Porkh L.Z., Dictionary of winds. What is the name of the east wind Cold and strong northwest wind

DICTIONARY OF WINDS

Wind is the most important characteristic of weather and climate. The wind causes the movement and mixing of air and carries impurities suspended in it. The wind promotes the exchange of heat, moisture and energy between the underlying surface and the atmosphere, and also transports huge air masses in the general atmospheric circulation system. Many natural processes and phenomena are associated with the action of the wind. Strong winds cause soil erosion, dust storms, unrest on water bodies, and hurricanes and storms cause destruction and flooding of the coast. The wind has a significant impact on the work of numerous sectors of the national economy: agriculture, aviation, sea, river, road and rail transport, utilities, etc.

The Dictionary contains the names and characteristics of winds and wind systems on planetary and local scales, as well as some synoptic, meteorological, hydrodynamic, technical, geographical and marine terms and characteristics related to the action of winds.

For the convenience of using the Dictionary, terms and concepts are grouped in two parts: the first (main) part gives the names and characteristics of winds and wind systems, as well as some terms related to the genesis of winds; in the second part - meteorological, synoptic, geological and Pomeranian terms and concepts characterizing the action of winds. In addition, the second part includes some special terms that are necessary for understanding the main entries of the first part of the dictionary, as well as place names associated with the wind.

The Dictionary contains terms and concepts found in various literary sources both in Russian and in some foreign languages. When compiling the Dictionary, encyclopedic and special dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, monographs and individual studies were used. In addition, materials of the author's long-term correspondence with some meteorological institutions, stations and libraries of the Soviet Union, as well as with the meteorological services of the German Democratic Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, Sweden, Spain, France, etc.

It should be noted that textbooks on climatology and meteorology and special reference books, as a rule, contain very brief information about the main wind systems and winds. The “Meteorological Dictionary” by S. P. Khromov and L. I. Mamontova, the “Geographical Dictionary” by S. V. Kolesnik and others also describe only the main and best known winds and wind systems. D. Stump's Dictionary of General Geographical Terms lists the names of some local (local) winds in foreign countries. There are many similar winds in the USSR and, unfortunately, they are not mentioned in dictionaries or textbooks.

However, due to the expansion and improvement of the observation system, as well as the development of previously uninhabited territories, in recent years, meteorologists and weather forecasters have begun to pay more and more attention to local winds as an important factor affecting weather conditions and human production activities.

When compiling the characteristics of the winds, the author proceeded from the definitions established in Soviet geographical science. The unevenness of the completeness of the representation of a number of terms is due to their different significance, the degree of study and illumination in the literature.

The dictionary does not claim to be exhaustive. Some definitions may seem subjective; this is due to the difference in the views of the authors of a number of works and monographs, from which the definitions and spellings of names are drawn.

The author expresses his deep gratitude to all the specialists who kindly answered his inquiries, read individual sections of the manuscript and made useful comments that contributed to the improvement of the book. The author will be grateful for any comments, additions, suggestions regarding the content and structure of the Dictionary and asks to send them to the author at the Ukrainian Research Institute of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology (252028, Kyiv, Nauky Ave., 105).

How to use the Dictionary

The terms in the Dictionary are in alphabetical order. Multi-word terms are placed without inversion. For example, GEOSTROPHIC WIND, not GEOSTROPHIC WIND. Article titles are given in bold capital type, synonyms are in light lower case type, separated by commas. The most common synonyms are listed alphabetically with a link to the main article. The description of the wind in the article for the synonym is not given. If the name of the wind does not fully correspond to a foreign word, then “from” is indicated in brackets after the title of the article (for example, from German Glets-chcr), if the name of the wind fully corresponds, then without “from”.

Geographical names in foreign languages ​​are given only if the difficulty of pronunciation can cause distortion of the word.

The title of each article corresponds to the most famous title (sound) in Russian.

References to articles within one part are in italics, references to articles in another part are in spacing. When the term is repeated within the article, abbreviations are accepted (for example, BREEZE-B., GLACIER WIND -L.v.).

In articles that combine a group of winds (for example, WINDS ON THE DANUBE), all winds or winds of the main points are listed. At the same time, for the territory of the USSR, in some cases, a general characteristic of the wind is given (for example, WINDS ON LAKE BAIKAL), despite the fact that a separate article is devoted to each of the winds of this group. In other cases, the merging article lists all the winds in the area with brief characteristics, and the articles provide cross-references with the name of each of these winds (for example, WINDS ON LAKE TOBA).

Since in many places the winds are called according to the -sides of the horizon (countries of the world), these names (synonyms) are given in the Dictionary in different languages ​​(see, for example, WEST).

The concepts related to the action of the winds are collected in the second part and presented there also in alphabetical order.

1. Names of winds and wind systems

A

ABAZA, obaza - a strong northeast or east wind on the Lower Danube and off the western shores of the Black Sea. Sometimes reaches the strength of the cruel storm. Accompanied in winter snowstorms and severe frosts. Dangerous for fishing boats. Cm. Winds on the Danube.

ABODIER(Pomorsk.) - calm in a clear sky, a quiet sunny day on the shores of the northern seas of the USSR. Wed Alkyonides.

ABREGO(Spanish: abrego) - Moderate humid southwesterly wind in southwestern Spain. It is accompanied by short, but heavy rains. Occurs when a cyclonic eddy moves from the southwest to the Gulf of Cadis.

ABROLOS, cambueiros (port, abrolhos, cambuei-ros) - winter (May-August) frontal squalls from rains on the southeastern coast of Brazil, as well as in the area of ​​the Abrolhos bank.

AVAL(fr. aval) - stable downwind on the Atlantic coast of France, blowing up the river valleys: in the north-west of France mainly from the west, in the south-east - from the south-east. Wed Amon.

AVALANSHVIND- cm. Avalanche wind.

AVGONGADAUR(English dial. avgongadaur) - a period of windless clear weather in the Faroe Islands. Wed Alkyonides.

AVGON CHAMOLI- cm. Afghan.

AVR(French avre) - a warm wind in winter and a cold summer in Luc-en-Diois (dep. Drome, France). Wed Evr.

AUSTRALIAN MONSSON A wind that blows from the ocean towards the Australian continent in summer and from the continent towards the ocean in winter. In the north of Australia, the warm and humid northwestern A. low sometimes penetrates as far as Queensland, and in the south the cold southern A. low reaches Sydney. In winter, in the north of the continental anticyclone, which forms monsoon air currents, dominates southeast trade wind, in the south - the west wind. Wed Burster, Brickfielder.

AGEY, aiguola (fr. agueil, aiguolas) - a cold east wind in the southern part of the Cévennes (France). It is accompanied by cloudy weather, often with rain and snow. In the spring it often lasts for several days.

AG EL(azerb.) - dry wind in the Kura-Araks lowland (in Baku, Kazakh, Shamakhi, etc.). It is a strong eastern flow of tropical air, sometimes with a speed of 10 m/s or more at an air temperature of up to 40 °C. Usually seen in spring and summer. Wed Ate it myself.

AG KULEK(azerb.) - warm east or southeast wind in Shamakhi, Maraz, etc. (Azerbaijan). Wed Ag spruce.

ADEN CYCLONES-tropical cyclones of the Arabian Sea moving westward (to the Gulf of Aden). The speed of their movement is low (10-20 km/h). The zone of strong winds has a radius of up to 180 km. The pressure drop in the cyclone reaches 40 hPa. The strongest wind is observed to the west of about. Socotra. In the open sea in the southern sector of A. c. the monsoonal southwest wind sometimes reaches storm strength. Cm. Arabian cyclones.

ADJINA-SHAMOL(taj.) - squally northern damn wind, blowing in the south of Tajikistan from the Kardzhalad-Kum desert. Accompanied by high air temperature, in summer up to 50 °C. The wind raises huge masses of hot sand, damages cotton leaves, uproots trees, and fills streams and canals with sand. For protection against squalls and wind drifts near cities create protective plantings of saxaul.

ADRIATIC BORA- cold and strong (sometimes up to 60 m/s) north or northeast wind blowing from the mountain passes between the Alps and the Dinar Highlands towards the Adriatic Sea, over the coast of Dalmatia, between the Istrian peninsula and Dubrovnik. On the slopes of the mountains facing the sea, a strong wind is observed in a layer up to a height of 800 m. Above the sea, it sharply weakens and intensifies only on the windward slopes of the mountainous islands. A. b. may last from several days to several weeks. Great strength A. b. called boracia, and small force borino.

Distinguish black cyclonic B. - Skura(B. scura), accompanied by rain and often spreading into the sea at a distance of up to 60 km, and white anticyclonic B. - chiara(B. chiara), sometimes rampant along the entire coast of Yugoslavia in clear skies and not penetrating far into the sea. However, with white boron, the tops of the mountains are covered with clouds. Black A. b. occurs when cyclones pass through the central part of the Adriatic Sea. At the same time, a warm and humid wind blows in the south of the coast of Yugoslavia. southd, and in the north of the coast - A. b.

At sea A. b. whips up the waves, tearing off their crests, resulting in a kind of fog (see. Spalmejjo).

A. b. blows mainly in winter, when the ground is frozen or covered with snow. It intensifies in the morning, and in the evening it subsides or weakens. Continues for long periods of time. Due to the high frequency of A. b. A peculiar belt of aeolian-marine deposits has formed along the coast, and vegetation is completely absent on the coast in places. To protect gardens and fields from A. b. they build stone walls, stretch ropes for pedestrians along the streets.

The wind is especially strong in the region of Trieste, Rijeka, Idriya, Pula, Klenovica, in the Bay of Kotorska, Vrulje and Makarska bays, at the mouth of the Neretva River, between about. Žirje and cape Ploce and further in Zadar bay (zadar bora), Harbor Senj (senskaya bora), in the Kvarner Strait (kvarner); here between Cape Kamenyak and about. Union at A. b. may arise tornadoes, while on the high seas there is no wind. The direction of the wind on the coast depends on the features of the relief. Before the beginning of A. b. clouds rise above the tops of mountains (for example, over the mountains Rukovets and Velebit) and break.

AE(Hawaii.) - northeastern scalding trade wind in the Hawaiian Islands.

ASIAB(arab, aziab)- khamsin, moistened while moving over the Red Sea; brings stuffiness to the coast.

ASIATIC MUSSON - winter northeast and summer southwest monsoon in the northern Indian Ocean. Cm. Monsoon.

AZOVEC- dry wind in the Sea of ​​Azov.

AI- (Evenk) - cold downwind, blowing in the valley Olekma. It is observed mainly in the cold season. Wed Lamus.

AIR DE CARTAGENA - see.Leveche.

IRON WIND(English, iron wind - iron wind) - northeast wind in Central America. It blows for several days in February - March. Wed Norzer.

AKVILON(from lat. aquilo - north) - a cold north or northeast wind in Rome and a deity personifying this wind in Roman mythology. Cm. Boreas, Septeitri.

AKMAN, tukman - heavy snow snowstorm in Bashkiria, marking the transition to spring. Wed Equinox storms.

ALISIO(Spanish alisio - Punic, Carthaginian wind), elise - dry northeast trade wind in the Canary Islands and off the coast of Spain. Wed Tiempo del Monte.

ALLERSEELENWINTER(German: Allerseelenwin-ter) - unstable northern winds in early November in Central Europe, accompanied by a short return of cold weather.

ALLERHEILIGENWIND(German: Allerheiligen-wind), Allerheiligenzommer - a warm wind like a föhn and föhn weather in the Alps.

ALSION DAYS(English, halcyon days) - calm days, quiet sunny weather in England during the winter solstice. Wed Alkyonides.

ALUGU-cm. Winds on Lake Toba.

ALU DE VAN(French aloup de vent) - cold night wind in the Brevenne Valley (France).

ALUSTON- a strong wind like a hair dryer blowing from the Angarsk pass to Alushta.

ALBANI DOCTOR- cm. Doctor.

ALBE(fr. albe) - southwestern Spanish wind, warm and humid in the Eastern Pyrenees, blowing along the slopes of Alberia towards Perpignan in the basin of the river. Sonya. Sometimes preceded by rain with a thunderstorm. In some areas of France, it is southern. Occurs when the southwestern airflow covers a significant part of Western Europe. Exciting effect on some sick people. See howling d"espan. Wed Garbi.

ALBERTVILLE, alberville (fr. albertville) - a dry northwest wind in partly cloudy weather in the Albertville valley (Isère basin, France).

ALBTALWEIND(German Albtalwind) - night mountain wind in the alpine meadows of the Northern Black Forest.

AL DE MARS(fr. hale de mars) - dry and cold north, northeast or east wind (visas) in area of ​​the Morvan mountain range and in a number of areas of the dep. Yura (France).

ALKYONIDES- windless and warm days in winter in Greece (Alcyone is the mythical daughter of the god of the winds Eol). Wed Abodier, Alsion deyz.

ALMWIND(German Almwind) - south wind type hair dryer, blowing from Hungary and Slovakia through the Tatras to Zakopane (Poland). Sometimes it reaches a speed of 25 m / s. Especially strong A. is observed in spring and autumn. With wind, the air temperature rises by 10-15 °C.

ALPA- cm. Aperwind.

ALPINE HAIR DRYER-cm. Fen.

ALTAN, altanus (lat. altanus) - sea wind. Cm. Otan.

AMBA(fr. amba) - a soft fresh south wind in the river basin. Rhone. Wed Embat, Embatis, Imbat.

AMON, van d "amon (fr. vent d" amont) - riding wind. On the Atlantic coast of France, it is predominantly eastern or northern, in Boulogne it is northeastern, in the dep. Oise and on the heights of Persh (dep. Somma) - northwestern, in the south of the Central Massif - northern or northeastern (such as biza). Wed Aval.

ANABATIC WIND(from the Greek. anabaino - rise, ascend) - an upward wind directed up the slopes or along the surface of a layer of denser air. For example, valley wind. At the upper boundary of the ascending air flow, a well-defined surface of the surface haze layer is formed, which often coincides with the level of the surrounding peaks. A. in. contributes to the separation of vortices from the slopes, especially if the leeward slope faces the Sun. Wed Ka-tabatic wind.

ANGARA - riding northern or northeastern katabatic wind type burs, blowing from the river valley Upper Angara.

ANGIN(Indon. angin) - breeze on the islands of Malaysia: A. darat (A. darat) - coastal breeze; A. laut - sea ​​breeze.

ANGIN RIBUT- cm. Ribut.

ANGREN WIND - mountain wind in Angren. The runoff of relatively cold air from the mountains to the Angren Valley (Central Asia). In the lower part of the valley, the air flow is already sufficiently warmed up due to adiabatic compression and acquires the features hair dryer.

ANDER, andro (dial. Italian. andre, andro) - moderate, sometimes strong south wind on the lake. Garda (Italy).

ANCOMBR(fr. encombres), - north wind in partly cloudy weather, blowing from the pass in Saint-Martin-la-Porte (France).

ANTIBREEZE- the upper branch of the breeze circulation, directed opposite to the lower branch - breeze.

ANTILLEAN HURRICANE- tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean, arising in the region of the Antilles. When moving along the initial branch of the trajectory, it can penetrate to Florida and the coast of the continent, then, after turning to the north and northeast, it moves along the return branch of the trajectory. A. y. in some cases reach Iceland and Scandinavia. Their average frequency is 10 times a year. Most often they are observed in July - September.

ANTIMUSSON- the upper branch of the monsoon circulation, the air current over monsoon direction opposite to it. It is part of the zonal (western) flow prevailing at these heights.

ANTIPASSAT, counter trade wind - air current over trade winds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of tropical latitudes, which has a predominantly western and southwestern direction in the northern hemisphere and a northwestern direction in the southern hemisphere. It starts at an altitude of 2-4 km, 600-700 km from the equator. A. is better developed in the northern hemisphere. In the winter hemisphere, it carries the air that has risen during intratropical convergence zone. At around 200 hPa, this high-risejet flow. Continuous and regular A. does not exist.

ANTICYCLONIC HAIR DRYER - hair dryer from the free atmosphere. AOGITA(jap.) - north wind (monsoon) in the north of Kamijima blowing towards the Korea Strait (Tsushima Islands).

APARKTY(Greek aparktias) - the north wind in Greece and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is usually associated with clearing, but sometimes accompanied by squally clouds and brings a strong cooling.

UP VALLEY- cm. Lower(grassroots) wind.

APERWIND(German Aperwind), Alps (German alpach - open) - spring hair dryer in the Alps, bringing thaw, evaporating snow and exposing the soil like snow-eater.

APELIOTES(other Greek apheliotes) - see Aphelion.

APOGEE WINDS - coastal winds in Greece.

ARAB WINDS - cm. Garbi.

ARABIAN AND ASIAN STORMS - the common name for red and yellow storms in the deserts and semi-deserts of Asia Minor and in the east of the Mediterranean. Cm. Sirocco, Khamsin, Khabub.

ARABIAN CYCLONES -tropical cyclones Arabian Sea. Observed infrequently (1-2 times a year) mainly in May - June and October - November, i.e. during periods of change monsoons. Cm. Aden cyclones.

ARAKATI(port, aracaty) - northeast wind in the state of Ceara (Brazil).

ARAKCHINKA- north wind blowing from the left bank of the river. Volga to the right southwest of Kazan (from the side of the village of Arakchno to the village of Verkhny Uslon).

WATERMELON WIND-see.Karpuz meltemi, Meltem.

ARV(fr. arves) - west wind from the Jarier pass (Savoie dep., France).

ARGEST(other Greek argestes) is a dry west-north-west wind in Greece and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is accompanied by a clearing, but is occasionally associated with thunderclouds and hail. In the Ionian Sea is a variety etesium.

THE ARDENNE WIND(fr. vent d "ardennes) - wind from the Ardennes; in the south of the mountains - north, in the north of France - southeast.

ARI(fr. ari) - winter northeast wind in dep. Yura (France).

ARIFI(arab, arifi)- cm. Sirocco.

CHINUK ARCH, Chinook arc, Chinook collar - arcsquall and a cloudy shaft in the zone hair dryer or burs. It looks like a thick cloudy sleeve - a collar parallel to the mountain range. A. h. is observed, for example, over the Rocky Mountains in America, over the foothills of the Ciscarpathian region during southwestern tropospheric currents, and in the Sudetes. The appearance of A. h. is a sign of the presence standingmountain waves over the leeward slopes of the mountains. Flight in the A. h. zone is dangerous. Wed Chinook.

ARCTIC HIGH ALTITUDE JET CURRENT- a strong wind in the troposphere of high latitudes at a level of 5-7 km, associated with the Arctic atmospheric front, which separates the Arctic and polar air masses.

ARKYRAGAN SHAMAL(Kyrgyzstan) - Hurricane in Kyrgyzstan.

ARMAVIR WIND-strong, cold and dusty southeast wind blowing along the river valley. Kuban, in the Armavir corridor-gorge between the Stavropol plateau and the Caucasian foothills. The plateau ends with a ledge, which leads to a cape wind effect. A. in. sometimes reaches a speed of 40 m/s, and winds of 20 m/s occur 70 times a year, most often in winter. A. in. lasts sometimes up to 10 days. Because of the raised dust visibility at And. worsens sometimes up to 50 m. The wind blows the crops. Wind-blown grains of sand damage tree bark and wall plaster. A. in. occurs on the southwestern periphery of the continental anticyclone in the presence of a cyclone in the Black Sea. Cm.

ARMENAZ(fr. armenaz) - west wind in Frontignan - Albertville (dep. Savoie, France).

ARSINE(fr. arslne) - a western wind, accompanied by a thunderstorm and hail in the river valley. Guizan (dep. Hautes-Alpes, France).

ARUERG, rouergue (fr. arouergue, rouergue) is a strong, gusty, warm and humid westerly wind in the south of the Central Massif in the region of Mount Aigual (France). Usually observed in spring, accompanied by sudden rain, sometimes with hail or sleet. Favorable for the development of vegetation. Wed Rouerga.

ARYS WIND-dry and dusty gusty wind in the valley of the river. Arys. Represents stock cold air from the mountains and spurs of the western tip of the Talas Alatau. Occurs at any time of the year. Often accompanied in summer dust storm.

ASGARDWEG(Swedish, aasgardweg) - destructive thrombus (tornado) in Sweden.

ASIFAT(arab. asifat) - tropical cyclone Arabian Sea. Cm. Arabian cyclones.

ASPR(fr. aspre) - soft and dry northeast wind of the type hair dryer. The flow of heated air from the mountains of the Massif Central to the Garonne lowland (France). Cm. Lou cantalier.

ASTRAKHAN- dry east or southeast wind in the Stavropol Territory, Kalmykia, Salsky steppes. Sometimes accompanied dust storm. Similar Armavir wind. In Kuban it is called Stavropol, A. reaches storm speed most often in the cold and transitional seasons of the year. Lasts up to a week. Increases during the day and weakens at night. In winter, it brings humid and relatively warm air from the unfrozen part of the Kacnian Sea, often accompanied by advective fogs. Cm. Eastern winds in the south of the ETC and in the North Caucasus.

ATOS FALLWIND(German Athos Fallwind) - falling winds, suddenly breaking down from the slopes of Mount Athos on the southeastern tip of the peninsula of Agion-Oros. A. f. usually observed during summer evenings or nights and can reach great strength. Especially dangerous for ships. A sign of the beginning of A. f. is sharply defined white clouds over the mountains.

AURO, aure (fr. aoigo) - soft, humid, moderate (sometimes to strong) west wind in the south of France. In winter it is accompanied by heavy rain or snow, in summer it is accompanied by thunderstorms and hail. Distinguish: A. Rousseau (A. rousso) - winter western wind, accelerating the melting of snow; A. de Meyruis (A. de Meyrueis) --southwestern squall; A. negro (A. negro) - northwest and west wind with cloudy weather; A. bass (A. bas-se) - southwest wind; A. du Mezenc (A. du Me-zenc) - west wind, in dep. Ardèche. In some places, A. acquires features base. Wed Oro, Orasso.

AUST-EP, Austrian (from lat. austellus - south breeze) - warm south, sometimes southwest wind in Rome and throughout the Mediterranean basin. Wed Acute.

AUSTRIAFRICUS-south-southwest wind in Italy. Cm. Libonotos.

AUSTRU- southeast, south or southwest wind in the Danube lowland. In winter, it brings clear weather to the leeward valleys (due to the effect of a hair dryer), at night - a cold snap. Wed Krivets.

AFAT(Azerbaijan) - summer (May - June) warm dry wind of mainly easterly direction in Zangelan (Azerbaijan). Sometimes it has a southerly direction, and occasionally it has a northerly direction. Tears leaves and small fruits from trees, dries up vegetation. Dangerous for crops.

AFGHAN, avgon shamoli (uzb.) - a very strong and dusty western or southwestern wind in the eastern Karakum desert and in the Surkhandarya region. It blows for several hours, sometimes up to two days, up the valleys of the Amudarya, Syrdarya, Vakhsh rivers. Accompanied dustystorm and a thunderstorm. In Termez, there are up to 70 days a year. A. oppresses vegetation, falls asleep with sand and dust of the field, and demolishes the fertile layer of soil. In early spring, it is accompanied by showers and a sharp cold snap to frost, destroying cotton seedlings. In winter, it is sometimes accompanied by sleet and leads to frostbite and death of livestock caught on the plains.

A. arises in connection with the northwestern frontal intrusions of cold into the Turan lowland. A day or two before A., a thin haze appears in the sky, the luminaries acquire an orange color, the air temperature rises (sometimes up to 45 ° C in summer), humidity decreases, and atmospheric pressure drops. Whirlwinds and tornadoes appear as the atmospheric front approaches. Suddenly, a solid wall of dust comes crashing down from behind the Kelif Highlands with a gale-force westerly wind. Then, after a brief lull, the wind speed again increases to 20 m/s or more. A. reaches its greatest strength in Termez and east of the Kelif gates.

The southwestern flow of heavily dusty air reaches the Alai Valley and often penetrates into Xinjiang, into the basin of the river. Tarim. The weakening of the wind is accompanied by a sharp increase in pressure and some cooling. At the same time, along the middle course of the Amudarya, west of the Kelif Gorge, an easterly prefrontal wind, as well as a wind of 120 days, can blow.

APHELION, apeliotes (lat. apeliotes) - a warm east wind in Greece, blowing "from the Sun" (sunny wind), and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is sometimes accompanied by small showers. Cm. Solaris.

AFRICAN WAVES - disturbances of the atmosphere of a cyclonic scale, arising as a result of hydrodynamic instability of the atmosphere over Central and East Africa and propagating to the west. Linked to "hurricanes" also heading west.

AFRICAN WIND, afer, africa, corinthian wind - southwest wind in Rome, as well as in other areas of southern Italy.

AFRICAN MOUSSON - northeasterly wind in southern Africa, which is a southeasterly deflected off the coast of the continent trade wind Most often observed in September - February. Cm. Tropical monsoon.

AFRICAN HURRICANE - see.Hurricane.

AFROASIAAN SUMMER MOUSSON -monsoon off the northeast coast of Africa. Cm. Tropical monsoons.

Education local winds associated with the nature of the underlying surface (orography, type of surface - water or land) and temperature. Breezes are local winds of thermal origin. They are better expressed in cloudless anticyclonic weather and are especially often manifested on the western coasts of the tropics, where the heated continents are washed by the waters of cold currents. We grouped other local winds depending on their properties and origin (temperature or type of landscape over which they form) into three groups: cold, mountain-valley and desert. Separately, the local names of the Baikal winds were given.

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A source of information: Romashova T.V. Geography in figures and facts: Educational manual / - Tomsk: 2008.

Pomeranian and Sami names of the winds of the Kola Peninsula and the seas surrounding it.

ABODIE (Pomeranian) - calm in a clear sky, a quiet sunny day on the shores of the northern seas of Russia.

BAYGA (Pomeranian) - see Foggy wind.

BARGUZNIK - northeast wind on the White Sea.

VARYAL, ueryal, pay-varr (Sami.) - the west wind on the Kola Peninsula

WINDS ON THE WHITE SEA - siverko, siver and north (C); midnight, midnight, frostbite, rekostave, barguznik and seaweed (SV); east and east (B); dinner (SE); summer, noon and letnik (Yu); shelonnik and in Mezen pauzhnik (SW); west (W); coastal, deep and golomyannik (NW);

VOLOKUSHA - a blizzard.

VONDULUK - a steady constant wind of any direction on the White Sea.

EAST (Pomeranian) - wind blowing from the east.

VOSCH - wind in the face, headwind on the White Sea.

VSTRETA - head wind on the northern seas of Russia.

Vyvolochny WIND (pomor.) - the wind from the coast in the northern seas of Russia during the sealing period, when prey is dragged ashore, fearing that the ice floe will be carried away by the wind and current into the open sea. Coastal ice is often easily torn off and blown away by the winds into the sea, bare.

Pasture, surge, water conveyor, rein, padun (pomor.) - a wind towards the sea in northern Russia, lowering the water level at the mouth of the river, and the very fact of water loss (as opposed to surge - water gain).

VYERIE-PINK, mer-pink, taal-pink, (Sami) - north wind on the Kola Peninsula.

GOLOMYNYA, bare wind (Pomeranian) - a squally wind blowing in gusts from the White Sea (from its depths). Golomyanny - seaward, related to the open sea.

Wrap up (pomor.) - a whirlwind (blizzard) in northern Pomorie.

ZAGREBA - quiet and warm weather in Pomorie. See Abodier.

ZASIVERKA, zaseverka (pomor.) - cold weather with a north or northeast wind in northern Russia.

ZOREVOY WIND (pomor.) - a weak wind at dawn.
Dawns of the Wind, spirits of the wind (pomor. - light gusts of weak wind).

KESS-PINK (Saami), Nyrte (Tersky dialect), Sauy (Notazer dialect), Owl (Kildin dialect) - south and southwest wind on the Kola Peninsula.

LOSO (Pomorsk) - complete calm on the White Sea Cf. Abodier.

MER-PINK, vyerye-pink, taal-pink (Sami) - north wind on the Kola Peninsula.

OBEDNIK - a warm and dry daytime southeast wind on the Kola Peninsula and in the Volga region. In the north of Russia, this is a wind from the sea, a breeze in sunny weather: “It sways during the day, it will calm down in the evening.”

OTDOR - the wind that drives the fish away from the shores of the White Sea.

PADARA, padar, padera, padora, padra, gift (pomor.) - a storm accompanied by sleet, a blizzard and any bad weather with a strong wind, as well as strong excitement on the water with a fresh wind on the northern coast of Russia. Paderit (pomor.) - blizzard, paderno - blizzard, padera - blizzard.

PAUZHNIK, pouzhnik, pauzhnyak, shelonik, deep (pomor.) - southwest wind on the Kola Peninsula. Pauzhina is the third time of eating during the day for fishermen, between lunch and dinner, when the Sun is in the southwest (pauzhnik - afternoon tea).

PAI-VARR-PINK (Sami.) - the western wind on the Kola Peninsula.

COAST - a northwest wind blowing on the Arkhangelsk coast of the White Sea from the Kola Peninsula.

WEATHER, weather, weather (pomor.) - a piercing wind, a storm with whirlwinds and precipitation (strong wind with rain and snow) in the north of Russia.

POLUNOCHNIK - northeast wind in the north of Russia, blowing from high latitudes (from midnight). On the Yenisei, it is a surge wind, a sign of the coming cold weather, so it is called here a rekostav, a frostbite. In Arkhangelsk, this is a northwest wind. In Europe, these are mesoniktios, midnightwind, mitternacht-seind.

HERRING (SALT) WIND - a surge wind that drives water and fish to the shores of the White Sea and to the mouths of rivers. In Arkhangelsk, this is the north wind (siver, northerners, medium).

TAVVAL-PINK (Sami.) - East wind on the Kola Peninsula. Wed Merpink.

UERYAL (Sami) - see Varyal, Pai-varr.

KHIVOK - light wind on the White Sea.

SHELONIK, shalonik, shelonnik, paugnik - southwest wind in Russia.

On the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea, Sh. is a western or southwestern wind (a sign of a storm at sea);

SURGA (pomor.) - snowstorm, storm, blizzard, blizzard, blizzard in the north of Russia.

Based on the book by L. Z. Porkh "Dictionary of the Winds"

text, L.Z. Porkh, 1983

Selection and HTML version, I. Voinov, 2007

Mountain, Barguzin, Verkhovik, Kultuk, Sarma, Angara

Strong winds, even without taking into account the resulting waves, can be a serious danger to a light tourist vessel. Therefore, it is worth while still on land in a calm atmosphere to get acquainted with the Baikal winds and signs by which one can judge impending troubles.

Baikal is surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges, which have a significant impact on the climate, in particular, on the formation of air currents. The determining factor is the presence of intermountain basins surrounding Baikal, the temperature in which differs significantly from the temperature in the main basin - the Baikal one. The greatest temperature difference occurs in autumn, it reaches 30-40 degrees, which leads to a significant pressure drop and the emergence of powerful air currents.

The average wind load on Lake Baikal depends on the geographic location, time of year and time of day. The most favorable season is the one that interests us most - summer. In June–July, 80% of the time falls on calm or light wind (wave height does not exceed 0.5 m). Strong winds most often occur in autumn, for example, in the region of Olkhon Island in October-December, a strong wind blows on average 58 days out of 100.

During the day, the quietest time is two to three hours after sunrise and about the same before sunset. Calm lasting a day is rare. The following figure with wind roses in different parts of the coast can give an idea of ​​the duration of the calm.

The Baikal wind tends to intensify near capes. Even in complete calm, a small breeze can blow in front of the headlands, and in windy weather, the increase in wind speed can be significant. This should be taken into account when passing rocky capes that drop steeply into the water.

By origin, the winds in the Baikal basin are divided into passing and local winds. The first are associated with the passage of atmospheric fronts and air masses over the lake - these are the strongest winds. Local winds arise from the difference in air temperatures over water and land. A vivid and well-known example is a breeze blowing from the sea to land during the day, and from land to sea at night. Usually the local wind is not dangerous. The exception, apparently, is the pokatuha, which will be discussed below.

Depending on the direction, two main types of Baikal winds are distinguished - longitudinal and transverse. The former blow along the basin of the lake and, due to the considerable length of the acceleration, raise large waves, the latter blow across the basin, they are distinguished by special deceit and ferocity.

A good artistic description of the Baikal winds can be found in O. Gusev's book "The Naturalist on Baikal". According to O. Gusev, there are about 30 local names of winds, often the same wind has several names.

Below is a description and characteristics of the most remarkable air currents found on Baikal. I note that Baikal is not in vain famous for its violent temper, even in the calmest season - summer - strong storms can occur. It often happens that several winds blow at the same time and it is quite difficult to understand which of them we are dealing with. The wind in such situations can almost instantly change direction to the opposite.

Directions of air currents on Baikal and wind roses for the summer period are shown on the map.

Verkhovik

Verkhovik, also known as Angara (the second name is more often used in the northern part of the lake, in the southern part it introduces confusion - the wind that rules at the source of the Angara is also called the Angara). Sometimes the names verkhovka, north, sever are used. It is named so because it blows from the valley of the Upper Angara River, i.e. from the top of the lake.

Verkhovik can blow all over Baikal at the same time. In summer, Verkhovik rarely reaches the southern tip of Lake Baikal, limiting himself to Cape Tolstoy as the southern border (there are six capes with this name on Baikal, in this case, we mean the cape located about 10 km east of the village of Listvyanka). In the northern Baikal, the verkhovik blows from the north, in the middle and southern Baikal - from the northeast.

Especially ferocious Verkhoviks happen before the freezing of Lake Baikal - in December. The wind is not gusty - it usually blows calmly, the weather with such a wind is dry and clear.

Verkhovik usually starts in the morning, after sunrise and often subsides before sunset, but it can blow for a very long time without stopping - up to ten days. Such lingering winds begin from mid-August. Due to the considerable duration and lack of gusts, the surf can create very large waves. This is one of the most famous and significant winds on Baikal.

The harbinger of Verkhovik is the bright red horizon before sunrise.

Kultuk

Kultuk, he is a grassroots worker, lowlander. The wind blowing from the lower, southern tip of Lake Baikal, from the Kultuk Bay (more precisely, from the Kultuchnaya Pad). This is a southwestern wind, it blows in the direction opposite to the Verkhovik, but also along the lake basin. Kultuk brings with it powerful storms, rains and cloudy weather. Sometimes in spring and early summer the kultuk blows even in clear weather. This wind can blow immediately over the entire basin of the lake, but not as long as the verkhovik. Quite often, the kultuk swoops in suddenly, and just as suddenly can give way to the wind of the opposite direction - the verkhovik. Kultuk leads to the strongest storms on Baikal, raising huge gloomy leaden waves.

The gloomy clouds gathering in the southwestern part of Baikal serve as a harbinger of kultuk.

Barguzin

Barguzin - even and strong northeast wind. The names midnighter are also used (sometimes the barguzin blows at night) and the already outdated barguznik. The air flow breaks out of the Barguzin valley.

Unlike the longitudinal winds - Verkhovik and Kultuk - the Barguzin blows across the lake basin and only in its middle part. It is assumed that under certain conditions the Barguzin can reach southern Baikal. In terms of duration and strength, it is inferior to Verkhovik and Kultuk.

Barguzin usually does not blow for more than a day, most often it starts after sunrise and subsides by sunset. Usually barguzin brings sunny weather with it. The wind speed rarely exceeds 20 m/s, but in Barguzinsky Bay it can reach hurricane force.

Mountain

Northwest wind. Refers to cross winds. The cold air flow breaks down from the mountains (hence the name) - from the slopes of the Primorsky and Baikal ridges and spreads its influence only on the western coast of Baikal. Olkhon Buryats in the old days called the mountain wind - khoyta-khaltin or barun-khoyta-khaltin.

The occurrence of this wind is due to the existence of the Primorsky and Baikal mountain ranges on the northern coast of Lake Baikal. Cold Arctic masses, approaching Baikal, accumulate near these mountain ranges, unable to cross them on the move. Having accumulated a critical mass, the cold air passes over the mountains and, accelerating, rushes along the steep slopes to Baikal. In some places of the coast - in the valleys of mountain rivers - there are especially favorable conditions for dispersing air currents. This is how sarma, harahaikha and other varieties of mountain wind of hurricane force arise.

Mountain - the most ferocious and insidious of the Baikal winds. It swoops in suddenly, the speed increases in jumps, the maximum speed of the mountain can reach 40-50 m / s. Mountain is often called sarma, although sarma, like harakhaikha, buguldeika, angara, are varieties of mountain.

There are a number of signs by which you can predict the occurrence of a mountain in advance. In summer, it is often preceded by calm windless weather and sweltering heat, clouds appear over the mountain peaks, gradually forming a gloomy cloudy shaft, stretching over the mountain range. A fairly reliable sign can be a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure.

According to my personal observations, in summer the mountain wind starts most often at night.

Sarma

A strong squally wind escaping from the valley of the Sarma River, which flows into the Small Sea, is a kind of mountain wind. Cold Arctic air from the Prilenskaya Upland, overflowing through the Primorsky Range, enters the Sarma River Valley narrowing towards Lake Baikal - a natural wind tunnel, at the exit of which it reaches hurricane speed.

Sarma can blow continuously for several days, and the wind is so strong that it knocks down trees, overturns ships, rips off roofs from houses and dumps livestock from the shore into the sea. The roofs of houses in the village of Sarma, located in the valley of the river of the same name, are tied to the ground by residents. This wind is most frequent and fierce in autumn and winter. On average, in November the sarma blows for 10 days, in December - 13. Usually the sarma covers the Small Sea and the western part of Baikal, but sometimes it can also be felt on the eastern shore of the lake. Wind speed increases abruptly and quickly reaches hurricane force.

A sign of an approaching sarma is stratocumulus clouds with sharply defined boundaries, gathering over the peaks of the Primorsky Range near the Sarma Gorge. It usually takes 2–3 hours from the beginning of cloud concentration to the first gust of sarma. The last warning is the opening of the "gate" - the appearance of a gap between the tops of the mountains and the lower edge of the clouds. Sometimes you can see wisps of clouds rushing down the mountain slopes. The wind picks up 15–30 minutes after that.

Harahaiha

A kind of mountainous, extremely ferocious squally wind blowing from the valley of the Goloustnaya River. It is especially frequent in autumn and winter, at the same time it is most strong and long-lasting. The name comes from the Buryat "hara" - black.

buguldeyka

Strong transverse wind escaping from the Buguldeyka river valley. Like all mountain winds, it can blow continuously for several days.

Angara

A kind of mountain wind blowing from the valley of the Angara River. Reaches great strength, dispersing ferocious waves in the shallow source of the Angara. Usually blows evenly, without squalls. Brings damp cold weather to the eastern shore. It happens especially often in autumn and winter.

Selenga

Cold transverse southeast wind blowing from the Selenga river valley can reach the western bank and lead to dead swell in the area of ​​Buguldeyka settlement.

Shelonnik

Rolling down from the Khamar-Daban ridge, the air masses that came from Mongolia manifest themselves in the form of a warm southeast wind. The speed of the shelonnik usually does not exceed 10 m/s.

The name, most likely, was brought by the Novgorodians - this is the name of the southeast wind on the Shelon River, which flows into Lake Ilmen. Shelonnik is most often observed in spring, autumn and early winter; it covers only the southern part of the lake. Brings warm weather.

Pokatuha

Strong short-term local squall. Its harbinger can be an elongated cloud or a strip of fog above the water (according to V.P. Bryansky, a cloud-harbinger of a cylindrical shape, rotating around a longitudinal axis, is located in the mountains, at an average height). After a while, the cloud begins to move rapidly with a powerful squall, overturning boats, breaking trees, sweeping away everything in its path.

Here is how eyewitness L. Perminov describes the ride: “A strange cloud attracted my attention. It was small in diameter and stretched evenly over the lake along the west-east axis. The cloud seemed to stand still for a long time, but suddenly rushed to the east. I considered it prudent And then ahead I saw a "devil's spiral" rushing low over the water. Spinning clockwise (when viewed from the east), the spiral rushed over the water with an unusually high speed for a cloud. Something mystical blew from this whirlwind. The lake boiled Dangerous high waves rolled after the cloud."

There is little information about the pokatuha, apparently, this wind occurs only on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal in the Vydrino-Boyarsky section.

In conclusion, I want to note the following. Although many years of statistical data have been accumulated on Baikal winds, no one can reliably answer the question of which direction the wind will prevail in any area of ​​Baikal, for example, in July. The reason is that the main wind flows are through, i.e. are determined by external conditions - atmospheric fronts passing through the Baikal basin.

Literature:

OK. Gusev "Naturalist on Baikal", "Soviet Russia", M., 1977.
V.P. Solonin "Shore of Baikal", Materials for tourists, Irkutsk, 1991.
V.P. Bryansk "Desired, furious, beautiful", Tourist guide, Irkutsk, 2001.

Wind is the movement of air masses from an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure to an area of ​​low pressure.

Wind is characterized by strength (speed) and direction. The characteristic of the wind depending on the force is given in Table 1. The wind speed is determined by the magnitude of the baric gradient, i.e. the difference in atmospheric pressure per specified unit of distance equal to 60 miles (1° latitude), in the direction of pressure drop. Therefore, the greater the pressure gradient, the greater the wind speed.

Due to the rotation of the Earth, under the influence of the Coriolis force, the direction of the wind does not coincide with its baric gradient vector, but deviates to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. In middle latitudes, the deviation can reach 60°.

The direction of the wind is taken from the point on the horizon from where it blows (the wind blows into the compass). It is also customary to determine the direction of the swell, and “from the compass”, in the direction of the horizon, sea currents and river flows.

The wind is not homogeneous in its structure. It can be jet (laminar), when air layers move without mixing, i.e. their particles do not pass from layer to layer. This movement of air usually occurs in light winds. If the wind speed exceeds 4 m / s, then the air particles begin to move randomly, its layers are mixed and the air movement becomes turbulent. The higher the wind speed, the greater the turbulence, the greater the speed jumps at individual points of the air flow and the more gusty the wind becomes, squalls occur.

A squally wind is characterized not only by frequent and sharp fluctuations in speed, but also by strong individual gusts lasting up to several minutes. A wind that sharply increases its speed for a very short period of time against a background of light wind or calm is called a squall. Most often, squalls occur during the passage of powerful cumulonimbus clouds and are often accompanied by thunderstorms and showers. Squall wind speed reaches 20 m/s or more, and in some gusts 30-40 m/s. In this case, unexpected turns of the wind up to several points can be observed.

The main cause of a squall is the interaction of the ascending air flow in the front of the cumulonimbus cloud and the descending air, cooled by heavy rain, in its rear part, resulting in a characteristic swirling shaft with a vortex under it, reinforced by vortices of neighboring air layers.

Vertical eddies in a thundercloud can form tornadoes. When the speed of such a vortex reaches 100 m/s, the lower part of the cloud in the form of a funnel descends to the underlying surface (ground or water), towards the rising dust or water column. A meeting with a tornado is dangerous: having great destructive power and rotating in a spiral, it can lift up everything that appears in its path. The height of the tornado reaches more than 1000 meters, the horizontal speed is 30-40 km/h. Therefore, when you see a tornado, you need to determine the direction of its movement and immediately go to the side.

Sometimes a tornado can form without thunderclouds. In this case, it does not originate from a cloud, but on the surface of the earth or sea, often with a cloudless sky. These are "good weather" tornadoes. They break down quickly and are almost harmless. Often, their existence can be more quickly noticed by the characteristic whistling sound that is heard when it moves than seen.

Air, air masses are in constant motion, which constantly changes both its speed and direction. But on a global, planetary scale, this movement has a clearly defined pattern, which is determined by the general circulation of the atmosphere, which depends on the distribution of atmospheric pressure in the vast regions of the globe - from the tropics to the polar zones.

In the equatorial zone, the warm air of the tropics rises, which leads to the formation of a wind at the border of the troposphere, called the antitrade wind. The anti-trade wind spreads in the direction of the poles, respectively, to the north and south.

The cooled air masses of the antitrade winds settle on the surface of the earth, creating increased pressure in the subtropics and a wind called the trade wind, which rushes to the equatorial zone.

Under the influence of the Coriolis force, the trade winds of the northern hemisphere receive a northeast direction, and the southern hemisphere (except for the northern part of the Indian Ocean, where seasonal monsoon winds blow) - a southeast direction. The speed of the trade winds is also constant and reaches 5-10 m/s.

In the equatorial zone, the trade winds weaken and turn east. Therefore, between the trade winds of both hemispheres, a calm zone arises (in the Atlantic "horse latitudes"), characterized by low pressure, thunderstorms and showers, calm. In latitudes 40-60° of both plushars, winds of the western quarter prevail. They are less stable (from NW to SW), but much stronger (10-15 m/s or 6-7 points). In the southern hemisphere, where the westerly winds go around the entire oceans, lay the main routes for sailing ships to sail from Europe to Australia and back to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope and the meat of the Horn. For their strength, frequency (up to 50%) and frequent storms, these winds were nicknamed "brave west", and the latitudes - "thundering forties" and "roaring sixties".

In the subpolar regions of both hemispheres, where the cold air masses of the upper layers of the troposphere settle, forming the so-called polar maxima, southeasterly and easterly winds prevail.

The trade winds are the first in the category of prevailing winds, i.e. constantly blowing in certain areas for a certain period of time. The speed and direction of the prevailing winds is determined from long-term observations for each sea or sea area.

Another category of winds - local, blowing only in a given place or several places on the globe, occur when thermal conditions change for some time or under the influence of the terrain (the nature of the underlying surface)

The first type includes the following winds:

Breezes are formed under the influence of uneven heating of land and sea. The area essential for the formation of breezes is located in the coastal strip of the seas (about 30-40 km). At night, the wind blows from the coast to the sea (coastal breeze), and during the day, on the contrary, from the sea to land. The sea breeze begins around 10 am, and the coastal breeze - after sunset. The breeze belongs to the winds of vertical development and blows in the opposite direction at a height of several hundred meters. The intensity of the breeze depends on the weather. On hot summer days, the sea breeze has a moderate strength of up to 4 points (4-7 m/s), the coastal breeze is much weaker.

On land, breezes can also be observed. At night, near the surface of the earth, there is a draft of air from the field to the forest, and at the height of the crowns of trees - from the forest to the field.

Föhn is a hot dry wind that occurs when moist air flows around mountain peaks and is heated by the warm leeward underlying surface of the mountain slope. In the Black Sea, it is observed off the coast of Crimea and the Caucasus mainly in spring.

Bora is a very strong wind that blows down the mountainside in areas where the mountain range borders on the warm sea. Cold air rushes down to the sea at high speed, sometimes reaching the strength of a hurricane. In winter, at low temperatures causes icing. It is observed in the Novorossiysk region, off the coast of Dalmatia (Adriatic Sea) and on Novaya Zemlya. In some mountainous regions, for example, in the Caucasus near Leninakan, or in the Andes, such a phenomenon is observed daily, when, after sunset, masses of cold air rush down from the mountain peaks surrounding the valley. Gusts of wind reach such force that it blows off tents, and a sharp and strong drop in temperature can lead to hypothermia.

Baku north - a cold north wind in the Baku zone, blowing in summer and winter, reaches storm, and often hurricane force (20-40 m / s), bringing clouds of sand and dust from the coast.

Sirocco is a very warm and humid wind that originates in Africa and blows in the Central Mediterranean Sea, accompanied by cloudiness and precipitation.

Seasonal winds are monsoons that are continental in nature and arise due to the difference in atmospheric pressure during uneven heating of land and sea in summer and winter.

Like other winds, monsoons have a baric gradient directed towards low pressure - in summer on land, in winter on the sea. Under the influence of the Coriolis force in the northern hemisphere, the summer monsoons of the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Asia deviate to the southeast, and in the Indian Ocean - to the southwest. These monsoons bring cloudy weather from the ocean to the Far East, with frequent rains, drizzle and fogs. Long and heavy rains fall on the southern coast of Asia at this time, which leads to frequent floods.

Winter monsoons reverse their direction. In the Pacific Ocean they blow from the northwest, and in the Indian Ocean they blow from the northeast towards the ocean. The wind speed in the monsoons is uneven. Winter northeast monsoons coincide with the trade winds of the northern hemisphere, but their speed does not exceed 10 m/s. But the summer monsoons of the Indian Ocean reach storm strength. Change of monsoons - occurs in April-May and October-November.

The wind is no less important than the clouds for predicting the weather. Moreover, without wind, the weather cannot change. The wind is characterized by strength and direction. The strength of the wind can be determined by its effect on land objects and the surface of the sea. Table 1 shows signs of wind on the 12-point Beaufort scale.

Western winds usually bring weather softening, i.e. in summer it will be cooler, it will probably rain. In winter they are accompanied by heavy snowfalls and thaws. The north wind will definitely bring cold, whether precipitation will fall is unknown. The south wind brings warmth, i.e. in winter - thaw with snow, in summer it can be warm without precipitation. The east wind is less predictable, it can be both cold and warm, one thing is certain. It will not bring much rain either in summer or in winter.

Table #1