Mongol invasion of Russia. Mongol invasion of Rus Kievan Rus 9th-13th centuries

In the XII century, the Mongols wandered in Central Asia and were engaged in cattle breeding. This type of activity required a constant change of habitat. To acquire new territories, a strong army was needed, which the Mongols had. It was distinguished by good organization and discipline, all of which ensured the victorious march of the Mongols.

In 1206, a congress of the Mongolian nobility - kurultai - took place, at which Khan Temuchin was elected great khan, and he received the name Chingis. At first, the Mongols were interested in vast territories in China, Siberia and Central Asia. They then headed west.

The Volga Bulgaria and Russia were the first to stand in their way. The Russian princes "met" the Mongols in a battle that took place in 1223 on the Kalka River. The Mongols attacked the Polovtsy, and they turned to their neighbors, the Russian princes, for help. The defeat of the Russian troops on the Kalka was due to the disunity and disorganized actions of the princes. At this time, the Russian lands were significantly weakened by civil strife, and the princely squads were more busy with internal disagreements. A well-organized army of nomads won the first victory relatively easily.

P.V. Ryzhenko. Kalka

Invasion

The Kalka victory was only the beginning. In 1227, Genghis Khan died, and his grandson Batu became the head of the Mongols. In 1236, the Mongols decided to finally deal with the Polovtsy and the next year they defeated them near the Don.

Now it is the turn of the Russian principalities. Ryazan resisted for six days, but was captured and destroyed. Then came the turn of Kolomna and Moscow. In February 1238, the Mongols approached Vladimir. The siege of the city lasted four days. Neither the militias nor the princely warriors were able to defend the city. Vladimir fell, the princely family perished in a fire.

After that, the Mongols split up. One part moved to the northwest, laid siege to Torzhok. On the City River, the Russians were defeated. Not reaching a hundred kilometers to Novgorod, the Mongols stopped and moved south, ruining cities and villages along the way.

Southern Russia felt the brunt of the invasion in the spring of 1239. The first victims were Pereyaslavl and Chernihiv. The Mongols began the siege of Kyiv in the autumn of 1240. The defenders fought back for three months. The Mongols were able to take the city only with heavy losses.

Effects

Batu was going to continue the campaign already in Europe, but the state of the troops did not allow him to do this. They were drained of blood, and the new campaign never took place. And in Russian historiography, the period from 1240 to 1480 is known as the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia.

During this period, all contacts, including trade, with the West practically ceased. The Mongol khans controlled foreign policy. The collection of tribute and the appointment of princes became obligatory. Any disobedience was severely punished.

The events of these years caused significant damage to the Russian lands, they lagged far behind the European countries. The economy was weakened, the farmers went north, trying to protect themselves from the Mongols. Many artisans fell into slavery, and some crafts simply ceased to exist. Culture suffered no less damage. Many temples were destroyed and no new ones were built for a long time.

Capture of Suzdal by the Mongols.
Miniature from the Russian chronicle

However, some historians believe that the yoke stopped the political fragmentation of the Russian lands and even gave further impetus to their unification.

The earliest human settlements in the area
Russia were found in Kostenki (Voronezh
region), they are about 45 thousand years old. people's dwellings
were made of mammoth bones covered with
skins.

"Venus" from
Kostenok. done
from mammoth tusk.
20-30 thousand years.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol hordes invaded the Black Sea steppes through the Caucasus, defeating the Polovtsy, and advancing to Russia. The united army of Russian princes and Polovtsy came out against them. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 on river Kalka
and ended in complete defeat - only a tenth of the army survived.

The invasion of Batu into Russia took place in the winter of 1237. The Ryazan principality was the first to be destroyed. Then Batu moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
In January 1238 Kolomna and Moscow fell, in February Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereslavl and others. Battle of the River Sit(March 4, 1238) ended with the defeat of the Russian army.
7 weeks held the defense of the "evil city" (Kozelsk). The Mongols did not reach Novgorod (according to the dominant version, because of the spring thaw).

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia. Briefly

History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. Briefly

In 1238, Batu sent troops to conquer southern Russia. In 1240,
having captured Kyiv, his army moved to Europe.
During the invasion, the Mongols captured all Russian lands except Novgorod.
Every year Russian principalities paid tribute. The right to reign label)
Russian princes received in the Golden Horde.

Diorama of the storming of Vladimir by the Tatars (Exposition in the Golden Gate). In the foreground is the Golden Gate. The Mongols were unable to enter through them and made a breach in the wall. Author of the photo: Dmitry Bakulin (Photos-Yandex)

Slavic tribes. Baptism of Russia. Formation of the ancient Russian state.

Princes of the ancient Russian state. Feudal fragmentation in Russia.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia in 1237-1240.

ancient Russian state. Mongolian
Tatar invasion.

1300-1613

1613-1762

1762-1825

9th-13th centuries

1825-1917

1917-1941

1941-1964

1964-2014

Brief summary of the history of Russia. Part 1
(9th-13th centuries)

History of the Old Russian state 9-12 centuries.
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia.

Brief history of Russia. Brief summary of the history of Russia. History of Russia in pictures. History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. The Mongol-Tatar invasion is brief. History of Russia for children.

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After the death of the prince Mstislav(ruled: 1125 -1132) Kievan Rus collapses
into principalities that are comparable in size to Western European
kingdoms. In 1136, an uprising in Novgorod led to
to the emergence of an independent state - Novgorod
republics, which occupied the territory from the Baltic
sea ​​to the Ural Mountains (in the north).

AT 6th century the Great Migration of the Slavs takes place, the first political associations of the Eastern Slavs appear in the region of the Dnieper and Lake Ilmen. It is known about the existence of 13 tribes: Polyany, Krivichi, Drevlyans, Ulichi, Vyatichi, etc. At that time, the territory of modern Central Russia was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, they gradually assimilated with the Slavs.

The development of crafts in the 8th-9th centuries led to the emergence
cities. Most often they were built on the confluence of rivers,
which served as trade routes. The most famous
trade route of the time "from the Varangians to the Greeks", on the
Novgorod was located in the north of the path, and Kyiv in the south.

AT 862 the inhabitants of Novgorod called on the Varangian princes to rule the city
(according to the Norman theory). Prince Rurik became the ancestor of the princely,
and later the royal dynasty. The Norman theory was refuted more than once by famous historians and scientists (M. Lomonosov, V. Tatishchev, etc.)

After the death of Rurik, the Prince of Novgorod becomes
Oleg(Prophetic). He captures Kyiv and transfers there
the capital of Russia. Subjugates a number of Slavic tribes.
In 907 he makes a successful campaign against Byzantium,
receives tribute and concludes a lucrative trade agreement.

Prince Igor subjugated the eastern tribes of the Slavs.
In 945, he was killed by the Drevlyans when he tried again
receive tribute from them. Princess Olga(wife) took revenge
to the Drevlyans, but makes the tribute fixed.
In Tsargrad, she accepts Christianity. In the 16th century it
counted among the saints.

Olga ruled during childhood Svyatoslav and
continued to rule after her son became prince
in 964 Svyatoslav was in the military almost all the time
hikes. They defeated the Bulgarian and Khazar
kingdoms. Upon returning to Russia, after an unsuccessful
campaign against Byzantium (971), he was killed by the Pechenegs.

The death of Svyatoslav led to internecine struggle between
his sons. After the murder of brother Yaropolk to power
the prince comes Vladimir.
In 988 Vladimir is baptized in Chersonese
(now it is a museum-reserve in Sevastopol). Begins
stage of formation of Christianity in Russia.

During civil war (1015-1019), after the death of Vladimir, die
at the hands of Svyatopolk, princes Boris and Gleb (became the first Russian saints).
In the fight against Svyatopolk, the prince wins
Yaroslav the Wise. He strengthens the state, delivers
Russia from the raids of the Pechenegs. Under Yaroslav began
creation of the first set of laws in Russia - "Russian Truth".

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054), a division takes place
Russia between his sons - " Triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs".
In 1072, "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs" was compiled, the second part
"Russian Truth".

After the death of the Kyiv prince Svyatopolk (reign: 1093 - 1113), according to
at the insistence of the people of Kiev comes to power Vladimir Monomakh. During the years of his reign, Kievan Rus was strengthened, princely civil strife stopped.
As a result of an agreement at the Dolobsky Congress of Russian princes (1103), it was possible to stop discord and in subsequent years, with a joint army, defeat the Polovtsian khans.

In 1169 Andrey Bogolyubsky destroys Kyiv. He endures
the capital of Russia in Vladimir. Power centralization policy
leads to a conspiracy of the boyars. In 1174 the prince was killed in his
Palace in Bogolyubovo (suburb of Vladimir).
His successor is Vsevolod the Big Nest.

862

945

988

1019

1113

1136

1169

1223

1237

1242

The Novgorod Republic escaped the Mongol invasion, but experienced
aggression from Western neighbors. July 15, 1240 took place Neva battle.
The squad led by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich (who became Nevsky) defeated the Swedish army.
On April 5, 1242, on Lake Peipsi, a battle took place between the Russian army, led by Alexander Nevsky, and the knights of the Livonian Order. During ice battle the German knights were defeated. In the 16th c. A. Nevsky was canonized as a saint.

After the collapse of Kievan Rus, three strong principalities were identified, to which dozens of small ones gravitated. These were Novgorod(a feature is the boyar republic, the prince was invited, they could have been expelled, he did not perform almost any functions), Vladimir-Suzdal principality (the beginning of the local dynasty was laid by Monomakh's son Yuri Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow. Dolgoruky's son Andrey Bogolyubsky first assumed the title Grand Duke of Vladimir. This principality became the basis for the formation of the Russian people), Galicia-Volyn principality (the basis for the formation of the Ukrainian people, more will be said about it later).
It was during this period that the paths of the previously united nationality diverge, and differences gradually begin to appear, caused by geographical, external and internal political circumstances. Three future separate peoples are beginning to form - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.

The collapse of a single state into several small ones led to the strengthening of external enemies and their attempts to interfere in the affairs of Russia. Moreover, the princes and boyars in the struggle for power often resorted to the services of foreigners, that is, they themselves brought this plague to Russia.

There were two main hostile foreign policy factors - the Mongol-Tatars and the crusaders.

Mongols - many tribes of southern Siberia and Transbaikalia - Tatars, Taichuits, Merkits, Oirats and others (in Europe they were all later called simply "Tatars", hence the confusion that Soviet historiography tried to avoid by calling these tribes Mongolo-Tatars). In 1206, after a long struggle for power, all the Mongol tribes were united under their rule by the son of one of the Taichuit leaders, Temujin, who took the title of Genghis Khan.

He divided the entire population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tumens (ten thousand), mixing tribes and clans and appointing specially selected people as commanders over them. All adult and healthy men were considered warriors who ran their household in peacetime and took up arms in wartime. Such an organization provided Genghis Khan with the opportunity to create a large army and at the same time get rid of tribal enmity. The basis of the Mongol army was mobile light cavalry. Every man from childhood prepared to become a warrior, skillfully wielded a sword, bow and spear. The child sat on the horse when he began to walk. The law contributed to the strengthening of military discipline: if in battle one of the ten runs away from the enemy, then the whole ten was executed; if a dozen run in a hundred, then they executed the whole hundred, if a hundred run and open a gap to the enemy, then they executed the whole thousand. The Mongolian cavalry on their short, hardy horses could travel up to 80 km per day. Genghis Khan elevated the written law to a cult, was supporters of a firm rule of law. He created a network of lines of communication in his empire, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, organized intelligence.
By 1211, Genghis Khan conquered Siberia, by 1215 - northern China (finally all of China submitted to the Mongols only in 1235). In 1218, the Mongols invaded Central Asia, conquered Semirechie, the most fertile region of Kazakhstan, ruled by Genghis Khan's longtime enemy, Khan Kuchluk. In 1219-1221 the Mongols conquered the most powerful state of Khorezm - the territory of modern Uzbekistan. Here, the inhabitants were treated extremely cruelly, since they killed the Mongol merchants and ambassadors, and the Mongols did not forgive this.
After that, Genghis Khan sent a strong cavalry corps under the command of Jebe and Subedei to reconnoiter the western lands. They passed along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, penetrated into the Transcaucasus, defeated the Georgian army (1222), then defeated the combined army of the Polovtsy, Lezgins, Circassians and Alans. The Polovtsy fled to Russia, their khan Kotyan asked not to refuse him the help of his son-in-law Mstislav the Udaly. A large princely congress was convened in Kyiv, after which the armed forces of the princes of Kyiv, Galicia, Chernigov, Seversky, Smolensk and Volyn came out in support of the Polovtsy. In the battle on the Kalka River, the troops of Daniel of Galicia, Mstislav the Udaly and Khan Kotyan, without notifying the rest of the princes, decided to deal with the Mongols on their own and on May 31, 1223 were defeated with passive contemplation by the main Russian forces led by Mstislav III, located on the opposite bank of the Kalka . However, the Mongols defeated them three days later.
After the battle on Kalka, the Mongol-Tatars went to the Volga Bulgaria, but were repulsed by the Bulgarians and left for Asia.
A new stage in the conquest of the West began under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. Batu defeated the Volga Bulgaria, ruined Ryazan (1237), Moscow, Vladimir-on-Klyazma (1238). In 1239, Batu conquered Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, ruined Kyiv (December 6, 1240), Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich (1241). Here the horde of Batu was divided. Part went to Poland, where the Mongols defeated the Poles near Liegnitz. The other part went to Hungary. Bela IV of Hungary was utterly defeated by Batu and fled. Batu. In December 1241, Khan Ogedei, Batu's uncle, died; this news, received by Batu at the height of his European successes, forced him to rush to Mongolia to take part in the election of a new khan.
Even during his lifetime, Genghis Khan divided the vast empire between his sons into uluses: the ulus of Ogedei - Mongolia and Northern China, the ulus of Chagatai - Central Asia, the ulus of Jochi - the space west of the Irtysh, the ulus of Hulagu - Iran and Transcaucasia. In 1243, Batu settled on the Lower Volga and proclaimed the creation of a new state - the Golden Horde, with its capital in Saray, separating from the Jochi ulus. The borders of the Golden Horde stretched from the Irtysh to the Danube, including Desht-i-Kypchak (Polovtsian steppe), Volga Bulgaria, Khorezm, the Urals, Crimea and the North Caucasus.
The basis of the military force of the Horde was the Turkic-speaking Kipchaks (Polovtsy). In addition, the Mongols involved in their movement to the west many peoples - Bashkirs, Uighurs, Buryats, Kirghiz, Chuvashs, Pechenegs, etc. From the beginning of the XIV century. The Kypchak language became the state language of the Golden Horde, and Islam was adopted as the state religion. The basis of public administration was a system borrowed from China - a strong centralized state. Later, this system was borrowed from the Mongols and introduced by the Moscow princes.
Russian lands were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. Russia paid tribute, the Russian princes had to go to Sarai when they ascended the throne to receive a label from the Mongol khan. The stories about the horrors of the Mongol yoke either date back to the beginning of the Mongol rule, before the beginning of the 14th century, or are associated not so much with the Mongols as with the Russian princes, who, in the fight against each other, called on detachments of nomads to help them, allowing them to plunder the Russian lands as a payment.

Crusaders - the common name of the Catholic knightly orders, European knights, at first participated in the crusades of the XI-XIII centuries with the aim of reclaiming the Holy Land from the Muslims, later they make crusades in Europe - against heretics, against pagans, against the Turks. They were also related to Russian history.
In 1200 Bishop Albert of Bremen landed at the mouth of the Dvina and founded Riga. In 1202 he created the Catholic Order of the Swordsmen. The hallmark of its members was a white robe with a red cross and a sword on it. The order was created to capture the Baltic states under the banner of its Christianization. In addition, in 1217 Danish knights landed in northern Estonia and founded Reval (Tallinn).

The tactics of the knights were the same: after the suppression of the local pagan head, the population was forcibly converted to Christianity. A castle was built on this site, around which the arriving Germans began to actively use the land. In the 1920s, the knights subjugated the lands of the Latvians and Estonians, clashes between the order and the Russians began, who, since the time of Yaroslav the Wise, had kept a significant part of the Baltic under their influence.

In 1226, the Polish prince Konrad invites the knights of another order, the Teutonic Order, to help in the fight against the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. They founded the fortresses of Thorn and Marienburg, by 1283 they conquered all of Prussia, slaughtering the Polish population along the way.

Meanwhile, the Order of the Swordsmen is defeated by Novgorodians (1234) and Lithuanians (1236). In 1237, the remnants of the Order of the Swordsmen merge into the Teutonic Order, forming its subsidiary, the Livonian Order. The Teutonic and Livonian orders are becoming the main destabilizing factors in the Baltics, seeking to subdue, rob or exterminate the Polish, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Russian population of the region.

In 1236, the crusaders reach the Galicia-Volyn principality, in 1240-1242 they wage a protracted war with Pskov and Novgorod, but they are rebuffed. The main role in the fight against the crusaders was played by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 2/3 consisting of Russian lands, but it will also be discussed later.

Russia in the 13th century experienced a period of princely civil strife. While inside the country there was a struggle for power and land between the princes, a significant threat was approaching from Asia - the Tatar-Mongolian tribes led by Genghis Khan.

Fight against the Mongol invaders

The main events of the 13th century in Russia centered around the fight against the Mongol-Tatar invasion. At first, it did not affect Russia, but the princes agreed to come to the aid of the Polovtsian princes. Further events in chronological order are set out in the table:

Rice. 1. Khan Batu.

In fact, this is where the list of important events ends - the end of the 13th century did not bring any changes, Russia continued to be ruled by the Horde, who encouraged princely civil strife.

Fighting the Swedes and Germans

Almost simultaneously with the invasion from Asia, the expansion of the West into Russian lands began. So, in 1240, the crusader knights, who settled in the Baltic states, began to threaten the Pskov and Novgorod lands. For the general idea - the spread of the ideas of Catholicism - the combined Swedish-German forces were supposed to act, but the Swedes attacked Russia first.

On July 15, 1240, the Battle of the Neva took place. The Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the Neva, but at their request, the son of Vladimir Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, Alexander, came to the aid of the Novgorodians. He set out with the army, chose the strategy of surprise and speed of the onslaught, since in terms of numbers his army was inferior to the Swedish. Thanks to the swiftness of the blow, a victory was won, for which the young Alexander was given the nickname Nevsky.

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Rice. 2. Alexander Nevsky.

But the struggle of Russia with the conquerors did not end there. this time, the German knights, having gained strength, came out against Pskov and Novgorod. Alexander Nevsky again came to their aid.

In 1242, on April 5, Russian warriors and crusaders converged on the ice of Lake Peipus. Alexander's army acted harmoniously and again won a victory. Many knights, under the weight of their uniforms, simply fell through the ice. Subsequently, this battle will be called the Battle of the Ice.

From 1251 to 1263, the reign of Alexander Nevsky lasted.

Russian culture of the 13th century

The culture of Ancient Russia of the 13th century was based on the culture of the East Slavic tribes. Many of its monuments have been lost due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, many of its monuments. Some examples of architecture have been preserved - churches and cathedrals, as well as church painting - icons - and literary monuments. At this time, parables began to be written, such a genre as life appeared, and the most famous work of this period is “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik.

Rice. 3. Church of the 13th century.

Nomadic peoples and the countries of Western Europe had an influence on the culture of Russia of this period. as well as Byzantium, which is associated with the adoption of Christianity. It had special features, such as slow pace of development, the predominance of a religious worldview, and reverence for the past.

The main political centers, such as Vladimir, Suzdal, Galich, Novgorod, were at the same time cultural centers. Due to the invasion of the Mongols and their constant destructive raids, many secrets of crafts were lost, in particular, the manufacture of jewelry. The population has also drastically decreased.

What have we learned?

How did Russia live in the 13th century and who were its main military opponents - these were the Tatar-Mongols and the crusader knights who wanted to plant Catholicism. They also learned who ruled in Russia in the 13th century and which ruler saved the Pskov and Novgorod principalities from the Teutonic Knights. We examined how military events influenced the course of history, as well as the culture of Russia. They established which cities were cultural centers and which trends prevailed in architecture, literature and painting. In general terms, we considered the state of culture during this period and its main features.

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The history of Russia in the 13th century is marked mainly by the struggle against external invasions: the southwestern Russian lands were invaded by Batu Khan, and Northeastern Russia was faced with danger coming from the Baltic states.

By the beginning of the 13th century, Russia had a strong influence on the Baltic states, so the Polotsk land and Novgorod established close contacts with its inhabitants, which consisted mainly in collecting tribute from the local population. However, the Baltic lands also attracted German feudal lords, namely representatives of the German spiritual and knightly orders. The invasion of the German crusader knights (they were called so because they had an image of a cross on their clothes) into the southeastern Baltic began after the Vatican proclaimed a crusade to these lands.

In 1200, the crusaders, led by the monk Albert, captured the mouth of the Western Dvina, and a year later they founded the fortress of Riga, and Albert became the first archbishop of Riga. The Order of the Swordsmen was also subordinate to him (there was an image of a sword and a cross on the cloaks of these knights), which in Russia was simply called the Order or the Livonian Order.

The population of the Baltics resisted the invaders, because. planting Catholicism with a sword, the crusaders exterminated the local residents. Russia, fearing the onset of the crusaders on their lands, helped the Baltic states, pursuing their own goals - to maintain influence on these lands. The local population supported the Russians, because. the tribute collected by the princes of Polotsk and Novgorod was preferable to the dominance of the German knights.

Meanwhile, Sweden and Denmark were active in the east of the Baltic. On the site of modern Tallinn, the Danes founded the Revel fortress, and the Swedes wanted to establish themselves on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the island of Saarema.

In 1240, a Swedish detachment under the command of one of the king's relatives appeared in the Gulf of Finland and, having passed along the Neva River, stood at the mouth of the Izhora River, where a temporary camp was set up. The appearance of the Swedes was unexpected for the Russians. In Novgorod then ruled the 19-year-old son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the great-grandson of Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander. During 1239, he built fortifications on the Shelon River, south of Novgorod, fearing an attack from this side by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg.

However, having received news of the attack by the Swedes, Alexander decided to go on a campaign with one squad. The Russians unexpectedly attacked the Swedish camp on July 15, 1240.

The Swedes were defeated and fled, having lost the opportunity to establish themselves on the banks of the Neva and Lake Ladoga, and Alexander Yaroslavovich received the nickname "Nevsky", with which he entered.

Nevertheless, the threat from the Livonian knights remained. In 1240, the Order captured Pskov (which became possible due to the betrayal of the mayor), Izborsk, the Novgorod fortified settlement of Koporye. In Novgorod, the situation was complicated by the fact that after the battle on the Neva, Alexander quarreled with the Novgorod boyars and went to Pereyaslavl to his father. But soon the Novgorod veche again invites him to the throne in connection with the strengthening of the German threat. The decision of the boyars turned out to be correct, Alexander recaptured Koporye from the Order in 1241, and then Pskov. On April 5, 1242, the famous battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipus, which, due to the events that took place, was called the Battle of the Ice. Mother Nature came to the aid of the Russians. The Livonian knights were clad in metal armor, while the Russian soldiers were protected by plank armor. As a result, the April ice simply collapsed under the weight of the Livonian horsemen clad in armor.

After the victory of Alexander Nevsky on Lake Peipus, the Order abandoned attempts to conquer Russian lands and plant the "true faith" in Russia. went down in history as a defender of Orthodoxy. The Mongols, unlike the German knights, were religiously tolerant and did not interfere in the religious life of the Russians. That is why the Orthodox Church perceived the Western danger so keenly.

In 1247 Prince Yaroslav, the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, dies. The throne was inherited by his brother Svyatoslav. However, the sons of Yaroslav - Alexander Nevsky and Andrei are not satisfied with the state of affairs and come to the Horde to receive a label for reigning. As a result, Alexander receives the great reign of Kiev and Novgorod, and Andrei - the Vladimir principality. Svyatoslav tried to defend his rights, but achieved nothing and died in 1252.

In the same year, already Alexander, dissatisfied with such a division of power, comes to the Horde to inform the khan that Andrei is withholding part of the tribute from him. As a result, the Mongol punitive troops moved to Russia, which invaded Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Galicia-Volyn land. Andrei fled to Sweden, and Alexander became the Grand Duke.

During his reign, Alexander sought to prevent anti-Mongolian uprisings. In 1264 the prince dies.

The great reign was in the hands of the younger brothers of the prince - Yaroslav of Tver, and then Vasily Kostroma. In 1277, Vasily dies, and the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Pereyaslavsky, receives the Vladimir principality. But after 4 years, his brother Andrei Gorodetsky receives a label from the Khan for reigning and drives Dmitry out of Vladimir. A fierce struggle for reign begins between the brothers.

In order to gain the upper hand over each other, the brothers turned to the help of the Mongols, as a result, during their reign (for 1277-1294), 14 cities were devastated (the Pereyaslav principality, the patrimony of Dmitry, was especially hard hit), many regions of North-Eastern Russia , near Novgorod.

In 1294 Dmitry Alexandrovich died. After 8 years, his son Ivan died childless. Pereyaslavl passed to the youngest of the sons of Alexander Nevsky - Daniil of Moscow.

Thus, the 13th century in the history of Russia is one of the bloodiest centuries. Russia had to fight simultaneously with all the enemies - with the Mongols, with the German knights, and besides, it was torn apart by internal strife of the heirs. For 1275-1300. the Mongols made fifteen campaigns against Russia, as a result, the Pereyaslavl and Gorodetsky principalities weakened, and the leading role was transferred to new centers -