Natural sources of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coke. Their use as fuel and in chemical synthesis. Natural sources of hydrocarbons: general characteristics and use A natural source of gasoline is

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, gas, and coal. Most of the substances of organic chemistry are isolated from them. More about this class organic matter we talk below.

Composition of minerals

Hydrocarbons are the most extensive class of organic substances. These include acyclic (linear) and cyclic classes of compounds. There are saturated (saturated) and unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.

Saturated hydrocarbons include compounds with single bonds:

• alkanes- linear connections;
• cycloalkanes- cyclic substances.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons include substances with multiple bonds:

• alkenes- contain one double bond;
• alkynes- contain one triple bond;
• alkadienes- include two double bonds.

There is a separate class of arenas or aromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring.

Rice. 1. Classification of hydrocarbons.

Mineral resources include gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. The table describes natural sources of hydrocarbons in more detail.

Every year more than 600 billion m 3 of gas, 500 million tons of oil, and 300 million tons of coal are produced in Russia.

Recycling

Minerals are used in processed form. Coal is calcined without access to oxygen (coking process) to separate several fractions:

• coke oven gas- a mixture of methane, carbon oxides (II) and (IV), ammonia, nitrogen;
• coal tar- a mixture of benzene, its homologues, phenol, arenes, heterocyclic compounds;
• ammonia water- a mixture of ammonia, phenol, hydrogen sulfide;
• coke- the final product of coking containing pure carbon.

Rice. 2. Coking.

One of the leading branches of world industry is oil refining. Oil extracted from the depths of the earth is called crude oil. It is recycled. First, mechanical purification from impurities is carried out, then the purified oil is distilled to obtain various fractions. The table describes the main fractions of oil.

Rice. 3. Oil distillation.

Plastics, fibers, and medicines are produced from hydrocarbons. Methane and propane are used as household fuel. Coke is used in the production of iron and steel. Nitric acid, ammonia, and fertilizers are produced from ammonia water. Tar is used in construction.

What have we learned?

From the topic of the lesson we learned from what natural sources hydrocarbons are isolated. Oil, coal, natural and associated gases are used as raw materials for organic compounds. Minerals are purified and divided into fractions, from which substances suitable for production or direct use are obtained. Liquid fuels and oils are produced from oil. The gases contain methane, propane, butane, used as household fuel. Liquid and solid raw materials are extracted from coal for the production of alloys, fertilizers, and medicines.

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Chapter 1. GEOCHEMISTRY OF OIL AND FOSSIL EXPLORATION.. 3

§ 1. Origin of fossil fuels. 3

§ 2. Gas and oil rocks. 4

Chapter 2. NATURAL SOURCES... 5

Chapter 3. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS... 8

Chapter 4. OIL PROCESSING... 9

§ 1. Fractional distillation.. 9

§ 2. Cracking. 12

§ 3. Reforming. 13

§ 4. Sulfur removal.. 14

Chapter 5. APPLICATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS... 14

§ 1. Alkanes.. 15

§ 2. Alkenes.. 16

§ 3. Alkynes.. 18

§ 4. Arenas.. 19

Chapter 6. State Analysis oil industry. 20

Chapter 7. Features and main trends in the oil industry. 27

List of used literature... 33

The first theories that considered the principles determining the occurrence of oil deposits were usually limited mainly to the question of where it accumulated. However, over the past 20 years it has become clear that to answer this question it is necessary to understand why, when and in what quantities oil was formed in a particular basin, as well as to understand and establish as a result of what processes it originated, migrated and accumulated. This information is absolutely necessary to improve the efficiency of oil exploration.

The formation of hydrocarbon fossils, according to modern views, occurred as a result of a complex sequence of geochemical processes (see Fig. 1) inside the original gas and oil rocks. In these processes, the components of various biological systems (substances) natural origin) were transformed into hydrocarbons and, to a lesser extent, into polar compounds with varying thermodynamic stability - as a result of the precipitation of substances of natural origin and their subsequent overlapping with sedimentary rocks, under the influence of elevated temperature and elevated pressure in the surface layers of the earth's crust. The primary migration of liquid and gaseous products from the initial gas-oil layer and their subsequent secondary migration (through bearing horizons, shifts, etc.) into porous oil-saturated rocks leads to the formation of deposits of hydrocarbon materials, the further migration of which is prevented by locking the deposits between non-porous layers of rocks .

In extracts of organic matter from sedimentary rocks of biogenic origin, compounds with the same chemical structure as those found in petroleum are found. Some of these compounds, which are considered “biological markers” (“chemical fossils”), are of particular importance for geochemistry. Such hydrocarbons have much in common with compounds found in biological systems(for example, with lipids, pigments and metabolites) from which oil was formed. These compounds not only demonstrate biogenic origin natural hydrocarbons, but also allow you to get very important information about gas and oil-bearing rocks, as well as about the nature of maturation and origin, migration and biodegradation that led to the formation of specific gas and oil deposits.

Figure 1 Geochemical processes leading to the formation of fossil hydrocarbons.

A gas-oil rock is considered to be a finely dispersed sedimentary rock that, when naturally deposited, has led or could lead to the formation and release of significant quantities of oil and (or) gas. The classification of such rocks is based on the content and type of organic matter, the state of its metamorphic evolution (chemical transformations occurring at temperatures of approximately 50-180 ° C), and the nature and quantity of hydrocarbons that can be obtained from it. Organic matter kerogen in sedimentary rocks of biogenic origin can be found in the most various forms, but it can be divided into four main types.

1) Liptinites– have a very high hydrogen content but low oxygen content; their composition is determined by the presence of aliphatic carbon chains. It is assumed that liptinites formed mainly from algae (usually subjected to bacterial decomposition). They have a high ability to convert into oil.

2) exits– have a high hydrogen content (however lower than that of liptinites), rich in aliphatic chains and saturated naphthenes (alicyclic hydrocarbons), as well as aromatic rings and oxygen-containing functional groups. This organic matter is formed from plant materials such as spores, pollen, cuticles and other structural parts of plants. Exinites have a good ability to transform into oil and gas condensate, and at higher stages of metamorphic evolution into gas.

3) Vitrshita– have a low hydrogen content, high oxygen content and consist primarily of aromatic structures with short aliphatic chains linked by oxygen-containing functional groups. They are formed from structured woody (lignocellulosic) materials and have limited ability to convert to oil, but good ability to convert to gas.

4) Inertinites are black, opaque clastic rocks (high carbon and low hydrogen) that were formed from highly modified woody precursors. They do not have the ability to turn into oil and gas.

The main factors by which a gas-oil rock is recognized are its kerogen content, the type of organic matter in the kerogen, and the stage of metamorphic evolution of this organic matter. Good gas-oil rocks are those that contain 2-4% organic matter of the type from which the corresponding hydrocarbons can be formed and released. Under favorable geochemical conditions, oil formation can occur from sedimentary rocks containing organic matter such as liptinite and exinite. The formation of gas deposits usually occurs in rocks rich in vitrinite or as a result of thermal cracking of the originally formed oil.

As a result of the subsequent burial of sediments of organic matter under top layers sedimentary rocks, this substance is exposed to increasingly high temperatures, which leads to the thermal decomposition of kerogen and the formation of oil and gas. The formation of oil in quantities of interest for the industrial development of the field occurs under certain conditions in time and temperature (depth of occurrence), and the formation time is longer, the lower the temperature (this is not difficult to understand if we assume that the reaction proceeds according to the first order equation and has an Arrhenius dependence on temperature). For example, the same amount of oil that was formed at a temperature of 100°C in approximately 20 million years should be formed at a temperature of 90°C in 40 million years, and at a temperature of 80°C in 80 million years. The rate of formation of hydrocarbons from kerogen approximately doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature. However chemical composition kerogen. can be extremely varied, and therefore the indicated relationship between the time of oil maturation and the temperature of this process can only be considered as a basis for approximate estimates.

Modern geochemical studies show that on the continental shelf North Sea Every 100 m increase in depth is accompanied by an increase in temperature of approximately 3°C, meaning that the organic-rich sedimentary rocks formed liquid hydrocarbons at depths of 2500-4000 m over a period of 50-80 million years. Light oils and condensates apparently formed at a depth of 4000-5000 m, and methane (dry gas) at a depth of more than 5000 m.

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels - oil and gas, coal and peat. Crude oil and gas deposits arose 100-200 million years ago from microscopic marine plants and animals that became embedded in sedimentary rocks formed on the sea floor. In contrast, coal and peat began to form 340 million years ago from plants growing on land. .

Natural gas and crude oil are typically found along with water in oil-bearing strata located between layers of rock (Figure 2). The term "natural gas" also applies to gases that are formed in natural conditions as a result of coal decomposition. Natural gas and crude oil are developed on every continent except Antarctica. The largest producers natural gas producers in the world are Russia, Algeria, Iran and the United States. The largest producers of crude oil are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.

Natural gas consists mainly of methane (Table 1).

Crude oil is an oily liquid that can vary in color from dark brown or green to almost colorless. It contains big number alkanes. Among them there are straight alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with the number of carbon atoms from five to 40. The industrial name of these cycloalkanes is nachtany. Crude oil also contains approximately 10% aromatic hydrocarbons and a large number of other compounds containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

Dry distillation of coal.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained mainly from the dry distillation of coal. When heating coal in retorts or coking ovens without air access at 1000–1300 °C, the organic substances of the coal decompose with the formation of solid, liquid and gaseous products.

The solid product of dry distillation - coke - is a porous mass consisting of carbon with an admixture of ash. Coke is produced in huge quantities and is consumed mainly by the metallurgical industry as a reducing agent in the production of metals (primarily iron) from ores.

The liquid products of dry distillation are black viscous tar (coal tar), and the aqueous layer containing ammonia is ammonia water. Coal tar is obtained on average 3% by weight of the original coal. Ammonia water is one of the important sources of ammonia. The gaseous products of dry distillation of coal are called coke oven gas. Coke oven gas has a different composition depending on the type of coal, coking mode, etc. Coke oven gas produced in coke oven batteries is passed through a series of absorbers that capture tar, ammonia and light oil vapors. Light oil obtained by condensation from coke oven gas contains 60% benzene, toluene and other hydrocarbons. Most of the benzene (up to 90%) is obtained in this way and only a small part is obtained by fractionating coal tar.

Coal tar processing. Coal tar has the appearance of a black resinous mass with a characteristic odor. Currently, over 120 different products have been isolated from coal tar. Among them are aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as aromatic oxygen-containing substances of an acidic nature (phenols), nitrogen-containing substances of a basic nature (pyridine, quinoline), substances containing sulfur (thiophene), etc.

Coal tar is subjected to fractional distillation, resulting in several fractions.

Light oil contains benzene, toluene, xylenes and some other hydrocarbons.

Medium, or carbolic, oil contains a number of phenols.

Heavy or creosote oil: Of the hydrocarbons, heavy oil contains naphthalene.

Obtaining hydrocarbons from oil

Oil is one of the main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Most petroleum contains only very small amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons. Among domestic oils, oil from the Ural (Perm) field is rich in aromatic hydrocarbons. Second Baku oil contains up to 60% aromatic hydrocarbons.

Due to the scarcity of aromatic hydrocarbons, “oil aromatization” is now used: oil products are heated at a temperature of about 700 °C, as a result of which 15–18% of aromatic hydrocarbons can be obtained from oil decomposition products.

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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources
  Receipt hydrocarbons from oil. Oil is one of the main sources aromatic hydrocarbons.


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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources. Dry distillation of coal. Aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained mainly with. Nomenclature and isomerism aromatic hydrocarbons.


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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources. Dry distillation of coal. Aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained mainly with.


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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources.
  1. Synthesis from aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty halo derivatives in the presence of catalysis... more ».


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  To the group aromatic compounds included a number of substances, received from natural resins, balms and essential oils.
  Rational names aromatic hydrocarbons usually derived from the name. Aromatic hydrocarbons.


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  Natural sources limit hydrocarbons. Gases, liquids and solids are widely distributed in nature. hydrocarbons, in most cases occurring not in the form of pure compounds, but in the form of various, sometimes very complex mixtures.


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  Isomerism, natural sources and ways receiving olefins The isomerism of olefins depends on the isomerism of the chain of carbon atoms, i.e., on whether the chain is n. Unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.


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  Hydrocarbons. Carbohydrates are widespread in nature and play a very important role in human life. They are part of food, and usually a person’s need for energy is met during nutrition for the most part due to carbohydrates.


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  The H2C=CH- radical produced from ethylene is usually called vinyl; the radical H2C=CH-CH2- produced from propylene is called allyl. Natural sources and ways receiving olefins


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  Natural sources limit hydrocarbons There are also some products of dry distillation of wood, peat, brown and hard coal, and oil shale. Synthetic methods receiving limit hydrocarbons.

Similar pages found:10

Target. Summarize knowledge about natural sources of organic compounds and their processing; show the successes and prospects for the development of petrochemistry and coke chemistry, their role in the technical progress of the country; deepen knowledge from the course economic geography about the gas industry, modern directions of gas processing, raw materials and energy problems; develop independence in working with textbooks, reference and popular science literature.

PLAN

Natural springs hydrocarbons. Natural gas. Associated petroleum gases.
Oil and petroleum products, their application.
Thermal and catalytic cracking.
Coke production and the problem of obtaining liquid fuel.
From the history of the development of OJSC Rosneft - KNOS.
Plant production capacity. Manufactured products.
Communication with the chemical laboratory.
Security environment at the factory.
Plant plans for the future.

Natural sources of hydrocarbons.
Natural gas. Associated petroleum gases

Before the Great Patriotic War industrial reserves natural gas were known in the Carpathian region, the Caucasus, the Volga region and the North (Komi ASSR). The study of natural gas reserves was associated only with oil exploration. Industrial reserves of natural gas in 1940 amounted to 15 billion m3. Then gas deposits were discovered in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, the Volga region, Central Asia, Western Siberia and in the Far East. On
On January 1, 1976, proven natural gas reserves amounted to 25.8 trillion m3, of which in the European part of the USSR - 4.2 trillion m3 (16.3%), in the East - 21.6 trillion m3 (83.7 %), including
18.2 trillion m3 (70.5%) - in Siberia and the Far East, 3.4 trillion m3 (13.2%) - in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. As of January 1, 1980, potential natural gas reserves amounted to 80–85 trillion m3, explored reserves amounted to 34.3 trillion m3. Moreover, reserves increased mainly due to the discovery of deposits in the eastern part of the country - proven reserves there were at a level of about
30.1 trillion m 3, which amounted to 87.8% of the all-Union total.
Today, Russia has 35% of the world's natural gas reserves, which amounts to more than 48 trillion m3. The main areas of natural gas occurrence in Russia and the CIS countries (fields):

West Siberian oil and gas province:
Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Nadymskoye, Tazovskoye – Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
Pokhromskoye, Igrimskoye – Berezovsky gas-bearing region;
Meldzhinskoe, Luginetskoe, Ust-Silginskoe - Vasyugan gas-bearing region.
Volga-Ural oil and gas province:
the most significant is Vuktylskoye, in the Timan-Pechora oil and gas region.
Central Asia and Kazakhstan:
the most significant in Central Asia is Gazlinskoe, in Fergana Valley;
Kyzylkum, Bayram-Ali, Darvazin, Achak, Shatlyk.
Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasia:
Karadag, Duvanny – Azerbaijan;
Dagestan Lights – Dagestan;
Severo-Stavropolskoye, Pelachiadinskoye - Stavropol Territory;
Leningradskoye, Maikopskoye, Staro-Minskoye, Berezanskoye - Krasnodar region.

Natural gas deposits are also known in Ukraine, Sakhalin and the Far East.
Western Siberia stands out in terms of natural gas reserves (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye). Industrial reserves here reach 14 trillion m3. The Yamal gas condensate fields (Bovanenkovskoye, Kruzenshternskoye, Kharasaveyskoye, etc.) are now becoming especially important. On their basis, the Yamal - Europe project is being implemented.
Natural gas production is highly concentrated and is focused on areas with the largest and most profitable fields. Only five fields - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye and Orenburgskoye - contain 1/2 of all industrial reserves in Russia. Reserves of Medvezhye are estimated at 1.5 trillion m3, and Urengoyskoe – at 5 trillion m3.
Next feature lies in the dynamic location of natural gas production sites, which is explained by the rapid expansion of the boundaries of identified resources, as well as the comparative ease and low cost of involving them in development. Behind short term The main centers for natural gas production moved from the Volga region to Ukraine and the North Caucasus. Further territorial shifts are caused by the development of deposits in Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Urals and the North.

After the collapse of the USSR, Russia experienced a decline in natural gas production. The decline was observed mainly in the North economic region(8 billion m 3 in 1990 and 4 billion m 3 in 1994), in the Urals (43 billion m 3 and 35 billion m 3), in the West Siberian economic region (576 and
555 billion m3) and in the North Caucasus (6 and 4 billion m3). Natural gas production remained at the same level in the Volga (6 billion m3) and Far Eastern economic regions.
At the end of 1994, there was an upward trend in production levels.
From the republics former USSR Russian Federation produces the most gas, in second place is Turkmenistan (more than 1/10), followed by Uzbekistan and Ukraine.
The extraction of natural gas on the shelf of the World Ocean is of particular importance. In 1987, 12.2 billion m 3 was produced from offshore fields, or about 2% of the gas produced in the country. Associated gas production in the same year amounted to 41.9 billion m3. For many areas, one of the gaseous fuel reserves is the gasification of coal and shale. Underground gasification of coal is carried out in the Donbass (Lisichansk), Kuzbass (Kiselevsk) and the Moscow region (Tula).
Natural gas has been and remains an important export product in Russian foreign trade.
The main natural gas processing centers are located in the Urals (Orenburg, Shkapovo, Almetyevsk), in Western Siberia (Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut), in the Volga region (Saratov), ​​in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and in other gas-bearing provinces. It can be noted that gas processing plants gravitate towards sources of raw materials - fields and large gas pipelines.
The most important use of natural gas is as a fuel. Lately There is a trend towards an increase in the share of natural gas in the country's fuel balance.

The most valuable natural gas with a high methane content is Stavropol (97.8% CH 4), Saratov (93.4%), Urengoy (95.16%).
Natural gas reserves on our planet are very large (approximately 1015 m3). We know more than 200 deposits in Russia; they are located in Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural basin, and the North Caucasus. Russia holds the first place in the world in terms of natural gas reserves.
Natural gas is the most valuable species fuel. When gas is burned, a lot of heat is released, so it serves as an energy-efficient and cheap fuel in boiler plants, blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces and glass melting furnaces. The use of natural gas in production makes it possible to significantly increase labor productivity.
Natural gas is a source of raw materials for the chemical industry: production of acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, various plastics, acetic acid, dyes, medicines and other products.

Passing petroleum gas is a gas that exists together with oil, it is dissolved in oil and is located above it, forming a “gas cap”, under pressure. At the exit from the well, the pressure drops and associated gas is separated from the oil. This gas was not used in past times, but was simply burned. Currently, it is captured and used as fuel and valuable chemical raw materials. The possibilities for using associated gases are even wider than natural gas, because... their composition is richer. Associated gases contain less methane than natural gas, but they contain significantly more methane homologues. To use associated gas more rationally, it is divided into mixtures of a narrower composition. After separation, gas gasoline, propane and butane, and dry gas are obtained. Individual hydrocarbons are also extracted - ethane, propane, butane and others. By dehydrogenating them, unsaturated hydrocarbons are obtained - ethylene, propylene, butylene, etc.

Oil and petroleum products, their application

Oil is an oily liquid with a pungent odor. It is found in many places around the globe, infiltrating porous rocks at varying depths.
According to most scientists, oil is the geochemically altered remains of plants and animals that once inhabited the globe. This theory of the organic origin of oil is supported by the fact that oil contains some nitrogenous substances - breakdown products of substances present in plant tissues. There are also theories about the inorganic origin of oil: its formation as a result of the action of water in the thickness of the globe on hot metal carbides (compounds of metals with carbon) with a subsequent change in the resulting hydrocarbons under the influence of high temperature, high pressure, exposure to metals, air, hydrogen, etc.
When extracting from oil-bearing formations that lie in the earth's crust, sometimes at a depth of several kilometers, oil either comes to the surface under the pressure of the gases located on it, or is pumped out by pumps.

The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws. What does oil mean for the national economy of the country today? Oil is a raw material for petrochemicals in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products made from them, artificial fabrics; source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials(bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw materials for the production of a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate their growth.
Oil is ours national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy. The Russian oil complex includes 148 thousand. oil wells, 48.3 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons of oil per year, as well as a large number of other production facilities.
The enterprises of the oil industry and its service industries employ about 900 thousand workers, including about 20 thousand people in the field of science and scientific services.
Over the past decades, fundamental changes have occurred in the structure of the fuel industry, associated with a decrease in the share of the coal industry and the growth of oil and gas production and processing industries. If in 1940 they amounted to 20.5%, then in 1984 - 75.3% of the total production of mineral fuel. Now natural gas and open-pit coal are coming to the fore. Oil consumption for energy purposes will be reduced; on the contrary, its use as a chemical raw material will expand. Currently, in the structure of the fuel and energy balance, oil and gas account for 74%, while the share of oil is decreasing, and the share of gas is growing and amounts to approximately 41%. The share of coal is 20%, the remaining 6% comes from electricity.
The Dubinin brothers first began oil refining in the Caucasus. Primary processing oil consists of its distillation. Distillation is carried out in oil refineries after separating the petroleum gases.

Various products of great practical importance are isolated from oil. First, dissolved gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly methane) are removed from it. After distilling off volatile hydrocarbons, the oil is heated. Hydrocarbons with a small number of carbon atoms in the molecule and having a relatively low boiling point are the first to go into the vapor state and are distilled off. As the temperature of the mixture increases, hydrocarbons with a higher boiling point are distilled. In this way, individual mixtures (fractions) of oil can be collected. Most often, this distillation produces four volatile fractions, which are then further separated.
The main oil fractions are as follows.
Gasoline fraction, collected from 40 to 200 °C, contains hydrocarbons from C 5 H 12 to C 11 H 24. Upon further distillation of the isolated fraction, we obtain gasoline (t kip = 40–70 °C), petrol
(t kip = 70–120 °C) – aviation, automobile, etc.
Naphtha fraction, collected in the range from 150 to 250 ° C, contains hydrocarbons from C 8 H 18 to C 14 H 30. Naphtha is used as a fuel for tractors. Large quantities of naphtha are processed into gasoline.
Kerosene fraction includes hydrocarbons from C 12 H 26 to C 18 H 38 with a boiling point from 180 to 300 ° C. Kerosene, after purification, is used as fuel for tractors, jets and rockets.
Gas oil fraction (t kip > 275 °C), otherwise called diesel fuel.
Residue after oil distillation – fuel oil– contains hydrocarbons with a large number of carbon atoms (up to many tens) in the molecule. Fuel oil is also separated into fractions by distillation under reduced pressure to avoid decomposition. As a result we get solar oils (diesel fuel), lubricating oils(automotive, aviation, industrial, etc.), petrolatum(technical Vaseline is used to lubricate metal products to protect them from corrosion; purified Vaseline is used as a base for cosmetics and in medicine). From some types of oil it is obtained paraffin(for the production of matches, candles, etc.). After distilling the volatile components from the fuel oil, what remains is tar. It is widely used in road construction. In addition to processing into lubricating oils, fuel oil is also used as liquid fuel in boiler plants. The gasoline obtained from oil refining is not enough to cover all needs. In the best case, up to 20% of gasoline can be obtained from oil, the rest are high-boiling products. In this regard, chemistry was faced with the task of finding ways to produce gasoline in large quantities. A convenient way was found using the theory of the structure of organic compounds created by A.M. Butlerov. High-boiling oil distillation products are unsuitable for use as motor fuel. Their high boiling point is due to the fact that the molecules of such hydrocarbons are too long chains. When large molecules containing up to 18 carbon atoms are broken down, low-boiling products such as gasoline are obtained. This path was followed by the Russian engineer V.G. Shukhov, who in 1891 developed a method for splitting complex hydrocarbons, later called cracking (which means splitting).

A fundamental improvement in cracking was the introduction into practice of the catalytic cracking process. This process was first carried out in 1918 by N.D. Zelinsky. Catalytic cracking made it possible to produce aviation gasoline on a large scale. In catalytic cracking units at a temperature of 450 °C, under the influence of catalysts, long carbon chains are split.

Thermal and catalytic cracking

The main method of processing petroleum fractions is various types of cracking. For the first time (1871–1878), oil cracking was carried out on a laboratory and semi-industrial scale by A.A. Letny, an employee of the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. The first patent for a cracking plant was filed by Shukhov in 1891. Cracking has become widespread in industry since the 1920s.
Cracking is the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons and other components oil. The higher the temperature, the more speed cracking and greater yield of gases and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Cracking of petroleum fractions, in addition to liquid products, produces a primary raw material - gases containing unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins).
The following main types of cracking are distinguished:
liquid-phase (20–60 atm, 430–550 °C), produces unsaturated and saturated gasoline, the yield of gasoline is about 50%, gases 10%;
vapor phase(regular or low pressure, 600 °C), produces unsaturated aromatic gasoline, the yield is less than with liquid-phase cracking, a large amount of gases is formed;
pyrolysis oil (ordinary or reduced pressure, 650–700 °C), gives a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrobenzene), the yield is about 15%, more than half of the raw material is converted into gases;
destructive hydrogenation (hydrogen pressure 200–250 atm, 300–400 °C in the presence of catalysts - iron, nickel, tungsten, etc.), gives the ultimate gasoline with a yield of up to 90%;
catalytic cracking (300–500 °C in the presence of catalysts - AlCl 3, aluminosilicates, MoS 3, Cr 2 O 3, etc.), produces gaseous products and high-grade gasoline with a predominance of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons of isostructure.
In technology, the so-called catalytic reforming– conversion of low-grade gasolines into high-grade high-octane gasolines or aromatic hydrocarbons.
The main reactions in cracking are the splitting of hydrocarbon chains, isomerization and cyclization. Free hydrocarbon radicals play a huge role in these processes.

Coke production
and the problem of obtaining liquid fuel

Reserves coal in nature significantly exceed oil reserves. Therefore, coal is the most important type of raw material for the chemical industry.
Currently, industry uses several ways to process coal: dry distillation (coking, semi-coking), hydrogenation, incomplete combustion, and the production of calcium carbide.

Dry distillation of coal is used to produce coke in metallurgy or domestic gas. Coking coal produces coke, coal tar, tar water and coking gases.
Coal tar contains a wide variety of aromatic and other organic compounds. By distillation at normal pressure it is divided into several fractions. Aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, etc. are obtained from coal tar.
Coking gases contain predominantly methane, ethylene, hydrogen and carbon monoxide (II). They are partially burned and partially recycled.
Hydrogenation of coal is carried out at 400–600 °C under hydrogen pressure up to 250 atm in the presence of a catalyst – iron oxides. This produces a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, which are usually hydrogenated over nickel or other catalysts. Low-grade brown coals can be hydrogenated.

Calcium carbide CaC 2 is obtained from coal (coke, anthracite) and lime. It is subsequently converted into acetylene, which is used in the chemical industry of all countries on an ever-increasing scale.

From the history of the development of OJSC Rosneft - KNOS

The history of the plant’s development is closely connected with the oil and gas industry of Kuban.
The beginning of oil production in our country goes back to the distant past. Back in the 10th century. Azerbaijan traded oil with different countries. In the Kuban, industrial oil development began in 1864 in the Maikop region. At the request of the head of the Kuban region, General Karmalin, D.I. Mendeleev in 1880 gave a conclusion about the oil potential of the Kuban: “Here you have to expect a lot of oil, here it is located along a long straight line parallel to the ridge and running near the foothills, approximately in the direction from Kudako to Ilskaya".
During the first five-year plans, large search work and industrial oil production began. Associated petroleum gas was partially used as household fuel in workers' settlements, and most of it valuable product burned in torches. To end wastefulness natural resources, The Ministry of Oil Industry of the USSR in 1952 decided to build a gas-gasoline plant in the village of Afipskoye.
During 1963, the act of commissioning the first stage of the Afipsky gas and gasoline plant was signed.
At the beginning of 1964, the processing of gas condensates began Krasnodar region with the production of A-66 gasoline and diesel fuel. The raw material was gas from the Kanevsky, Berezansky, Leningradsky, Maikopsky and other large fields. Improving production, the plant staff mastered the production of B-70 aviation gasoline and A-72 motor gasoline.
In August 1970, two new technological units for processing gas condensate to produce aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene) were put into operation: a secondary distillation unit and a catalytic reforming unit. At the same time, wastewater treatment plants with biological treatment were built Wastewater and the commodity and raw material base of the plant.
In 1975, a xylene production plant was put into operation, and in 1978, an imported toluene demethylation plant came into operation. The plant has become one of the leading plants in the Ministry of Petroleum Industry in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons for the chemical industry.
In order to improve the management structure of the enterprise and the organization of production divisions, the Krasnodarnefteorgsintez production association was created in January 1980. The association included three plants: the Krasnodar site (operating since August 1922), the Tuapse oil refinery (operating since 1929) and the Afipsky oil refinery (operating since December 1963).
In December 1993, the enterprise was reorganized, and in May 1994, Krasnodarnefteorgsintez OJSC was renamed into Rosneft-Krasnodarnefteorgsintez OJSC.

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The ending follows

1. Natural sources of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coal. Their processing and practical application.

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gases and coal.

Natural and associated petroleum gases.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the main component of which is methane, the rest is ethane, propane, butane, and a small amount of impurities - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (IV), hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. 90% of it is consumed as fuel, the remaining 10% is used as raw material for the chemical industry: production of hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, soot, various plastics, medicines, etc.

Associated petroleum gas is also natural gas, but it occurs together with oil - it is located above the oil or dissolved in it under pressure. Associated gas contains 30–50% methane, the rest is its homologues: ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains the same impurities as natural gas.

Three fractions of associated gas:

1. Gasoline; it is added to gasoline to improve engine starting;

2. Propane-butane mixture; used as household fuel;

3. Dry gas; used to produce acitelen, hydrogen, ethylene and other substances, from which rubbers, plastics, alcohols, organic acids, etc. are in turn produced.

Oil.

Oil is an oily liquid from yellow or light brown to black in color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. Oil is a mixture of about 150 hydrocarbons with impurities of other substances, so it does not have a specific boiling point.

90% of produced oil is used as raw material for production various types fuels and lubricants. At the same time, oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

I call crude oil extracted from the depths of the earth. Oil is not used in its raw form; it is processed. Crude oil is purified from gases, water and mechanical impurities, and then subjected to fractional distillation.

Distillation is the process of separating mixtures into individual components, or fractions, based on differences in their boiling points.

During the distillation of oil, several fractions of petroleum products are isolated:

1. The gas fraction (tbp = 40°C) contains normal and branched alkanes CH4 – C4H10;

2. The gasoline fraction (boiling point = 40 - 200°C) contains hydrocarbons C 5 H 12 – C 11 H 24; during repeated distillation, light petroleum products are separated from the mixture, boiling in lower temperature ranges: petroleum ether, aviation and motor gasoline;

3. Naphtha fraction (heavy gasoline, boiling point = 150 - 250°C), contains hydrocarbons of the composition C 8 H 18 - C 14 H 30, used as fuel for tractors, diesel locomotives, trucks;

4. Kerosene fraction (tbp = 180 - 300°C) includes hydrocarbons of the composition C 12 H 26 - C 18 H 38; it is used as fuel for jet aircraft and missiles;

5. Gas oil (boiling point = 270 - 350°C) is used as diesel fuel and is subjected to cracking on a large scale.

After distilling off the fractions, a dark viscous liquid remains - fuel oil. Diesel oils, petroleum jelly, and paraffin are extracted from fuel oil. The residue from the distillation of fuel oil is tar, it is used in the production of materials for road construction.

Recycling oil is based on chemical processes:

1. Cracking is the splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. There are thermal and catalytic cracking, which is more common nowadays.

2. Reforming (aromatization) is the conversion of alkanes and cycloalkanes into aromatic compounds. This process is carried out by heating gasoline at high blood pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Reforming is used to produce aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline fractions.

3. Pyrolysis of petroleum products is carried out by heating petroleum products to a temperature of 650 - 800°C, the main reaction products are unsaturated gases and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oil is a raw material for the production of not only fuel, but also many organic substances.

Coal.

Coal is also a source of energy and a valuable chemical raw material. Coal contains mainly organic substances, as well as water and minerals, which form ash when burned.

One of the types of coal processing is coking - this is the process of heating coal to a temperature of 1000°C without air access. Coking of coal is carried out in coke ovens. Coke consists of almost pure carbon. It is used as a reducing agent in blast furnace production of cast iron at metallurgical plants.

Volatile substances during condensation: coal tar (contains many different organic substances, most of them aromatic), ammonia water (contains ammonia, ammonium salts) and coke oven gas (contains ammonia, benzene, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide (II), ethylene , nitrogen and other substances).