Who is M Kalashnikov? Mikhail Kalashnikov. Biography. AK at the present time

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov was born on November 10, 1919. Soviet and Russian designer, creator of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is familiar to residents of all world countries. Small Motherland Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov is the village of Kurya, Altai Territory.

Timofey Alexandrovich was recognized as a kulak in 1930, so the family was sent to the village of Nizhnyaya Mokhovaya, Tomsk Region. Even as a child, the young designer showed interest in technical means and studied the principles of operation of mechanisms. IN school years Kalashnikov demonstrated knowledge of geometry and physics, but literature was also easy for him.

Only after finishing 7th grade did Mikhail Timofeevich decide to return to Altai, but he could not find work in the region, so he returned to his family. Due to belonging to the kulak family for a long time Kalashnikov could not obtain a passport, but then he forged the seal of the local commandant’s office on the certificate and the document ended up in his hands.

Mikhail returns to Altai again. At this time, the first acquaintance with the design of the weapon occurs. The young man was able to disassemble the Browning pistol. When Kalashnikov turned 18, the designer moved to Kazakhstan. The guy was hired at the depot of the Matai Turkestan-Sibirskaya station railway. Mikhail not only communicated with mechanics and machinists, but also gained knowledge about the technology that he had admired since childhood.

In 1938, Mikhail Timofeevich went to serve in the Red Army. The service took place in the Kiev Special Military District. After some time, Kalashnikov became a tank driver, after which the designer was transferred to the 12th Tank Division. While serving in the Red Army, Mikhail created an inertial shot counter from tank gun. Also among the developments young man There was equipment to improve the efficiency of shooting from a TT pistol, and a tank life meter.

In 1942, this device was sent into mass production. Unfortunately, hostilities prevented the project from being implemented. Kalashnikov personally reported about this equipment to the commander of the Kyiv Special Military District, Army General Georgy Zhukov.

After the conversation, Mikhail Timofeevich is sent to the Kiev Tank School, where he creates prototypes and conducts research. Later, Kalashnikov moved to Moscow, where he continued to work on equipment. Already at the Leningrad plant named after. Mikhail Voroshilova and the craftsmen finalized the counter.

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During the Great Patriotic War Kalashnikov was seriously wounded, so he was treated in the hospital for several weeks, and then the man was sent on leave. Mikhail Timofeevich devoted this time to creating a submachine gun.

After own sample brought to required condition, Kalashnikov sent it to the competition. The commission was not delighted, since, according to experts, the weapon is expensive and complex. For comparison, we took PPSh and PPS. Despite this, the designer’s talent was noticed.

In 1942, Mikhail Timofeevich was recruited to serve in the Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army. A man supplies weapons to military personnel. The leadership soon gave Kalashnikov new task: the designer needed to develop a weapon based on an “intermediate” cartridge with a caliber of 7.62x39 mm. A pistol or machine gun must have a firing range of 200-800 meters.

In addition to Mikhail Timofeevich, designers who already had experience took part in the competition. Thanks to this, the Simonov self-loading carbine appeared in the army, light machine gun Degtyareva. The Kalashnikov assault rifle was a complex design. None of the gunsmith's samples met the requirements of the competition. The first stage ended with improvements, and the second - with the victory of the young participants. On the Internet you can see photos of Kalashnikov, who is passionate about his work.

Mikhail Timofeevich was in no hurry to innovate, and the designer’s ideas cannot be called brilliant. Meanwhile, the machine is designed from high-quality components and mechanisms that have been tested in practice. The weapon is capable of firing in any situation, including after contact with water or dirt. There is no difficulty in cleaning or disassembling.

Thanks to the known designs, the Kalashnikov assault rifle can be manufactured using existing equipment in large quantities. The cost of weapons is considered low. Mikhail Timofeevich created the machine gun not as a designer, but as an ordinary soldier, for whom it was important that the device be simple, convenient and understandable.

At the age of 30, Mikhail Kalashnikov became a laureate Stalin Prize. The designer received the Order of the Red Star for unique development. Immediately after this, the machine gun was transferred to production at the Izhevsk Arms Plant. The designer moved to Udmurtia to actively participate in the creation of weapons. Mikhail Timofeevich constantly improved the invention.

For a long time, Kalashnikov tried to establish production, since during the process there were a lot of defects, including receiver. The specialist changed the technology and opted for milling, which significantly increased the cost of equipment production. As soon as the problem was solved, I returned to the original idea.

Soon the gunsmith created a new modification of the AKM. Since that time, Kalashnikov assault rifles and machine guns have become the main infantry small arms, since the creations of Simonov and Degtyarev were discontinued. In the 70s, they decided to adopt low-pulse 5.45x39 mm cartridges. A competition was announced among designers. Mikhail Timofeevich was awarded the victory again.

Back in the 50s, Kalashnikov weapons began to be supplied to the allies of the Warsaw Pact Organization and other countries with which the USSR had friendly relations. But the black market for weapons was already thriving in those days, so many underground fighters began to copy the creation of Mikhail Timofeevich.

Foreign companies took the Kalashnikov assault rifle as a basis, but supplemented it with their own developments, which were mainly expressed in a new design. Despite the fact that the weapon received a new name in each country, the AK remained itself. The Kalashnikov assault rifle remains to this day one of the most popular and reliable in the world. AK occupies 15% of the weapons world.

In 1963, Mikhail Timofeevich began developing an RPKS equipped with a folding stock and a night vision sight. At the same time, Kalashnikov was trying to develop an automatic pistol for 9x18 cartridges. But the gunsmith could not compete with Stechkin. Mikhail Timofeevich could not pay enough attention to this development, as he was fascinated by the field of machine guns and machine guns.

Already in the 1970s, Kalashnikov tried new area activities - hunting rifles. The gunsmith took his own machine gun as a basis. Immediately after testing, the carbines were sent into production. In 1992, the master created the Saiga self-loading hunting carbine, equipped with an optical sight.

Personal life

In the biography of Mikhail Kalashnikov there are 2 marriages. The man’s first wife was Ekaterina Danilovna Astakhova, who was born in the Altai Territory and later worked in railway depot Matai station. In 1942, a son, Victor, appeared in the family. Later, Mikhail Timofeevich and Ekaterina Danilovna broke up. The ex-wife and child remained in Kazakhstan. In 1956, the woman died suddenly, so Kalashnikov moved his son to Izhevsk.

Mikhail Timofeevich’s second wife was Ekaterina Viktorovna Moiseeva. The woman worked as a design technician. From her first marriage the woman had a daughter, Nelly. But Kalashnikov adopted the girl.

Later, more children appeared in the family - Natalya and Elena, the latter holds the post of president of the Interregional Public Fund named after. M.T. Kalashnikov. Unfortunately, Natalya died at the age of 30. Mikhail Timofeevich was known happy father and grandfather. The children gave birth to five grandchildren: Mikhail, Alexander, Evgeniy and Alexander, Igor.

Death

Kalashnikov started having health problems in 2012. The designer's assistant stated that this was the reason for leaving his job. In December of the same year, the man was hospitalized at the Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center of Udmurtia for a routine examination. Another deterioration in health was recorded in the summer of 2013. Mikhail Timofeevich was transported to Moscow by means of an EMERCOM aircraft with special equipment.

“Due to the need for a medical examination, the doctors decided to send Mikhail Timofeevich to one of the Moscow clinics,” the press service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations said.

Moscow doctors diagnosed the gunsmith with pulmonary embolism. For several weeks, the capital’s doctors pored over Kalashnikov. As a result, the man’s well-being improved, after which the designer returned home to Izhevsk.

In November, Mikhail Timofeevich felt unwell again, so on the 17th the designer was hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center of Udmurtia. Kalashnikov’s relatives believe that the gunsmith’s health was affected by preparations for the celebrations on the occasion of Mikhail Timofeevich’s 94th birthday.

In early December, Kalashnikov underwent emergency surgery, but surgical intervention worsened the condition of the designer. After a month, doctors did not notice any visible improvements. A few days before his death, the gunsmith was transferred to intensive care due to stomach bleeding. The death of Mikhail Timofeevich became known on December 23.

Farewell to Mikhail Kalashnikov took place on December 25 and 26, and the funeral service took place in St. Michael’s Cathedral in Izhevsk. In connection with the death of the designer, mourning was declared in Udmurtia by order of the head of the region. Kalashnikov's funeral took place in the Pantheon of Heroes of the Federal War Memorial Cemetery.

The burial ceremony was attended by officials and key figures of the state, including Vladimir Putin and Sergei Shoigu, Andrei Vorobyov and Sergei Ivanov, Denis Manturov. Expressed condolences CEO state company "Rostec" Sergey Chemezov. A monument to Mikhail Kalashnikov appeared on the Garden Ring in Moscow. The designer was awarded the “Gold Star” and “Hammer and Sickle” medals for the created weapon.

Inventions

Inertial counter of shots from a tank gun

Kalashnikov light machine gun

Kalashnikov machine gun

Kalashnikov assault rifle 100 series

Self-loading hunting carbine "Saiga"

Automatic Kalashnikov pistol

Awards

1946 – medal “For victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”

1947 – Order of the October Revolution

1949 – Order of the Red Star

1958, 1969, 1976 – Order of Lenin

1958, 1976 – Hero of Socialist Labor

1958, 1976 – Hammer and Sickle medal

1975 – Order of the Red Banner of Labor

1982 – Order of Friendship of Peoples

1985 – Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree

1993 – Zhukov medal

1994 – Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree

1998 – Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called

2004 – Order of Military Merit

2009 – Hero of the Russian Federation

2009 – Gold Star medal

). From childhood he was interested in technology, studying with interest the structure and principles of operation of various mechanisms. At school I was interested in physics, geometry and literature. After finishing the seventh grade, with the permission of his parents, he returned to Altai, to Kurya, but was unable to get a job. After studying there for another year, he decided to return to his mother and stepfather, where he received a passport by forging the seal of the local commandant’s office on the certificate (the son of a kulak was not entitled to a certificate).

A few months later, after returning to Kurya again, I became familiar with the design of a weapon for the first time, disassembling a Browning pistol with my own hands. At the age of 18, he left his native village and moved to the Alma-Ata region of the Kazakh SSR, where he began working as an accountant at the depot of the Matai station of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway. Communication with machinists, turners, and depot mechanics strengthened Mikhail’s interest in technology and aroused the desire to do something himself.

Military service

In the fall of 1938, he was drafted into the Red Army in the Kiev Special Military District. After the course for junior commanders, he received the specialty of a tank driver and served in the 12th Tank Division in Stryi (Western Ukraine). Already there he showed his inventive abilities - he developed an inertial counter for shots from a tank cannon, an adaptation for a TT pistol to increase the efficiency of firing through slots in the tank turret, and a counter for the service life of a tank. A tank metering device was the first invention of the young tankman Kalashnikov, recommended for serial production back in 1940, but they did not have time to organize it. The last invention was quite significant, as evidenced by the fact that Kalashnikov was summoned to report about it to the commander of the Kyiv Special Military District, Army General Georgy Zhukov. After a conversation with the commander, it is sent to the Kiev Tank Technical School for the production of prototypes, and after completion of tests, to Moscow for comparative tests and then to the Leningrad Voroshilov Plant, for modification and launch into series.

The Great Patriotic War

At the direction of the doctors, he was sent on a six-month leave for rehabilitation. Returning to Matai, with the help of specialists, the depot was created three months later prototype his first model of a submachine gun. From Matai he was sent to Alma-Ata, where he produced a more advanced model in training workshops, evacuated to the capital of Kazakhstan. Later, the sample was presented to the head of the Military Engineering Academy named after. F. E. Dzerzhinsky to A. A. Blagonravov - an outstanding scientist in the field small arms.

Although Blagonravov's review was generally negative, he noted the originality of the development and recommended that Senior Sergeant Kalashnikov be sent for further training. Later, the Kalashnikov submachine gun was presented to the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) of the Red Army. Noting some shortcomings and a generally successful design, GAU specialists did not recommend adopting the Kalashnikov SMG for service for technological reasons. The conclusion read:

Since 1942, Kalashnikov worked at the Central Research Site for Small Arms and Mortars (NIPSMVO) of the GAU RKKA. Here in 1944 he created a prototype of a self-loading carbine, which, although it did not go into production, partially served as a prototype for the creation of an assault rifle.

After the war

Since 1945, Mikhail Kalashnikov began developing automatic weapons chambered for the 7.62×39 intermediate cartridge of the 1943 model. The Kalashnikov assault rifle won the 1947 competition and was adopted for service. During development, he meets his future wife - draftsman of the Degtyarev Design Bureau Ekaterina Moiseeva.

In 1948, on the orders of the Chief Marshal of Artillery N.N. Voronov, Mikhail Kalashnikov was sent to the Izhevsk Motor Plant for his author’s participation in the creation of technical documentation and organization of the production of the first pilot batch of his AK assault rifle. By May 20, 1949, the task was completed: 1,500 machine guns manufactured at the Motozavod successfully passed military tests and were adopted Soviet army. In the same year, the creator of the machine gun was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree and the Order of the Red Star.

Much later, in 2009, Kalashnikov, in an interview with a journalist from the Metro Moscow newspaper, explained the secret of the success of his machine gun:

In 1971, based on the totality of research and development work and inventions, Kalashnikov was awarded academic degree Doctor of Technical Sciences. He is an academician of 16 different Russian and foreign academies. Has 35 copyright certificates for inventions. Contrary to popular opinion among non-specialists, he did not remain a sergeant in active service: in 1956 he was awarded the rank of “technical lieutenant”, and 10 years later - major technical service. In 1967, Mikhail Kalashnikov was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel in the reserves, and two years later, colonel; in 1994 the rank of major general, in 1999 the rank of lieutenant general.

In 1990, Mikhail Timofeevich, during a visit to the United States at the invitation of Edward Izzel, a weapons historian, met with Eugene Stoner, the creator of the main competitor of the AK, the M16 assault rifle. In the USA, Kalashnikov was greeted like a movie star, even though almost no one in the world knew his face.

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov paid great attention to the Culture of Memory: in 2000, he was a guest of the editorial staff of the Requiem magazine. His wish to journalists and readers:

« Love and read the History of your Motherland, our dear Russia. Don't forget its heroes - both leaders and ordinary soldiers. Memory is a gift that distinguishes Man from animals...»

Illness and death

In 2012, Mikhail Timofeevich’s health began to deteriorate due to his advanced age. According to Kalashnikov's reviewer Nikolai Shklyaev, the designer felt worse in March 2012, after which he stopped working. In December he was hospitalized at the Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center (RCDC) of Udmurtia for a routine examination

Timofeevich in many ways personifies the characteristic image of the Soviet dream. The whole of it was the path of a man who came from a poor peasant family, but managed to create for himself big name all over the world at the cost of their own labor and talent.

Childhood and youth

The biography of Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov begins in a small village in

Altai region. Here he was born on November 10, 1919, being the seventeenth child in a peasant family. As soon as Misha was ten years old, the family was subjected to dispossession and was exiled to the Tomsk region. Here the boy went to school. Already from school, Misha was passionate about technology, geometry, and physics. In adolescence, he first became acquainted with weapons, when, out of curiosity, he disassembled american pistol"Browning"

Army service and the war years

After graduating from school, the young man worked for some time at a railroad depot, and when he turned nineteen (this happened in 1938), he was drafted into the army. There he completed a training course, receiving the title and specialty of a tank driver-mechanic. By the way, as any biography of Mikhail Kalashnikov will testify, it was during this period that he began to show extraordinary design abilities. For example, in the army he invented an inertial counter, which counted the number of shots fired by a tank cannon. Through his efforts, a very popular one was improved. By chance, the young officer turned out to be one of those soldiers who was destined to pass conscript service at the very beginning of the German invasion.

Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich (the date of death of many of these guys fell on the first days and months of the war, since they were the first to experience the most difficult conditions restrain the Blitzkrieg) was a participant at the beginning of the war. But during the defense of Bryansk in the fall he received severe wounds and was shell-shocked. And yet, while in the hospital, he found ways to help liberate the country. At this time, a new design of a submachine gun was conceived and implemented. However, the sample never entered service with the troops, although it was manufactured. Since 1942, Mikhail served at the Central Small Arms Research Site, which was subordinate to the Main Artillery Directorate. Actually, in 1944, a self-loading carbine was developed here, which would later form the basis of a world-famous machine gun.

Post-war biography of Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich

The first version of the machine gun known today appeared in 1947. And immediately it becomes the best in field competitive tests among similar projects. The design was finally finalized by 1949 and entered service. Very soon his brainchild gained incredible popularity on all continents, becoming a symbol of struggle. Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov, whose photo was now familiar to every person in the USSR, was awarded the Stalin Prize. The inventor continued to improve and optimize small arms. In particular, the machine itself was subsequently repeatedly modernized. And its creator later received high awards more than once.

Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich short biography Russian designer of small arms, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Lieutenant General, creator of the Kalashnikov assault rifle is presented in this article.

Biography of Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich

Mikhail Kalashnikov was born November 10, 1919 in the village of Kurya, in the Altai Territory in large family. After graduating from 10th grade, he went to work in order to help his family financially at a machine and tractor station. Afterwards he leaves for Kazakhstan, finding a place for himself at the depot of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway.

In 1938, he was drafted into the army to serve in the Kiev Special Military District, where he served as a tank driver mechanic. In the army, the guy's inventive abilities showed themselves - Mikhail designed a special attachment for the TT pistol, a device for measuring the service life of a tank engine. For his latest invention, he received a personalized watch from G. Zhukov as a reward. Kalashnikov is redirected to Leningrad.

With the advent of the Great Patriotic War, everyone went to the front. Who was Mikhail Kalashnikov during the war? A tank commander who was wounded in the 1941 battle near Bryansk and sent on leave.

Designer Mikhail Kalashnikov could not sit idle and invented the first model of a submachine gun. After this, he is sent to a military plant in Izhevsk to supervise the production of machine guns. Here he invented the world-famous Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK), which came off the machine in 1947. For the invention of the machine gun, Mikhail Timofeevich was awarded the Stalin Prize and the Order of the Red Star.

For his inventions he received a scientific degree, namely Mikhail Timofeevich became a Doctor of Technical Sciences in 1971. In addition, having the military rank of lieutenant general, he was a Lenin Prize laureate, twice a Hero of Socialist Labor and a Stalin Prize laureate. Also, in 2009, Kalashnikov was awarded the title of Hero of Russia according to the decree of President D. Medvedev.

If we talk about the scientific field, then here he also has his own awards: membership in International Academy Sciences Russian Academy Sciences, membership in the US education and arts industry and many other international scientific institutions.

There is a saying that talented person talented in everything. This also applies to Mikhail Timofeevich, who also had writing talent. He published several books and an autobiography, for which he received membership in the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation.

IN 2013 year, the inventor fell ill and after prolonged treatment died on December 23 of the same year.

As for my personal life. The designer Kalashnikov was married twice. The first wife was Ekaterina Danilovna Astakhova; they met at work, when Mikhail Timofeevich was still working at the Matai station railway depot. The marriage produced a son, Victor. Soon his wife died and, having left to work at a plant in Izhevsk, Kalashnikov met his second wife Ekaterina Viktorovna. Having married her, he takes his son to him. In marriage with Ekaterina, three children were born - Nellie, Natalya (she died in a car accident, Kalashnikov was very sad about her, Natalya was his favorite) and Elena. It is worth noting that his wife Ekaterina Viktorovna was a design technician by training and was engaged in drawing work for her husband.

On November 10, 1919, in the ordinary Russian village of Kurya, in the Altai Territory, a man was born who literally created recent history Russian weapons. This person's name is Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov.

Mikhail is the 17th child in a quiet, peaceful peasant family, the son of Timofey Alexandrovich and Alexandra Frolovna Kalashnikov. From an early age, the boy was raised in strictness, taught to work in the fields, help with housework, and was instilled with hard work and perseverance. He grew up as a cheerful, active child, and was also very inquisitive and intelligent. Mikhail stood out among his peers for his interest in technology and love of books.

His first place of work was at the Matai station railway depot, where Mikhail entered as a student immediately after graduating high school. Later Mikhail Timofeevich began working as a technical secretary in one of the departments of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway. In 1938 Kalashnikov was drafted into the Red Army ( Workers' and Peasants' Red Army— explanation website ), to the Kiev Special Military District. At the same time, he studied at a school for tank driver mechanics.

Mikhail Timofeevich became known as an inventor in 1941, when he invented inertia counter, which took into account the number of shots fired from a tank gun; special accessories for TT pistol (Tulsky-Tokarev model 1936), which allows pistol fire from slots in the turret; and device, which takes into account the service life of a tank engine.

During the Great Patriotic War, in October 1941, Mikhail Timofeevich was seriously wounded and had to be treated in hospital for some time. However, after treatment, the inventor returned to the drawings.

And very soon, in 1942, he invented a new submachine gun. Despite the fact that the weapon was not adopted by the army, Kalashnikov’s talent was highly appreciated by leading military experts of the USSR. As a result, Mikhail was sent to serve at the Central Research Site small arms(NIPSVO) Chief artillery control Red Army. It was there that the prototype was developed self-loading carbine, whose design of the main components subsequently became the basis for the creation of the machine.

Work on the creation of a new type of weapon went on for several years. In 1949, a product called “ 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle model 1947 (AK) "For this work, senior sergeant.

In subsequent years, until the 1970s, the designer devoted himself entirely to the further improvement and development of his brainchild. In the period from the 1950s to the 1970s, the following types of small arms were adopted by the Soviet Army:

• AKM— modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle
• AKMS— modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle with a folding stock
• AK-74- Kalashnikov assault rifle model 1974
• AKS-74— Kalashnikov assault rifle model 1974 with a folding stock
• AKS-74U— Kalashnikov assault rifle model 1974 with a shortened barrel and a folding butt
• PKK- Kalashnikov light machine gun
• RPKS— Kalashnikov light machine gun with a folding stock
• RPKS-74— Kalashnikov light machine gun model 1974 with a folding butt
• PC- Kalashnikov machine gun
• PKS— Kalashnikov machine gun
• RMB— modernized Kalashnikov machine gun
• PCSM— modernized Kalashnikov machine gun
• PCT- Kalashnikov tank machine gun
• PCMT— modernized Kalashnikov tank machine gun
• PKB- Kalashnikov armored personnel carrier machine gun
• PKMB— modernized armored personnel carrier Kalashnikov machine gun

IN design bureau Kalashnikov, created on the basis of the Izhmash plant, invented more than a hundred types of weapons, including the self-loading hunting "Saiga", which was designed on the basis of an assault rifle. "Saiga", like the AK itself, gained enormous popularity and deserved high reviews in Russia and abroad.

Merits Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov to the country is difficult to overestimate. The designer was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and Lenin Prize laureate. In addition, Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov, Major General and Doctor of Technical Sciences, has the highest award in Russia - the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called, the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and many other orders and medals. In the homeland of Mikhail Timofeevich, his bronze bust was installed.

It was this man who started new era in world history weapons. This is the era of automatic weapons. The inventor instantly became the most significant figure of the twentieth century.

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov said that his whole life was for protection, not for killing:

« I sleep peacefully because I have always created weapons for protection. It’s the politicians who can’t agree and use him to kill.”.

The great inventor died due to illness at the 95th year of his life, on December 23, 2013. He was buried on December 27, 2013 at the Pantheon of Heroes of the Federal War Memorial Cemetery. Russian President Vladimir Putin came to say goodbye to Mikhail Kalashnikov, as well as his closest aides, including Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, head of the presidential administration Sergei Ivanov, and Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov.

Constructo died, but his work lives on. adopted in 55 countries around the world, a huge number of its copies have been created. The machine gun is an element of symbolism in many states.