Summary of OD on cognitive development “Autumn is also on the reservoirs” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation. Synopsis of OD on cognitive development “Autumn is also on the reservoirs” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Water in rivers in autumn becomes

Look for features

From the shore, the water surface looks the same, but each body of water has features that are attractive to fish in the cold season. Find such places - and you are halfway to success.

Islands.

In summer, fishing on the island gives the maximum result. But also in the winter, they can be a boon.

In the shallow waters of coastal areas, you probably shouldn't fish in the morning, especially after a night frost that will make the water very cold in such places. Thus, in the morning it is necessary to fish deep areas in the lower part of the island slope.

If the sun is strong, shallow island areas will warm up a bit and are worth paying attention to by mid-afternoon.

Overhanging trees.

Try not to fish under overhanging trees. Water in the shade of trees will not be able to warm up even in sunny weather. You will also most likely have piles of rotting leaves and twigs lying on the bottom at the point of fishing, which will not allow you to make a good presentation of the bait.

Direction of the wind.

If north and east winds are blowing, position yourself so that they do not blow in your face, but from your back. The best option for protection in such cases is the high bank, which is located behind you. South and west winds will be warmer and more productive.

Old reed beds.

Avoid fishing in close proximity to old reed beds, as there will be a lot of decaying stems below the surface of the water that will make your fishing impossible.

Short catch time.

In cold weather, you need to spend extra time in bed and start fishing later than usual. In many reservoirs, the fish will not even think about feeding until the water warms up a little from the sun.

Keys, springs.

In such places, the fish constantly feeds even in winter due to the constancy of the water temperature in places near the springs. If it is possible to find out about the exact location of such places, try to fish as close to them as possible.

shallow bays

Well-protected and lit shallow bays that receive plenty of sunlight are natural areas that attract fish in the winter. Shallow water warms up quickly in the sun and attracts fish like a magnet. If your technique and tackle allows you to deliver bait to such areas, your chances of catching will increase significantly.

Traditionalism

Historically, fish tend to gather in the same places during the winter. Be guided by the knowledge of these traditional places of parking of fish when placing on the reservoir.

Thermocline.

Surely you have often heard and read that in the cold season you need to fish in deep places, since the water is warmer there. However, in some waters, this approach is fundamentally wrong, so do not make the mistake of automatically setting up to fish from the bottom at great depths, remaining in this place throughout the fishing in the absence of bites.

There are 2 factors that most influence the temperature of the water in cold weather - these are the sun and the wind. It is they who create such a natural phenomenon as the temperature stratification of water. These layers are located one above the other and are created because, along with a change in temperature, the density of water also changes. Thermoclines are most pronounced in bodies of standing water and depths of 20 feet or more (greater than 6 meters). When fishing in deep waters, such as gravel pits, you will notice that fish often congregate in warmer layers, and can be found anywhere from a foot (30cm) from the bottom to a foot from the surface of the water.

(In fairness, it should be noted that such a random distribution of fish in depth is typical for the cold season, i.e., both when water bodies are not yet covered with ice, and after the formation of an ice cover. With a rapid transition to cold autumn nights and the passage of cold fronts, the upper layer water begins to cool and its autumn cycle occurs.At a water temperature of 4 °, it acquires its maximum density.More dense, cold water from the surface begins to put pressure on the remnants of warm, moving it down.This mixing becomes more intense and is recognized by such a sign as separation and the appearance of particles of bottom fouling on the surface of the water.In late autumn, when the main volume of water cools to 4 °, the turnover is completed and the thermocline dissipates.After that, the temperature soon ceases to affect the dislocation of fish, and it can be found at almost all depths.This period is one one of the hardest fish to find, as early winter turns into late autumn, ice begins to form. In shallow bays, the surface of the water becomes uniformly cold, and warm water (4°) sinks to the bottom of the lake. When the surface of the water is completely covered with ice, the annual cycle of temperature stratification of the water will end, to begin again with the advent of spring - approx. translator).

The working horizon of fishing, on which the fish stands, is easy to calculate at this time when fishing with a plug. To do this, you need to use a very light equipment with a load in the form of several shots No. 8 and 10, a very light small hook that will make your bait (bloodworm, maggot) fall very slowly in the water column. If you get bites while falling, decrease the depth until you find the depth at which the fish are feeding in your area today.

Translated by Eugene the Svyatoshchik

Synopsis of the excursion in the preparatory group.

Water and I are friends.

Target:

To consolidate children's knowledge about the importance of water in the life of plants, animals and humans. About the fact that water is a "home" for many plants and animals, about the need to protect these animals and their habitat.

Tasks:

Deepen and systematize children's knowledge about the river, its purpose;

Cultivate a positive attitude, awaken aesthetic feelings for native nature;

To form the skills to behave correctly;

Activate and enrich the children's vocabulary with nouns, adjectives and verbs on the topic.

The course of the tour.

1. Today we will go for a walk, and where you have to guess.

(any riddle about the river) That's right, we will have an excursion to the river.

2. Arriving at the river, the teacher asks the children if they know the name of our river. Then the teacher explains why the river is respectfully called "nurse and worker". After that, the banks are considered (steep, gentle, covered with sand or vegetation). A conversation about what rivers are (powerful, majestic, fast, quiet, mountainous, etc.). What is our river?

3. Do you think the water in the river is now warm or cold? Why? We draw the attention of children to the color, transparency of water.

Yes, the water in the river is clean and transparent. Is it possible to drink water from the river? No. Why? (Children's answers) The teacher concludes why you can not drink water from the river (it has not been cleaned). Further, the teacher’s story about how water is purified (first, water is taken from a river or some underground reservoir, then it goes to special water treatment plants, where, using complex filters, water is purified from sand, dirt, various microbes, and only after that water already enters the water supply).

4. Ball game "What is water like?"

Answer options: sea, river, swamp, water, mineral, rainwater, clean, dirty, transparent, colorless, tasteless, hot, cold, warm, etc.

"What can water do?" - splashes, murmurs, runs, pours, flows, overflows, etc.

5. The river is a community where everyone needs each other: both plants and animals. Children say what inhabitants of the river they would like to turn into (show by facial expressions and movements).

6. Why does river water become dirty? How to make a river clean?

7. Ball game "Good - bad."

The teacher is in the center of the circle with the ball. Throws the ball to the children in turn and asks: “Water is good. Why?”, “Water is bad. Why?".

Answer options:

Good : water is needed for drinking; to wash, wash hands; water can be tempered, play with water, swim, cook, wash floors, dishes, toys, wash clothes; watering flowers, plants in the garden; different animals live in the water, birds live near the water.

Badly : if you drink cold water in the heat, you can get sick; hot water can burn you; if you handle it carelessly and spill it on the floor, you can slip and fall; if you often water the plants with water, they may die; if you do not know how to swim, you can drown; there are floods and then water destroys houses, etc.

8. Bottom line.

Water is one of the most amazing substances on the planet. Water is a good friend and helper.

What have we learned about water today? (children's answers)

Reading a poem by N. Ryzhova "Magic Water".

"Magic Water"

Have you heard of water?

They say she's everywhere!

You will find it in the pond

And in a damp forest swamp.

In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean

And at the faucet.

Like an icicle freezes

Creeps into the forest with mist,

Boiling on the stove

The steam of the kettle hisses.

We can't wash without her

Don't eat, don't drink!

I dare to tell you:

We can't live without her!

Indeed, without water it is impossible to live on earth, so water must be protected and protected.

Kirillova Tamara
Synopsis of OD on cognitive development “Autumn is also on the water bodies” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution

Kindergarten of the combined type No. 3, Dankov

Synopsis of OD

on cognitive development

"On the ponds are also autumn»

in preparatory group of children with mental retardation

Developer:

educator: Kirillova T. N.

Target:

1. To consolidate the idea that seasonal changes in nature autumn affect the lives of the inhabitants reservoirs.

2. Expand and refine views children about preparing the inhabitants of reservoirs for winter.

3. To give children a more complete idea of ​​where fish, crayfish, frogs, aquatic plants disappear for the winter.

Equipment: presentation.

vocabulary work: silt, zhor.

OD move

1. Introductory remarks by the educator.

Every day more and more noticeable are the signs of the coming autumn: leaf fall is spinning, migratory birds gather in flocks, insects, mice, spiders, centipedes are hiding somewhere. They climbed into dry pits, snakes intertwine, freeze. Animals - some dress in warm fur coats, some clog their pantries in holes, some make a lair. Everyone is getting ready for winter.

In rivers, lakes, ponds, the water became cold. Above reservoirs fog often rises. And the inhabitants reservoirs are also preparing for winter. Our conversation today is about frogs, fish, crayfish, aquatic plants. Seasonal changes in nature autumn too affect the lives of the inhabitants reservoirs.

2. The teacher's story "Like fish prepare for winter in autumn» .

Pisces start prepare by the winter season already from the summer - in the middle august: the fish begins to swim near the shore and eat a lot. She does this in order to survive the winter fast without any problems. After all, with the onset of cold weather, she feeds mainly on the reserves of her fat, which she ate in August.

Closer to winter, fish gather in flocks to spend the winter. They descend into the very depths of rivers and lakes. Their body is covered with a thick layer of mucus, like a fur coat. And the fish spend the whole winter at the bottom reservoir. After all, there the water does not freeze even in severe frosts.

By the winter period, the fish are marked by immobility, lethargy.

Each species of fish hibernates differently. For example, carp and crucian carp burrow as much as possible into the mud that is at the bottom. reservoir, and survive the winter, remaining absolutely motionless until spring.

Most fish hibernate - these are catfish, bream, tench, roach. The fish goes to the bottom reservoir or just burrow into the mud.

It is very difficult for fish to stay under the ice in winter. start to rot seaweed, the air becomes, as a result, less and less, and it is difficult for them to breathe. Therefore, in reservoirs people punch holes through which clean air enters under the ice.

3. The teacher's story "Where Crayfish Hibernate".

Crayfish hibernate not far from the places where they live permanently. Only with the onset of cold weather do they tend to go down a little deeper, this is due to the fact that at depth the water, although a little, is still warmer, so they hibernate. Despite the low water temperature, they are awake and looking for food. Most of the time, and this is about twenty hours a day, crayfish are in their own holes and doze quietly. However, with the onset of twilight, they begin a fairly active life. They get out of their holes, walk along the bottom reservoirs and even hunt. In a word, there are no mysteries in how crayfish hibernate. In the cold, they are at a depth and lead their usual way of life.

4. Reading the story of N. Sladkov "Perch and Burbot".

Preparing for winter and burbot, although he does not hibernate. Burbot is a predatory fish, minnows are the favorite food of burbots, then ruffs. A lot of burbots devour their own fry. Autumn zhor burbot continues until the beginning of winter, for three whole months, with short intervals. With freezing rivers autumn wandering in search of food at the burbot stops. A sudden change in the environment also affects burbot: he rises to the top and becomes under the ice; he, apparently, is not on his own and is no longer up to food. Within a week, his body adapts to new conditions. And then the burbot begins the usual, familiar life for him.

I will now read you a little fairy tale about burbot.

Miracles under the ice! All fish are sleepy - you alone, Burbot, cheerful and playful. What's wrong with you, huh?

And the fact that for all fish in winter it is winter, but for me, Burbot, in winter it is summer! You, perches, doze, and we, burbots, play weddings, caviar with a sword, rejoice, have fun!

Ayda, perch brothers, to Burbot for the wedding! We will disperse our sleep, have fun, have a bite of burbot caviar ...

You have already guessed what kind of lifestyle burbot leads in winter.

5. The teacher's story "Like frogs prepare for winter in autumn» .

The frog goes into hibernation in winter. Like other animals, frogs prior to hibernation emphasize feeding and accumulating relatively large stores of nutrients.

Spadefoot frogs begin to prepare for winter in September-October. They burrow deeper into the silt or use other people's shelters. Very often they can be seen wintering in wells and cellars.

Common frogs overwinter in flowing streams, rivers, ditches. Sometimes they travel long distances to their wintering grounds. In this case, one of the main requirements is the saturation of water with oxygen. autumn grass frogs are located near the bottom, in the thickets of aquatic vegetation themselves, or not far from the coast in the sand.

Lake frogs with a decrease in temperature reduce their activity and go into hibernation. They begin to prepare for hibernation at a water temperature of about 6-9 degrees. Such frogs hibernate at the very bottom reservoirs, migrating there autumn, buried in the bottom silt. At the bottom of lakes, rivers and deep ponds, they spend the whole winter, while breathing through their skin.

Wintering amphibians very often gather under overhanging shores or carefully hide in underwater vegetation. Some lake frogs remain active even in the cold, falling into a shallow sleep - they are lethargic, but at the same time they are not deprived of the ability to jump and swim. If the animal is disturbed, it easily moves and hides in another place.

6. The teacher's story "How Aquatic Plants Prepare autumn to winter» .

Plants play an important role in body of water. They serve as food for animals, release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets serve as a refuge for animals.

Cattail, reeds, reeds, arrowheads are attached to the bottom with their roots, and the stems and leaves float on the surface reservoirs.

In winter, the yellow capsule in the rhizome retains the reserves of nutrients necessary for the formation of the next year's leaves and flowers of this plant. In addition, the rhizome, like other parts of the yellow capsule, has air channels through which the oxygen necessary for breathing enters the underwater organs of the plant.

Flowers that flaunted on the surface reservoirs in summer, autumn dropped their seeds to the bottom, and dragged their long pedicels under the water. On the surface, they can freeze. autumn the sun does not shine as hot as in summer, the water does not warm up well, the plants do not have enough solar heat.

7. Outdoor game "Carp and pike".

A circle is drawn on the floor. One child is chosen as a pike, the rest are divided into crucians swimming inside the circle, and pebbles. By signal: "Pike!" a pike child runs into the circle and tries to catch carp. And the crucians are in a hurry to hide behind the pebbles. Carp caught by pike leave the circle. The game is repeated with another pike.

8. Conversation “Where do they disappear autumn fish, crayfish, frogs, aquatic plants?”

Why do frogs burrow autumn in silt? (Answers children: frogs burrow autumn in silt to overwinter, and also so that they are not eaten by predatory fish).

And who else, besides frogs, in pond prepares in autumn for winter? (Answers children: autumn except frogs, body of water fish and crayfish prepare for winter).

Which fish leads a normal, habitual way of life in winter and does not hibernate? (Answer children: burbot).

Why do aquatic plants droop in autumn at the bottom of the reservoir? (Answers children How do plants prepare for winter?.

With the onset of winter, the water body of water freezes and turns to ice. But only the surface will turn into ice reservoir, and at the very depths, the water will not freeze, and this is what will help the aquatic inhabitants to winter and not die. Now you know that they are all autumn prepared for winter.

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Image Library:

In autumn, the underwater world in our reservoirs is extremely monotonous and even stingy. It is a flat desert of silt, water of poor transparency, and this picture does not change all autumn and winter.

These phenomena are associated with the following factors:

• The biological, chemical and mechanical composition of water changes, which affects transparency.
• The length of daylight is reduced, which also affects the transparency of the water.
• The amount of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide changes.
• The temperature of the water in different layers also changes performance.
• The area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe "mirror of the reservoir" becomes different.
• The strength and direction of the wind is also different.
• Currents appear.
• Etc.

Autumn under water does not come suddenly. First, there is a transitional period, the signs of which are clearly visible in mid-September. It's not autumn yet, but it's not summer anymore.

The first thing you'll notice is the reduction in overall illumination. The second is autumn winds, rains and cool nights. All this reduces the temperature of the water, but at this time it is best saturated with oxygen. In heat-loving fish, for example, cyprinids, the time of activity begins, the last of this season. After all, they need to create a good supply of fat before the winter hunger strike. Carp, bream, carp, tench and ide also feed intensively.

It is believed that in autumn bream gather in large flocks, as if before spawning. But it's not! In fact, the number of flocks does not change in autumn, just breams are busy looking for food - bloodworms. Thus, dozens or even hundreds of fish go side by side to look for food.

The water is getting colder every day, and the fish has one thought: "There is, there is, there is ...". At night or during the day in early autumn, bream can still be found near the shore. Tench and carp do not lag behind them. After a summer variety, they are again ready to feed on anything and lose their caution in habits. Lines constantly graze near the shore, feeding almost around the clock. But large cyprinids prefer draise shells. This is a mollusk that maintains populations of large tenches, breams and crucians at the right level. And the carp is completely dependent on this food. Its habitats are very original. You can notice a cleanly swept hole right down to the yellow sand with a large hill of zebra zebra. Sazan picks up a mouthful of shells and methodically grinds them, stroking the meat, and spitting out shell fragments.

In early autumn, almost no changes occur in the rivers. Is that the water becomes clearer. Chub and ide behave in a summer way and occupy the usual catch places: niches and cornices of the clay shore, large boulders, layers of fresh turf, a thick trunk, flooded branches, bushes, thick grass ... Large ide at night approach the very edge of the coast at a depth of 20 30 cm and pick up gaping frogs and fry. Perches hide in small holes and behind small shelters. Pike choose the boundaries of the current, shallow water and depth, areas of open and overgrown water, or simply stand belly to the bottom.

The owner of the river, the catfish, is especially active. But all these are large and medium-sized rivers. At small ones, the water becomes cold much faster, so the activity of the fish decreases very quickly. Large fish hide in deeper places rich in food. These are the lower reaches and mouths of large reservoirs. Upstream, towards breams, catfish and pike perch, roach goes. For the whole 2-3 weeks she becomes the mistress of the October rivulets. The roach is followed by the pike. But soon they will again descend back to deeper places with constant food and more or less stable temperature.

To be continued….

The water masses of rivers, lakes and other bodies of water receive heat from the environment and give it back. As a result of this heat exchange, daily and annual fluctuations in water temperature occur.

In rivers, due to the conditions of water movement, there is a constant mixing of water masses. Due to this, the temperature is equalized in depth and width of the flow. In large reservoirs there is a difference - gradient depth temperature.

The annual course of water temperature in rivers is characterized by the following features. During the winter months, the water temperature remains close to 0C. In spring, as the air temperature rises and the river clears of ice, the water warms up quickly. The maximum water temperature reaches in July-August. In autumn, as the air temperature drops, the water temperature decreases. Characteristic is the fact that approximately the first half of the period free from ice, the water temperature in most cases remains below the air temperature, and in the second half it is slightly higher.

The diurnal variation of water temperature is observed only in the warm season. Moreover, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations during the day on the northern rivers, as a rule, is less than on the southern ones. This is due to the longer daylight hours in summer in the northern regions of the country.

Along the length of the river, the change in temperature is related to the general direction of the flow. On rivers flowing from north to south, the water temperature gradually increases towards the mouth of the river. Glacier-fed rivers are characterized by the lowest water temperatures in their upper reaches.

The beginning of the winter period is considered to be the time when stable negative temperatures are established, and the end is the moment when the spring ice drift ends. The winter regime includes three characteristic periods: freezing,freeze-up and opening.

The first sign of freezing water should be considered the appearance zaberezh– immobile thin ice formations in the waterfront area of ​​the river. With a fast current, the banks develop slowly. In this case, thin round-shaped ice plates form in the riverbed, floating along the river - salo.

Due to the uniform cooling of the temperature along the depth, ice formation occurs not only on the surface of the water, but also in the thickness of the stream. Intra-water ice accumulates in the form of a gelatinous mass - sludge. Part of it floats to the surface of the water, the other part is carried away by the current and moves in the thickness of the stream.

As you move downstream, the ice formations increase in size and, freezing together, form ice floes. The ice floes gradually increase in size due to the freezing of water in the intervals between them. At the moment when there is very little free space on the surface of the water, the movement of ice stops and a continuous ice cover is formed - freeze-up In some cases, on small rivers with a calm water flow, freezing can occur in a short time without ice drift.

After the river freezes, the water contains a lot of sludge for the first time. In the constrictions of the channel and on shallow rifts, sludge can accumulate and clog the cross section of the flow. This phenomenon is called congestion. As a result, the movement of water under the ice is hindered and the water levels rise in the overlying areas.

The ice cover at the beginning of winter is relatively thin. Further growth of ice thickness occurs under the influence of negative air temperatures. The intensity of ice formation depends on the duration of low air temperatures and their absolute values. The lower the air temperature and the longer the winter period, the greater the thickness of the ice in the river. Snow cover, groundwater and the speed of water flow in the river have a deterrent effect on the increase in ice thickness. In some cases, the influence of these factors is so strong that in some sections the river does not freeze for a long period of time, and sometimes throughout the winter. Such non-freezing sections of the river are called polynyas. They are found in groundwater outlets, in the downstream of hydroelectric dams, in the sources of rivers flowing from lakes. In the polynyas, the formation of intra-water ice and sludge occurs.

With increased solar radiation in spring, the growth of ice thickness stops. The runoff of meltwater from the catchment area is increasing and water levels are rising. As a result, the ice swells in the middle of the river and breaks away from the banks. Cracks form in the ice fields, and the first ice movements begin. Large ice fields are destroyed into separate ice floes. As the water levels rise, the entire mass of ice begins to move - this is how the spring ice drift begins. In some places, there are congestion ice, which are accumulations of ice fields that impede the movement of water. During ice jams, water levels in the river rise to a certain level until a breakthrough occurs. As a result of the breakthrough of the jam, a mass of accumulated ice rushes downstream at high speed. This can lead to damage to hydraulic and other structures on the rivers.

The spring ice drift ends with the clearing of the river from ice. The period of the free state of the river from the end of the spring ice drift to the onset of the autumn ice drift is called the duration physical navigation. Actual the duration of navigation is the period of time between the passage of the first and last vessels of the transport fleet along the river. It is usually less than the duration of physical navigation. Where appropriate, inland waterways practice navigation extension through the use of the icebreaker fleet and special means that accelerate the melting of ice.