Educational experiences for children. Experience "Launch a rocket" Video Can cold water "boil"

Relevance: I often visit my grandmother, she lives in Samara, not far from the Samara Kosmicheskaya Museum and Exhibition Center, looking at the Soyuz launch vehicle complex, I was interested in the question - why do rockets take off? Why are rockets used to fly into space? It became interesting what is the principle of the structure and launch of the rocket.
For this, I decided to do some research.

Purpose of the study: learn the principle of the structure and launch of a rocket.

Research objectives:
1. Get acquainted with the history of the emergence of rockets.
2. Find out what laws of physics apply when a rocket takes off.
3. Get acquainted with the rocket device and its launch.
Object of study: jet propulsion.

Subject of study: space rocket.

Research hypotheses: what makes the rocket move in the vacuum of space. What force pushes the rocket up? Perhaps this is a rocket fuel specially developed by scientists.

Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the topic, search for material on the Internet, generalization, systematization. The work is problematic and abstract in nature.

History of rockets
The Russian word "rocket" comes from the German word "rocket". And this German word is a diminutive of the Italian word "rocca", which means "spindle". That is, "rocket" means "small spindle". This is due to the shape of the rocket: it looks like a spindle - long, streamlined, with a sharp nose.
Rockets were invented a long time ago. The first rocket was created by man at least 700 years ago. They were invented in China. The Chinese used them to make fireworks. They kept the structure of the rockets a secret for a long time, they liked to surprise strangers. Soon, many countries learned how to make fireworks and celebrate solemn days with festive fireworks. Long time rockets served only for holidays, but then they began to be used for military purposes.
In the 13th century, the Chinese first used rockets, as they were then called, "Fire Arrows" against the Mongol invaders and plunged the enemy into confusion and panic.
Under Peter I, a one-pound signal rocket of the “model of 1717” was created, which remained in service until the end of the 19th century. She rose to a height of one kilometer.
In the 20th century, thoughts about space flight first appeared at the school physics teacher Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He dreamed of how a man would fly into space. He called our planet the cradle of mankind. Unfortunately, K.D. Tsiolkovsky died before the first ships went into space, but he is still called the father of astronautics. The founder and creator of Russian cosmonautics is Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, an outstanding designer and scientist. Under his leadership and on his initiative, the first artificial satellite Earth and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

Rocket structure
The rocket consists of three stages located one on top of the other. Each rocket stage consists of an engine and fuel tanks. The lowest stage turns on and works first. This rocket is the most powerful, since its task is to lift the entire structure into the air. When the fuel burns out and the tanks are empty, the lower stage breaks off, and then the second stage engines begin to work. At this time, the rocket picks up speed and flies faster. When the fuel runs out, the second stage breaks off and the third, the last stage, which accelerates the ship even more, is put into operation. Here comes the first space velocity and the ship enters orbit, and then flies alone, since the last stage of the rocket almost completely burns out when disconnected. The rocket also has stabilizers - small wings at the bottom. They are needed in order for the rocket to fly smoothly and straight, without stabilizers it will dangle from side to side in flight. Stabilizers change the whole picture. When the rocket begins to deviate to the side, or skid to the side, as it skids a car on a slippery road, the stabilizers are substituted for the air flow with their wide part and this flow blows them back.

Why does the rocket take off?
What is the force that lifts the rocket? This force is called reactive.
To understand what jet propulsion is, let's conduct a small experiment.
To do this, you will need: a balloon and a rocket model made of paper, a clip.
1. Inflate the balloon and close it with a clip.
2. Place the ball inside the rocket.
3. Remove the clamp, release the ball.
4. The air comes out and the rocket moves in the air.
The rocket is propelled by compressed air. Its molecules fly out through the hole in the ball, and following Newton's third law that the action is equal to the reaction, pushes the ball into reverse side. Jet engines work on the same principle.

We decided to tell you what experiments can be done with air and indoors.

Non-flowing water

Take two bottles and insert a funnel into each of them. On one of the bottles, cover the neck around the funnel with plasticine so that there is no gap or hole. First, pour a little into a bottle without plasticine - it gets inside without hindrance.

And now try to fill the bottle with plasticine - apart from a few drops of water, nothing else will fall into the bottle! And all because the air in this container has no way to get out of there.
through the gap between the neck and the funnel. And the force of air pressure in the bottle is greater than the force of gravity pulling down from the funnel, so the water remains in the funnel - until at least a tiny hole is made between the neck and the funnel.

Rocket launch

This fun will be interesting to the baby for a long time. Stretch a thread between two chairs located at opposite ends of the room, after passing it through a tube from the juice. Inflate the balloon and pinch the end with a clothespin to prevent air from escaping. Draw portholes on the ball with a felt-tip pen and write, for example, "Soyuz". Using adhesive tape, glue the ball to the tube and pull it to one of the ends of the stretched thread. Open the clothespin and enjoy the high-speed rocket launch.

You can clearly see the whole process in this video made by foreign enthusiasts. In principle, everything is clear and without translation./p>

Dancing coin

Surprise your baby with this trick - put a large coin on top of a bottle with a long neck, after moistening the rim of the neck. Place the bottle with the coin in the basin. Start pouring warm water into the basin. You will see how the coin starts to move and even bounce - this is due to the fact that the air expands from heat and tries to escape from the bottle, while pushing the coin.

air racing

With the help of air movement, objects can be moved. To test this, arrange paper races. On one side of a sheet of paper, fold about 2-3 cm up, lay flat on a clean table. Each player should have such a "racing" sheet. Draw a finishing line or string a thread as a finishing tape. On command, start waving the cartons behind the sheets of paper, moving them forward with air currents.

As a variation of the game, you can use the power of your breathing, at the same time you will train the nasolabial muscles, which is very useful for the development of the child's speech.

Singing air

Show your child how to play music with bottles. If you blow over the neck empty bottle, then the air inside it will vibrate and produce a sound. Arrange several bottles in a row different amount water in them. How more water, the correspondingly less air will remain in the bottle, and the less air, the faster it vibrates and the higher the sound. Guided by this principle, you can try to play some simple melody.

Air weight

Does your young researcher doubt the existence of such an invisible substance as air? Then do a little experiment. Take a stick and two identical balloons. Hang the stick exactly in the middle, and hang equally inflated balls around the edges. The stick hangs evenly, which means that the balls weigh the same. Now pierce one of the balloons with a needle, it will burst and release the air. What's going on with the stick? It will immediately tilt towards the inflated balloon, because it is heavier than an empty one, which means that air exists and even has weight!

Life vest

Guess which of the oranges will sink faster - with or without a peel? The question is posed incorrectly - generally only one will sink. Without peel. And even though the one in the peel is heavier, it will continue to stay on the water sooner, because it has a “life jacket” on it: there are many air bubbles in the peel, which work as lifeguards, pushing the sinking orange to the surface of the water .

The same principle can be seen using sparkling water and a piece of plasticine the size of a grain of rice. If you throw plasticine into a glass of carbonated water, it will first sink, and then float to the surface, covered with air bubbles. The effect will end when the gas is exhausted - the plasticine will sink.

Before the start of the thematic week, show your child a photo or presentation about the planets, the solar system, space, read a thematic book.

• We make a rocket for space travel. A rocket can be made from chairs, pillows, boxes, cardboard, bottles, drawn, molded from plasticine, laid out from counting sticks, cubes, constructor.

Here are some examples of crafts "Rocket":

• Play astronaut training for flight.

The spacesuit check begins. Is the helmet comfortable on the head? (Turns, tilts of the head to the right, to the left, forward, backward, circular rotation of the head).

An astronaut can move in space using a device placed in a satchel on his back. We check how tightly the satchel is held behind the back. (Circular movements, raising and lowering the shoulders).

Are the numerous zippers and buckles fastened well? (Turns and tilts of the body to the right, left, forward, backward, circular movements of the body, tilts to the feet).

Do the gloves fit snugly around the hands? (Rotational movements with the hands extended forward at chest level, variable and simultaneous swings of the arms, raising the arms up in front of you with alternate flexion and extension of the hands, lower them down through the sides, also alternately bending and unbending the hands).

How does the radio work, does it not junk? (Half squats, jumping on two legs in place).

Boots don't fit? (Walking in a circle on toes, heels, outer and inner feet, from the toe, lateral gallop to the right, to the left, step in single file).

Is the "heating system" of the spacesuit in order? Is it easy to breathe in it? (Inhale - hands up, exhale - hands down).

• Launch a rocket.

Put a paper rocket on a cocktail straw and blow into the straw so that the rocket takes off:

Inflate a balloon - a rocket, glue a cocktail tube to it with tape. Pull a thread through the room, thread it through the tube. Now let go of the ball. The air will begin to come out of it, and the balloon will fly.

• Getting to know the planets solar system, you can depict them different ways - mold from salt dough or plasticine, draw with prints of cut potatoes or a cork lid, lay out with buttons or plasticine, make a mobile from cardboard or felt figures.

We made this drawing: we painted a starry sky, spraying white paint on black paper with a brush. Each planet separately, cut out and glued them to the starry sky.

The moon can be drawn like this. Cut out a circle from cardboard, draw circles on it with wax crayons - craters, and then paint over the entire moon with watercolors.

Flashlight "Constellations". Draw the constellations on black cardboard, make holes in the places where the stars are located. Glue the resulting cards on paper cupcake liners, put on a flashlight and tie with a thread. Now, light a flashlight in a dark room and point it at the wall to get a projection of the constellation.

In the space box from "Two Palms" an interesting experiment was described "How to imagine a rocket launch?".

For the experiment, you need the simplest things:

• balloon
• straw for cocktail
• strong threads
• Scotch

The course of the experiment "ball - rocket".

1. The thread needs to be tied somewhere higher - we hooked it on a baguette.

2. We pass the second end of the thread through the tube.

3. Inflate the balloon and twist it without tying it.

4. We attach the ball with tape to the tube.

5. We pass the ball to the main naturalist.

6. When the child releases the ball, the ball flies up like a real rocket. This is a very interesting sight.

This is how we launched our balloon-rocket to all the familiar and newly discovered planets by Olesya.

Explanation of the upward movement of the ball to the child: “The ball flies up the rope by pushing air. By the same principle, a rocket takes off from the Earth.

For teenagers, the answer to the question "Why does a rocket take off" will be different - see Y. Perelman's answer.

Tips for a successful ball launch - rocket:

1. Inflate the balloon as much as possible.

2. Attach the balloon with adhesive tape, pointing the tail of the balloon towards you (in the photo, the placement of the balloon is incorrect).

3. Prepare as many balls as possible so that the experiment can be repeated again and again.

And here you can watch a short video of our space experiment with the launch of a ball-rocket:

Having worked hard on the creation of planets, cosmic bodies and tired of rocket launches, it's time to relax and "wiggle" your brains, guessing riddles.