Re-read what time. Little secrets of Russian verbs or three important tenses

PRESENT TENSE
Verbs in the present tense show that the action occurs at the moment of speech: Vesela shines a month over the village. White snow sparkles with a blue light (I. Nikitin).
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always: After winter comes spring. The earth rotates around its axis. A mother's affection knows no end (proverb).
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.
PAST TENSE
Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech: Late autumn. The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty (N. Nekrasov).
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense: I was returning home from the station yesterday, walking along a dark street. Suddenly I see something white near the lantern.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-: build - built, built, built; work - worked, worked, worked.
Verbs in the indefinite form on -ch, -ti, -put (imperfect form) form the past tense singular masculine forms without the suffix -l-: take care - took care / but took care of), carry - carried (but carried), oven - baked / but baked), dry - dried / but dried), etc.
From the verb to go, the past tense went, went, went; from the verb find past tense found, found, found; from the verb to grow - grew, grew, grew, grew.
Past tense verbs change according to numbers (told - told), and in the singular - according to gender. In plural verbs in the past tense do not change according to persons.
You should remember the correct stress in the past tense forms of verbs: took, took, brald, took; was, was, bylo, byli; took, took, took, took; drove, drove, rotten, gpamp;li; lived, lived, lived, lived; occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; gave, gave, gave, gave; got over it, understood, understood; swam, swim. plamp;lo, plamp;li; raised, raised. raised; arrived, arrived, arrived; accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted; tidied up, tidied up.
FUTURE
Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech: You will see what kind of person this is! You will immediately love him and become friends with him, my dear! (A. Chekhov); I’ll go home now and feed myself with hopes (A. Chekhov).
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The future form of the compound imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb: I will draw, I will try. From perfective verbs the simple future tense is formed (I will read), from imperfect verbs the future tense is formed (I will read).
The future simple form of perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the present tense form: I will open, you will open, you will open, we will open, you will open, they will open; learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn. In the future simple, verbs have the same personal endings as verbs in the present imperfect.

More on the topic TIME VERB:

1. 16. Verb as part of speech; features of morphemic structure and verb inflection. System of lexical-grammatical categories and morphological categories of the verb
2. 11. Verb as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the verb. The figurative use of mood and tense forms of the verb.
3. 46. ​​Communion. Verb.signs. Proximity to adj. Meaning and image. Participle. Signs, functions. Type and time. Transitions.a adv.
4. § 48. Grammatical opposition of past and non-past tense forms. Past tense as a strong category in the Russian verb tense system
5. § 48. Grammatical contrast between the forms of past and non-past tense. Past tense as a strong category in the Russian verb tense system

Verb tense expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Shapes stand out past, present And future tense.

In most cases, the use of tense forms is determined by the relationship to the moment of speech; This use of them is called absolute time.

In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) subordinate parts of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by their relation to the time of action of the main part:

My brother said that he had sent (sending, will send) the book I needed.

The grammatical reference point for time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part has been performed, is being performed or will be performed. “Wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.

Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I decide - I decided - I will decide).

Verbs of the perfect form, denoting actions limited by a limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (decided - I will decide), and do not have a present tense.

Past tense denotes an action preceding the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the base of the infinitive -l-: write - wrote, read - read, count - count.
When forming past tense forms, some features are observed:

If the stem of the past tense ends in g, k, x, z, s, b, then when forming a masculine verb, the suffix -l- falls out: guarded, baked, sokh, carried, carried, rowed, but is retained in the feminine and neuter gender, and also in the plural: guarded, baked, dried, carried, carried, guarded.

Verbs in - heret in the past tense are lost in full-voice combination second e, and in the masculine gender they do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.

Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another stem - shed- with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.

The past tense allows the verb to change in number. In turn, the singular number can easily be declined according to gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change according to persons.

Verbs in the form present time denote an action that occurs at the moment of speech, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.

From verbs perfect form present tense forms are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of present tense.

Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed using personal endings depending on whether the verb belongs to the I or II conjugation.

I conjugations: -u (-yu), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-ut)
II conjugations: -у (-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)

Example of verb I conjugation:

1st person → I’m walking, we’re walking
2nd person → you are walking, you are walking
3rd person → he is walking, they are walking

Example of verb II conjugation:

1st person → I drive, we carry
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry

The present tense has the following basic meanings:

shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: The Caucasus is below me. Again the ancient pine forest rustles above me solemnly and wisely (V. Belov);

denotes a permanent, timeless action; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level;

denotes an action that turns into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; Birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.

is used instead of the past to give life to the story and make the reader (listener) seem to be a witness to the event being depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I saw. This is the so-called real narrative (pictorial, historical);

The present tense is used to mean the future if we're talking about about an action that must certainly take place; I'm taking my last exam tomorrow and going on vacation. The use of present tense forms in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - run, go, go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imagined by the author: Another day of this accursed inferno - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are dying, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).

Future denotes an action (process) that is upcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.

The synthetic form is characteristic of verbs of the perfect form (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of verbs of the imperfect form (I will write, I will tell, I will read).

The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb be and an infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, the auxiliary verb be forms with an infinitive one grammatical form.

The future complex always denotes an unlimited, limitless action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another time: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.

The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: I will read, you will read, you will read, we will read, you will read, they will read; build, build, build, build, build.

The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has various meanings:

its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will obtain, understand and open everything: the cold pole and the blue arch (V. Lebedev-Kumach);

denotes an action that turns into the property: Whatever problem you give him, he will definitely solve it (you cannot say he solves or has solved). The future tense in this meaning is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help you out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.

denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present one):
The storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirling snow whirlwinds
The way she howls like a beast,
Then he will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);

with negation does not indicate the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a far distance (cannot see at a far distance);

used in the past tense: During the day she for the most part was dozing. He sits in a chair in front of the table... and dozes (present tense). Then he will shudder, wake up, look out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his eyes off (present tense) from the endless distance stretching out (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

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A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change according to number, person and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. In the Russian language, there are three main forms of verb tense: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand verb tenses.

Determining the type of verb

Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. Perfect verbs indicate that an action has already been done (or will be done) and the result has been achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.

Imperfect verbs can be in the past, present or future tense. They answer the question “what to do?”

Past tense verbs

The main signs that a verb refers to the past tense are:

• suffix -l; (walked, flew)
• endings -а (feminine), -о (neuter) and -и (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.

To understand that a verb is in the past tense, depending on its gender and number, you need to substitute the following questions:

• for the perfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “what did they do?” (plural);
• for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “What did you do?” (plural).

Present tense verbs

In the present tense, the verb reflects the action taking place at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:

• in the singular - “what does it do?”;
• in the plural - “what are they doing?”

As noted above, only imperfect verbs can be in the present tense.

The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.

First conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: I carry, you carry, carries; reading, reading, reading

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.

Second conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; building, building, building.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.

Future tense verbs

Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Determining questions for singular verbs:

• perfect form: “what will he do?”;
• imperfect form: “what will it do?”

Questions for plural verbs:

• perfect form: “what will they do?”;
• imperfect form: “What will they do?”

Imperfect verbs have one in the future tense interesting feature- they turn into complex verbs. The verb “to be” is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, I will run, I will play.

The endings of perfect verbs of the first conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I’ll take it, you’ll take it, you’ll take it; read, read, read.

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -ut (third person). Example: we’ll take it, you’ll take it, they’ll take it; read, read, read.

Endings of perfect verbs of the second conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: I’ll lie down, you’ll lie down, you’ll lie down; I'll build, build, build.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: let's lie down, lie down, lie down; Let's build, build, build.

Which verbs change tenses?

Firstly, we must remember that when we talk about tense forms of a verb, we are talking about the indicative mood, that is, we are talking about an action that, in our opinion, is happening, has happened or will happen in reality.

In the imperative and conditional moods, verbs do not have tense forms.

Verb tenses

The verb in Russian has three tenses: present, past and future.

Verbs in the present tense denote actions performed at the moment of speech, i.e. at the moment when we pronounce this verb (I I'm running- this means that I say the word “run” and run at the same time).

Verbs in the past tense denote an action that occurred or was performed BEFORE we uttered this word: I ran, came running- that means now, when I say this, I’m no longer running. Performed or performed an action before the moment of speech.

A verb in the future tense denotes an action that has taken place or will take place after we have uttered this verb.

Changing verb tenses

Let's change the verb tenses walk.

In the past time: walked - what did you do? Walked, walked, walked, walked. I have already gone there and returned.

Past tense:

Present tense. What am I doing, what are you doing, what are you doing? and so on : walking, walking, walking…

Present tense:

I'm walking we're walking

are you walking are you walking

he walks they walk

Future tense. I will walk, you will walk. In this case, person and number are determined by the auxiliary verb, to which personal endings are added (will, will, will), and the verb itself walk stands in an indefinite form. This form of the future tense is called future complex.

Future tense:

I will at we will walk eat walk

you will eat you will walk yeah walk

he will no they will walk ut walk

All three tense forms: past, present, future, and the future is complex, will be in imperfective verbs - walk, decide ( but not decide), sign, draw.

There are only two tense forms: past and future, and the future is simple for perfective verbs: come, decide, sign, draw.

Present tense forms are not formed from perfective verbs.

Education is temporarý x shapes

Firstly, some verb forms are formed not only with the help of endings, but also with the help of suffixes.

For example, the suffix - l- of the past tense does not form a new word, but forms the form of the past tense, i.e., unlike the overwhelming majority of suffixes in the Russian language, it is formative, not word-forming and, therefore, is not included in the base, just like the suffix - t indefinite form and suffix - And imperative mood.

Go- l, laughing- l-ah, I think- l-and, come- l-axis.

Secondly, the verb to form tense forms usually uses not one stem, like a noun and an adjective, but two!

Spelling vowel before l in past tense verbs

In past tense verbs before l the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form: depend - depended, bark - barked.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Lik-bez.com ().
2. School-collection.edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise No. 1.

Rewrite by inserting the missing letters, find the verbs and determine their tense.

SOUNDS OF SPRING.

Thousands of sounds appear in the spring in the animated forest. From stump to stump he tried... stings, the mouse squeaked thinly..., buzzed, hit the edge and the beetle fell heavily. The cuckoo will soon cuckoo on the m...head. At the very top of the oak tree a wild pigeon will coo. At sunset, an eagle owl will hoot terribly in the forest.

Exercise No. 2.

Find the verbs in the present tense and write them down.

1. Fell 6. Dancing

2. Reads 7. Mine

3. They laugh 8. I will paint

4. I’ll write 9. We’ll cook

Good afternoon, dear student! My students and I began to study perhaps one of the most complex topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages ​​of the world there are only a few tenses, but in Russian there are 3 of them - the past tense, the present and the future. In order to correctly understand and use them in your speech and writing, let’s look at all three tenses in more detail.

Present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian mean a real action that occurs in this moment, now, moreover, they can be conjugated, i.e. change your shape. Verbs in the present tense are one of the most changeable verbs, and in the imperfect form, it should be noted that verbs of the perfect form do not have a present tense, because the action has already been completed!

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,

Kate in a hurry to study Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - she is in a hurry - she is now, at the moment she is in a hurry, which means the time is present.

Every a week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are parents doing? - they are going, every a week shows us that the action occurs regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords, they can serve as a hint for you which time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense form, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties when using present tense verbs.

Future

Very often my students get confused and don’t understand why there are so many different verbs in the future tense and how to remember it all. The fact is that the future tense in Russian shows us that the action has not taken place, we are planning to do something in the future, no matter whether it is near or far. Future tense verbs answer the questions:

What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will they start holidays, I I'll go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means we understand that the conversation is about the future time.

What will I do? - I’ll go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, there are two types of future tense; you can find, for example, the following verb:

I I'll draw this picture and I'll give it to you to my mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - I’ll draw it and give it to you as a gift

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then can you figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that verbs of the future tense can be simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions: What will I do? What will you do?)

I’ll paint, clean, carry, say, sing- they all answer perfect questions. Where characteristic feature A way to help you remember this form is to add the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I'll clean it up

Complex verbs of the future tense are formed from imperfective verbs using the verb be+ infinitive or initial form the verb is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and you will see that the verb: I guessed it, is in the infinitive form: guess.

Let's look at examples with complex verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " be" in turn changes according to persons:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense are inflected for persons and numbers, but genus it is impossible to determine in the future tense!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:

Win To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When used, the word changes completely in the future tense, for example:

I can find myself in.. I will find myself in..
I can be convinced - I want to be convinced I want to convince
I can win - I will become the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

In previous articles I have already written about verb tenses, here I want to note only the main features that we did not touch on in initial stage. Let's remember that the past tense answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do? What did you do?

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the infinitive form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and adding the suffix -l, for example:

Clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - look L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

Looked - looked - looked He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried ( masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the gender: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When in the word goes alternation (when letters replace each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters ch//g, ch//k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

Stere whose- stereg (masculine gender, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in the feminine and plural the ending is added depending on the person: steregla, steregli she was watching over, they were watching over.

Please remember that we cannot determine the person of past tense verbs, only gender and number.