaction time of such a system is tens of times less than that of an aircraft carrier wing.
B) Launching an attack from the zenith, along with unexpectedly high speed rocket flight (after braking in dense layers of the atmosphere, it will be about 2M), will render most of the missiles ineffective existing systems close defense (“Dirks”, “Goalkeepers”, RIM-116, etc.)
At the same time, the negative aspects will be:
1. Altitude flight path. Within a second after launch, the enemy will notice the missile launch and begin to prepare to repel the attack.
Speed = 4.5M is not a panacea here. The characteristics of the domestic S-400 make it possible to intercept air targets flying at speeds of up to 10 Mach.
The new American missile system “Standard-6” has maximum height defeats 30 km. Last year, with its help, the longest-range interception of a military center in a naval space (140+ kilometers) was carried out in practice. And the powerful radar and computing capabilities of Aegis allow destroyers to hit targets in low-Earth orbits.
The second problem is the weak warhead. Some will say that at such speeds you can do without it. But that's not true.
A Talos anti-aircraft missile without a warhead almost cut the target in half (exercises off the coast of California, 1968).
The Talos core stage weighed one and a half tons (more than any existing rocket) and was powered by a ramjet engine. When it hit the target, an unspent supply of kerosene detonated. Speed at the moment of impact = 2M. The target was a WWII-era escort destroyer (1,100 tons), whose dimensions corresponded to a modern small missile ship.
Talos hitting a cruiser or destroyer (5000-10000 tons), logically, could not lead to serious consequences. IN maritime history There are many cases where ships, having received numerous through holes from armor-piercing shells, remained in service. Thus, the American aircraft carrier “Kalinin Bay” in the battle near the island. Samar was pierced through 12 times.
The Zircon anti-ship missile needs a warhead. However, due to the need to ensure a speed of 4.5 M and limited weight and dimensions when placed in an airborne missile launcher, the mass of the warhead will be no more than 200 kg (estimated based on examples of existing missiles).
Flights of “three-mach” aircraft were accompanied by furious heating of the structure. The temperature of the edges of the air intakes and the leading edge of the wing reached 580-605 K, and the rest of the skin 470-500 K. The consequences of such heating are evidenced by the fact that already at a temperature of 370 K the organic glass used for glazing the cabins softens and the fuel begins to boil.
At 400 K, the strength of duralumin decreases; at 500 K, chemical decomposition of the working fluid in the hydraulic system and destruction of seals occurs. At 800 K, titanium alloys lose the necessary mechanical properties. At temperatures above 900 K, aluminum and magnesium melt, and heat-resistant steel loses its properties.
The flights were carried out in the stratosphere at an altitude of 20,000 meters in highly rarefied air. Achieving a speed of 3M at lower altitudes was not possible - the skin temperature would reach four-digit values.
Over the next half century, a number of measures have been proposed to combat the searing fury of atmospheric heating. Beryllium alloys and new ablative materials, composites based on boron and carbon fibers, plasma spraying of refractory coatings...
Despite the progress achieved, the thermal barrier still remains a serious obstacle on the path to hypersound. An obligatory obstacle, but not the only one.
Supersonic flight is extremely expensive in terms of required thrust and fuel consumption. And the level of complexity of this problem rapidly increases with decreasing flight altitude.
To date, none of the existing types of aircraft and cruise missiles have been able to reach a speed of 3M at sea level.
The record holder among manned aircraft was the MiG-23. Thanks to its relatively small size, variable sweep wing and powerful R-29-300 engine, it was able to reach 1,700 km/h near the ground. More than anyone in the world!
Cruise missiles showed slightly better results, but also failed to reach the Mach 3 level. Among all the variety of anti-ship missile weapons, worldwide, only four anti-ship missiles can fly twice the speed of sound at sea level. Among them:
— ZM80 "Mosquito"(launch weight 4 tons, maximum speed at an altitude of 14 km - 2.8M, at sea level - 2M)
— ZM55 "Onyx"(launch weight 3 tons, maximum speed at an altitude of 14 km - 2.6M)
— ZM54 "Caliber"
- and, Russian-Indian "BrahMos"(launch weight 3 tons, design speed at low altitude 2M).
The promising “Caliber” came closest to the treasured 3M. Thanks to the multi-stage layout, its detachable warhead (which itself is the third stage) is capable of reaching a speed of 2.9 M at the finish line. However, not for long - the separation and acceleration of the warhead is carried out in close proximity to the target. During the marching phase, the ZM54 flies at subsonic levels.
It is worth noting that there is no information about testing and testing the ZM54 separation algorithm in practice. Despite the common name, the ZM54 missile has little in common with those “Calibers” that staged an unforgettable fireworks display in the sky over the Caspian Sea last fall (subsonic missile for attacks on land targets, index ZM14).
It can be stated that a rocket developing a speed of > 2M at low altitude is, in the literal sense, still only tomorrow.
You have already noticed that each of the three anti-ship missiles capable of developing 2M during the sustaining phase of flight (Moskit, Onyx, Brahmos) is distinguished by exceptional weight and size characteristics. The length is 8-10 meters, the launch mass is 7-8 times higher than that of subsonic anti-ship missiles. At the same time, their warheads are relatively small, accounting for about 8% of the launch mass of the rocket. And the flight range at low altitude barely reaches 100 km.
The possibility of air-launching these missiles remains questionable. Due to their too long length, “Mosquito” and “Brahmos” do not fit into air defense systems; they require separate launchers on the decks of ships. As a result, the number of carriers of supersonic anti-ship missiles can be counted on the fingers of one hand.
At this point it is worth turning to the title topic of this article.
ZM22 "Zircon" is a hypersonic sword of the Russian Navy. Myth or reality?
The rocket that is talked about so much, but no one has even seen its outline. What will this superweapon look like? What are its capabilities? And the main question is how realistic are the plans to create such an anti-ship missile system at the modern technological level?
After reading the long introduction about the torment of the creators of supersonic aircraft and missiles, many of the readers probably had doubts about the realism of the existence of “Zircon”.
A fiery arrow flying on the border of supersonic and hypersonic, capable of hitting naval targets at ranges of 500 kilometers or more. Whose overall dimensions do not exceed the established restrictions when placed in UKSK cells.
The 3S14 universal ship-based firing system is an 8-round below-deck vertical launcher for launching the entire range of Caliber family missiles. Max. The length of the transport and launch container with the missile is 8.9 meters. The starting weight limit is up to three tons. It is planned that ten such modules (80 launch silos) will form the basis of strike weapons on the modernized nuclear Orlans.
A promising superweapon or another unfulfilled promise? Doubts are in vain.
The appearance of a supersonic anti-ship missile capable of reaching a speed of 4.5 M in flight is the next logical step in improving missile weapons. It is curious that missiles with similar characteristics have been in service with the leading navies of the world for about 30 years. One index is enough to understand what we are talking about.
Anti-aircraft missile 48N6E2 as part of the S-300FM “Fort” naval anti-aircraft system:
The length and diameter of the body are standard for all missiles of the S-300 family.
Length = 7.5 m, diameter of the rocket with folded wings = 0.519 m.
Launch weight 1.9 tons.
The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation unit weighing 180 kg.
The estimated range of destruction of the VC is up to 200 km.
Speed - up to 2100 m/s (SIX speeds of sound).
SAM 48N6E2 as part of the S-300PMU2 “Favorit” land complex
How justified is the comparison of anti-aircraft missiles with anti-ship missiles?
There are not many conceptual differences. The anti-aircraft 48N6E2 and the promising Zircon are guided missiles with all the ensuing consequences.
Sailors are well aware of the hidden capabilities of shipborne air defense systems. Half a century ago, during the first firing of anti-aircraft missiles, an obvious discovery was made: at a line-of-sight range, missile defense systems would be the first to be used. They have a smaller warhead mass, but their reaction time is 5-10 times less compared to anti-ship missiles! This tactic was widely used in “skirmishes” at sea. The Yankees damaged an Iranian frigate with the Standard (1988). Russian sailors, with the help of the Osa, dealt with the Georgian boats.
The bottom line is that if a conventional missile defense system with a disabled proximity fuse can be used against ships, then why not create a special weapon based on it to destroy surface targets? The advantage will be high flight speed, at the border of hypersound.
The main disadvantage is the high-altitude flight profile, which makes the missile vulnerable to breaking through enemy air defenses.
What are the main design differences between missiles and anti-ship missiles?
Guidance system.
To detect targets over the horizon, anti-ship missiles require an active radar seeker.
It is worth noting that anti-aircraft missiles with ARGSN have been used in the world for a long time. The first of them (the European Aster) was put into service over ten years ago. A similar missile was created by the Americans (Standard-6). The domestic analogues are 9M96E and E2 - anti-aircraft missiles of the Redut naval air defense system.
At the same time, detecting a 100-meter ship should be easier than targeting an actively maneuvering point-sized object (an airplane or missile).
Engine.
Most anti-aircraft missiles are equipped with a solid rocket motor, whose operating time is limited to seconds. The operating time of the 48N6E2 rocket propulsion engine is only 12 s, after which the rocket flies by inertia, controlled by aerodynamic rudders. As a rule, the flight range of missiles along a quasi-ballistic trajectory, with a marching section high in the stratosphere, does not exceed 200 km (the most “long-range”), which is quite enough to perform the tasks assigned to them.
Anti-ship weapons, on the contrary, are equipped with turbojet engines for long, tens of minutes, flight in dense layers of the atmosphere. At a much lower speed than is typical for anti-aircraft missiles.
The creators of the 4-mach Zircon will obviously have to abandon any turbojet or ramjet engines, using a proven technique with a powder turbojet engine.
The problem of increasing the flight range is solved by a multi-stage layout. For example, the American Standard-3 interceptor missile has a destruction range of 700 km, and the interception altitude is limited to low Earth orbit.
Standard-3 is a four-stage rocket (Mk.72 launch booster, two sustainer stages and a detachable kinetic interceptor with its own engines for trajectory correction). After separation of the third stage, the speed of the warhead reaches Mach 10!
It is noteworthy that the Standard-3 is a relatively light compact weapon, with a launch weight of ~1600 kg. The anti-missile missile is placed in a standard air defense cell on board any American destroyer.
The anti-missile missile does not have a warhead. The main and only destructive element is its fourth stage (infrared sensor, computer and set of engines), which crashes into the enemy at full speed.
Returning to the Zircon, the author does not see any fundamental obstacles to the fact that an anti-aircraft missile, which has a lower speed and a flatter trajectory than Standard-3, after passing the apogee, can safely return to the dense layers of the atmosphere. After which, detect and attack the target, falling like a star onto the deck of the ship.
The development and creation of hypersonic anti-ship missiles based on existing anti-aircraft missiles is the most optimal solution from the point of view of minimizing technical risks and financial costs.
A) firing at moving sea targets at a distance of over 500 km. Due to the high flight speed of the Zircon, its flight time will be reduced to 10-15 minutes. Which will automatically solve the problem of data obsolescence.
Previously, as now, anti-ship missiles are launched in the direction of the probable location of the target. By the time it arrives at the specified square, the target may already go beyond its boundaries, making it impossible for the missile's seeker to detect it.
B) from the previous paragraph it follows that it is possible to effectively fire at ultra-long distances, which will make the missile the “long arm” of the fleet. The ability to carry out operational strikes at enormous ranges. The reaction time of such a system is tens of times less than that of an aircraft carrier wing.
C) launching an attack from the zenith, along with the unexpectedly high speed of the missile’s flight (after braking in dense layers of the atmosphere, it will be about 2 M), will make most of the existing close-in defense systems ineffective (“Dirks”, “Goalkeepers”, RIM-116 etc.)
At the same time, the negative aspects will be:
1. Altitude flight path. Within a second after launch, the enemy will notice the missile launch and begin to prepare to repel the attack.
Speed = 4.5M is not a panacea here. The characteristics of the domestic S-400 make it possible to intercept air targets flying at speeds of up to 10 Mach.
The new American Standard-6 missile defense system has a maximum destruction altitude of 30 km. Last year, with its help, the longest-range interception of CC in naval history(140+ kilometers). And the powerful radar and computing capabilities of Aegis allow destroyers to hit targets in low-Earth orbits.
2. The second problem is the weak warhead. Some will say that at such speeds you can do without it. But that's not true.
A Talos anti-aircraft missile without a warhead almost cut the target in half (exercises off the coast of California, 1968).
The Talos core stage weighed one and a half tons (more than any existing rocket) and was powered by a ramjet engine. When it hit the target, an unspent supply of kerosene detonated. Speed at the moment of impact = 2M. The target was a WWII-era escort destroyer (1,100 tons), whose dimensions corresponded to a modern small missile ship.
Talos hitting a cruiser or destroyer (5,000 - 10,000 tons), logically, could not lead to serious consequences. There are many cases in maritime history when ships, having received numerous through holes from armor-piercing shells, remained in service. Thus, the American aircraft carrier “Kalinin Bay” in the battle near the island. Samar was pierced through 12 times.
The Zircon anti-ship missile needs a warhead. However, due to the need to ensure a speed of 4.5 M and limited weight and dimensions when placed in an airborne missile launcher, the mass of the warhead will be no more than 200 kg (estimated based on examples of existing missiles).