The position of the Almaty State Natural Reserve. Presentation on the topic "Almaty Reserve". Almaty State Nature Reserve

10

• Square: 34,300 ha
• Foundation date: March 1, 2004
• Region: South Kazakhstan

The Karatau reserve is located in the central part of the Karatau ridge, which is an offshoot of the northwestern arcs of the Tien Shan in the territory of the South Kazakhstan region. It borders on the deserts of Moiynkum, Kyzylkum, Betpak-Dala. The ridge has an asymmetric structure. Its southwestern slope is wide and relatively gentle. The northeastern and northern slopes are characterized by considerable steepness. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Mynzhilki - the upper Bessaz with a mark of 2,176 m. The slopes of the ridge are dissected by deep valleys of numerous rivers and temporary streams, which have seasonal surface runoff almost everywhere. Relatively large rivers are Bayaldyr, Biresik, Khantagi, Taldybulak. None of them carry their waters to the main water artery of the Syrdarya River, losing flow at the foot of the slopes.

Flora Karatau ridge along its entire length contains over 1,600 species higher vascular plants. The flora of lower and higher spore plants remains poorly studied. In terms of the number of endemic species, the Syrdarya Karatau occupies a leading place in the flora of Kazakhstan. On the territory of the created reserve presumably grows 600-700 kinds, of which according to scientists 76 kinds are endemic. Over the past decade, there is information about 65 endems, the location of many of them, according to the latest scientific information from the places of primary collection of researchers, has not been found.

Animal world The protected area, as well as the entire Karatau ridge, has undergone significant changes over the past century. During this period, the Tien Shan brown bear and snow leopard were destroyed here, and many commercial species (wild boar, roe deer, argali, tolai hare, etc.) became extremely rare.

On the territory of the Karatau Reserve there are 3 types of mammals, which are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Karatau argali, Indian porcupine and stone marten. Avifauna contains 118 species. Of the rare ones whose range is shrinking and endangered 12 species of birds are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan(1996): white stork, black stork, short-toed eagle, pygmy eagle, steppe eagle, golden eagle, bearded vulture, vulture, saker falcon, belladonna, jack, eagle owl.

To date, the entomofauna contains more than 152 species, of rare insects, 2 species are endemic to Karatau and Central Asia, 1 species is relic, 8 are listed in the Red Book of the USSR (1984) and the Red Book of Kazakhstan.

9

• Square: 65,217.9 ha
• Foundation date: April 21, 1998
• Areas: Almaty and East Kazakhstan

The Alakol-Sasykkol system of lakes occupies a desert depression between the mountain systems of the Dzungarian Alatau and Tarbagatai in the southeastern part of Kazakhstan. In the center of the depression there is a system of large lakes: Alakol, Sasykkol, Koshkarkol, Zhalanashkol.

Modern landscapes were formed in the xerothermic period of the postglacial era. The relief of the lakes is represented by a low terraced plain, composed of ancient sea and lacustrine saline deposits, bordering the lakes with a strip of 10-25 km with a predominance of solonchaks, meadow-marsh and solonchak meadow soils. Desert soil types predominate in the Alakol basin. On floodplain terraces of rivers and lakes, under meadow-tugai vegetation, alluvial-meadow soils are found, and along lake depressions and swamps with sedge-reed associations, meadow-marsh soils are found. Takyrs and takyr-like soils are found in places of distribution of biyurgun-kokpek vegetation. Meadow-serozem soils are widely represented under ephemeral-wormwood vegetation, which are characterized by solonchaks. On the elevated parts of the Alakol depression, low-carbonate gray soils are developed.

The reserve has over 270 plant species belonging to 42 families. In the composition of the phytoplankton of the lake, 156 species varieties and forms of algae. Over the past 10-20 years, there has been a reduction in a number of populations of rare species: white water lily, yellow egg pod, pale cattail, trefoil arrowhead, Ural licorice, bordered ephedra, marsh horsetail, hops, sea buckthorn, elecampane, creeping wheatgrass and others. In general, protection is needed 107 kinds plant world.

On the territory of the reserve live 290 animal species, including 21 species mammals, 257 species birds, 8 kinds fish, 2 types amphibians, 3 types reptiles. Mammals of the Alakol Reserve - wolf, ligature, wild boar, roe deer, fox, steppe polecat, ermine, muskrat, goitered gazelle, manul, etc. Birds of the Alakol Reserve - grebe, pink pelican, curly pelican, spoonbill, gray and white herons, black stork, swan - whooper, duck, quail, partridge, pheasant, crane, bustard, black-headed gull, relict gull, eagle owl, etc. The pink pelican, curly pelican, whooper swan, duck, black-bellied grouse, eagle owl are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan.

8

• Square: 71,700 ha
• Foundation date: May 15, 1931
• Region: Almaty

The Almaty State Nature Reserve occupies the territory of the Central part of the Zailiysky Alatau and is located within the absolute heights from 1200 to 5017 meters above sea level. Its borders pass along the Left and Right Talgar rivers, further along the ridge separating the Turgen and Issyk rivers, and the southern border runs along the South-Eastern Talgar river and the upper reaches of the Chilik river to the spur between the Kosbulak-2 and Tamchi rivers.

Rich and varied vegetable world reserve. Its flora includes more than 960 species higher plants. Rare are more than 50 types, 28 of which are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. In the lower belt of mountains - this is an apricot, Mushketov's curlew, Sievers' apple tree, Nedzvetsky's apple tree is extremely rare, Caucasian carcass, Altai gymnospermium. On the steppe southern slopes there are tulips of Kolpakovsky and Ostrovsky, very rarely Albert's iris and Kolpakovsky's iridodictium. In the middle belt, Wittrock's rhubarb is common, Semyonov's corydalis, orange jaundice, Alma-Ata arthropod, adonis - golden and Tien Shan, Semenov's cortuza are very rare. From early spring landscapes of the reserve are decorated with ornamental plants. The first to open are Alatau saffron and goose onions, a little later - tulips, Albert's iris, eremurus - powerful and Altai, intermediate peony, Tatar ixiolirion. In early summer, bright orange swimsuits, yellow buttercups, white anemones, multi-colored violets, blue forget-me-nots, dark purple catchments bloom. They are replaced by later-flowering asters, small petals, gentians, hawks. This riot of colors continues until the end of summer, and in the alpine zone, near the melting snowfields, until the very winter.

Animal world the reserve is very rich. The vertebrate fauna includes 230 species, including: 3 types fish, 2 - amphibians, 6 - reptiles 177 - birds and 39 - mammals. Of the reptiles, the common lizard is the Alai bald-eye and the poisonous snake is the muzzle, which are found up to the Alpine belt. The patterned snake lives in the lower and middle mountain zones.

Bluebirds, common and brown dippers nest near turbulent rivers and streams. Most birds nest in forest biotopes. Wood pigeon, splyuska, spotted woodpecker, black-fronted shrike prefer deciduous forests. The bearded vulture and the shahin nest in the rocks of the spruce belt. The rocks of the alpine belt are inhabited by kumai, gray and rocky pigeons, chough and alpine jackdaw. Of the birds listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan, golden eagle, bearded vulture, kumai, shahin, eagle owl, sickle beak and blue bird nest in the reserve. The black stork and the pygmy eagle are sometimes seen in summer.

The Tien Shan brown bear is common in the reserve, inhabiting mainly spruce forests. The snow leopard lives mainly in the alpine zone and only in winter, following the mountain goats, descends into the forest-meadow-steppe zone. 2-3 families of this rare predator constantly keep in the reserve. Turkestan lynx (about 10 individuals) is found in spruce forests. Roe deer serve as prey for her, less often young wild boar and mountain goat.

7

• Square: 86 122 ha
• Foundation date: July 3, 1992
• Region: East Kazakhstan

The reserve was created to ensure the preservation and research of the natural complex inherent in the mountainous terrain, taiga forests of Western Altai. The reserve is located immediately within several natural zones: forest, mountain meadows, mountain tundra, snow strip; on the territory of the Rudno-Altai mountain chain: Lineyskaya, Kolzhunskaya, Koksinskaya and Ivanovskaya at the mouth of the Belaya, Chernaya Uba, Barsuk rivers, a tributary of the Turgusun river. The relief of the reserve is similar to a medium mountainous landscape. Alpine relief is observed only in the central part of the Ivanovo mountain range (Vyacheslavsky Belok, 2778 meters).

Grows in the reserve about 200 types of herbs. These include the most significant: bergenia, coltsfoot, blueberries, lingonberries, oregano, holey ash-tree of St. John, golden and maral root. Some plants form entire stripes, which in itself is of particular significance.

Animal world The West Altai Reserve is typical for the mid-mountainous region of Western Altai. 2 types fish, 2 types amphibians, 2 types reptiles, 191 bird species, 52 varieties of mammals. Invertebrates have not yet been explored. Lives in the reserve about 50 kinds mammals. These are common shrew, Altai mole, fox, bear, sable, marten, ermine, otter, musk deer, maral, roe deer, elk, squirrel, chipmunk, dark and red voles, Altai pika.

Among the birds, one can distinguish: teal, large merganser, black kite, field harrier, partridge, common buzzard, common kestrel, upland owl, capercaillie, tundra partridge, corncrake, Asiatic sandpiper, cuckoo, woodpecker and many representatives of the passerine family.

The number of fish, amphibians and reptiles is much less: umber, taimen, toad, common viper, viviparous lizard.

6

• Square: 102,979 ha
• Foundation date: August 4, 1976
• Region: East Kazakhstan

The reserve is located in the East Kazakhstan region in the southeast of the Southern Altai, in the basin of Lake Markakol. The lake lies at an absolute height of 1449.3 m. On the territory of the reserve 5 high-altitude plant belts are distinguished: meadow-steppe, mountain-taiga, subalpine, high-mountain and nival.

meadow steppe belt(1450-1600 m above sea level) is represented by forb-grass meadows of cocksfoot, meadow foxtail, ground reedgrass and other cereals.

In the mountain-taiga zone(1450-1900 m) deciduous forests predominate. The main forest-forming species is Siberian larch. There are 19 types of larch forests in the reserve. They occupy 20% of the territory of the reserve, the average age is 160 years.

subalpine belt(1900-2000 m) is represented by tall-grass subalpine meadows. Common: large-leaved ranunculus, white-flowered geranium, various-leaved calendula.

Alpine belt(2000-3000 m) includes zones of alpine meadows and mountain tundra. The low-grass alpine meadows are very beautiful. There are sky-blue hairy forget-me-not, white angustifolia callianthenum and snake mountaineer.

Flora about 900 varieties plants. Of those that are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan, we can note such plants as the Siberian dog's tooth, Altai rhubarb, sweet astragalus, club moss, tulip, steppe peon, Altai gymnosperm.

Animal world Markakol Reserve has 4 types reptiles, 2 types amphibians, 255 varieties birds and 58 representatives mammals. The following species of vertebrates are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan: black stork, osprey, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gray crane, tail, sometimes there is a snow leopard.

The territory, including the Markakolsky National Nature Reserve and the Katon-Karagai State National Natural Park located at a distance, was created as a key area of ​​the International Program GEF, UNDP, WWF, NABU and GTZ to preserve the Altai-Sayan biologically diverse ecological region.

5

• Square: 131,934 ha
• Foundation date: July 14, 1926
• Areas: South Kazakhstan and Zhambyl

Aksu-Zhabagly is the first and oldest nature reserve in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It is located on the Talas Alatau, Ugam and Maidantal ridges, in the western part of the Tien Shan. The name of the reserve is formed from the names of its two largest rivers - Aksu and Zhabagly, in the interfluve of which it was originally created. The reserve carefully preserves the diversity of objects of animate and inanimate nature. However, only catastrophic events such as fires require human intervention. Thanks to this, scientists have a unique laboratory for studying nature in its natural state, and visitors to the reserve have the opportunity to observe and appreciate the pristine beauty and diversity of landscapes of the Western Tien Shan.

Flora reserve Aksu-Zhabagly, according to the latest data, includes 1737 species, including 235 species mushrooms, 64 species lichens, by 63 species algae and bryophytes and 1312 types of higher plants. The emblem of the reserve is Greig's tulip, which has become an export item. The size of its purple-red petals is 12-15 cm.

Fauna fish includes 7 types, the most typical of them are the common marinka and the naked osman.

Meet in the reserve 11 kinds reptiles and 3 types amphibians, which makes up more than 70% of the regional fauna of these groups, and 3 types listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. The legless lizard, the yellow-bellied lizard, causes the greatest concern in the protection. Of the vertebrate animals, the bird fauna is the most numerous, it includes 267 species. Of these birds nest in the reserve 130 kinds, and the rest 137 are migratory, vagrant or wintering, listed in the Red Book 11 kinds, besides this 2 types birds are recognized by IUCN (IUCN) as globally threatened - corncrake and white-winged woodpecker.

Mammals in the reserve are represented 52 types, which makes up 80% of the entire theriofauna of the Western Tien Shan, of which - rodents (44%), predators (24%), bats (18%), ungulates (9%), hares and insectivores (3% each). Ungulates are represented by argali, mountain goats, roe deer, deer and wild boar, predatory mammals - bear, badger, stone marten, weasel and ermine, and rodents and hares - long-tailed marmot, porcupine, tolai hare and muskrat.

Listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan 10 kinds rare and endangered species of mammals. Deserves special attention in protection 3 types mammals - the snow leopard, listed as a threatened species by the IUCN (IUCN), the endemic western Tien Shan species of Menzbier's marmot, and the now endangered endemic subspecies of argali.

4

• Square: 160,826 ha
• Foundation date: December 10, 1939
• Region: Kyzylorda

The Barsakelmes Reserve is the only one in Kazakhstan and the CIS with extreme environmental conditions, located in the zone of an environmental catastrophe on a global scale (decrease in the level of the Aral Sea). This is a unique "natural laboratory" for studying the processes of climate aridization, desertification of natural complexes, restructuring of the composition and structure of ecosystems, arena of speciation, formation of relief, landscapes, and biodiversity. All this is important for understanding the processes of evolution and adaptation of biota to catastrophically changing environmental factors.

On the sands highlighted 15 types of plant complexes. Tree-shrub vegetation is more common here. There are areas of rather dense thickets of saxaul (black and white), tamarisks, dzhuzguns, curly grass, and lycia. Salt marshes with salt grate, sarsazan, soleros, saltwort are common along the depressions. Total registered on the island 257 species flowering plants, of which herbaceous forms 204 species, trees - 3 , shrubs - 20 , shrubs - 5 , shrubs - 6 , semishrubs - 12 and introducers - 7 types. About half of the flora species of the Barsakelmes Reserve are ephemera and ephemeroids. Spring on the island is colorful - tulips, fumes, corydalis, adonis (“ember on fire”), geraniums, Bibersteinia, etc., bloom. There is a lot of Tatar rhubarb. By mid-June, the desert takes on a monotonous gray color. In the sands, vegetation grows longer.

The representativeness of invertebrates is high, only insects are 2 thousand species from 12 orders: Mayflies, Dragonflies, Mantises, Cockroaches, Stick insects, Earwigs, Orthoptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera or Beetles, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. The invertebrates of Barsakelmes are poorly studied. The group of species associated with black saxaul is the most represented: there are many gall-forming species among them, including gall midges of stefniolus and Caillardium histoflea. The fauna of the reserve has 107 kinds spiders belonging to 61 genera from 18 families. Amphibians are represented by 2 orders, 2 species, a widespread green toad and a lake frog. Reptiles are represented in 2 orders, 6 families and 12 species. Lives in the reserve 28 kinds mammals, of which 1 species - the Turkmen kulan is listed in the Red Book. Also, the goitered gazelle and sand cat are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan.

3

• Square: 191 381 ha
• Foundation date: June 30, 1931
• Region: Kostanay

The Naurzum Reserve is located on the territory of the Naurzum and Semiozersky districts of the Kostanay region, 190 km south of Kostanay. It is located in the Turgai hollow, which includes the tracts Tersek, Sypsyn and Naurzum. The main part of the last tract is occupied by the unique Naurzum pine forest, located on large-hilly and ridge-hilly eolian sands. The pine forests of the reserve can be considered relic, as they have been preserved in a little changed form from the Tertiary or the beginning of the Quaternary period. One of the priority tasks of the reserve is to add real steppe areas to it. This would make it possible to preserve the endangered populations of unique steppe animals and plants of the region.

Vegetable world the reserve includes 687 species higher plants, which is exceptionally large for the steppe zone. In the flora, the presence of elements of both the northern boreal and southern flora is observed. Of the ancient elements of the marsh-forest flora, the following were found: marsh telipteris, stinging nettle, common hop, bittersweet nightshade; boreal species rare for Northern Kazakhstan: winter horsetail, two-stamen sedge, slender cotton grass, swamp belozor, bird cherry. A number of Pliocene species include ash-gray willow, five-starred willow, cinquefoil, meadowsweet, loosestrife, common skullcap, European zebra. Two species are characteristic of the southern tugai forests: the gooseberry and the clematis orientalis. On the southern border of the range are: matteuktsiya ostrich, common juniper, stone currant, alpine aster, Altai aster. The wild relatives of cultivated plants include 44 species, including 6 rare for this region: meadow timothy, Altai hawthorn, green strawberry, lupine clover, perennial flax, pale-colored flax, goose-fruited. The Red Book of Kazakhstan includes 5 species: Kyrgyz birch, round-leaved sundew, Mugodzhar headwort, Schrenk tulip, thin-legged hard-leaved. Total special protection require 125 kinds or 18% flora.

Fauna The reserve is very diverse and has not been fully studied to date. The richest avifauna. As part of the avifauna 282 species, including 158 nesting ones. In the zonal steppes, the most typical are field and white-winged larks, black larks, field pipits, common wheatears, little bustards, steppe harriers, gyrfalcons, demoiselle cranes, and steppe eagles. Grouse, great spotted woodpecker, oriole, wood pigeon, common dove, great tit, white tit, common redstart, forest pipit, black swift and others live in forest areas. The detachment of carnivores is very widely represented (28 kinds), 18 of them nest: eagles - golden eagle, imperial eagle and steppe eagle; harrier - steppe, meadow and swamp; falcons - Saker Falcon, Hobby Falcon, Merlin, Common and Steppe Kestrels and Falcons; white-tailed eagle, common buzzard, long-legged buzzard, black kite, sparrow hawk and goshawk.

From 44 types There are 42 species of mammals registered in the reserve (one - the saiga came during the summer migrations until 1994, the pine marten was recorded twice). Of the valuable hunting and commercial species, elk, roe deer, wild boar and marmot are common; the group of predators includes the wolf, fox, corsac, lynx, steppe polecat, ermine, weasel; badgers are numerous in forests and near lakes. In the steppes, the dominant group is rodents: steppe marmot, sandstone ground squirrel, large ground squirrel, small ground squirrel, hamster, steppe mouse, voles, hamsters, as well as: eared hedgehog, jerboas, brown hare, predators - steppe polecat, corsac, common fox, wolf. Elk, Siberian roe deer, lynx, common squirrel, common hedgehog live in forests, hare, badger, ermine, weasel are widespread, pine marten and raccoon dog are noted. On the shores of fresh lakes, small rodents are numerous: wood mouse, narrow-skulled vole, housekeeper vole, there are baby mice, shrews; in years of high watering, water voles and muskrats are common on the lakes. Of the desert species, in the very south, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bSula and Kulagol lakes, the Aral fat-tailed jerboa was noted. In terms of the number of species, mammals represent 24.7% of the entire theriofauna of Kazakhstan.

Reptiles and amphibians are represented 6 kinds: 3 species of reptiles (steppe viper, agile lizard and colorful foot-and-mouth disease) and 3 species of amphibians (sharp-faced frog, spadefoot and green toad).

The fish fauna includes 10 species. The most common and numerous are golden and silver carp well adapted to cyclical fluctuations in the watering of lakes, in some lakes there is a lake minnow. Tench, perch, pike, and roach also live in the rivers. In years of high watering, these species also enter lakes. For the last 20 years, carp, dace and peled have been introduced in many reservoirs of the region, including those created on watercourses, which were noted in the lakes of the reserve after large floods.

2

• Square: 223 342 ha
• Foundation date: July 12, 1984
• Region: Mangystau

In geographical zoning, the territory of Ustyurt is included in the Iranian-Turan subregion of the Afro-Asian desert region, and the reserve is located at the junction of the Ustyurt and Mangyshlak districts of the southern desert subzone. The territory of the reserve occupies a part of the western chink of the Ustyurt plateau, a narrow causal strip of the plateau itself and an extensive depression of Kendirlisor. The absolute height is from 50 to 3000 m. The highest point of the reserve is located on the Western chink of Ustyurt in the area of ​​the Kugusem well (+340 m above sea level), the lowest point is in the northern part of Kenderlisor (-52 m).

Soil diversity determines the formation of a peculiar flora. On clay soils, biyurgun and keireuk soils predominate; on gravel tasbiyurgun; on stony brambles, sagebrush, bindweed, curly; white-boyly and saxaul communities: rheaumurian, potash and sarsazan communities on solonchaks. The reserve is found in about 263 plant species, of which 5 are from the Red Book: soft-leaved kritmolistny, toothless katran, chalk madder, euphorbia hard-stalked and Khiva hodgepodge.

Amphibian class represented 1 view- green toad, reptile class 22 types, class Mammals 45 types, bird class 111 views, including spans. Of these, the following are listed in the Red Book: birds - 11 species: flamingo, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, vulture, steppe eagle, golden eagle, eagle owl, jack, short-toed eagle, black-bellied grouse, loaf; mammals - 9 species: Ustyurt mouflon, goitered gazelle, caracal, manul, bandaging, sand cat, honey badger, white-bellied arrowhead, cheetah (extinct in Kazakhstan in the 1960s); reptiles - 1 species: four-lane snake.

1

• Square: 543 171 ha
• Foundation date: April 18, 1968
• Areas: Akmola and Karaganda

The Korgalzhyn nature reserve remains an unknown place even for locals, despite the fact that it is only a three-hour drive from Astana and it is there that many different species of birds are concentrated. It should be noted that Korgalzhyn is included in the list of natural areas that, according to the UNESCO qualification, are part of the world natural heritage. A vast swampy area, a combination of virgin steppe and lakes, is the habitat of wolves, wild boars and saiga, but it is the birds, and in particular pink flamingos, that attract everyone's attention.

Over 300 types higher flowering plants has Flora reserve, of which about 40% are Compositae, cereals and haze. Half of the species are typical steppe forms. There are no trees, but there are 12 kinds shrubs, mainly confined to river floodplains: shrub willows, wild roses, honeysuckle. In the steppe there are sometimes large massifs of caragana and meadowsweet. A special group of plants stands out, halophytes and succulents, that is, adapted to life on highly saline soils. Forty-five species of rare and endemic plants are protected in the Korgalzhyn Reserve. These are Schrenk tulips (included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan) and two-flowered, blue-blue onion, Tatarian ixikolirion, Ural licorice, sandy cumin, marshmallow, black wormwood, Lessing's feather grass, steppe sage and others.

Fauna Korgalzhyn is typical for these places and is represented 38 views mammals, 274 views birds, 6 kinds reptiles, 2 types amphibians, 300 views Zhukov, 11 types fish.

But a special charm is given to this place by its famous inhabitants - pink flamingos. It is the northernmost flamingo breeding colony in the world. Even in the Paleogene, when the entire Tengiz-Kurgaldzhinskaya depression was covered by the Tethys Sea, they already nested here. The flamingo population per season reaches 60,000 individuals. And this is not the limit. Feeding bases of Lake Tengiz can provide food for 15-16 million birds. It should be noted that the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn lakes have no equal within the migration routes.

The local steppe "inhabitants" are also very unique and are protected by the Red Book. This is a demoiselle crane and a gyrfalcon. In general, on the territory of the reserve it is noted 22 types birds listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan: spoonbill, loaf, black stork, whooper swan, red-throated goose, jack, etc. Of these, 16 species are included in the Red Book, and one species (Siberian Crane) is in the International Red Book. Foxes and boars, hares - hare and white hare, and a rather common eared hedgehog here - are a permanent population of the steppe regions. But occasionally forest dwellers - lynx, roe deer and elk - enter the protected area from Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.

slide 2

The Almaty Reserve has a difficult history. It was created on May 15, 1931 as Malo-Alma-Ata with an area of ​​15,000 hectares. In 1935, after increasing its area to 40,000 hectares, and then to 856,680 hectares, it became known as Alma-Ata and, in addition to the Malaya Alma-Atinka basin, included the Zhalanash and Sogetinskaya valleys with adjacent mountains. However, in 1939, the transfer of individual sections of its territory to various organizations began, and in 1951 the reserve was liquidated.

Only on July 31, 1961, by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR No. 524, the reserve was restored, but already on the territory of the Chilik, Tabankaragay and Tauchilik forest dachas. Three years later, in 1964, it was transferred to the modern territory - to the basin of the Issyk and Talgar rivers. Currently, the reserve covers an area of ​​71,700 hectares. The central estate is located in Talgar, 25 km from Almaty.

The main goal of the reserve is to preserve the natural complexes of the central part of the Zailiysky Alatau, including objects of flora and fauna, as well as to study the patterns of natural development of these complexes.

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The Zailiysky Alatau Ridge is the location of the reserve, located in the north of the Tien Shan mountain system. In its central part, it forms the Talgar mountain junction, where it reaches its maximum height (Talgar peak - 4979 m above sea level). In the protected area, several powerful spurs branch off from the main ridge of the Zailiysky Alatau, which are the watersheds of the rivers. The most abundant rivers are the South-East, Left, Middle and Right Talgars, as well as Issyk and South Issyk. With a relatively shallow depth (up to 1 m) and width (from 5 to 10 m), their rapid flow is due to a large elevation difference. The energy of water is so great that monolithic rocks are ground, crushed and ground into sand, giving way to its powerful onslaught. The raging mass rushes down with a roar, dragging huge stone boulders with it, and sometimes demolishing concrete engineering structures.

The upper reaches of large rivers, originating in glaciers, enliven moraine and dammed lakes. The largest lake Muzkol is located in the upper reaches of the river. Issyk (3600 m above sea level), its area is 46,300 sq.m, and the depth is 25.5 m. In the basin of this river there are two lakes of landslide-tectonic origin - Issyk and Akkol. The most beautiful Lake Issyk existed in its original form until 1963. On a hot July day, a destructive mudflow broke through a natural dam in a matter of minutes and wiped out a picturesque mountain miracle from the “face” of the earth. The preserved eastern bay of the lake is now slowly filling with water and gradually increasing.

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All major rivers and lakes receive their main recharge from the melting of glaciers, which are very numerous in the reserve. Only on the northern side of the ridge there are 113 of them. The largest Shokalsky glacier, located in the basin of the river. Middle Talgar, has a length of almost 5 km. It pulsates with a frequency of 20-24 years. The tongue of the glacier cracks into numerous blocks and quickly moves down. On the southern side of the ridge, at the source of the Chilik River, there is a powerful knot of modern glaciation, which includes 86 glaciers. The largest of them are the Korzhenevsky glacier, about 12 km long, and the Bogatyr glacier, more than 8 km long.

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The park - "Altyn-Emel" is located on the territory of the Kerbulak and Panfilov districts of the Almaty region. The central estate is located in the village of Basshi, 250 km from Almaty. The total area of ​​the park is 459620 ha.

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Park - "Altyn-Emel" It was created by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 460 dated April 10, 1996 on the basis of the Kapchagai state hunting economy.

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The Katutau Mountains (1630 m a.s.l.) stretch from the southwest to the northeast in the form of a narrow hilly ridge with plateau-like peaks. The slopes are dissected by many waterless gorges and clefts. Red clays and bluish-gray limestone sandstones of the Tertiary period stand out in bright stripes.

The Sholak (1785 m), Degeres (2280 m) and Matai (2880 m) ridges are low, bordered by desert-loamy and rubbly plains. The mountains do not reach the snow line and do not have permanent glaciers. They are characterized by deep gorges, steep rocky slopes with rocks and talus. The parent rocks are represented by loess loams, pebbly and gypsum-bearing Tertiary deposits. Mountain soils are light chestnut with a pronounced humus horizon.

The higher ridges of Altyn-Emel (2928 m) and Koyandytau (3459 m), separated from the main part of the Zhungar Alatau by the powerful Toksanbay ridge, face the Konyrolen depression in their southern part. The steppe southern slope of Altyn-Emel is distinguished by deep rocky gorges, and the watershed of the ridge is distinguished by rocky domed peaks. The Koyandytau ridge has a more severe appearance with characteristic elements of the Zhungar highlands.

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The higher ridges of Altyn-Emel (2928 m) and Koyandytau (3459 m), separated from the main part of the Zhungar Alatau by the powerful Toksanbay ridge, face the Konyrolen depression in their southern part.

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The climate of the Altyn-Emel park

The climate is desert, sharply continental, with dry cold winters and hot summers. The annual amount of precipitation does not exceed 300-330 mm, their predominant amount falls on April-May. The driest month is September. Average annual temperatures fluctuate within 4-5°С. The average January temperature is -8.6°C, the minimum is -29.5°C. The average July temperature is +26°С, the maximum temperature is +45°С. The period with an average temperature above 0°C is about 260 days, and with a temperature above 10°C - 186 days. During the year, winds of the northeast, southwest, east and north directions prevail. In general, the territory of the national park is characterized by little snow. In some winters, there is practically no snow on the piedmont plain, which creates favorable conditions for the wintering of wild animals.

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The desert type of vegetation is represented mainly by Zhungar-Gobi deserts with a predominance of Ilinia Regel, saxaul and reamuria.

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Flora of Altyn-Emel Park

The flora of the national park includes 1,500 species of higher plants, including 22 rare species listed in the Red Book. Among them, relics (Astragalus Dzhimsky, Ferula Iliskaya) and endemic species are especially interesting: tulips - Alberta and short stamen, Smolevka Muslim, barberry Ili, Chezneyazhungarskaya, Astragalus Kopalsky, Vitaliy's catchment, Herder's kahris, rocky carrot, Goloskokov's hair-rebate, etc.

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Most of the park's plants have beneficial properties. Many of them serve as food objects for wild animals. Seeds and fruits are eaten by birds and mouse-like rodents, and vegetative parts are eaten by ungulates. Especially valuable are eastern feather grass, Japanese bonfire, curly shrubbery, keireuk, boyalych, black saxa-ul, beautiful goniolimon, white-earth wormwood and others. There are also honey plants (chingil, camel thorn, caragana), essential oil plants (thyme, ziziphora, snakehead), medicinal plants, etc.

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Fauna of the Altyn-Emel park

According to preliminary data, the insect fauna includes more than 5,000 species, of which only beetles, or beetles, living in the riparian forest, at least 500. 25 species are listed in the Red Book. These are dragonflies (beauty girl and watcher-emperor), praying mantis (short-winged bolivaria), grasshoppers (steppe hake, dark-winged grasshopper); Coleoptera (Solsky ground beetle, Chicherina marrow, musky Ili woodcutter, Galuso woodcutter, tamarisk barbel, spotted ladybug, chylocorus two-spotted); hymenoptera (steppe scolia, yellow-winged sphex, Haberhauer's prionix, etc.); Diptera and Lepidoptera (turanga sash, Myrmekida's pigeon and Tatyana's pigeon), etc.

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The vertebrate fauna is also very diverse. In r. Ili and the Kapchagai reservoir are inhabited by 20 species of fish, including 5 native species, three of which (Balkhash perch, Ili marinka and monochromatic sloth) are endemic. The rest of the fish are acclimatized (carp, grass carp, silver carp, asp, catfish, bream, pike perch, Caspian vobla, etc.). Thorn, Aral barbel, Ili marinka and Balkhash perch are Red Book species.

There are only 3 types of amphibians - green toad, Siberian and lake frogs. Reptiles are represented by 25 species. In the mountains, the Alai bald eye, muzzle, steppe viper, patterned snake are common, and in the desert and semi-desert - steppe tortoise, takyr and motley roundheads, skink and gray geckos, steppe agama, several species of foot-and-mouth disease, arrow-snake and others.

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There are about 200 species of birds, of which 174 are nesting. 18 species are listed in the Red Book: black stork, white-eyed duck, osprey, serpent eagle, imperial eagle, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, vulture, bearded vulture, kumai, saker falcon, gray crane, belladonna, beauty bustard, brown dove, black-bellied grouse, saja, owl.

There are more than 70 species of mammals in the park, including 7 Red Book species: stone marten, ligature, Central Asian river otter, Tien Shan mountain sheep, snow leopard, goitered gazelle and wild ass. Altyn-Emel is home to the largest populations of goitered gazelle (4,000 heads) and Siberian ibex (about 1,500 individuals). In addition, there are 4 more artiodactyl species (wild boar, roe deer, saiga, argali) and 2 odd-toed ungulates (kulan and Przewalski's horse).

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At the beginning of the last century, throughout the flat territory of Kazakhstan from the river. Ural to the lake. Zaisan was inhabited by kulans. But by the mid-thirties, the last individuals were found only at the foot of the Khantau and Katutau ridges and in the lower reaches of the river. Or. In 1982, kulans were brought to the Sholak Mountains, but of a different, Turkmen subspecies (the endemic Kazakh subspecies disappeared in 1937). Released into the wild, they quickly mastered the new territory and currently more than 400 individuals live in the open spaces of the park. Another rare species, the Przhevalsky horse, disappeared from the territory of Kazakhstan in the century before last, and from the wild in general - in the second half of the last century. To date, wild horses have survived only in a few zoos in the world. In 2003, in order to restore the species in nature, several horses were brought from Germany. Now they have already got used to the new conditions.

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The Almaty Reserve has a difficult history. It was created on May 15, 1931 as Malo-Alma-Ata with an area of ​​15,000 hectares. In 1935, after increasing its area to 40,000 hectares, and then to 856,680 hectares, it became known as Alma-Ata and, in addition to the Malaya Alma-Atinka basin, included the Zhalanash and Sogetinskaya valleys with adjacent mountains. However, in 1939, the transfer of individual sections of its territory to various organizations began, and in 1951 the reserve was liquidated.

Only on July 31, 1961, by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR No. 524, the reserve was restored, but already on the territory of the Chilik, Tabankaragay and Tauchilik forest dachas. Three years later, in 1964, it was transferred to the modern territory - to the basin of the Issyk and Talgar rivers. Currently, the reserve covers an area of ​​71,700 hectares. The central estate is located in Talgar, 25 km from Almaty.

The main goal of the reserve is to preserve the natural complexes of the central part of the Zailiysky Alatau, including objects of flora and fauna, as well as to study the patterns of natural development of these complexes.

The Zailiysky Alatau Ridge is the location of the reserve, located in the north of the Tien Shan mountain system. In its central part, it forms the Talgar mountain junction, where it reaches its maximum height (Talgar peak - 4979 m above sea level). In the protected area, several powerful spurs branch off from the main ridge of the Zailiysky Alatau, which are the watersheds of the rivers. The most abundant rivers are the South-East, Left, Middle and Right Talgars, as well as Issyk and South Issyk. With a relatively shallow depth (up to 1 m) and width (from 5 to 10 m), their rapid flow is due to a large elevation difference. The energy of water is so great that monolithic rocks are ground, crushed and ground into sand, giving way to its powerful onslaught. The raging mass rushes down with a roar, dragging huge stone boulders with it, and sometimes demolishing concrete engineering structures.

The upper reaches of large rivers, originating in glaciers, enliven moraine and dammed lakes. The largest lake Muzkol is located in the upper reaches of the river. Issyk (3600 m above sea level), its area is 46,300 sq.m, and the depth is 25.5 m. In the basin of this river there are two lakes of landslide-tectonic origin - Issyk and Akkol. The most beautiful Lake Issyk existed in its original form until 1963. On a hot July day, a destructive mudflow broke through a natural dam in a matter of minutes and wiped out a picturesque mountain miracle from the “face” of the earth. The preserved eastern bay of the lake is now slowly filling with water and gradually increasing.

All major rivers and lakes receive their main recharge from the melting of glaciers, which are very numerous in the reserve. Only on the northern side of the ridge there are 113 of them. The largest Shokalsky glacier, located in the basin of the river. Middle Talgar, has a length of almost 5 km. It pulsates with a frequency of 20-24 years. The tongue of the glacier cracks into numerous blocks and quickly moves down. On the southern side of the ridge, at the source of the Chilik River, there is a powerful knot of modern glaciation, which includes 86 glaciers. The largest of them are the Korzhenevsky glacier, about 12 km long, and the Bogatyr glacier, more than 8 km long.

There are many other unique creations of nature on the territory of the reserve. In the upper reaches of the Pryamaya Shchel tract, there is the largest glacier in the Northern Tien Shan, about 3.5 km long. It moves at a speed of several tens of centimeters per year and has the lowest location (2400 m a.s.l.) among the active glaciers in the region. There are also thermal springs in the reserve, for example, in the zone of underground faults of the river basin. Talgar (1850 m a.s.l.). The waters of the springs are radon and sodium.

A wide variety of natural conditions of the territory of the reserve is primarily due to a clearly defined altitudinal zonality.

Landscapes of low mountains are presented in the range of altitudes from 1200 to 1800 m above sea level. seas. In the upper part of the low-mountain belt, there are frequent outcrops of bedrock along steep slopes, but in general, soft relief forms predominate. On the northern slopes, deciduous forests of birch, aspen, apple and apricot alternate with tall grass meadows and thickets of shrubs. The soils are mountain forest and mountain steppe, sometimes stony. The southern slopes are dominated by grass-forb steppes on mountain leached chernozems, as well as shrub thickets with the participation of meadowsweet, wild rose, honeysuckle and creeping Cossack juniper.

The middle mountains (up to 2800 m) occupy the forest-meadow-steppe belt. On the northern slopes and areas with a deeply dissected relief, dense islands of forests of Schrenk spruce are common - an unusually spectacular decoration of the mountains of the reserve in all seasons of the year. More gentle slopes are occupied by meadows with rich herbage. In the upper part of the slopes, outcrops of rocks and coarse scree are not uncommon. Thickets of birch, various types of willows and Talas poplar stretch in a narrow strip along the river valleys, and spruce in the upper part. The southern slopes are occupied by grass-forb steppes. The relief is relatively shallow, but densely dissected. The soils of the forest-meadow belt are also diverse. Under the canopy of spruce forests, dark-colored chernozem-like soils are developed, on treeless areas - mountain-meadow and mountain-steppe.

The subalpine belt (2700-3100 m) is characterized by good sodiness of the slopes. The hilly-morainic bottoms of the valleys are occupied by kobresia-forb subalpine meadows. The northern slopes are covered with forb-cereal meadows with dense herbage. Raw alpine meadows - sazs - are found in flat depressions. The southern slopes at the upper border of the forest are bordered by dense thickets of creeping juniper, and the glades are covered with meadow-steppe vegetation. Significant areas here are occupied by talus and rock outcrops. The soils of the subalpine belt are predominantly mountain-meadow, and in wet meadows - meadow-marsh.

The Alpine belt extends to the foot of modern moraines and glaciers (3400 m). Cobresia meadows predominate in the lower half of the belt, while mixed herb-cobresia lawns predominate in the upper half. The lower areas are occupied by grass-forb meadows, which are distinguished by the diversity of brightly flowering species. The soils under these meadows are thin, peaty, sometimes slightly waterlogged. Alpine steppes are widespread on the fine-earth slopes of southern exposure. The soils of such areas are heavily gravel from the very surface.

The upper part of the mountains is occupied by a glacial-nival zone, where two altitudinal belts are clearly distinguished. In the nival (3400-3900 m) rocky-scree landscapes with sparse herbaceous vegetation dominate. Glacial belt (above 3900 m) - a belt of rocks, snow and ice.

Active rest in the reserves of Kazakhstan.

“No matter how much we believe in the mercy of the nature-creator,
If in the spring world, bounty without end,
If our cattle are fat, if there is plenty of food,
If people's hearts beat joyfully

Abay Kunanbaev.

Tours in the Almaty reserve.

Almaty State Reserve was organized in May 1931 where in the river basin Malaya Alma-Atinka on an area of ​​about 13,000 hectares. Already by 1935, the territory of the reserve was more than 600,000 hectares.
In February 1935, the reserve was given the status of a state reserve, and over the next 5 years its area reached almost 1 million hectares. Location, area size and accessibility.
The reserve is located in the southeast Kazakhstan, in the central part of the ridge Zailiyskiy Alatau, which is the northernmost chain. The main part of the protected area, about three quarters, is located on the northern macroslope of the ridge in the basins of the Talgar and Chilik rivers.
The western border of the territory runs along River Left Talgar, northern - by river Right Talgar, and the eastern one - along the crest of a high spur dividing the river valleys Esik and Turgen.
The length of the border of the reserve from west to east in a straight line is more than 32 km.
The rest of the border - the southern one - passes near the Toguzak pass and through glacier Bogatyr, upstream Chilik river to the spur between the rivers Kosbulak-2 and Tamchy. Here is the rest - a smaller part of the reserve, it presents the southern high-mountain slopes of the Zailiysky Alatau.
The protected area is within 1500 - 4979 m above sea level. In addition to the highest peak of the Zailiysky Alatau - Peak Talgar 4973 meters above sea level, in the reserve 4 more peaks exceed 4500 meters above sea level, these are peaks - Aktau 4686 meters above sea level, Korp 4631 meters above sea level, Bogatyr 4626 meters above sea level and Metallurg 4600 meters above sea level. The main crest of the ridge within the reserve does not fall below 4200 m above sea level.
Administratively, the reserve is located on the territory Talgar and Enbekshi-Kazakh districts of Almaty region, Republic of Kazakhstan. Geographic coordinates of the central part of the protected area - 42 96 "05" - 77 22 "33"".
The area of ​​the protected area is 71,700 ha. Around the border of the reserve, a 2-kilometer Ile-Alatau State National Natural Park.
The territory of the reserve is divided into two sections: Talgar with an area of ​​40652 hectares (105 quarters), Esiksky with an area of ​​31,048 hectares (36 blocks). A total of 14 inspection rounds. The central estate of the reserve is located in city ​​of Talgar, 25 km from the southern capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty.
Almaty has an international airport, railway and bus stations. Travel to the estate of the reserve from the city of Almaty at any time of the year will take less than an hour. At the central estate there is a "Museum of Nature", where the reserve's excursion service demonstrates the natural components of the protected area (collections of animals, plants, mountain minerals, etc.), and conducts educational environmental and environmental activities.
There is a checkpoint at the entrance to the Talgar site, there is telephone and radio communication with the central estate of the reserve. The duty at the checkpoint is carried out according to the approved schedule, around the clock. Most of the winter, and especially in early spring (March, April), the territory of the reserve is at risk of snow avalanches, and in summer, during the intensive melting of glaciers and, due to this, summer floods on mountain rivers, there is a risk of mudflows and landslides.
The largest mudflows usually occur in July (1963 and 1979). During these periods, visiting the reserve for any purpose is terminated. The entire Trans-Ili Alatau, the adjacent semi-desert territory up to the river. Or deserted mountain ranges Turaigyr, Boguty and Syugaty.
The northern slope of the Trans-Ili Alatau was covered with magnificent coniferous and deciduous forests, and a huge array of saxaul forests stretched along the left bank of the Ili. The floristic composition included more than 1500 species. Many birds and animals lived in the protected areas; only in Syugatinskaya valley flocks of goitered gazelles wandered, now brought into Red Book of Kazakhstan.
In the post-war years, a gradual reduction in protected areas began. First, forest areas were seized, then hayfields and other lands. In September 1951, the final liquidation of the reserve took place, which shared the sad fate of many reserves in the country in those years.
The main part of the protected area - about three quarters - is located on the northern slope of the Zailiysky Alatau. The western border of this part runs along the river. Left Talgar, northern - along the river Right Talgar, and eastern - along the crest of a high spur that separates the valleys of the Issyk and Turgen rivers.
The length of this part from west to east is more than 32 km in a straight line. The rest of the territory is located on the southern slope Zailiyskiy Alatau. The border of the protected area is bordered by a two-kilometer protected zone.
But there is in the guise of the reserve and its own, inimitable, unique. The slopes of the mountains, crowned with a powerful ridge of peaks covered with ice and snow, in sharp contrast with the foothill deserts, irresistibly attract to themselves in all seasons.
Within the reserve, the main ridge of the Zailiysky Alatau reaches its highest height and does not fall below 4200 meters above sea level. It is here that most of the peaks of the ridge are located, having a height of more than 4500 m.
Talgar Peak is impressive - the highest point of the entire ridge, well distinguishable even from the foothill plain for many tens of kilometers. The peaks, "headed" by the Talgar peak, form a powerful Talgar knot, which occupies the entire middle part of the reserve.
This is one of the centers of modern glaciation of the Trans-Ili Alatau, the largest glaciers of the Northern Tien Shan are concentrated here: the Korzhenevsky and Bogatyr glaciers. The first reaches a length of 11 km and has an area of ​​38 km.
The second one is slightly inferior to it: length - 9.1 km, area - 30.3 km. Almost as wide glaciers of Shokalsky, Grigoriev, Kassin, Palgov, Kalesnik etc. Unique Talgar mountain knot widely known among the country's climbers.
For more than 40 years, the alpine camp of the allied significance "Talgar" operated here. In 1979 it was destroyed by a mudflow. In the upper reaches of the Issyk gorge there are two high-altitude moraine lakes - Ak-Kol (White), lying at an altitude of 3140 m, and Muz Kol(Ice) 3400 m.
Glaciers sparkle blindingly - Zharsay, Palgova, Grigorieva and others. The Talgar section includes three gorges - Left, Right and Middle Talgar. The longest of them - Left Talgar (more than 30 km) - has, like most others, a direction from south to north.
On the southern slope of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, there are protected gorges of the South-Eastern Talgar, Southern Issyk and a number of other smaller gorges ( Gubar, Kosbulak, Tamchi). The reserve is characterized by a wide development of modern glaciation.
Only in the pool Issyk river there are 49 glaciers (with an area of ​​53 square kilometers). In total, there are 160 glaciers in the reserve (with a total area of ​​233.7 km ") out of 466 known in the Zailiysky Alatau. The river network is well developed.
Quite turbulent rivers 5-7 m wide and up to 1 m deep flow along the bottom of most gorges; many keys. In the northern part of the territory, the largest (from 16 to 28 km long) rivers are Issyk, Left Talgar, Right Talgar and Middle Talgar.
In the southern part, the South-East Talgar (13 km), which originates from the Bogatyr glacier, and the South Issyk (10 km) flowing into it, flowing from the Korzhenevsky glacier, stand out noticeably. Both rivers are very full-flowing, especially in the warm season. South-Eastern Talgar and Zhangyryk, merging, give rise to the river. Chilik - the largest in the Northern Tien Shan.
Chilik 10 - 12 km flows along the border of the reserve. The rivers are fed mainly by the seasonal melting of snow, firn fields and glaciers. The flood period begins in April and lasts throughout the spring and summer.
Water flow reaches in July - August 12 - 15 cubic meters per second or more. On some hot days, as well as after heavy rains, the rivers turn into roaring frantic streams that destroy the banks and carry large stones, gravel and sand.
In winter, the rivers are shallow, do not freeze, but on bends and turns they form powerful ice, and in narrow places - arched cornices of ice and snow between the banks. There are almost three dozen small (from 0.1 to 3.8 hectares) high-altitude moraine and glacial lakes in the reserve.
All of them lie in the beds of temporary streams and feed mainly on melt water. These lakes are usually very deep and store significant volumes of water.

Sources:
Ishkov E.Reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2006. Under the general editorship of Roman Yashchenko. International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN - TheWorldconservationUnion. Physical and geographical features (according to Kerteshev, Vagapov, Yashchenko, 2001).Reserves of the USSR. Reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Moscow "Thought", 1990

Photo
Alexander Petrov, Sergei Mikhalkov.