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Spelling a soft sign. Soft sign after hissing ones: rules and exceptions

In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise

We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)

Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“The Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)

This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (" Dead Souls", N.V. Gogol)

This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And just think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore he had to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person... (“Poor People”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I told him... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

It will fall on its own when it is ripe, and if you pick it green, you will ruin the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Nikolai, in two words, bought for six thousand_seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the horse-drawn end of his repairs. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

On the other side of the fence, the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

Nothing could come out now except falsehood and lies; and falsehood and lies were disgusting to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

No one declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and want to help them, said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

And in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, waiting for a decision every day. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Lisa slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

And there is one key there, three times larger than all of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

“Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you,” the mustache said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The crying of poor, consumptive, orphaned Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have a strong effect on the audience. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched out convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Ditch_! - Luzhin screamed, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Marfa Terentyevna did not let up, but pestered the mayor more and more: take out Bonaparte, and in the end he will become exhausted. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Whatever fires out of a gun will shoot right through your heart, whatever you wave with a saber will take your head off your shoulders. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He made numerous campaigns against debtors and was so eager for spectacle that he would flog anyone without himself.
didn't trust. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, “other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts!..” (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up under my feet, that a tornado would fly from somewhere and swallow everything, everything at once... (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies in addition. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

Rules Russian language are quite difficult to learn, because many of them involve different conditions writings, as well as exceptions to the rules. Therefore, in order to write competently, you need to clearly know and understand how the rules of the Russian language work in writing. Today we will talk about how to write a soft sign in in different words.

Spelling soft sign

When is a soft separator written? Everything is simple here: the soft separating sign is written after the consonants and before the vowels e, i, yu, i inside words (but not after prefixes). Examples: family, blizzard, career, weeds.
Soft sign written at the end of words after paired consonants to indicate softness: ice hole, frost, notebook.
The soft sign is written after the letter “o” in some words of foreign origin. Examples: postman, broth.
In complex numerals, formed from simple ones, in which there is a soft sign, this letter is also written. For example: five - fifty; nine - nine hundred. But the exception is similar numerals: seventeen, sixteen, etc. A soft sign is not written in the middle of these numerals.
The soft sign is written in verbs in the imperative mood before -te and -sya (go - go, send) and in indefinite forms before -sya (return, cut your hair, shrink).
Often a soft sign is written to indicate softness at the end of words after a hard consonant (dark, cook) and in the middle of a word (mowing, less).
The soft sign is used in the plural form of the instrumental case: four, children.
If a consonant comes before another soft consonant, then a soft sign is placed between them in two cases. First: if, after changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft (svadvaye - wedding). Second: to denote the softness of the “l”: clings, boy, herring.
A soft sign is written in the middle of a compound word if its first part ends in ь: salvage, village council.

Soft sign after sizzling

The soft sign is often not used in words after the hissing words zh, ch, sh and shch. But there are several exception cases. Where is the soft sign written after the hissing ones?

In the endings of verbs after “sh” in the 2nd person handicap, singular. including the future and present tenses: if you draw, you draw, you play, you play.
At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: mouse, daughter, rye.
Command at the end of verbs. inclination in units including: eat, smear - smear.
Also in the imperative mood in verbs a soft sign is written before -te and -te: smear yourself, eat.
The soft sign is written in the indefinite form of the verb: guard, beware.
The soft sign is used in all adverbs that end in sh and h, as well as at the ends of particles: away, completely, completely, just, I mean. The soft sign is not written after the hissing w in the following exception words: unbearable, already, married.

Where a soft sign is not written

In verbs in the form of 3rd person singular. numbers (what does he do?): cooks, draws, writes.
In nouns in the gender form. plural case numbers after -en: cherry. Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawthorns.
Plural in nouns. birth numbers case with the base on hissing: spectacles, shooting ranges, groves.
At the end of nouns male: ball, doctor, knife.
At the end of short adjectives: good, hot.
Between two soft l: illumination.
In combinations chn, chk, rch, nch, nsch, rsch: brighter, lamplighter, nurse.
In other combinations between two consonants (except those in the previous paragraph): bunch, cane.

This is such a difficult letter - a soft sign. When it is written in different words, you now know. At first glance, it is very difficult to remember this rule with numerous points, but once you learn it through examples, by analogy you will already write similar words correctly, knowing exactly whether to put a soft sign in them or not.

Spelling a soft sign at the end of words after sibilants
In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing one at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise

We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)

Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“The Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)

This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (“Dead Souls”, N.V. Gogol)