Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Leningrad region. Interesting facts about Stakhanovites

On November 14, 1935, the First All-Union Meeting of Stakhanovites took place in the Moscow Kremlin, which emphasized important role Stakhanov movement in socialist construction.
At the same meeting, Stalin’s phrase was heard, which later became popular: “Life has become better, comrades. Life has become more fun."
We have selected interesting facts and rare photographs from the “cheerful” life of Stakhanovite workers in the USSR in the 30s.
1. In August 1935, Donetsk miner Alexey Stakhanov (on the right in the photo) set a world record for coal mining, extracting 102 tons in 5 hours and 45 minutes of work, which was 14 times more than the average daily production rate. Even taking into account the fact that Stakhanov was helped in his work by two fixers, this was truly a great achievement, which caused huge interest, both in our country and abroad. The American University of Lincoln asked Stakhanov to send his photograph to add it to photographs with autographs and original letters of great people; French miners came to Donbass for experience. In the fall of 1935, a broad campaign began in the country, called the “Stakhanov movement.”

2. There remains a lot of evidence of foreigners who came to the USSR. Many of them also visited Donbass, to which they invariably devoted several sheets of their travel notes. Among them was Andre Gide, who, after another visit to the USSR in June 1937, published his book “Return to the USSR.” At that time he was one of the most popular Western writers in the land of the Soviets. But after decades since those events, one fact remains curious...

3. The writer arrived at the legendary Donbass sanatorium in Sochi; there is an official chronicle of the visit, which describes the guest’s admiration for everything he sees. But what really happened? Yes, Gide did not refuse rave reviews about canteens, houses and workers' clubs.

4. But, looking at the huge portrait of Stakhanov on the wall (in the photo, Shakhtar A.G. Stakhanov shares his work experience), he was sincerely perplexed: “He managed, they tell me, to complete a job in five hours that required eight days. I dare to ask if this does not mean that eight days were originally planned for five hours' work. But my question was met with restraint; they preferred not to answer it. Then I talked about how a group of French miners traveling around the USSR, in a comradely manner, replaced a team of Soviet miners at one of the mines and, without tension, without even suspecting it, fulfilled Stakhanov’s norm,” writes Gide in his memoirs.
It is clear that after such reasoning and publications, the writer, on Stalin’s personal orders, was no longer allowed into the USSR. Everyone had the right to only one opinion, approved by the leading party.

5. Unfortunately, the desire to be among the leading enterprises developing the Stakhanov movement also led to all sorts of frauds that cast doubt on the real achievements of industrial workers. The material factor also played a significant role here - the Stakhanovites received very large bonuses for those times, which newspapers readily reported.

6. Stakhanov Council of the weaving plant, 1936.
For example, one day a worker completed a task by 175% and earned 48 rubles in 7 hours. (while the average monthly salary of a worker at the plant was about 300 rubles). Since both the management and the workers themselves were interested in the “Stakhanovite” overfulfillment of the plan, there was often a tendency to lower standards.

7. Stakhanovite of the Artemov Artel “Red Seamstress” F. Chervyakov at sewing.
Nevertheless, despite the many negative aspects that took place: “record mania”, the desire to increase quantitative indicators at any cost to the detriment of product quality, and even various frauds in rationing, the spread of the Stakhanov movement made it possible to increase labor productivity, improve discipline and identify hidden reserves.

8. Admission of new members to the collective farm, which also adopted Stakhanov’s practice, the village of Parfentyevo, Kolomensky district, Moscow region.

9. Stakhanovka combine operator.

10. Women workers.

11. Collective farmer-Stakhanovite Khasya Rabalskaya. Jewish collective farm, Ukraine.

12. Senior conductor-Stakhanovite Samuil Gulub, a migrant from the Vinnitsa region.

13. Another photo of cheerful Stakhanovites.

14. ...which contrasts greatly with the once banned photographs of James Abbe, who visited the USSR during the same period, depicting queues at a grocery store.

15. And the houses of workers, in this case - Dneprostroy.

On August 31, 1935, Ukrainian miner Aleksey Stakhanov became a celebrity in the Soviet country - first with a large production circulation, and then “big” newspapers wrote about his labor feat: he produced 102 tons of coal in one shift, exceeding the usual norm by 14 times. The leader of the country, Joseph Stalin, ordered the opening of the Stakhanov movement, and invited the founder to Moscow “for a position.” Alexei Stakhanov was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and medals.

The Stakhanov movement was a mass phenomenon when production innovators achieved records; these were workers, collective farmers, and engineering and technical workers. However, dates show that the phenomenon began somewhat earlier. For example, the record-breaking, innovative miner Izotov became famous in 1932; there were even Izotov schools for advanced training of miners. In the summer of 1935 railway transport The Krivonosov movement was formed. But the name of Alexei Stakhanov thundered at the November All-Union Conference, which was reported to Stalin in advance, and he praised the idea.

Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov was born on January 3, 1906 in the village of Lugovoy, Eletsk district, Oryol province (now it is Izmalkovsky district Lipetsk region) in a poor peasant family. So, he happened to early years to work as a laborer, to take care of the village herd. And in rural school he completed only three classes. In 1927, Alexey began working as a horse driver at the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine in Kadievka, Lugansk region, in the Donbass. And then - a fastener, a slaughterer.

The mining technology was ineffective when all operations were performed by one miner - after working for 1-2 hours, he put down the hammer and secured the faces. At that time, the equipment was idle, and the compressor was running air idle. Stakhanov changed the technology, two fasteners worked with him, and efficiency increased sharply. This was demonstrated on the eve of International Youth Day on September 1st.

On August 30, 1935, at 10 o’clock in the evening, the head of the section, Mashurov, the party organizer of the mine, Petrov, and the editor of the mine’s circulation magazine, Mikhailov, went down into the mine with him. In 5 hours 45 minutes, Alexey’s team cut 102 tons, fulfilling 14 standards. After 10 days, Stakhanov chopped 175 tons of coal per shift, and later reached 324 tons per shift. The popularity of the new initiative gained national appreciation and widespread distribution.

In 1937, Alexey entered the Industrial Academy, from which he graduated in 1941, becoming a mining engineer. During the war, he worked in Karaganda as a mine manager, and since 1943 he became the head of the sector for summarizing the experience of innovators and production leaders at the USSR Ministry of Coal Industry. In 1970, Stakhanov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

In 1957, at the behest of the new leader of the country, Nikita Khrushchev, Stakhanov returned to the Donbass, to the city of Torez, where he worked in low-level positions in the coal industry. In 1974, he retired, and on November 5, 1977, he died in a clinic from cardiovascular failure, allegedly due to long-term problems with alcohol. Although his daughter Violetta presents a different version: in the clinic he slipped, fell, and hit his temple.

The Stakhanov movement developed powerfully in the USSR and became almost obligatory. There are statistical figures according to which up to 25% of workers joined this movement. However, history has not preserved many names of heroes; these are mainly the pioneers of the movement. These are the results they achieved in setting production records.

1. Alexander Kharitonovich Busygin, blacksmith of Gorkovsky automobile plant, Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1931, he came to the construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant, and when it was built, Alexander very quickly mastered the specialty of a blacksmith and managed to develop the methods of this production. He achieved a significant increase in labor productivity through preliminary preparation of the workplace, improvement of machines and tools, optimization of heating and metal stamping techniques. In September 1935, Busygin’s team set a record by forging 966 crankshafts per shift, then 1001 crankshafts, with the norm being 675 pieces. Then he broke his own record by making 1,146 shafts. The All-Union movement of innovators for some time bore the name Stakhanov-Busygin. The fame of the Soviet blacksmith reached the American Ford, Busygin was invited there for a decent salary, but, of course, he refused.

2. Kuban tractor driver Konstantin Borin broke record after record. From 1935 to 1950 he was a combine operator at the Shteyngart MTS Krasnodar region. During the 1935 season, he harvested 780 hectares with the Kommunar combine at a rate of 160 hectares, the following year - 2040 hectares, in 1937 - 3240 hectares. In 1948, Borin and his team threshed 42,300 centners of grain in the clutch of two S-6 combines. The general statistics of his labor exploits are as follows: over 15 years of work at the Shteyngart MTS, he fulfilled 89 seasonal standards and threshed more than 480,000 centners of grain. Borin was the first to use night harvesting with a combine, loading the bunker and refueling the engine on the move.

3. Makar Mazay, steelmaker at the Mariupol Metallurgical Plant named after Ilyich, innovative worker. He proposed deepening the open-hearth furnace bath and at the same time raising the height of the open-hearth furnace roof - this way, much more material could be placed in the furnace for processing. In October 1936, Makar Mazai set a record for removing steel from square meter furnace feed - 15 tons in 6 hours 30 minutes. His working methods were adopted by all metallurgists.

4. Ivan Gudov, milling worker. In August 1934, he entered the Moscow Ordzhonikidze Machine Tool Plant as a laborer and there he graduated with honors from a six-month production and technical course for milling operators. Since March 1935, Ivan began working on the German Fritz Werner milling machine, meticulously analyzing technological process. As a result, he found a solution to increase the number of parts produced by 3-4 times without losing their quality. By processing parts simultaneously with two cutters, he increased the speed of feeding and cutting metal. At a rate of 43 parts per shift, he produced 117 parts, that is, 410%.

5. Weaver Dusya Vinogradova- symbol of the new Soviet man. With their replacement Marusya Vinogradova, in May 1935, they set an all-Union record - they began to service 70 automatic machines instead of 16. On October 1, 1935, for the first time in the practice of the world textile industry, they were able to operate simultaneously with a hundred machines, and later moved to 240. In the textile industry, movement gained wide response from female workers.

6. Railway worker Peter Krivonos. In 1929, after graduating from college, he came to the locomotive depot of Slavyansk, Donetsk railway. When he became a driver, he was the first to drive freight trains increased the boost of the steam locomotive's boiler, and the technical speed doubled, to 46-47 km/h - this is a significant indicator. His followers, the Krivonosovites, appeared on the railway.

7. Train dispatcher Klavdiya Koroleva, laureate Stalin Prize third degree. In 1947, she organized work on a compressed schedule for the turnover of locomotives in railway transport. And in 1951, Koroleva came up with the idea of ​​running heavy freight trains on a regular schedule. And this method has found wide application on the USSR railway network.

8. Shoe retreader Nikolay Smetanin worked at the Leningrad factory "Skorokhod". Taking up the matter wisely, he fulfilled the production quota by 200%. To achieve this result, Nikolai worked out every movement to the smallest detail. The result - on September 21, 1935, he produced 1,400 pairs of shoes, by the way, this was a world record, the Soviet shoemaker overtook the famous Czechoslovak company "Bati". On October 6, Nikolai pulled even more - 1860 pairs.

9. Foreman of the women's tractor brigade Pasha Angelina. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, a symbol of a technically educated Soviet worker, her team far exceeded the plan. Angelina is famous for her slogan “One hundred thousand friends - on a tractor!”

10. Drilling worker Bilyal Ikhlasov from 1932 he worked at the mine of the Ridder polymetallic plant. On September 29, 1935, he not only set an all-Union ore mining record, but completed the task by as much as 485%! This inspired the miners; since 1937, Ikhlasov was appointed as an instructor in the introduction of advanced methods and techniques of labor - to teach him the methods of his comrades.

The mass movement of production leaders arose in 1935, named after its founder, miner Alexei Stakhanov, who cut 102 tons of coal in one night shift from August 30 to 31, at the Central-Irmino mine in the Lugansk region of Donbass.

Reasons for the success of the record

The main and main innovative idea of ​​the record of both Stakhanov himself and his followers was the division of work responsibilities. A complete reconstruction of the labor organization was carried out. Yes, during work shift Alexey Stakhanov carried out all the preparatory actions preceding the successful completion of the work. The scaffolding was prepared and lowered into the mine, the opportunity was prepared uninterrupted supply on-mountain of mined coal, face lighting has been completed. The length of the ledge was changed and the number of ledges was reduced, which made it possible to reduce the load on the compressor, and the miner himself was able to move freely in the face.

Holding a record

Fastening work was carried out by specially selected fastening workers Shchigolev and Borisenko. Together with the brigade, the party organizer of the mine, Konstantin Petrov, and the editor of the local newspaper, Mikhailov, and the head of the site, Mashurov, went down to the face; they monitored the work, measuring the timing. It must be said that the norm of coal per shift, before Stakhanov’s record, was 7 tons. After Stakhanov, his followers, and he himself, repeatedly exceeded the record. The highest rate Coal mining was carried out by Donetsk miner N. A. Izotov. He cut 607 tons of coal at mine No. 1 “Kochegarka” in Gorlovka.

Followers of Stakhanov

The Stakhanov movement spread throughout the Union and found application in almost all areas National economy. So in the automotive industry it became A. Kh. Busygin. He exceeded the norm for forging crankshafts, fulfilling and exceeding his own record, bringing it to 1146 shafts instead of the norm - 675. In the footwear industry - N. Smetanin, he exceeded the norm by 200% the secret of his success, like Stakhanov’s, lies in the division of labor responsibilities.

The Vinogradov sisters, working at the weaving factory in Vychuga, started with 26 machines and switched to 40, and subsequently were able to work simultaneously on 284 machines. In railway transport, P. F. Krivonos became the leader in production; he increased the boost of the locomotive boiler, exceeding technical speed doubled.

Consequences of the Stakhanov movement

Rationalization approach, division of labor, the ability for qualified workers to perform the main task, freeing them from performing auxiliary work. All this was undoubtedly good. The records were real, but they brought little benefit. This way it was possible to extract a record amount of coal, but the coal needed to be lifted uphill, and this required increasing the number of trolleys, changing the cross-section of the workings, improving the condition of the rail tracks, and changing the haulage technology. To this can be added the periodic lack of fasteners and spare parts for equipment repair.

If Busygin was able to forge a record number of shafts, then the next day his hammer stood motionless due to a breakdown; there were no basic spare parts. A change in production technology was vital. In addition, there was another disadvantage of the Stakhanov movement: an increase in output by individual workers led to an increase in labor standards, wage meanwhile remained unchanged. Frontline workers were harassed, beaten, and sometimes killed. So, despite the progressive beginning, this movement did not receive wide recognition among the masses.

The times of industrialization are a huge all-Union construction site, these are Soviet people who brought the party’s plans to life, this is the hard labor of prisoners and the hard labor of free people. The Soviet people built their country, trying to do in a decade what other countries took much longer to build. The Stakhanov movement is one of the brightest and most significant pages in the history of the Land of Soviets in the pre-war period.

The hero of our story is Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov. He was born into a peasant family on January 3, 1906 in the village of Lugovoy, in the Oryol province. At birth he was named Andrei. I studied at a rural school for only a short time, only three winters. At the age of 24, he began working at the Irmino-Tsentralnaya mine, which has never had any labor records. It was very strong man, with “pound” fists, raised a horse for a bet. By 1935, Stakhanov had eight years of experience in the mine; he completed all mining specialties before becoming a miner. The idea of ​​the labor record belonged to the party organizer of the mine, Petrov. Stakhanov was chosen because he was an experienced miner, and, in addition, a strong and resilient person. Working the old-fashioned way, it was impossible to sharply increase production, since the miner himself chopped the coal and strengthened the mined-out cavities himself. And Stakhanov proposed another scheme: he chops the coal, and the roofers install the roof supports. We prepared for the record with all possible care. The jackhammer was checked in detail, a powerful vein of coal was selected, and good lighting was brought to the place of the record. And by 10 p.m. on August 30, 1935, the party organizer K. Petrov, Andrei Stakhanov, the fixers G. Shchigolev and T. Borisenko, the editor of the large-circulation newspaper Mikhailov and the head of the site N. Mashurov went down to the face. The record has been achieved! In less than 6 hours of work, Stakhanov completed 14 shift standards, instead of 7 tons he cut 102, he worked in such a way that the fixers could not keep up with him. 20 days later, on September 19, Stakhanov, Borisenko and Shchigolev surpassed their own record and produced 227 tons of coal. Only Stakhanov got all the laurels of the winner, and at the same time - a new passport.

In the Pravda article, Stakhanov was “christened” Alexey, since in the message only the initial A was in front of the surname. But, as it then ordered, Pravda was not mistaken and ordered the hero to be issued a new passport. AND new hero found himself in the spotlight of the press, was awarded a personal GAZ car, favored by the authorities, in 1937 the doors of the Industrial Academy opened for him, the Stakhanov family moved to Moscow, to a spacious apartment in the Government House. Alexey Grigorievich’s career grew rapidly; just before the war, he graduated from the Industrial Academy and was sent to Karaganda as the head of mine No. 31. In 1943, he returned to Moscow and became head of the department of socialist competition in the People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry until 1957. The death of the Leader became a personal tragedy for Stakhanov; he lost his intercessor. Khrushchev, without ceremony, sent the national hero to the Donbass, to the city of Chistyakovo, which was later renamed the city of Thorez (in honor of the French communist Maurice Thorez). Stakhanov was assigned to the position of assistant chief engineer. And here, in Torez, Stakhanov began to drink heavily, for which the locals nicknamed him Stakanov, he kept complaining that he had not received enough rewards, his merits were not properly (!) appreciated. He received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor already under Brezhnev, in 1970. Towards the end of his 72-year-old life, Stakhanov suffered from chronic alcoholism, sclerosis and ended his days in a mental hospital; he died in 1977 on November 5.

Stakhanov's initiative was taken up by all enterprises and collective farms; it was actively implemented by party workers even where exceeding the plan was not required, for example, competitions were organized among NKVD workers, among dentists or scientists. It is typical for the Soviet government to take any useful undertaking to the point of absurdity. Any sane person understands that daily work at the limit of physical and moral strength will not lead to anything good. So, in fact, it was.

The number of industrial injuries and worker deaths increased sharply, machines and mechanisms wore out, and the quality of work deteriorated sharply. They carried out the plan for the shaft, postscripts became common practice, no one listened to excuses, and for failure to fulfill the plan - arrest and, in the near future, execution. But, at the same time, competition actually increased productivity where piece goods were not produced - at construction sites, on collective and state farms, and in logging. Since then, a piecework-bonus wage system has been introduced and continues to exist to this day. And followers of A. G. Stakhanov appeared in the country - tractor driver P. Angelina, metallurgist M. Mazai, weavers Evdokia and Maria Vinogradov, and many others.
Of course, the enthusiasm and labor enthusiasm of those years is understandable, Soviet people there was a great goal - to build a strong, powerful, defensible state. And the brutal exploitation of labor was most likely justified. But it is very doubtful that similar organization labor could appear in countries with established and stable economies. Socialist competition is a phenomenon unique to the USSR; here it arose, strengthened and improved until the collapse of the Union, until 1991.

Followers of miner Alexei Stakhanov, innovators of socialist production in the USSR - workers, collective farmers, engineering and technical workers, for increasing labor productivity based on development new technology. It was one of the types of shock movement - the first and most massive form of socialist competition.

The founder of the Stakhanov movement was Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov, a miner at the Central Irmino mine in the city of Kadievka (now Stakhanov), who mined 107 tons of coal on the night of August 30-31, 1935 in 5 hours 45 minutes with a production rate of 7 tons.

Stakhanov's sensational achievement was achieved by replacing the previous individual work miners in a brigade labor organization with division of labor functions. Stakhanov worked only with a jackhammer, and two other miners followed him, expanding the face and strengthening the walls.

Having received propaganda and material support Communist Party Soviet Union, Stakhanov movement for a short time covered all sectors of industry, transport, construction, agriculture and other types of activities, spreading throughout the entire territory of the USSR.

In the leather and footwear industry, there is Nikolai Smetanin, a reupholsterer at the Leningrad shoe factory “Skorokhod”, who fulfilled the production standard by 200%. In the textile industry, weavers from the Vichuga factory named after. Nogina Evdokia and Maria Vinogradov, who simultaneously serviced up to 284 machines. In the timber industry - Vasily Musinsky, a framer at the Solombalsky LDK (Arkhangelsk region), sawed 313.8 cubic meters of wood in a 7-hour shift. In railway transport - driver of the Donetsk Railway Pyotr Krivonos, who more than doubled the technical speed of the locomotive. In metallurgy - steelmaker of the Mariupol Metallurgical Plant Makar Mazai, who significantly increased steel production in open-hearth furnaces. IN agriculture Activists of the Stakhanov movement were the organizer of the first women's tractor brigade in the USSR Praskovya Angelina, combine operator Konstantin Borin, and collective farm leader Maria Demchenko.

During the war years, the Stakhanov movement faded into the background compared to new forms of socialist competition - the movement of two hundred workers (200% of the plan), thousanders (1000% of the plan), multi-machine operators, part-time professions, Komsomol youth and front-line brigades, which made it possible to achieve an increase in production output with a smaller number workers.

At the end of the 1950s. The Stakhanovist movement was replaced by a movement for a communist attitude towards labor, and the Stakhanovite workers were replaced by shock workers and communist labor collectives.

The successful propaganda experience of the Stakhanov movement was adopted by some countries of Eastern Europe. In post-war Poland, the miner Wincent Pstrovsky, who worked at the mine of the Jadwiga company in the city of Zabrze, gained wide popularity, producing 240% of the coal production norm during his shift.