Economic and social geography. Central Asia

Federal Agency for Education

SEI HPE "Altai State University"

__________________________

"___" _______________ 2010

WORKING PROGRAMM

by discipline Historical geography of Central Asia

for the specialty history

faculty historical

department oriental studies

well 2

semester 4

lectures ___24__________________ (hours) Exam in ______________ semester

Practical (seminar)

classes _____________________ (hours) Credit in ____4____________ semester

Total hours______24________ Independent work 24 (hour.)

Total hours of labor costs per discipline (for a student) according to GOS_48____ (hours)

The work program has been drawn up

The work program was discussed at the meeting of the department______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

"__" _____________200__

Head of Department _______________________

Approved by the council (methodical commission)

historical faculty

"____" ___________200__

Chairman of the Commission _____________________

(full name, signature)

Explanatory note

The need to introduce a special course is due to the desire to promote a comprehensive vocational training students studying in the specialty "History" and "Regional Studies" taking into account the requirements put forward by the SES.

The study of the course is closely related to such disciplines as the History of the countries of the East and the History of the region (China).

This program was developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard in the specialty 020700 - "History", in the structure of which the course is included in the national-regional (university) component of the SD cycle; GOS specialty "Regional Studies" OPD. B.00 - disciplines and courses of the student's choice, established by the university.

The special course "Historical Geography of Central Asia" with a total volume of 48 hours is studied during one semester.

The course ends with a credit.

Section 1. Organizational and methodological department

Purpose of this course– to show students the nature of the interaction of society and the geographical environment during historical development the Central Asian region, to promote the formation of systemic thinking by combining spatial and temporal components.

During the course the following tasks are solved:

Consider the geography of economic and cultural types that have developed in Central Asia and their evolution;

Track changes in the ethnic composition and territory of residence of the peoples of Central Asia;

To reveal the territorial-political organization of society in specific historical conditions;

Contribute to the development of skills in working with maps as a historical source.

The course provides for the study of the geography of the population, economic and political geography of the region in a historical perspective.

As a result of studying the course, the student must:

· have a holistic view of the processes and phenomena occurring in animate and inanimate nature on the example of a particular region;

know and be able to competently use professional vocabulary in their work;

· be able to organize his work on a scientific basis, master the methods of collecting, storing and processing information used in the field of his professional activity;

· to understand the essence and main problems of the disciplines that define a specific area of ​​his activity, to see their relationship in an integral system of knowledge;

methodologically and psychologically be prepared to change the type and nature of their professional activity, work on interdisciplinary projects;

be able to plan their own activities, navigate in special literature;

deepen knowledge in the field of professional specialization.

Section 2. Content of the program

Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course

Historical geography as an auxiliary historical discipline. Subject and objectives of the course. The concept of "region". Selection criteria: physical-geographical, cultural-civilizational, political (geopolitical) and economic. Approaches to the definition of the territorial framework of the Central Asia region, which have developed in domestic and foreign historical, geographical, political science. Correlation of the concepts "Central Asia", "Inner Asia", "Central Asia", "Turkestan", "Xiyu".

Topic 2. Geography of economic zones of Central Asia

from antiquity to the beginning20th century

Physical and geographical characteristics of the region: relief, water basin, climatic conditions, natural landscape zones. The originality of the natural-geographical environment of Central Asia.

Economic and cultural types. Sedentary agricultural economy. Kinds. The main agricultural centers: Geoksyursky oasis, Fergana valley, Khorezm, Zeravshan river valley, oases of East Turkestan - Khotan, Hami, Turfan and others. Nomadic cattle breeding. Ways and directions of nomadism: meridional, vertical, stationary. The composition of the herds. Semi-settled economy. Geographical centers of settlement of nomads, the formation of elements of their agricultural economy. Cities and urban economy. Trade routes. Route of the Great Silk Road.

Topic 3. Ethnic composition and territorial

resettlement of the peoples of Central Asia

The concept of "ethnos". Ethnogenesis of the indigenous peoples of Central Asia. Stages of ethnogenesis. Migration waves and aggressive campaigns of nomadic peoples in Central Asia, their influence on the processes of ethnogenesis. Turkic period(VI-VII centuries) - a change in the ethno-linguistic situation in the region. Arabic period(VIII-IX centuries) - the spread of Islam and the gradual inclusion of Central Asia in the orbit of the Muslim world. Mongolian period(XIII-XV centuries) - changes in the anthropological type of the population. Consolidation of ethnic communities in the XV century. and the beginning of the formation of the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Karakalpak, Uighur ethnic groups.

Topic 4. Political map of the Central Asian region

from antiquity to the end17th century

Territories of the states of Central Asia in antiquity. Khorezm, Bactria, Sogd. City-states of East Turkestan. Greek conquest of the agricultural regions of Central Asia in the 4th century. BC e. and its consequences. Parthian and Kushan kingdoms. Expansion of China's Influence on East Turkestan during the Han Dynasty. The death of the state of the Xiongnu. Fall of the Han Dynasty and China's withdrawal from the Western Territory. Hephthalite state. Accession of the southwestern territories of Central Asia to Sasanian Iran (4th century AD). Khorasan.

The emergence of the Turkic Khaganate and the expansion of its borders in the second half of the VI century. Formation of the Western Turkic Khaganate with the center in Semirechye. Campaigns of Tang China to the West and the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Arab conquest of Central Asia. Maverannahr. Clash of Arabs and China in Central Asia. Battle of Talas 751 Uighur Khaganate in East Turkestan. State of the Samanids. State of the Karakhanids. Seljuks. Seljuk Sultanate. State of Khorezmshahs. State of the Karakites.

Mongols. The conquest of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan. The division of the empire of Genghis Khan into uluses between his sons. Ulus Jochi and its subsequent territorial division. Ak-Orda (Golden Horde), Kok-Orda. Ulus of Chagatai. Mogolistan. "Chagatai state". Timur. Timur's conquests. Timurids.

State of nomadic Uzbeks. Migration of a part of nomadic Uzbeks to Maverannahr. Sheibanids. Uzbek khanates: Khiva and Bukhara khanates. The emergence of the Dzungar Khanate and the territory of its influence. Formation of the Kokand Khanate.

Topic 5. Inclusion of the territory of Central Asia

into Russia and ChinaXVIII–19th century

Accession of Kazakhstan to the Russian Empire. Stages of establishing political and administrative control of the tsarist administration over the Kazakh socio-territorial groups. Methods and forms of inclusion in Russia of the Kazakhs of the Junior, Middle and Senior zhuzes. Construction of fortified lines. Territorial and administrative transformations of the 20–50s. 19th century on the territory of the "Kyrgyz steppe". Russia's clashes with the Kokand Khanate and the annexation of the territory of Southern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan.

Russian penetration deep into Central Asia. Fall of the Kokand Khanate. Formation of the Turkestan Governor General (1867). Establishment of a Russian protectorate over the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. Territorial delimitation of Russian possessions in Central Asia with Afghanistan. Accession of the territories of the Turkmen tribes. Education of the Transcaspian region.

The Qing Empire's conquest of Dzungaria and East Turkestan in 1755–1759 Formation of the Viceroyalty of Xinjiang. Features of the administrative-territorial structure of Xinjiang. National liberation struggle of Muslim peoples against Manchu-Chinese rule. Formation of independent Muslim states: Yettishar, Kulja Sultanate, Dungan Union of Cities.

The process of border delimitation between Russia and China in Central Asia. Kuldzha Treaty of 1851. Chuguchak Protocol of 1864 on the delimitation in Central Asia. Russian occupation of the Ili (Kuldzha) region. Livadia Treaty of 1879 and St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881 and issues of border delimitation. Transfer of the Ili region to China. Demarcation of the Pamirs.

Topic 6. Territorial-administrative division and geography of the economy of Central Asia in the Soviet period

Formation of the Turkestan ASSR and the Kirghiz ASSR as part of the RSFSR. The liquidation of the Khiva Khanate, the Emirate of Bukhara and the proclamation of people's republics. The process of nation-state building in the 1920s. Principles of national policy of the CPSU (b) in Turkestan. Territorial registration of the Uzbek SSR and delimitation in the Fergana Valley between the Uzbek SSR and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. Turkmen SSR. Renaming of the Kirghiz ASSR into the Kazakh ASSR and its borders. Separation of the Tajik ASSR from the Uzbek SSR and its transformation into a union republic. Completion of the territorial-administrative demarcation of Soviet Central Asia in the mid-30s. Creation of five Soviet socialist republics. Constitution of the USSR 1936

Changes in the national composition of the republics. The main directions of migration flows. An increase in the proportion of the Slavic ethnic component.

Principles of location of production in the USSR. Economic specialization of the republics. Assessment and development of mineral deposits. Geography of industry. Industrialization. Modernization of agriculture. Introduction to the circulation of new lands. Construction of new irrigation systems. Karakum Canal. Expanding the geography of agriculture. Major crops grown. Geography of transport. Development of the communication system. Construction railways and highways. Turksib. Routes of gas and oil pipelines.

Topic 7. Political and socio-economic geography of the sovereign Central Asian republics

The collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states in Central Asia. Territorial and border conflicts in the region and with neighboring states. Territorial and administrative division of the republics.

Changes in the composition of the population of the states of Central Asia. Reduction of the Slavic component. Migration flows. Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy of the republics in the post-Soviet period. industrial centers. Intraregional and interregional economic relations. Communication system. Construction of new energy transportation routes. Environmental problems. Aral ecological catastrophe.

Section 3. Educational and methodological section

Main literature

Chistobaev. M., 2002. Zinoviev of the CIS and Baltic States. Tomsk, 2004. , Alekseev division of Asia: modern realities// Geography at school. 2004 No. 2. S. 3–9. History of Kazakhstan: peoples and cultures / et al. Almaty, 2001. Moiseev and China in Central Asia (second half of the 19th century - 1917). Barnaul, 2003.

additional literature

Agadzhanov Seljukids and Central Asia. M., 1991. Bartold T. II. Part 1. M., 1963. East Turkestan in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. M., 1988. Resurrection history of the Russian-Chinese St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881. M., 1995. Gurevich relations in Central Asia in the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. M., 1983. Zlatkin of the Dzhungar Khanate. M., 1983. Kashgaria (political and economic essay). Alma-Ata, 1974. Koychiev A. National-territorial delimitation in the Ferghana Valley (1924–1927). Bishkek, 2001. Mironenko and political geography. M., 2001. Panarin S. Russia and Central Asia: complementarity and free movement of the population // Pro et Contra, 2000. V. 5, No. 3 "Russia and its southern neighbors". pp. 118–140. Panarin and Central Asia on the Eve and After September 11, 2001 // Russia and the East: Problems of Interaction. Materials of the VI international conference. Volgograd, November 28–30, 2002. Volgograd, 2003, pp. 264–282. Polyakov ethnography Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1980. Orfanov on economic and social geography of the USSR. M., 1991. Countries and peoples. Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1984. Shishov geography and regional studies. M., 1999. Shuvalov population. M., 1985. Economics of nature management. M., 1992. Yatsunsky geography. The history of its origin and development in the XIV-XVIII centuries. M., 1955. Shirin Akiner Boundaries and Terminology: Definitions of Central Asia / Conceptual Geographies of Central Asia. Richmond, 1998, pp. 3–62.

Central Asia and the Caucasus;

Economic review.

Internet resources

Forms of current and intermediate control

current control: at the beginning of each lesson, it is planned to work with maps based on the material covered, to perform practical tasks (work to fill in the contour map of the region).

The final form of certification students according to the results of studying each section of the course is a credit. For the credit, reports on individual countries of the region and the implementation of practical tasks on maps on the instructions of the teacher are submitted.

Independent work of students

Organized independent work in the amount of 24 academic hours is planned for the section. The forms of organization of the SIW are: practical work with maps and contour maps, in-depth study of certain issues of the course in literature (in this case, questions for self-control were developed), preparation of information and analytical reports on the final topic of the course.

Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course.

Check out the literature on the topic "Central Asia: the problem of determining the boundaries of the region" on your own.

Questions for self-control:

How did the German geographer F. Richthofen define the borders of Central Asia? What region was defined as "Central Asia" in Soviet historical and geographical science, and what criterion was used as the basis for the selection? When was the definition of "Central Asia" introduced into scientific circulation? What territories are included in the Central Asia region based on the criterion of cultural and civilizational proximity of peoples? How did you define yourself Soviet republics Central Asia after the collapse of the USSR?

Topic 2 Geography of the economic zones of Central Asia from ancient times to 1917

Mark on contour map region the main physical-geographical names. Mark on the map the main agricultural oases and their names.

Topic 4. Reconstruct and map the route of the Great Silk Road based on the description of the Chinese historian Ban Gu. “Han dynastic history describes two roads to the west - southern and northern, diverging in different directions at the exit of the Gansu corridor: “The southern road passes through Shanshan (Lop Nor Lake region) along the northern slope of the Southern Mountains (Kunlun) and further along the river to west of Shache (Yarkand) Further west, the southern road goes through Qingling (Pamir) to the Greater Yuezhi (Bactria) and Anxi (Parthia) The northern road, starting from Cheshi (Turfan oasis), follows the Northern Mountains (Tien Shan) and along the Tarim River west to Sule (Kashgar).Following further west, the Northern Road crosses Qingling and goes to Davan (Fergana Valley), Kangju (Central Asian interfluve) and Yantsai (Lower Volga and Urals) "" [Ban Gu, Hou Han shu, tsz.96].

Topic 7. Prepare, in groups, informative and analytical reports on the topic "Economic and geographical characteristics of one of the five states of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan)".

Plan

Area and administrative composition of the studied republic. Brief economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Population and labor resources. demographic issues. Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy of the republic. Intraregional and interregional economic relations. Communication system.

The presentation of these messages is submitted to the final form of control - course score.

The collapse of the Soviet empire radically changed the geopolitical situation not only in Europe but also in Asia. Therefore, in addition to the traditional macro-regions of Southwest, South, Southeast and East Asia, there is a need to single out one more region - Central Asia.

It includes the former republics of the USSR - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In addition, Afghanistan should also be included in this region, which, both in terms of natural and socio-economic conditions, is much closer to the countries of Central than Southwest Asia.

As part of these six countries, the area of ​​the region is more than 4.6 million km2, or 10.5% of the area of ​​Asia. And its population is about 80 million people (2000), which is 2.4% of the population of Asia. Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east (3000 km.) and from the swamps of Western Siberia in the north to the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush in the south (almost 3000 km.). Almost the entire territory is dominated by a sharply continental arid climate and desert landscapes prevail.

The remoteness of Central Asia from the seas and oceans hinders the development of foreign economic relations. The ports of the Indian Ocean closest to these countries are inaccessible to them, since there are no transit roads through the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush, the Kopetdag and the Iranian Highlands.

Despite the difficult natural conditions, the region has a huge natural resource potential, which can become a good base for the development of a diversified economy. Large deposits of coal, oil and gas, iron, copper and polymetallic ores, gold, phosphates, sulfur and dozens of other types of minerals have been explored and exploited here. Newly discovered oil deposits in Western Kazakhstan (formerly the Tengiz field) indicate that the countries of Central Asia will remain exporters of oil and gas raw materials for a long time to come. They can play a significant role in the world market of non-ferrous metals.

The presence of powerful mountain systems with maximum heights of more than 7000 m causes a large amount of precipitation on the slopes of the mountains compared to the adjacent plains (more than 500 and even 1000 mm.). Mountain glaciers that form here give rise to full-flowing rapids rivers: Amudarya, Syrdarya, Helmandu, Harirud, Ili. Therefore, the high-mountain regions of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and East Kazakhstan have a large hydropower potential. The water of the rivers, flowing in all directions from the mountains, serves as the basis for the development of irrigated agriculture. This explains the greatest concentration of economy in the river valleys, and meanwhile, vast desert territories remain practically uninhabited. With the exception of the extreme east of Kazakhstan, the region is extremely poor in forest resources. Significant damage to forests is caused by unorganized logging for domestic needs.

Natural recreational resources region in combination with the centers of ancient culture can serve for the development of international tourism of various profiles. The area around Lake Issyk-Kul is favorable for tourism recreation, mountain ranges and peaks are covered with glaciers, attract skiers and climbers, architectural ensembles of many ancient cities (formerly Bukhara and Samarkand) are interesting objects for educational tourism.

The population of Central Asia, despite its small size, is very heterogeneous in linguistic and anthropological characteristics. After all, the formation of the peoples of this region took place on the border of two races (Caucasoid and Mongoloid) and two large language families (Indo-European and Altaic). The Turkmens, Tajiks and most of the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the southern branch of the Caucasoid race, the Kazakhs and Kirghiz - to the Mongoloid, and the Uzbeks - a people of mixed origin, has certain signs of both races. In linguistic terms, the majority of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, etc.). They belong to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. And only the Tajiks and the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the Iranian language group of the Indo-European family.

In all the states of Central Asia that were previously part of the USSR, there was a high proportion of migrants of Slavic origin (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). In recent years, hundreds of thousands of Eastern Slavs have already returned to their homeland from Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, and in Kazakhstan they now make up almost half of the population.

The countries of Central Asia are characterized by high rates of natural population growth (2-3% per year). Moreover, they are high in the poor countries of the region - Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and the lowest in Kazakhstan, which has a high level of urbanization and a significant proportion of the non-indigenous population.

Only in Kazakhstan the urban population prevails over the rural (58%), otherwise it is 30-45%, and in Afghanistan - 20%. The region does not have such hypertrophic growth of large cities as in other parts of Asia. Only Tashkent has more than 2 million inhabitants and Almaty - 1.5 million. By the beginning of the civil war in Afghanistan, Kabul was a millionaire city, but now its population has halved.

The low average density of the population of Central Asia - 18 abs/km2 - says little about the real distribution of the population in this territory. Huge expanses of deserts and highlands are practically uninhabited, and well-watered river valleys have a population density of 200-400 abs/km2. Unique in this regard is the Ferghana Valley, where the most densely populated regions of three states are located: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The economy of the countries of Central Asia was formed as a raw material appendage of the Soviet empire. Therefore, the branches of the agro-industrial complex and the mining industry prevail here. Having lost their traditional markets for their products, almost all countries are reducing industrial and agricultural production. Therefore, the volume of GNP in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan for 1990-1998 decreased by 1.5-2 times, only in Turkmenistan, which exports through the transcontinental pipeline system natural gas to Western Europe, GNP grew slightly. Afghanistan, which is in the midst of a civil war, remains one of the least developed countries not only in Asia but also in the world.

Most of the intersectoral complexes formed in the states of Central Asia do not have the final stages of processing raw materials and manufacturing finished products, and this reduces the efficiency of their functioning. Complexes are fully represented here: fuel and energy, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy and agro-industrial.

More hard and brown coal is mined in Kazakhstan (Karaganda and Ekibastuz basins), oil - in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, gas - in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The mountainous states of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan) are poor in fuel minerals, but they have a powerful hydropower potential. In Tajikistan, a cascade of hydroelectric power stations has been created on the Vakhsh, and in Kyrgyzstan - on the Naryn city, which practically meet the needs of these countries for electricity and serve as the basis for some energy-intensive industries. Afghanistan has the greatest problems with the provision of fuel and energy, where only a small amount of gas is produced and there are no powerful hydroelectric power plants. A significant share in the country's fuel balance is occupied by firewood.

The countries of Central Asia are major producers of non-ferrous metals. Important areas of non-ferrous metallurgy have been formed: in Rudny Altai (polymetals), in Central Kazakhstan - the cities of Balkhash and Zhezkazgan (copper, lead, zinc) in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan (polymetals, gold). Powerful aluminum smelters have been built on the basis of cheap hydroelectric power in the cities of Tursunzade (Tajikistan) and Pavlodar (Kazakhstan). Given the already explored raw material base, new non-ferrous metallurgy centers may emerge in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Only Kazakhstan has a well-developed ferrous metallurgy. A favorable combination of coking coal deposits of the Karaganda basin and Sokolovsko-Sarbai iron ores, as well as reserves of manganese ores, nickel, chromium and other alloying metals contribute to the production of high-quality and cheap steel. A full cycle metallurgical plant operates in Temirtau. In other countries there are only small steelworks or workshops at machine-building enterprises.

The region has significant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry. Now, those of its types that are necessary for the production of mineral fertilizers are mainly used. Based on the extraction of phosphorites, the Karatau-Zhambyl industrial complex was formed in Kazakhstan, sulfur and mirabilite are mined in Turkmenistan, in the cities of Navoi and Fergana (Uzbekistan) there is a nitrogen-fertilizer plant. The vast mirabilite reserves of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay are partially used, but its complex processing is not carried out in this region.

Most of the machine-building enterprises of Central Asia work for the needs of agriculture. It produces tractors (Pavlodar), cotton harvesters (Tashkent) and many other types of agricultural machinery for local consumers. A more diversified structure of the machine-building complex exists only in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In addition to enterprises of mining equipment and machine tool building (Karaganda, Almaty), aircraft building (Tashkent), it is planned to build car assembly enterprises here, create new industries, in particular instrument making and radio electronics. New production facilities will primarily be focused on cheap labor in the southern regions of these states.

But the basis of the economy of the countries of Central Asia for a long time will be agriculture, the specialization of which has been formed for thousands of years. The natural conditions of this area are favorable for the development of extensive semi-nomadic animal husbandry, which is combined with intensive irrigated agriculture in the oases. In the second half of the XX century. here new areas of agriculture were created (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) on virgin lands. But the productivity of these lands is low, and the yield is unstable - for several lean years there are one or two years with high gross yields.

A definite difference in hydration separate territories, the presence of a natural forage base determines the different specialization of animal husbandry. Meat prevails in the north of Kazakhstan - dairy and beef cattle breeding in combination with sheep and pig breeding. In the desert lands of southern Kazakhstan and other countries, fine-fleeced and astrakhan sheep, as well as camels, are grazing. In the northern foothills of the Tien Shan, especially in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in Turkmenistan, horse breeding is well developed. In the foothills of the Kopetdag is the main breeding area for the world's Akhal-Teke horses. Sericulture, beekeeping, dairy and meat cattle breeding, and poultry farming are also developing, but there is practically no pig breeding, which is explained by the Islam prohibition on eating pork.

In most Central Asian states, the area of ​​arable land does not exceed 10% of their territory, and in Turkmenistan - only 1%. The geography of agriculture is closely related to the presence water resources(No wonder there is a proverb here "without water there is no land"). Therefore, the main agricultural areas are confined to river valleys and well-moistened foothills. The shortage of arable land forces the local population to grow the most labor-intensive industrial crops, primarily cotton. A significant proportion of the land is occupied by melons, orchards and vineyards. Central Asia is famous for the best varieties of melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears and other fruits. The warm dry climate contributes to the mass production of dried fruits: raisins, sultanas, dried apricots, etc.

Cereals and fodder crops (mainly wheat, rice, alfalfa) are mainly used in crop rotations with industrial crops. Only on the developed virgin lands of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the structure of crops do grain crops sharply predominate: spring wheat, barley, millet, and in warmer regions - corn.

Considerable crops of opium poppy, previously grown for the needs of medicine. But the lack of clear control over its processing and sale can lead (as has already happened in Afghanistan) to the production of poppy products for the needs of the drug business.

Having declared independence, the states of the region, except for Afghanistan, at the same time remained committed to strengthening the CIS, that is, they remain completely under the military-political "trusteeship of Russia", which continues to consider the southern border as its southern border former USSR. This explains the significant military presence of Russia in this region and its participation in local conflicts, primarily in Tajikistan. The Russian military-industrial complex still owns a huge number of facilities in this territory. The Russian military, whose movement is not at all controlled by local authorities, can freely transport (as the example of Afghanistan showed) tens and hundreds of kilograms of narcotic raw materials, which contributes to the development of the drug business.

Afghanistan remains a flashpoint in Central Asia, where, after decades of civil war, shaky peace was established only in 2002. Meanwhile, the presence here of many peoples and political forces that have their own armed formations can lead to an uncontrollable escalation of the conflict to other countries in the region.

The Soviet empire left a large "bouquet" of environmental problems for the local peoples. Massive hydrotechnical construction, water overspending during irrigation lead to salinization of the land, gave rise to the problems of the Aral and Balkhash. The Aral Sea has shrunk by more than half, and thousands of tons of salt are blowing from its dry bottom. The unique Lake Balkhash, which was fresh in one part and salty in the other, may soon turn into completely salty. In addition, already poor natural vegetation was destroyed in vast areas, which led to active wind erosion and dust storms.

The problem of integration of the states of the region into world economy cannot be solved without creating a root of a new transport network. The existing system of railways, highways, gas and oil pipelines was created in the conditions of the empire and is mainly represented by highways going to Central Russia. The network of internal routes, especially railways, does not provide for the modern needs of the economy. Central Asia is practically cut off from the nearest ports of the Indian Ocean due to the complete absence of railways in Afghanistan and a weak connection with the transport system of Iran. Therefore, in addition to the planned road through Iran, it is expedient for the countries of the region to create routes to seaports through Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, in addition, may look for additional ways to export products through China and the ports of the Pacific Ocean.

Companies from Japan and South Korea are showing great interest in this region. Of the traditional partners, apart from Russia, Ukraine can also be of great importance for the region. The Ukrainian economy is in need of energy, non-ferrous metals, cotton and other products of the Central Asian countries. On the other hand, Ukrainian enterprises can supply products of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (oil and gas production equipment, tractors, machine tools, machinery for agriculture) and food industry to this region. Projects for the construction of new gas and oil pipelines also provide for the active participation of Ukraine in them, and some of them may pass directly through the territory of our country. Such cooperation allowed the states of Central Asia to find much cheaper ways to sell their products, and Ukraine to receive additional reliable sources of raw materials and energy. Closer cooperation between the countries of Central Asia and Ukraine requires the solution of certain social problems.

It is from this region that the deported Crimean Tatars return to Ukraine. So far, all the expenses for their resettlement have to be borne by the Ukrainian side, although in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan there are solid houses and entire settlements in which the Tatars lived. Significant support for Ukraine and the assistance of the governments of the Central Asian states in the national and cultural development requires a large Ukrainian diaspora. After all, in Soviet times even in Kazakhstan, where hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians live, the educational and cultural interests of the Ukrainian settlers were not at all satisfied due to the Russification policy.

2.4. Tourism resources of Asia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR)

Recreational potential and modern development tourism in Asia. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Australia and Oceania.

The Asia-Pacific region is the most dynamically developing region in the world. But the flow of tourists here is not yet as great as in the countries of Europe and America. It is expected that in the near future some countries of this region will come to the forefront in terms of the number of tourists visiting them.

2.4.1. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Asia

Turkey, Cyprus, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Nepal, Jordan, Lebanon, and Mongolia are among the most popular Asian countries in terms of international tourist demand.

Relatively recently, tourism began to actively develop in countries such as South Korea, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In Asia, you can visit the unrecognized state - the island of Taiwan.

TURKEY is one of the most popular tourist routes for Russian tourists. The capital of Turkey is Ankara.

Turkey, like Russia, is located in two parts of the world - in Europe (Eastern Thrace) and Asia. Turkey is divided into European and Asian parts by the strategically important Bosphorus and Dardanelles, as well as Sea of ​​Marmara. Turkey is predominantly a mountainous country. In the west of its Asian part is the Asia Minor Highlands. The Anatolian Mountains are located in the east of Turkey. Turkey is rich in chrome ore, but it is experiencing a serious shortage of fuel and energy resources.

Continental, with sharp differences in winter and summer temperatures, the climate is typical for most of the country. On the Mediterranean coast, where the most popular resorts are located, the temperature in summer reaches more than 40°C. Therefore, it is not recommended to be on the beach during the daytime.

Turkey is a fairly large country in terms of population - about 65 million people. Turkey's serious national problem is the struggle of the Kurdish minority for its sovereignty. However, there is also a layer of wealthy Kurds who own hotels on the coast. And there have been no significant violations of order at the resorts associated with the manifestation of terrorism in the country. The Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (“Father of the Turks” in Turkish) had a significant influence on the course of modern Turkish history. in a period of political and economic decline, to unite the Turkish nation, limit fundamentalist Islamic traditions and turn the country towards European development. This trend continues to this day. It is expressed in Turkey's persistent attempts to join the EU. Economically, Turkey is highly dependent on external raw materials and industrial markets. The basis of its international specialization is mining, light industry, food industry, construction, active emigration of labor, small-scale wholesale trade with neighboring countries. The absence of a "core" in the economy leads, in particular, to high inflation rates. The Turkish lira depreciates by an average of 100% annually.

Tourism is one of the variants of the country's international specialization. In Turkey, there are a large number of environmentally friendly resorts, which in most cases combine relative cheapness and high-quality service. Development of tourism in Turkey, comfortable rest attract tourists from European countries, especially from Germany and Russia. In addition, the Turks were originally considered good traders, and tourists can make profitable and relatively cheap purchases here. This attracts travelers from many countries. The most famous resorts include Alanya, Belek, Kusadasi, etc. In hotels, vacations are often combined with various animation programs, demonstrations and sales of various goods.

Kemer located on the slopes of the Tarusa Mountains, close to the sea, in the shade of magnificent pine forests, where there is a network of modern hotels and clubs. Several decades ago, Kemer was a picturesque fishing village. Now here you can not only relax on the beach, but also ride a yacht. Excursion on a yacht includes fishing in the open sea, lunch, swimming. Not far from Kemer are the ruins of the ancient city of Olympus, founded in the middle of the 1st millennium BC.

Fethiye- a young port city with a developed tourist infrastructure. It is located at the foot of the mountains covered with pine and cedar forests. The city is named in memory of a famous Turkish test pilot who died in a plane crash in 1913. Fethiye is located in a zone of seismic activity. In its vicinity in 1956 and 1957. there were two major earthquakes. A popular holiday destination is Kusadasi, which means "island of birds" in Turkish. On the territory of this tourist area Dilek National Park is located where different kinds birds and animals. Kusadasi is a sea port.

Not far from the city there are open after archaeological sites the ancient Greek cities of Ephesus, Miletus, Didyma, Priene, Aphrodisias.

Pamukkale means "cotton castle" in Turkish. In this picturesque place, the action of hot springs containing calcium oxide has led to the formation of bizarrely shaped calcareous snow-white deposits. Tourists admire extraordinary view these white mountains and bathe in the "Cleopatra's pool", the water of which contains mineral salts. There are many health centers here. Side, with its modern tourist complexes and beautiful beaches, is today one of the busiest resorts.

Marmaris located at the junction of the Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea and grew up on the site of the ancient city of Fiskos. Here monuments of ancient architecture are combined with luxurious hotels. Numerous restaurants, bars, discos, music and dancing have made this city a dancing city. Tourists come to Alanya in summer from different countries peace. In winter, well-known sports teams conduct training camps here.

Located south of Turkey CYPRUS is the third largest island in the Mediterranean. Distinctive features of this state are the binational composition of its population (Turks and Greeks).

Cyprus has a favorable Mediterranean type of climate and a comparatively developed economy: mining, light and food industries, mechanical engineering, production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the cultivation of grapes and olives. In 1974, the most economically developed regions of the country were occupied by Turkish troops under the pretext of protecting the Turkish Cypriots in view of an attempt by the Greek military junta to carry out a military coup on the island. This caused some damage to the country's economy. International tourism and offshore business have become an important alternative to economic growth in these conditions. Since 1975 the country's authorities have taken a course to encourage the inflow of foreign investment and the development of international tourism. Favorable investment climate, low crime rate, combined with excellent recreational opportunities contribute to the inflow of capital invested in real estate, tourism infrastructure and other sectors of the economy.

Until 1960, Cyprus was a British colony. Therefore, the official language on the island is English, and the British prevail among tourists. Currently, the country's economy is heavily dependent on income from international tourism.

The largest tourist centers of Cyprus are: the capital of the state of Nicosia, located in the center of the island, but divided into two parts along ethnic lines; wine center Limassol; tourist center with Larnaca International Airport; the historical capital of the western part of the island - Paphos; Ayia Napa youth resort; Famagusta, famous for its beautiful golden beaches.

In Cyprus, tourists are offered a number of excursions, in particular, to Egypt, Jordan, Israel. You can make mini-cruises, explore the beautiful coast of the island. You can get acquainted with the richest ancient history of the island by making a trip to Paphos. In Russia, Cyprus - the "Island of Aphrodite" - is known primarily as a center for beach and entertainment tourism. But this is a one-sided view. In Cyprus there are numerous monuments of ancient Greek and Roman culture, as well as Christian history, many holy places of Orthodoxy, where pilgrims come, including from Russia. Pilgrimage centers include Kakkos and Limassol.

A small state in the southwestern part of Asia, it has a small (about 5.5 million people) predominantly binational population (Jews and Arabs).

The basis of the Israeli economy is industry, in particular, diamond cutting, subtropical agriculture. Of great importance for Israel is international tourism, which is developing in the following areas: beach, cultural, historical and health-improving. The most famous tourist centers of Israel include the most ancient religious center - Jerusalem, medical and health resorts of the Dead Sea, located 395 m below sea level.

In 1996 Jerusalem celebrated its 3000th anniversary. Thirty centuries ago, King David moved here the capital of his new kingdom. The stones of Jerusalem keep the memory of Roman, Byzantine, Arab rule, the rule of the Crusaders and Mamelukes. The status of Jerusalem as a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims, the abundance of historical monuments and holy places, and at the same time, the intense life of the modern multifaceted and multilingual mecca of tourism make this city one and only.

In the south, Israel has access to the Red Sea. On its coast is the resort city of Eilat. The city of Haifa is also interesting for tourists. Various layers of modern and ancient culture are represented here, among which the Bahia Temple is the most famous landmark. The capital of Israel is Tel Aviv with a large international airport Bengurion. The Tel Aviv-Yafo resort area is located on the Mediterranean coast. The development of international tourism in Israel is constrained by the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

JORDAN- a state in Southwest Asia, the capital is the city of Amman. This is a predominantly agricultural country. On the territory of Jordan there are monuments of ancient culture from the 2nd millennium BC. to V in AD At the end of the XIX century. in the mountains of South Jordan, archaeologists discovered the city of Petra - the capital of the Nabataean kingdom of the II century. BC. - I century. AD Tourists come here to see temples, theaters, tombs built of pink stone. Pilgrimage to Jordan is largely associated with religious traditions. Many scholars of sacred texts directly connect the events described in the Bible with the Jordan Valley. Therefore, more and more religious pilgrims today begin their journey to the East from Jordan, in order to then continue it in ancient Canaan, on the territory of modern Palestine and Israel. Moving in this way, they seem to pass through time in the footsteps of the Old and New Testaments, again consistently experiencing the entire history of the relationship between God and man from the first pages of the Book of Genesis to the present day. In biblical history, the Salt Sea, now the Dead Sea, is mentioned as a place of religious events. The Dead Sea itself is a world landmark, full of amazing natural beauty, deep symbolic meaning and truly dramatic charm.

Today, the entire length of the eastern coast of the Dead Sea is one of the most popular holiday destinations among Jordanian and foreign tourists. Its famous thermal springs can be easily reached from Central and South Jordan along any of the many roads equipped with excellent modern pavement. In the south of Jordan, the Red Sea is also a popular holiday destination. Thus, Jordan can captivate tourists for whom seaside recreation is the main goal.

LEBANON- a parliamentary democratic republic, occupying a relatively small area (10.4 thousand square kilometers) with a population of 2.5 million people. Lebanon borders Israel and Syria. The capital is the city of Beirut. Lebanon is known as a major regional banking center. Banking is one of the main branches of the country's economy. Its distinguishing feature is strict confidentiality. More than 80 banks operate in the country. Trade and tourism are also important sectors of the country's economy.

The mild Mediterranean climate makes Lebanon particularly attractive, but unlike most other countries in this region, the unique mountainous nature provides everyone with the opportunity to admire the golden rain of leaf fall, snow blizzards, the bright sunny palette of spring herbs and the sultry sunsets of endless summer. Lebanon is characterized by the development of the following types of tourism: business, cultural, historical and environmental. Business trips to Lebanon are associated with financial and credit activities, the opportunity to make bargains. A relatively liberal tax system creates profitable terms for foreign investment and entrepreneurship. Cultural and historical tourism in Lebanon is associated with familiarization with ancient monuments. The historical sights of the country include the ancient cities discovered by archaeologists - Baalbek, Byblos and Anzhar. The country's capital, Beirut, combines antiquity with the current century. lovers active rest Numerous routes of bizarre mountain paths are waiting for you, where next to your fire - who knows, maybe there was a fire of an ancient person.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)- a federation of seven Arab states located on the Arabian Peninsula. The history of the UAE has a little more than 30 years. In a short time, the Emirates made an unprecedented leap into the future - a rich and highly developed country arose on the site of a waterless desert with a few settlements on the seashore. Tourists from all over the world seek to get here. Abu Dhabi is the largest emirate with a population of about 900 thousand people, the capital and residence of the president of the federation. Dubai is the second largest city and emirate of the UAE, one of the world's centers of business and trade, recreation and entertainment.

Sharjah- "cultural capital" of the UAE, the third largest emirate. There are many museums, historical monuments, mosques, bazaars. Ajman is the smallest of all the emirates, in the past it was known as a place for pearling (now it is famous for its developed fishing industry and the manufacture of single-masted Arab dhow ships. Umm El Kaiwets is an emirate where fishing is developed and there is a research center for fish breeding. Ras Al Khaimah is an emirate in the northern part of the UAE, since the 16th century it has been constantly subjected to conquests and therefore received the name, which in translation means “pirate coast.” The emirate of Fujairah, located in the eastern part of the UAE, is recommended for nature lovers and those who prefers solitary silence.Fujairah has three protected areas: El Wuraida Waterfalls, An El Madhab Gardens and Ain Eyy Gamur Hot Springs. Camel racing takes place in the deserts of the emirate.

The UAE is a country with more than two thousand years of history, has long been mastered Russian tourists unlike neighboring Oman. Oman, a country whose economy largely depends on oil production and export, was closed to tourists until recently.

Oil deposits created prosperity for Oman. And its long-term isolation made it possible to preserve the national characteristics of the culture and life of the local population. Therefore, Oman is an amazing country that allows its guests to get acquainted with the way of Arab life and stay in prestigious international hotels. The most common type of recreation in Oman is scuba diving. The climate of Oman is desert, dry, with a higher level of humidity on the coast compared to the hinterland, with an average of several hundred millimeters of precipitation per year.

The average temperature in July is plus 32°C, and in January - 21°C. Muscat, the capital of the country, is considered one of the hottest capitals in the world.

SAUDI ARABIA, located north of Yemen, occupies most of the world's largest Arabian Peninsula and at the same time, desert occupies most of the country's territory: in the north it is part Syrian desert, and in the southeastern part of the country - the Great Desert (Rub al-Khali). The leading sector of the country's economy is the oil industry. Saudi Arabia accounts for most of the world's proven oil reserves (about 20%).

Saudi Arabia is a country with orthodox Islamic traditions, which is manifested, in particular, in tourist formalities: the import of alcohol is prohibited; drug smuggling is punishable by death; the import of books in Hebrew, as well as goods marked with Israel, is prohibited; it is advisable for women going out into the street to wear a veil. The main type of international tourism in the country is religious, carried out in the form of pilgrimages. The pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia is based on the traditions of the Islamic cult. Every Muslim at least once in his life must make a pilgrimage (hajj) to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The city of Mecca is a place of pilgrimage, since, according to legend, the founder of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, was born here, and the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad is located in Medina.

The state is located in Southwest Asia SYRIA- the last stronghold of the crusaders who marched in the Middle Ages under the auspices of the Catholic Church to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims. The impregnable castles of the Crusaders remind of the Crusades. The capital of Syria - the city of Damascus - is one of the oldest cities in the world. Among the architectural monuments of the city, the colonnade of the sanctuary of Jupiter of Damascus, the Umayyad mosque, and the Nur-ad-Din hospital are of interest. There are more than 200 mosques in the capital.

Syria has long been known for handicrafts - the manufacture of edged weapons ("Damascus blades"), copper utensils, brocade.

The length of the coastline of the Mediterranean coast of Syria is about 200 km. In the vicinity of the fourth largest city in Syria and the main seaport - Latakia - is the main seaside resort of Shatt al Azraq. There are several modern mountain resorts in Syria, which include Slenfe and Mashta al Helu. The development of international tourism in Syria is hindered by a number of historical circumstances. Syria, like many other Arab countries, does not accept the existence of an independent state of Israel. In 1973 Syria, together with Egypt, started a war against Israel, which ended with the signing of a separate peace. This historical fact led to tense relations between Syria and Israel. A visa to Syria is not issued to persons with any Israeli marks. And entry into the area along the Syrian-Israeli border is prohibited. B. Assad, the son of the country's former communist dictator X. Assad, is in power in Syria. The existence of such a regime gave grounds to the United States to include this country in the so-called "axis of evil" of countries with anti-democratic regimes.

The state is located in Southwest Asia IRAN.

A significant part of the territory of this country is occupied by mountains and deserts. The center of the country is occupied by the Iranian Highlands and the deserts of Deshte-Kevir (Great Salt Desert) and Deshte Lut. On the territory of Iran, three natural and climatic zones can be distinguished:

The coast of the Persian and Oman gulfs with a tropical hot climate, the central regions with an arid subtropical hot climate, the central regions with an arid subtropical climate and mountainous regions with a cool temperate climate.

Of the nearly 70 million people in Iran, most (about 50%) are Persians. The official language is Farsi (Persian) and the predominant religion is Shia Islam.

Iran is a country with traditions of Islamic fundamentalism, where spiritual leaders - ayatolls - set the tone.

What regional features should be taken into account when visiting this country? In Iran, there is actually a "dry" law - alcohol cannot be purchased in stores and even hotels. It is strictly forbidden to import into the country all types of alcoholic beverages, video products of erotic and propaganda content and books in Hebrew. If there are any marks of the state of Israel in the passport, entry into Iran is prohibited. Also, women in clothes that do not comply with Islamic rules will not be allowed to cross the border.

Due to the existing traditions of Islamic fundamentalism, international tourism in this country has not become widespread, and Iran receives its main income from the extraction and export of oil and gas raw materials. The development of tourism is hindered by a number of other circumstances. Thus, there is no modern hotel base in the country. At the same time, Iran has great potential for the development of international tourism in a number of areas.

The cultural and historical direction is connected with visiting the ancient cities - Tehran, the capital of the country, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz.

Here you can see many historical sights: medieval mosques, ancient monuments, tombs of Persian scientists and artists.

Medical and health tours can also be promising for Iran. On the shores of the largest lake in Iran, Urmia, there are balneological resorts-baths that use the properties of salt water for treatment, which is similar in content to the water of the Dead Sea.

In Iran, these are available medical services like eye surgery, orthopedics, cardiovascular disease treatment. Tourism for the purpose of entertainment and recreation in Iran has a focal character.

Most famous place holiday in Iran is a trendy Iranian resort on the island of Kish in the Strait of Hormuz. Shopping tours to Iran are also a promising direction of international tourism.

There are many oriental bazaars where you can buy the famous Persian handmade carpets, as well as fine silverware.

CHINA located in Central and East Asia, on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. This is the third largest and the first largest (about 1.3 billion people) state in the world.

China is a multinational country. Of the 56 nationalities, the most numerous nationality is the Han (over 90% of the country's inhabitants). Therefore, the Chinese often refer to themselves as "Han". Many Chinese live abroad. They are called "huaqiao". The relief of China is a multi-stage terraces, gradually descending from west to east. Two large rivers flow through China - the Yellow River and the Yangtze. China is very rich in natural resources: hydropower and mineral raw materials (primarily non-ferrous metal ores).

China has an ancient history. China gave the world one of the religious directions - Confucianism, deifying the power of monarchs and preaching self-improvement. It is no coincidence that in the historical tradition of China, a change in the rule of monarchical dynasties can be traced, the last monarchical dynasty in China is the Qing (1644-1911). During the revolutionary struggle on October 1, 1949. Mao Zedong proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Ancient China gave the world four inventions: paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder. In Europe, China was first learned from the books and stories of the legendary Italian traveler Marco Polo. In 1271-1275. he traveled to China, where he lived for about 17 years.

The paradox of modern China is a combination of communist ideology and one of the highest rates of economic growth in the world, the economic power of the state and the poverty of the vast majority of the population. China is the world's largest producer of cotton fabrics and the world's third largest producer of cast iron. Concept implemented in China* territorial development based on attracting foreign investment in free economic zones.

China is administratively divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, and four cities under the central government: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing. China consists of two special administrative regions, Xianggang (Hong Kong) and Macau (Macao). The capital of China is the city of Beijing.

According to some estimates, China in the XXI century. will become the world leader in tourist visits. There are many attractions in China. One of the most grandiose architectural monuments is the Great Wall of China in Northern China. The total length of the wall is 157 6700 km. In the II century. BC. Emperor Qin Shi Huang had an idea to protect China from the north from the Mongols, and the wall served as a huge bastion. It was built until 1911, driving a huge number of peasants and soldiers from all over the country to construction. All of them died at this construction site, so the wall is also called the great cemetery. There are many temples around the Chinese Wall, today they are active. Now the total surviving length of the wall is 5 thousand km.

In China, the following most popular centers of international tourism can be distinguished: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Macau, Xianggang (Hong Kong), Hainan Island, Tibet. The history of the capital of China - Beijing - has more than 3 thousand years. There are a large number of cultural and historical attractions that allow you to comprehend the past, understand the present, and get an idea of ​​the future of this country. In Beijing, there is the largest state museum in China, Gugong - the former imperial palace, the residence of 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Summer Imperial Palace - Yiheyuan Park is located 20 km northwest of the center of Beijing. 50 km north of the city in the Valley of the Tombs lies the ashes of most of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. On the southern outskirts of Beijing rises the Temple of Heaven (Tian Tan). Here, on the day of the summer solstice, the services of the monks were held with the participation of the emperor with a request to Heaven to send down a good harvest. In the northeastern part of the Chinese capital, the famous Yonghegun lamaist temple was built today. In many cities of China, including Beijing, there are temples of Confucius.

Shanghai located at the mouth of the big river China - Yangtze, better known as a business center. It is one of the largest financial and economic metropolises in Asia. In the past, many Russian emigrants lived here, whose paths lay through this city to the USA, Australia and Canada. The most famous street of Nanjinglu stretches from the embankment through the whole city for 14 km. Here are the best shops and restaurants of Shanghai. The sights of Shanghai include a Buddhist monastery, Chenghuangmiao and Yufesy temples with a jade statue of Buddha, a five-tiered Longhua pagoda, a Garden of Joy, and a TV tower.

Guangzhou- a large commercial and industrial agglomeration on southeast China. Guangzhou hosts international exhibitions and fairs that give Western firms an insight into Chinese products. In the immediate vicinity of Guangzhou are the former English and Portuguese enclaves of Xianggang (Hong Kong) and Macao (Maomen). Hong Kong in translation means "fragrant harbor", because once fragrant spices and incense were taken out from here. Now it is one of the largest financial centers in the world. Hong Kong's tourist attractions include zoological and botanical gardens. Macau is a former Portuguese colony that has now become a tourist mecca with casinos and gambling houses. In recent years, Hainan Island, located in southern China, has become very popular. Modern hotels have been built here, conducive to beach recreation and recreation. The climate in Hainan is tropical.

Tourists have always been attracted by Tibet and the impregnable peaks of the Himalayas, which climbers are constantly trying to storm.

The administrative center of Tibet is the city of Lhasa ("holy place"), located at an altitude of 3660 m above sea level.

Monasteries, the centers of Buddhism and Lamanism, brought world fame to this place, where solemn rituals and ceremonies are still held. In China, you can make bargains.

Here is the first place to buy green tea, natural silk and river pearls. Tourists will certainly be taken to the tea ceremony, silk and pearl factories.

TAIWAN- a state in East Asia, located on an island in close proximity to mainland China. In 1949, after the victory of the socialist revolution in China, the bourgeois Chinese government headed by Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, declaring Taiwan an independent state and enlisting the support of the United States. Since then, the PRC has been claiming its rights to the island, considering it one of its provinces.

Taiwan is a dynamically developing state. In terms of living standards (GDP per capita exceeds $12,000), Taiwan is not comparable to the mainland provinces of China. The capital of this state not officially recognized by the world community is Taipei (Taipei). The main attractions are concentrated in the capital. The white marble memorial to Chiang Kai-shek with a park is a favorite place for the townspeople to relax. Emigrating from China, Chiang Kai-shek took some of the exhibits from the Winter Imperial Palace (Gugong) in Beijing. These priceless artistic treasures are on display at the National Taiwan Museum in Taipei. Taipei also has a traditional night market where you can taste local food, get a massage, and buy a variety of local souvenirs. Russia does not have direct air links with Taiwan. Therefore, the most acceptable option for a trip to the island is a flight through Hong Kong.

MONGOLIA- a state in Central Asia. The capital of the country is the city of Ulaanbaatar. The founder of the Mongolian state is Genghis Khan. Under him and his successors in the XIII century. The Mongol Empire was created, which collapsed in the 14th century. to individual states. The economy of Mongolia has an agrarian and raw material character (nomadic cattle breeding, extraction of mineral resources).

Mongolia exports a variety of products, including sheep and camel wool, leather goods, carpets, knitwear, sheepskin coats.

Mongolia, like many other countries, encourages the development of tourism.

Ecological, ethnographic and historical tours can become the most promising for this country. Mongolia, spread over more than 1.5 million sq. km, is one of the few places in the world that owns a rich combination of ecosystems. The Gobi Desert, which occupies more than half of Mongolia, is distinguished by a wide variety of flora and fauna. Here you can find large rocky deserts with sparse vegetation, and sand dunes. The most interesting area is the South Gobi, where the main attractions and tourist yurt centers are concentrated.

The famous teahouse and Silk Road passed through the territory of Mongolia and from ancient times connected peoples leading a nomadic and sedentary lifestyle. Mongolia still preserves the way of life, ancient traditions and original culture of nomads. The ancient Mongol Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the Black Sea. Mongolia is the cradle of the nomadic civilization of Central Asia, the abode of ancient history and culture. Historical tours will allow you to explore ancient burial places and places of worship. The history of Mongolia is known thanks to the ancient empire of Genghis Khan. The co- 160 blood of Genghis Khan has not yet been found. Maybe you will find them in Mongolia...

JAPAN- an island state in the Asia-Pacific region with a predominantly single-ethnic population of 125 million people.

Japan is attractive for its amazing natural beauty. The country is located on approximately 6,800 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 68% of the territory of Japan is occupied by mountains. The most high mountain Fuji is the national symbol of the country. Distinctive feature Japan is the poverty of the mineral resource base.

"Trade or die" - this is the slogan of the Japanese, stimulating the development of local industry and services. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in shipbuilding, the production of radio electronics, cars and trucks. The production of porcelain, toys and art products remains traditional.

The world energy crises of the end of the 20th century, connected with the rise in oil prices, not only did not weaken, but even rallied the Japanese nation, forcing the development of high-tech industries, as well as financial sector. Now Japan is not only one of the world's largest manufacturers of industrial products, but also the technological "brain" of the Asia-Pacific region and one of the world's largest financial centers.

For a long time (until 1868) Japan was a "closed" state, which determined the originality of Japanese culture. Tokyo is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, the capital of Japan. The sights of Tokyo include the Buddhist temples of Kannon, Meiji, Rakanji, the Yasukuni Shinto shrine, the imperial palace, the National Museum, the Sogetsu art center. Osaka is the largest city in Western Japan. This city is proud of its largest Ferris wheel and aquarium in the world. Nara - the ancient capital of Japan, the city-museum, is known for its architectural monuments and the imperial treasury. In the last decade, tourists have been attracted to Japan by numerous sports and entertainment events, in particular, the Olympic Games, the World Cup.

The warm climate, the presence of many islands and a long coastline make Japan a favorable place for sea tourism. However, coastal resorts here, unlike other countries of the world, are practically absent. The Inland Sea of ​​Japan is no exception, although it is often referred to as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea. For the development of tourism in the country, material investments in infrastructure are needed, and the Japanese prefer holidays abroad.

INDONESIA located on a huge archipelago, comparable in size to Europe. Its largest islands are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi. Life on each of the 13,000 islands follows its own path. On one island live Muslims (Java), on the other - Hindus (), on the third - Christians (north of Sulawesi). The capital of Indonesia is the city of Jakarta.

Bali is one of the most important tourist centers in Indonesia.

Here are located ancient Hindu temples, as well as numerous hotels with magnificent beaches. The handicraft industry is represented by chased silverware, ceramic and wickerwork, art carvings on bone, which are in demand among Tourists.

Indonesia is of interest for eco-tourism. Here is a row national parks and reserves. The Gunning Recreation Park on the island of Sumatra is widely known. Tourists are attracted here by the possibility of trekking through mountain forests, as well as visiting the orangutan rehabilitation center.

THAILAND in terms of territory comparable to France, its population is about 60 million people. Thailand still retains its ancient Buddhist culture. Tin-tungsten belt, passing through the territory of the country, provides Thailand with one of the leading places for the extraction of tin. The main agricultural crop is rice. Thailand has maintained its political independence throughout the country's centuries-old history. Close ties between Russian and Thai monarchs and friendly relations between Thailand and Russia are known in the past.

Currently, Thailand is the tourist mecca of Southeast Asia. Tourists are attracted by the favorable climate and developed tourist infrastructure, historical sites, including Buddhist temples and the possibility of free and relaxed behavior. The most famous tourist centers in Thailand include the capital Bangkok, the cities of Pattaya, Phuket, Koh Samui. There are about 400 Buddhist temples in Bangkok. Among them, the most interesting are the Temple of the Dawn with a tower 104 m high and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha.

INDIA is a huge subcontinent located in South Asia. Over a billion people live in India. Considering that the family planning policy is not as strict in the country as in China, according to demographers' forecasts, in the medium term, this country will become the most populous in the world. In addition, 162 India is considered the most multiethnic country in the world. Physically and geographically, India can be divided into three natural regions: the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic lowland and the Deccan Plateau.

Economically, India can be described as a "key developing country", which is comparable to the great powers in terms of macroeconomic indicators (GNP - about $ 500 billion in 2002; 11th in the world), and in terms of per capita income is one of the poorest countries in the world ($480 per person in 2002; 159th place in the world). The agrarian-industrial economy of the country combines the development of basic industries with a diversified agriculture.

The textile industry has become widespread.

The bowels of the country are rich in various minerals (coal, iron ore, diamonds, manganese, etc.).

From the point of view of tourism, the largest cities of the country are of the greatest interest in India: - the capital of India, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, the former Portuguese enclave, and now the 25th state of India - Goa; national parks Korbet, Sariska, the famous Taj Mahal mausoleum. Kolkata is the birthplace of the world famous Indian writer Rabindranath Tagore. Here is the "House of Tagore". The most popular Indian resorts are located on the west coast of India, in the state of Goa. Until 1963 there was a Portuguese colony. This area is considered the most developed in terms of tourism and is very popular among Europeans. It is more likely to appeal to those who prefer a comfortable, calm beach holiday with lunches in hotel restaurants. But Goa is far from the only popular holiday destination in India.

The state of Kerala, the most southern state of the west coast and one of the most developed states of India, enjoys fame.

A classic trip to India is the Golden Triangle tour with a visit to the world famous Taj Mahal - a monument of Indian architecture, a five-domed structure made of white marble with a mosaic of colored stones, as well as the ancient ghost town of Fatihpur Sikri and the exotic pink city of Rajasthan. India is also a center of religious pilgrimage. The main centers of Hindu communities are located on the territory of this country. India attracts ecotourists who dream of conquering mountain peaks.

Ecotourism associated with mountaineering is also characteristic of NEPAL, the only Hindu kingdom in the world. Until the mid-1950s, Nepal was closed to foreigners and therefore largely retained its originality and national flavor. This is a poor country, whose people do not consider themselves poor, have their own human values ​​and live by their own rules.

Tourists are attracted here by the world's highest peaks of the Himalayas, pristine jungle in the south, the picturesque Kathmandu Valley with unique pagodas and elegant architecture of residential buildings, vibrant holidays, as well as the original culture of the population.

In the spurs of the Eastern Himalayas, there is another small state of South Asia - BUTANE(translated as "Land of Thunder Dragons"). For many centuries, the connection between Bhutan and Tibet was very close, so Lamaist Buddhism, the Tibetan national language and writing are widespread in the country. The Kingdom of Bhutan is one of the underdeveloped, time-forgotten patriarchal states of the world. The country is dominated by subsistence farming. The main production sector of the economy is agriculture. Rice, wheat and barley are grown here. To the south of Bhutan in the town of Cherrapunji (India) is the wettest place in the world, where over 11,000 mm of precipitation falls annually. The wet jungles of Bhutan are poorly studied and little explored. Here the highest density of elephants per unit area.

Bhutan is still largely a country closed to travel.

Modern Bhutan is somewhat reminiscent of Tsarist Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, when an exit permit had to be obtained personally from the emperor, and a foreign passport cost 500 silver rubles.

A similar situation exists in modern Bhutan. There are a large number of places where you can get only after a special permit signed personally by the king. In this case, you should stock up on a significant amount of money, much higher than the official cost of the trip. At the same time, only a true adventurer can appreciate the exoticism of this country.

The main attraction of Bhutan is Buddhist monasteries, the largest are located in Thimphu, the capital of the country.

To the south of India are important objects of international tourism: the island of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Since 1984 the capital SRI LANKA is Colombo. A mixture of cultures and religions, times and peoples have left their mark on the unique image of the city: old colonial-style mansions coexist with both skyscrapers and ancient oriental temples. The largest number of historical and cultural monuments are concentrated in the center of the island and form a "cultural triangle": Anuradhapura - the first ancient capital of Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa - the medieval capital of the state, Kandy - the last bastion of the rulers of the independent Sinhalese state. Sri Lanka is also known for its elephant nurseries. Today, the country is considered one of the leading exporters of tea, MALDIVES is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, located southwest of the island of Sri Lanka. The Maldives consists of 1190 tiny coral islands, of which only 220 have been developed. On 77 islands there are hotels of categories from 2 to 5 stars.

The Maldivians are a mixed race, whose formation was influenced by emigrants from Sri Lanka, India and the Arab countries. The population of the islands is about 240 thousand people, a quarter of whom live in the capital, Male.

The well-known center of modern international tourism has become SINGAPORE, a major financial, industrial and transport center.

Singapore has many natural and cultural attractions.

Singapore zoo, bird park, arts festival, ethnic quarters (Chinatown, little India) - these are the objects that tourists usually visit. A very original open-air memorial museum is the “Tiger Balm Park”, created in Singapore by local Chinese financial magnates from the Au family. Singaporean Chinese businessmen - the brothers Au Bin-Hau and Au Bin-Par - got rich in the production of a healing ointment - "tiger balm", which gained great popularity not only in Singapore, but also in other countries as a remedy for rheumatism, sciatica and others. diseases. The tiger balm business became a source of wealth for the Au family, which became one of the largest financial groups in Singapore.

In an effort to perpetuate their name, the brothers bought a plot of land on a hillside near the sea and created a park here. The construction of the park was completed in 1937. And it was presented by the brothers How and Par as a gift to the city with the condition that after their death this park would become a family memorial. The will of the brothers was carried out. Monuments to the brothers were erected on the upper terrace of the hill, and the park was named Tiger Balm Park.

In recent years, more and more tourists are attracted MALAYSIA- state in South-East Asia, the western part of which is located in the south of the Malay Peninsula, and East End- in the north of the island of Kalimantan (states of Sabah and Sarawak). Malaysia differs from other countries in the region with a unique combination of exoticism, ancient culture and the highest level of development.

Malaysia is divided into 13 states. The capital of the state is the city of Kuala Lumpur. It grew up on the site of the camp of the first tin miners. The most interesting to visit in the capital of Malaysia are the bird park, where about 5 thousand birds live, the deer park, where unique little birds live. mouse deer and the Butterfly Park. Malaysia is a dynamically developing "new industrial" country in Southeast Asia. In the international division of labor, the country is known as a major producer of tin, rubber, as well as products of a number of manufacturing industries, primarily household appliances, and also as a major producer of rice.

In recent years, the country has been pursuing a policy of stimulating international tourism as a promising branch of international specialization. Many areas of Malaysia have their own unique features and are attractive for tourists. The state of Kedah, with a population of over one million, is located in the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia. The so-called "rice bowl of Malaysia" is located on the territory of the state. The state has many archaeological sites. Not far from the coast of Kedah is a resort - the island of Langkawi. The island is covered with tropical vegetation, but there are beaches. Approximately 112 km south of Langkawi, near the northwestern coast of the Malaysian peninsula, is the island of Penang, which is called the "Pearl of the East". Beautiful beaches and beautiful scenery have made the island a popular holiday destination.

The state of Perak, with a population of about 2 million people, is often called the "silver state", as there are large deposits tin ore. Perak is attractive for tourists with numerous sights, in particular limestone caves-temples. There are a number of resort places on the territory of the state: the coastal town of Lamut, Pangkor Island, Pangkor Laut Island.

The state of Selangor is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It is the most populated state in the country and at the same time the largest industrial center. The state has resorts Morib, Bagan Lalang, as well as on the islands of Carey, Ketam, Indah and Angsa.

The main resorts of the state of Negri Sembilan (west coast of Malaysia) are located in the 48-kilometer coastal strip near the port of Dikson.

The state of Malacca occupies the southwest of the Malaysian peninsula and is known as a center of mixing of many cultures: Indian, Chinese, European and Japanese. Therefore, the state has many historical attractions - temples, mosques, mausoleums, churches.

There are also resorts here - Tanjung Bidara, Tanjung Kling, etc.

Johor State is considered the southern gateway to Malaysia. There is a railway line connecting Malaysia with Singapore. The state has historical sites, 166 national parks, resorts. The state of Pahang on the east coast of Malaysia is the country's largest state by area. There are high mountain resorts, national natural reserves, picturesque lakes. Tioman Island belongs to the category of prestigious international resorts. The state of Terengganu on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the center of the country's textile industry.

Painted “batik” products and souvenirs made of copper are made here, which are bought by tourists. This is one of the most picturesque states in the country. The natural wonders of the state include the alpine lake Kunuir, as well as the Sinaya waterfall. Redang Island in the state's offshore area is considered one of the best places in Malaysia for snorkeling and scuba diving. The state of Kelantan, located in the northeast, on the border with Thailand, is called the "cradle of Malaysian culture." Here, on the coast of the South China Sea, there are many resort areas with golden sand beaches framed by coconut palms.

The state of Sabah is located in East Malaysia, in the northeast of the island of Borneo. It is a mountainous state with wild jungles and a long coastline with beaches dotted with coral reefs. The state of Sarawak, which means "Land of the Hornbill", is the largest of the Malaysian states. Located on the island of Borneo, this cosmopolitan state is a land of dense jungle rich in resources such as pepper, cocoa, palm oil, timber and oil. The state has many national parks where safaris are organized. There are wonderful beaches. The state of Labuan has a dynamically developing port, it is one of the international financial centers. Within the state there are a number of islands, off the coast of which the remains of sunken ships lie, which is of interest to diving enthusiasts.

Malaysia is also known for its marine reserves. Marine reserves are a limited area of ​​the sea, which is considered a closed ecosystem in order to preserve its flora and fauna and coral reefs with fish and microorganisms living there.

Reserves are created to preserve and protect coral zones from the influence of industrialization, protect underwater flora and fauna, organize people's recreation without causing damage to wildlife.

While in marine reserves, certain rules must be observed. For example, underwater photography, swimming are allowed there, but fishing, coral collection, speed boat racing are prohibited.

Malaysia is also the center of religious tourism. Most of the inhabitants of the country are Muslims. About 30 km from Kuala Lumpur are the Batu Caves. Every year in late January - early February, a religious holiday is held here, gathering numerous pilgrims from Malaysia, Singapore and other countries. It is important to note that the country has a number of strict rules. Thus, the illegal import of drugs into Malaysia is punishable by death.

A prosperous microstate of Southeast Asia is located on the northwestern coast of the island of Kalimantan. BRUNEI.

The well-being of Brunei is based on the income received from oil production. The Sultan of Brunei is considered one of the richest inhabitants of the planet. The capital of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan. Here, on a compact territory of 6 thousand square meters. km is home to about 300 thousand people. The majority of the inhabitants are Malays (65% of the total population). One of the largest mosques in Asia, the Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque, is located in the capital. The country also has national parks and reserves with equatorial flora and fauna. In 1994 open in the country theme park Jerudong.

MYANMAR- "the country of golden pagodas" - known primarily as one of the most powerful enclaves of Buddhist culture in all of Asia.

The national symbol of the country is the grand Shwedagon Stupa Pagoda, built 2500 years ago and located in the capital Yangon. Power in the country belongs to the military junta, which has ruled since 1962. As a result, Myanmar (formerly Burma) is a poor agricultural country where the automobile is considered a rarity and the population continues to travel by horses and oxen. This state of affairs hinders the development of international tourism, which, with the exception of pilgrimage and sightseeing of Buddhist culture, is practically not developed in the country.

However, Myanmar has interesting places and attractions. Mandalay is the former capital of the Burmese kings. Here, as in other parts of the country, there are many shrines of Buddhism. An extinct volcano - Mount Popa is considered one of the most mysterious mountains in the country and has been a place of pilgrimage for many hundreds of years. This place is sacred for the inhabitants of the country. There are exotic floating hotels in Yangon. These are old ships, laid up along the banks of the Rangoon River and equipped as hotels.

To the northeast of Myanmar is the state of BANGLADESH - one of the poorest and most overpopulated states in the world, formed in 1971. after separation from Pakistan.

Most of the inhabitants are Bengali Muslims. The agrarian economy of Bangladesh is specialized in supplying jute to the world market. International tourism in the country is underdeveloped, as Bangladesh has a reputation for constant cyclones and floods, as well as the ubiquitous mosquitoes. At the same time, true travelers will appreciate the sights of this original country.

In the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, the greatest interest for tourists is the many mosques, Hindu and Christian temples, unfinished Fort Labach, noisy oriental bazaars; it is the rickshaw capital. Dhaka is famous for its muslin. Evergreens are worth noting as natural attractions. mangroves in the southwest of the country, a population of Bengal tigers, herds of elephants and a large number of leopards. Bangladesh is a country of water modes of transport. Ferries and steamboats are common means of transportation.

The only seaside resort in Bangladesh is Cox's Bazar, located near the border with Myanmar and has a pronounced Burmese flavor. The hotel infrastructure is poorly developed here. Tourists are attracted by huge beaches and clear sea, free from sharks. Islamic moral standards do not allow women to expose their bodies. And they can swim here only by wearing bloomers.

In the immediate vicinity of Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, is the old Portuguese enclave of Paterghat, one of the few districts in the country that has retained Christianity.

PHILIPPINES- a state in Southeast Asia, located on an archipelago consisting of more than seven thousand islands. The capital of the state is Manila. Most of the islands are rainforests. Numerous national parks (Kanlaon, Mount Apo, Volcano, etc.) make the development of ecological tourism in the country promising.

A number of significant milestones can be noted in the history of the Philippines. In the XVI century. F. Magellan landed on the islands with the aim of spreading Christianity here, but in a skirmish with local residents he was killed.

For a long time, the Philippines was a Spanish colony, and then became a dependent state from the United States. In 1946 the country gained sovereignty. The structure of the economy is dominated by the production of industrial and agricultural products. Mining and a number of manufacturing industries are mainly developed. In agriculture, the leading industry is crop production (sugarcane, tobacco, tropical fruits and citrus fruits). In the southeast of the country, the province of Davao is located, the population of which specializes in the cultivation of a unique industrial crop of abaca used to make fabrics.

Tourism in the Philippines is mainly associated with visiting exotic places, as well as untouched wilderness areas. The capital Manila is a major industrial, financial and cultural center.

The city has preserved the medieval church of San Augustin and buildings from the time of the Spanish conquistadors; there are the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum of Natural History and Archeology, the Museum of Art.

SOUTH KOREA. The Korean peninsula was divided in 1953. after the Korean War, into two parts by a demarcation line drawn approximately along the 38th parallel. To the south of the demarcation line is the Republic of Korea, and to the north is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the territory of South Korea with an area of ​​about 100 thousand square meters. km is home to about 46 million people. Administratively, the country consists of nine provinces and six metropolitan cities. The capital Seoul is a city with a special status.

The last ruling dynasty in Korea was the Lee dynasty (1392-1910), whose ancestor Lee Song-gye founded the state of Joseon ("Land of the Morning Calm"). In 1910 the country was annexed by Japan, after the defeat of which in World War II and the formation of a zone of American military responsibility in 1948. The Republic of Korea was proclaimed.

The Republic of Korea is a state with a dynamically developing economy. In terms of GNP - 473 billion dollars a year (200 2 years) - this small industrial-agrarian country occupies 13th place in the world. In terms of tungsten mining, South Korea occupies one of the leading places in the world, and is also widely known for the dynamics of the development of manufacturing industries: electrical, electronic, chemical, oil refining, textile, as well as automotive, shipbuilding, electricity and military industries.

Seoul is the political, economic and cultural life country. Numerous architectural monuments of the Joseon era have been preserved in Seoul: ancient gates, five palaces. Yeouido Island is the center of the financial and business life of the capital. Here are the Korean Stock Exchange, the main offices of firms. The best shopping can be done at Dongdaemun Market. Main products:.

Textiles, clothes, leather goods. The port city of Incheon is the western gate of South Korea. Located in the central part of the peninsula, Daejeon is a typical city of science.

Yusong hot springs (11 km from the city) are famous throughout the country for their healing properties. Daegu City is famous for apples and textile industry. For several centuries, the city served as the main center for the wholesale trade in medicinal drugs: honey, as well as ginseng, mushrooms, and nuts. The city of Chongzhou is the center of Korean culture and art. Ulsan is the leading center of Korean industries such as oil refining, automotive, petrochemicals, and shipbuilding. Busan is South Korea's main international trading port. More than 90% of the total turnover of containerized cargo passes through this port.

Jeju Island is one of the nine provinces of Korea. Due to its isolated position and favorable climate, the island is a popular holiday destination. The southwestern regions of the country are famous for their fertile paddy fields. These places are often called the "breadbasket" of Korea. The fields descend to the very coast, which is indented by numerous small bays. IN southeastern The regions of Korea have the largest number of tourist attractions. The main cities in these places are Gyeongju, Busan and Daegu. Several hotels located along the coast, beaches and mountains make the east coast an ideal place to relax. In small coastal towns and in the depths of mountains overgrown with dense forests, many historical monuments can be found. Ski resorts have been built for outdoor enthusiasts in the mountains. The central regions of South Korea are a land covered with wide patches of paddy fields located in the middle of numerous mountains and hills.

CAMBODIA. The Kingdom of Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, in the south of the Indochina peninsula. The population is 12.5 million people (2000). The state religion is Buddhism. The symbol of Cambodia, Angkor Wat is a unique complex of ancient temples. It is the towers of temples built in the 12th century that are depicted on the national flag of the country.

Cambodia is an agricultural country (the share of agriculture in GDP is 53%, and industry - 5%). A civil war ended relatively recently in it, which claimed a huge number of lives. For tourists arriving in Phnom Penh, the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia, a mandatory part of the program is a visit to the "Genocide Museum". In one of the four buildings of the museum from 1975 to 1979, when the country was ruled by the Khmer Rouge, there were torture chambers. As follows from the statistics, Cambodia is perhaps the poorest country in Asia. The per capita income is approximately three hundred US dollars per year. The economy of Cambodia is based on income from the textile industry and tourism. The textile industry is represented mainly by small factories that make windbreakers, trousers, and T-shirts for America, Japan, and Western Europe. An insignificant number of tourists (about 400 thousand per year) is explained by instability, backward infrastructure, and a high crime rate.

In neighboring Cambodia VIETNAM tourists visit the central cities of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. One of the most famous sights of the country is the Mausoleum of Ho Chi Minh City, the leader of the Communist Party and the organizer of the liberation war against the French colonialists. Despite the preserved socialist status, Vietnam is a country with a dynamically developing economy. In the country, in particular, in Hanoi - its capital, active hotel construction is underway. Vietnam in recent years has become a leader in a number of positions, such as coffee production.

The tourism industry is also growing. Vietnam has a number of modern resorts: Nha Trang, Phan Thiet, Danang, Dalat.

Nha Trang is the most famous resort in Vietnam, located on the shores of the bay of the same name. The resort is famous not only for its white beaches, but also for its healing springs. The air filled with eucalyptus aroma has a beneficial effect on people suffering from respiratory diseases.

Phan Thiet is a famous resort located in the south of the country, with golden beaches and equipped golf courses.

Danang is a major seaport. In the vicinity of the city there is also a resort area - a place for those who like to relax on the sea. In addition to swimming in the sea, tourists can enjoy sailing, water skiing, and diving here. The high-mountain resort of Dalat is popular, attracting with the beauties of local nature: waterfalls, lakes, Pinery, flower beds.

There are many architectural monuments in Vietnam, reminiscent of the reign of the Nguyen dynasty. These are tombs, pagodas, and the most famous among them is the seven-story pagoda "Thien My". A large part of the country's territory is occupied tropical jungle. In Vietnam, the national park industry is slowly starting to take shape, where tourists can enjoy the views virgin forests and exotic animals.

Vietnam, Cambodia - countries where Buddhism is the state religion. In these countries there are numerous Buddhist monasteries, temples and pagodas, which are constantly visited by religious tourists.

Geographical position. Central Asia is located in the center of the Eurasian continent. In the north, this country borders on Siberia, in the east - on East Asia, in the south - on Southeast and South Asia, in the west - on Central Asia. The mountains and plains of China and Mongolia are located within this country. The Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt passes through the Central and Southern parts of the country. Mongolian Altai, Tien Shan, Tibet and Karakoram are located in the center and in the north.

The mountains are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and intermountain depressions and plains are sedimentary.

Central Asia is rich in mineral deposits.

Relief. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by contrast and diversity. Here are located the highest mountain systems (Tibet; Karakorum; Eastern, or Chinese, Tien Shan; Altai (Mongolian); Kunlun mountains) and vast waterless plains (Takla-Makan, Gobi).

The highest point in Central Asia - Mount Chogori (8611 m) is located in the Karakorum. The lowest point in Central Asia is the Turfan depression (-154 m), which is located in the Takla-Makan desert.

Climate. Within Central Asia, temperate and subtropical climatic zones are distinguished.

The Central Asian High ( winter month) and Pacific air masses.

The least humidified (no more than 100 mm/year) are Central Tibet, Takla-Makan and Gobi. In the southeast of this physical and geographical country, on the eastern slopes of Tibet and Kunlun, up to 1000 mm / year of precipitation falls.

In the north of the region, the winter is cold (the average annual temperature in January is -24 °C). Summer is relatively cool (average temperature in July is +16°С). In the center (Takla-Makan desert) the average temperature in January is -8 °С, and in July +24 °С. In the southern regions, in the mountains of Tibet, the average temperature in January is -20 °C, and the average temperature in July is +10 °C.

The river network is well developed in the mountains, and practically absent within the waterless plains. The exceptions are the rivers of the inner basin Tarim, Zulaikho, etc., which dry up in summer. The Tarim River flows into Lop Nor Lake, the outlines of which change from month to month and from year to year. Lakes are rich in the northern regions of Central Asia, where Kukunor, Ubsu-nur, Orin-nur and others are located.

At the foot of Tibet, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert zones are developed, which extend to absolute levels of 4000 m. The tops of the mountains (starting from a height of 6000 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

On the plains there are steppe and desert landscapes. Due to the low population, the anthropogenic landscape is extremely rare. The population is concentrated in areas provided with drinking water, as well as in places of development of the mining industry.

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Central Asia is a vast region without access to the ocean. All sources include countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Many include here Mongolia, part of China, Punjab, Kashmir and the north. A specific feature of the Central Asian region is its inland position with mountains along the outskirts protecting it along the perimeter.

Central Asia includes desert and semi-desert plains, highlands and plateaus. Limited:

• in the East, the southern part of the Greater Khingan and the Taihanshan ridge,
• in the South - a longitudinal tectonic depression of the upper Indus and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo),
• in the West and North, the border of Central Asia corresponds to the mountain ranges of East Kazakhstan, Altai, Western and Eastern Sayan.

Central Asia area by different estimates is from 5 to 6 million sq. km. The population of Central Asia is made up of Mongolian peoples, Chinese, Uighurs, Tibetans, and others. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by significant elevations, and there are two main tiers. On the lower tier(500-1500 m above sea level ) Gobi desert, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and Tarim plains are located . The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, the average heights on which increase to 4-4.5 thousand meters . And the highest points of the Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun mountains reach 6-7 thousand meters.

Central Asia is populated unevenly. Mainly river valleys and intermountain gorges, where there is water, are mastered by people. In the north, regions with a favorable climate have a large area, and there the area of ​​inhabited land is larger (Kazakh virgin lands). But in general, within the region, large areas do not have a permanent population at all. The reason for this is the lack of water.

Scientists believe that the Scythians created the first nomadic state in this region. Although who these Scythians were is still arguing. According to scientists, the Scythian tribes lived in a state of fragmentation. They created a state called the Xiongnu (209 BC - 93 AD), which was the first empire of the nomadic peoples of the world.

Central Asia. Climate

In winter, anticyclones prevail in Central Asia, and in summer, low atmospheric pressure with a predominance of dry air masses that came from the ocean, but lost moisture along such a long path. The climate is sharply continental, dry, temperature fluctuations are significant both during the season and during the day. The average January temperatures on the plains are -10 to -25 °С, in July from 20 to 25 °С). The annual amount of precipitation on the plains in some places is sometimes less than evaporation. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in summer. There is more precipitation in the mountain ranges than in the plains. Central Asia is characterized by strong winds and sunny days (240-270 per year).

Vegetation

On the for the most part plains of Central Asia sparse vegetation cover, desert and semi-desert vegetation, its species composition poor. Shrubs predominate. Significant areas of takyrs, solonchaks, loose sands are completely or almost devoid of vegetation.

In the Tibetan Highlands, vegetation is often represented by creeping shrubs of teresken, and in hollows that are sheltered from cold winds, by sedges, cobresia, reamuria, bluegrass, and fescue.

In the North, semi-deserts and deserts turn into steppes. On the northern slopes of the mountains there are areas of coniferous forests of spruce, fir, larch. Along the valleys of many transit rivers (Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya), in deserts and in foothill oases, there are strips of tugai forests with a predominance of various-leaved poplar, sucker and sea buckthorn. Along the banks of the reservoirs there are reed and reed thickets.