Why do short adjectives not change by case? Adjective
Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of relationships between the two forms and provides illustrative examples for securing the material.
What are the forms of adjectives?
In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:
- Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
- Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. In sentences, as a rule, a nominal predicate appears. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.
Complete and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.
Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives
Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:
- Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
- Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
- Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).
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The adjective is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.
The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago, and it was derived from the Latin word adjectivum, which translated means “adding.” That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “a name that is attached to a noun.”
In general, an adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms that denote a non-procedural attribute of an object. Lexical meaning in this case it is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition; in particularly complex cases they are a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective: three in one
Speaking about the adjective, it is worth noting three understandings of this term. According to the first, this part of speech should include adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns, participles and ordinal numbers. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the adjective.
There is a formal position of the moderate type, in which only adjectives themselves and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.
With a narrow understanding of the adjective name, only adjectives themselves are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this approach, since only it takes into account all the features with the help of which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is analyzed today.
How does an adjective change?
The adjective has a number of morphological categories with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech; the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.
Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, and when the word becomes plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with and in the end get full information about the word is not possible. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective plays a role here important role, since it affects all indicators at once.
Short and long forms of adjectives
Most adjectives have a short and a long form. During the existence of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms had priority, but now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.
Adjectives in their full form are most often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a determiner in a sentence. If a full adjective appears after a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.
Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If a sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.
Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)
Some quality adjectives have been retained short form, these are the remains of active use this phenomenon in Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary features that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular feature.
The short form is formed using the stems of full adjectives, to which gender endings should be added. When forming short adjectives male alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with a zero sound may appear; this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, which are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only in gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.
Adjective categories
To understand how an adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, and also give overall assessment any phenomenon about which we're talking about in a sentence.
Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. They are used to indicate attitudes toward persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers. Lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in a narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two characteristics - a suffix and an individual affiliation with a person or object.
How to analyze an adjective?
Morphological analysis of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both school level, and for a university student, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional troubles. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.
In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, whether the word form belongs to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it, and a semantic question. Next, you need to indicate all lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives, you will need to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Unstressed endings of adjectives
Quite often a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which one? which one? which one? which one? which ones?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-ы”, “-ь”, “-я”, “-й”, in most forms they are preceded by soft sign: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine forms. If the adjective was formed from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
How is an adjective learned?
Previously, the deadline for learning the adjective (3rd grade) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. An adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To learn how an adjective changes, you need to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from large quantity scientific literature and find the answer to the question that interests him. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.
In the university format, the adjective is studied much more deeply, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily as soon as possible find the information they need.
Adjective categories
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives:
Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form vary according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very and have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) or compound (consists of two words): the harder, the quietest.
- relative(answer the question “which one?”)
- relative adjectives have no degrees; indicate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the object: tree - wood, January - January, freezing - frosty;
- most relative adjectives cannot be combined with the adverb “very”;
Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very, and do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
- possessive- answer the question “whose?” and denote belonging to something living or a person ( paternal, sisters, fox).
Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
To assign an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.
The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Agreement of adjectives with nouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.
- Example: adjective "blue"
- blue (Singular, m.r., Imp.) house (Singular, m.r., Imp.)
- blue (singular, sr.r., im.p.) sky (singular, sr.r., im.p.).
Declension of adjectives.
Gender, case and number of the adjective depend on relevant characteristics noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
- solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
- soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
- mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.
The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.
The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.
There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in plural relating to animate and inanimate nouns:
- V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:
- “For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
- V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
- “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
- “And the whole earth should praise forever ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).
Masculine adjectives in -Ouch bow in the same way as on th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - bel[ъвъ], letn-him - letn[въ].
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:
- solid declination;
- soft declination;
- mixed declension.
Hard declension of adjectives
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n y. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: Not big, and prefix-suffix ways: under water n y. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flax O seed peeler identifiable. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- General grammatical meaning.
- Initial form. Initial form the adjective is considered to have a singular, nominative, masculine form ( blue).
- Constant signs: discharge.
- Non-permanent features: used in short/long (only for high-quality ones); degree of comparison (only for high-quality ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
- syntactic role - definition
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( He's not much of an artist).
Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, become nouns: Russian, military.
Features of adjectives in other languages
Notes
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Synonyms:See what “Adjective” is in other dictionaries:
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Noun, number of synonyms: 2 name adjective (1) word (72) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary