What does it mean to have an inclination. Attractions. Humanistic theory in psychology

attraction- insufficiently clearly realized need, when it is not clear to a person what attracts him, what his goals are, what he wants. Attraction is a stage in the formation of a conscious motive. The unconsciousness of attraction is transient, temporary, that is, the need represented in it either fades away or is realized.

Some authors also refer hypnotic suggestions to unconscious arrays, but they are artificial in nature, formed "from the outside", while attitudes and drives are formed naturally during a person's life. The conscious motives of behavior include: interests, inclinations, desires, aspirations, intentions, beliefs and worldviews.

Interest

Interest- this is a selective attitude of a person to an object due to its vital significance and (or) emotional attractiveness. Interests are an emotional manifestation of a person's cognitive needs; they make themselves felt as a positive emotional background that colors the process of cognition. The interests of a person are determined by the socio-historical and individual conditions of his life. The interests of people are extremely diverse, as diverse as human activities. They can be distinguished by content, volume, depth, degree of stability, focus on the goals of the activity or on its process, the level of effectiveness, in addition, interests can be direct and indirect. The first are determined by the emotional attractiveness of the object (external features), the second - by its value for the individual (content).

inclination

inclination- this is a motive in which the need of a person for a certain activity is clearly expressed. Quite often, a constant, steady and effective interest develops into an addiction.

Wish

Wish- this is a motive, which is based on a need conscious in content, but it does not yet act as a strong incentive to act. This motive is often directed to an object in the possibility of which the person is not very sure, or the need for which he is not very strong.

Pursuit

Pursuit- this is an impulse, where the need for such conditions of existence is expressed, which are currently absent, but can be created as a result of a specially organized activity of the individual. Aspirations can take on various psychological forms, such as a dream - an image of the desired created by fantasy; passion - a motive in which a need is expressed that has an irresistible force; ideal - a motive in which the need is expressed to imitate or follow the example taken by the person as a model.

Intention

Intention- this is an aspiration, in which the conditions in which a person feels a need are realized, but also the means of achieving them.

Beliefs

Beliefs- is a system of conscious needs of the individual, prompting her to act in accordance with her views, principles, worldview. The content of needs, acting in the form of beliefs, is knowledge about the world, a certain understanding of it.

worldview

outlook- this is a system of human views on the world, its patterns. The outlook of the individual, first of all, reflects social life. This reflection takes place in the process of life, in the real relations of people, in their activities. Worldview serves as the highest regulator of behavior. Giving firmness and firmness to the character, it affects the whole appearance of a person, the totality of the features of behavior, actions, habits and inclinations.

The concept of personality in psychology

Personality is the basic category and the subject of study of personality psychology. Personality is a set of developed habits and preferences, mental attitude and tone, sociocultural experience and acquired knowledge, a set of psychophysical traits and characteristics of a person, his archetype that determines everyday behavior and connection with society and nature. Personality is also observed as manifestations of "behavioral masks" developed for different situations and social groups of interaction.

Complex of stable personality components

Temperament

Character

Capabilities

Motivation

Personality, individual and individuality

An individual expresses the general properties of a person as an organism.

Individuality expresses the specificity of an individual, and this specificity can be hereditary or random.

Personality is the result of the process of education and self-education. “A person is not born, but becomes” A. N. Leontiev. Children do not have a personality, since the responsibility for their actions is imputed to their parents. According to L. I. Bozhovich, two criteria for a formed personality can be distinguished:

A person can be considered a person if there is a hierarchy in his motives in one certain sense, namely if he is able to overcome his own impulses for the sake of something else. In such cases, the subject is said to be capable of mediated behavior. At the same time, it is assumed that the motives by which immediate urges are overcome are socially significant.

The ability to consciously direct one's own behavior. This leadership is carried out on the basis of conscious motives-goals and principles.

The second criterion differs from the first one in that it presupposes precisely the conscious subordination of motives. Simply mediated behavior (the first criterion) can be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even “spontaneous morality”: a person may not be aware of what made him act in this way, and nevertheless act morally. Thus, although the second feature also refers to mediated behavior, conscious mediation is emphasized. It presupposes the existence of self-consciousness as a special instance of personality.

Personality is an individual who is aware of his individuality.

In domestic psychology and pedagogy, it is generally accepted that mental formations - This labile (mobile, changeable) mental phenomena that are formed in the course of learning and determine the quality of professional and any other human activity . In fact, these are mental phenomena that are formed in the process of acquiring life experience by a person. In their structure includes knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as habits and beliefs. Consciousness is an integral mental formation that is formed both in the process of learning and upbringing.

The process of formation of mental formations begins with the subjective perception by a person of objective information coming from the external environment. Logical (understanding) or mechanical (memorization) mastery of it forms knowledge. The application of existing knowledge in practice leads to the formation of skills and abilities. As a result of the repeated implementation of skills and abilities, corresponding habits appear. Under the condition of internal agreement with the formed knowledge, personal beliefs arise. The ratio of specific activities (implementation of skills, abilities and habits) with beliefs allows us to talk about consciousness.

Knowledge represent predominantly logical information fixed in the mind (memory) of a person or stored in a materialized form (in his notes, books, on electronic media, etc.) . In other words, it is a set of learned information, concepts and ideas about objects and phenomena of objective reality. Human knowledge about the surrounding world initially arises in the form of images, sensations and perceptions. The subsequent processing of sensory data in the mind leads to the emergence of representations and concepts. It is in these two forms that knowledge is stored in memory. No matter how general the representations and abstracts of the concept may be, their main purpose is the organization and regulation of human practical activity.

Psychological science comes from the fact that physiological basis of knowledge constitute temporary or permanent connections between the nerve cells of the brain, resulting from the perception of information from the objective world or its mental processing.

At present, in the domestic military psychology, there are four kind of knowledge:

knowledge-dating allow you to navigate the situation in the most general terms. This is a kind of knowledge-recognition, when a person can distinguish incorrect information from the correct one, "recognize" it;

reproduction knowledge make it possible to reproduce previously perceived or memorized material;

knowledge-skills ensure their confident and creative application in any kind of practical activity;

knowledge-transformation act as a condition for the creation of new knowledge based on their logical transformation or application in previously unconsidered conditions.

However, the presence of knowledge in itself does not allow us to talk about their indispensable transformation into other mental formations. It depends on them characteristics, which include:

volume - the amount of information recorded in the mind (memory) of a person;

depth - the degree of knowledge of the essence of processes and phenomena stored in the mind;

strength - the degree of stability of knowledge when exposed to negative (temporary, emotional, etc.) factors;

efficiency - the possibility of using existing knowledge in practice;

flexibility - the ability of a person to creatively use existing knowledge in various conditions.

Provided that the indicators of the listed characteristics are sufficient, the formation of the corresponding skills and abilities begins, the vital importance of which for a person is very high. They facilitate his mental and physical efforts in various activities, introducing into them a certain element of rationality, rhythm and stability, creating conditions for consistent creativity.

Skill - This automated (brought to automatism) action performed under the general control and assessment of consciousness (accompanied by consciousness). In the process of its formation, three main stages are distinguished: analytical (isolating and selecting individual elements of the action), synthetic (combining individual elements in one action) and automation (multiple repetition of the action in order to give it the necessary speed and quality, as well as relieve the tension of consciousness).

The most important conditions that ensure the success of the formation of a skill include the number of actions performed, their pace, division in time, and knowledge of its normative indicators (qualitative, quantitative, temporal).

Skill , unlike skill, is a complex mental education that allows you to perform complex actions under special control of consciousness . In this case, the consciousness does not accompany (controls and evaluates), but precedes (plans) the implementation of the forthcoming one or another action.

An analysis of the essential definition of skill and ability suggests that both of them are realized in human activity. However, if in a habit an action is first performed, the quality of which is subsequently controlled by consciousness, then in skill, the action is first planned with the help of consciousness, then performed, and only after that is evaluated.

As in the formation of knowledge, in the process of forming skills and abilities as physiological basis the phenomenon of establishing temporary connections between the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex is used. However, only those of them that control the motor activity of the human body participate in this process.

Depending on the stage of formation and the level of formation, four type of skills and abilities, which, in accordance with the psychophysiological logic of their formation, can be represented as follows: initial skills, simple skills, complex skills and complex skills.

Starting Skills represent the primary independent application of knowledge in practice. This is the first step from existing knowledge to practical human activity. Their formation is based on information about the algorithm (sequence and nature) of performing a specific action. In this case, consciousness plans (aheads) human activity.

Simple Skills - these are already simple techniques and actions performed automatically, i.e. first, an action is performed, the correctness of which is subsequently controlled by consciousness. They are formed as a result of repeated performance of a certain action based on the formed initial skill.

The formation of a simple skill is based on the establishment and consolidation of conditioned reflex connections in the cerebral cortex, which leads to the exact localization of the focus of excitation in certain nerve structures. Differentiated inhibition concentrates the process of excitation to the limit, as a result of which systems of conditioned reflex connections are formed, which reduces the reaction time. This is due to the fact that unnecessary movements disappear, and the tension of consciousness passes, as it were, into the background of activity and only realizes its controlling function.

In turn, simple skills are divided into several subspecies: motor (formed on the basis of the work of motor analyzers), sensory (use the capabilities of the functioning of sensory analyzers), mental (implemented in human mental activity) and mixed (based on previously formed motor, sensory and mental skills of activity).

With false skills are characterized as a learned complex automated action that is performed accurately, easily and quickly with little effort of consciousness and ensures sufficient efficiency of human activity. They usually include several simple skills combined in one activity. The combination of several simple skills in one complex one allows a person to free his consciousness to solve other more important tasks of his activity.

With false skills domestic psychology are interpreted as a complex action performed in any conditions of activity under special control (planning and evaluation of the result) of consciousness. They signify the ability of a person to creatively apply the formed skills in the continuously changing conditions of practical activity, achieved in the process of learning. In this case, they are a kind of foundation on which the professional skills of people are based, allowing them to thoroughly master a particular type of activity, constantly increase their knowledge, form new and improve existing skills.

Skills and abilities acquired by a person have an impact on the formation of new ones, which can be both positive and negative. In the first case, this phenomenon is denoted by the concept of “transfer”, the essence of which is that the existing skills facilitate the formation of other skills similar to them (coincident in structure). In the second case, called interference, the existing skill makes it difficult to form a new one, which includes actions that are either opposite in structure to those previously learned, or contain new techniques that make it difficult to master the correct technique for its implementation.

To preserve the formed skills and abilities, they should be systematically implemented. Otherwise, their deautomatization occurs - a decrease in the effectiveness of previously developed mechanisms of action as a result of a weakening of conditioned reflex connections in the cerebral cortex. In this case, the actions become slower and less precise, their coordination is upset, they begin to be performed uncertainly, require the tension of mental efforts and an increase in the level of conscious control over them. At the same time, it has been experimentally proven that the restoration of previously formed skills and abilities occurs much faster than their initial formation.

The quality of the state of the considered mental formations and their level are determined by three characteristics of skills and abilities:

flexibility - the ability of the individual to use skills and abilities in various activities;

strength - the degree of stability of skills and abilities when exposed to negative factors;

difficulties - the level of combination in a skill or ability of several similar formations of a lower order.

The considered phenomena are leading among mental formations of the personal sphere of a person and are used everywhere. It is they who form a complex mental phenomenon called mastery and manifested in a high level of development of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as professional and moral qualities of the individual.

However, the world of mental formations also includes some others that are no less important for a person, although they are realized only under appropriate conditions. These include habits, beliefs, and consciousness.

habits – the established way of human behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation has acquired for him the force of need . It is based on a system of knowledge, implemented in the skills and abilities to perform the corresponding action. However, in contrast to a skill in its pure form, the decisive moment in the formation of a habit is not so much its subsequent shaping into a skill, but the formation, based on existing knowledge, of a new functional need for its implementation (for example, the habit of washing hands before eating).

The physiological basis of habit, as a mental education, is a dynamic stereotype of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex formed in vivo. It is formed in the process of repeated performance of any action at that stage of its development, when during its performance there is no longer any difficulty of a volitional or cognitive nature. In this case, mental well-being, caused by the functioning of the action itself, is of decisive importance, colored mainly by a positive emotional tone.

Habits are formed in any sphere of human activity and are manifested in all aspects of his life. They may be the product of purposeful upbringing, but they often develop quite spontaneously. Habits are usually implemented in involuntary action and are largely a subconscious form of human behavior.

By type, habits are combined into situational (for example, the habit of leaving to turn off the light in a room) and characteristic, reflecting the characteristics of a person’s behavior as a whole (for example, the habit of greeting elders, speaking quietly in a public place, etc.). In the latter case, they can significantly influence the formation of certain character traits, and therefore are considered as useful (leading to the formation of positive character traits) and as harmful, leading to bad inclinations.

The system of habits formed by a person is largely predetermined by his beliefs , which are considered as meaningful knowledge of a person, organically merged with his feelings and received personal meaning for him . At the same time, it must be taken into account that knowledge by itself does not automatically turn into beliefs. For their formation, it is very important to have the unity of knowledge and a special attitude towards it, as something that undoubtedly reflects reality and should be realized in human behavior. Consequently, the effectiveness of beliefs is due to the need to be guided by them in everyday activities, which makes human behavior consistent, logical and purposeful.

It is believed that the elementary forms of beliefs are formed already in preschool age. The school period of human development is recognized as the period of their intensive formation. If for a preschooler much is considered convincing only because adults think so, then the teenager is already guided by the opinions of his peers. For older students, a conscious and critical attitude to what they see and hear is already characteristic - they seek to verify for themselves the truth of certain provisions.

Beliefs are formed in a person's life experience under the influence of the surrounding reality, their own activities, as well as in the process of educational work with them. The knowledge obtained in this case serves as a source of formation of certain beliefs. However, their orientation largely depends on the content of his knowledge and habits, created by forming a person's experience of social relations and moral behavior. Consequently, spontaneously formed beliefs (for example, in those cases when they are formed under the influence of socially negative and socially immature works of art) can be erroneous, distorted. In this case, an essential role is played by the imperfection of conceptual thinking, the inability to separate the essential from the non-essential, the presence of errors in the analysis of the acquired new knowledge, etc.

The highest level of regulation of human activity based on the implementation of knowledge, skills, abilities, habits and beliefs is consciousness , which is considered as an integral mental formation that reflects the ratio of the content of a person’s activity (sometimes habits) and his beliefs in a specific action . Manifested in the system of mental formations, it allows a person to act (act) with a clear and distinct understanding of the ultimate goals and possible consequences. Consequently, consciousness is expressed in the ability of a person to analyze the motives of his own behavior, experiencing them as an internal need, and to choose the most rational way to achieve his goals in accordance with social and moral norms accepted in society.

As already noted, the mental formations of a person's personal sphere predetermine the quality of his activities. However, it is not uncommon for a subject to be able to perform some activity but not to do so. Consequently, in the structure of the personal sphere there are some other phenomena that make a person act one way or another in a particular situation. In domestic psychology, they are called the mental properties of the personality.

Humanistic theory in psychology.

Humanistic psychology- a direction in Western (mainly American) psychology, recognizing as its main subject the personality as a unique integral system, which is not something given in advance, but an "open possibility" of self-actualization, inherent only to man. In humanistic psychology, the main subjects of analysis are: the highest values, self-actualization of the individual, creativity, love, freedom, responsibility, autonomy, mental health, interpersonal communication. Humanistic psychology emerged as an independent trend in the early 60s of the XX century as a protest against the dominance of behaviorism and psychoanalysis in the United States, called the third force. A. Maslow, K. Rogers, V. Frankl, S. Buhler, R. May, S. Jurard, D. Bugental, E. Shostrom and others can be attributed to this direction. Humanistic psychology relies on existentialism as its philosophical base. The manifesto of humanistic psychology was the book edited by R. May "Existential Psychology" - a collection of reports presented at a symposium in Cincinnati in September 1959 as part of the annual convention of the American Psychological Association.

An individual in a particular activity, the desire to improve the skills associated with this activity. The emergence of S. is usually a prerequisite for the development of the corresponding abilities, although cases of mismatch between S. and abilities are possible.

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

inclination

The selective orientation of the individual to a certain activity, which encourages him to engage in it. Its basis is a deep, stable need of an individual for some kind of activity, the desire to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. The appearance of an inclination is usually a prerequisite for the development of the corresponding abilities, although there are cases of inclination and ability mismatch.

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

Subjective representation of the elements of the motivational-need sphere.

A form of reflected motivation. It is implemented in various life choices.

Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .

TENDENCY

(English) disposition) - in the psychological sense, S. - any positive, internally motivated attitude ( , etc.) to k.-l. occupation. The psychological basis of S. is stable personality in a certain activity, when not only the results achieved in it, but also the process itself are attractive activities. Developed S. is also characterized by a long, insatiable desire for activity and a creative attitude to its change, development, to the constant accumulation of knowledge and improvement. skills and skills corresponding to this activity. Such a S., which has all these characteristics, is called vocation. S. develop, as a rule, in unity with the corresponding abilities and act as a factor, a component giftedness. Syn. inclination. (A. B. Orlov.)

Addendum: In another sense (eng. susceptibility) S. - a predisposition to something, the presence of conditions for the occurrence of something, susceptibility to something. Examples: a tendency to be overweight, to a disease (tuberculosis, schizophrenia), to illusions, to panic, to overvalued ideas (among psychopaths). (B. M.)

Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

See what "inclination" is in other dictionaries:

inclination- Tendency... Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language

inclination- Cm … Synonym dictionary

TENDENCY- TENDENCY, inclinations, wives. Disposition to someone for something, an attraction that is distinguished by constancy. A penchant for painting. He has no penchant for the theatre. "A secret addiction boils in us." Lermontov. || Sympathy bordering on feeling ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

TENDENCY- - an innate or acquired predisposition that favors a certain feeling or desire, in other words, facilitates its occurrence; Kant understands by inclination simply "habitual sensual passion"; he abruptly... Philosophical Encyclopedia

inclination- Propensity: Propensity predisposition towards something. Addiction film directed by Sean Mathias, 1997. List of meanings of a word or phrase ... Wikipedia

inclination- Tendency ♦ Penchant Approximate synonym for tendency, used in relation to a single individual. Inclination is a long-term desire, which owes its origin not so much to the species as to the individual himself, but to a greater extent ... Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville

inclination- a form of reflected motivation ... Psychological Dictionary

TENDENCY- BENT, and, wives. 1. Constant attraction, disposition to something. S. to introspection. 2. Predisposition, inclination towards something. S. to fullness. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

TENDENCY- English. inclination; German Neigung. 1. Constant passion, location, desire for h. l. 2. The selective orientation of the individual to a certain activity of the individual in this activity. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

inclination- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN liability … Technical Translator's Handbook

Books

• Supplement to the Acts of Peter the Great, v. 17. containing anecdotes relating to this great Sovereign,. All our chronicles agree that in our hero, from the most tender childhood, a special propensity for military exercises was noted, somehow I described it in the first Volume of his Acts; but…

inclination- the selective orientation of the individual to a certain activity, which encourages him to engage in it. Its basis is a deep, stable need of an individual for a particular activity, the desire to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. The emergence of S. is usually a prerequisite for the development of the corresponding abilities, although cases of mismatch between S. and abilities are possible.

V.V. Mironenko

Definitions, meanings of the word in other dictionaries:

Philosophical Dictionary

spontaneity directed towards a specific goal. We talk about inclinations when we cannot explain the behavior by external events, a situation: when someone acts from internal urges. - this is an expression of the life of the organism (the ability to grow; a sunflower turning ...

Psychological Encyclopedia

(English disposition) - in the psychological sense of S. - any positive, internally motivated attitude (attraction, interest, etc.) to c.-l. occupation. The psychological basis of S. is the stable need of the individual for a certain activity, when attractive ...

Psychological Encyclopedia

A very general term used to refer to people with a strong, constant tendency to act. It is used widely, and terms such as attraction and predisposition (2, 3) are roughly synonymous with it. Please note that some people use this term...

Psychological Encyclopedia

Any psychological or physiological dependence of the organism on the drug. Initially, the term was used only to refer to physiological dependence, when the drug causes such changes in the biochemistry of the body that it is necessary for him to continue taking this drug, ...