Clarifying the symptoms of the problem. Global problems of mankind: an example, solutions Need help in studying a topic

Global problems are called problems of particular importance, on the overcoming of which the possibility of continuing life on Earth depends. The solution of global problems is possible not only as a result of the unification of the economic efforts of countries, but also the adoption of political steps, changes in public consciousness, in the field of international law, etc. However, the economic prerequisites and the world economic significance of solving these problems seem to be the most important.

Signs of global problems:
without their solution, the survival of mankind is impossible;
they are of a universal nature, i.e. affect all countries;
the solution requires the unification of the efforts of all mankind;
they are essential, i.e. their decision cannot be postponed or shifted onto the shoulders of future generations;
their appearance and development are interconnected. These features require some explanation.

Without solving global problems, the survival of mankind is impossible. This means not only that their development gradually or simultaneously destroys or is capable of destroying humanity. For example, the proliferation of nuclear weapons across conflicting countries and regions of the world potentially threatens a nuclear catastrophe and its consequences for all the inhabitants of the Earth. Some problems are not in themselves a problem in the negative sense of the word. Simply, in the absence or insufficiency of universal efforts in certain areas (for example, in the exploration of space or the oceans), it will not be possible to create a material base for universal survival.

The universal nature of global problems means that manifestations of global problems can be seen in any country. At the same time, not every problem common to all countries is global. For example, unemployment exists in any country, but we do not call this problem global, because it is internal to countries. In addition, the problem of unemployment does not satisfy other features characteristic of global problems. Global problems affect all countries, but affect them in different ways. For example, the demographic problem associated with the exponential growth of mankind has a different character in different groups of countries.

The need to unite the efforts of all mankind in the conditions of the current imbalance in the economic development of the countries of the developed North and the backward South predetermines the different contribution of individual nations to the process of solving global problems. In addition, the severity of individual global problems for different countries is different and, therefore, the degree of interest and participation of countries in resolving individual global problems is different. Thus, resolving the problem of poverty in the underdeveloped countries of the African region is key to the survival of most of the local population. The participation of the countries of the "golden billion" in resolving this problem is determined only by moral motives and is often expressed in the form of humanitarian aid or other forms of charity.

The emergence and development of global problems is associated with human activity, and not necessarily negative, aimed at self-destruction. Moreover, almost all global problems have arisen as a result of the creative activity of people. They are a consequence of progress, which, as we see, has too deep negative consequences.

In scientific publications, in international organizations, there is no single formulation and list of global problems. Often individual problems are grouped into more general ones. For example, they often talk about a natural resource problem, which includes raw materials, energy and food. The most common point of view is the following.

The global issues include:
ecological;
the problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of nuclear war;
overcoming poverty;
demographic;
raw materials;
energy;
food;
international terrorism;
space and ocean exploration.

The list and hierarchy of global problems are not permanent. While the development of individual global problems is approaching the verge beyond which they are irreversible (for example, environmental or raw materials), the significance of individual problems has significantly decreased in recent years or their nature has changed significantly (the problem of peace and disarmament). In recent years, international terrorism has been added to the list of such problems.

The most acute today seems to be a global environmental problem. Behind the brief but capacious concept of "environmental problem" lies a long series of changes in the quality of the natural environment that are unfavorable for human life and health. It is no coincidence that many scientists talk about the development of several global environmental problems. They are interconnected and flow from one another. Thus, as a result of atmospheric pollution by industrial emissions, the Earth's ozone layer decreases and the climate warms, although scientists name not only anthropogenic (as a result of human activity), but also natural (natural) causes of the development of global environmental problems. Anthropogenic factors include irrational nature management and an increase in the amount of waste polluting the environment.

In each of the three components of the environment, negative changes are observed today: in the atmosphere, on land and in the aquatic environment. The ongoing changes affect physical (shifts of glaciers, changes in air composition, etc.) and biological objects (fauna and flora) in each of these elements and, ultimately, adversely affect human health and life (Fig. 3.2). Recently, scientists have also started talking about potential threats to human life from outer space (asteroids, "space debris", etc.).

In the atmosphere, the main negative manifestations of global environmental problems should be considered the deterioration of air quality, acid rain, depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, as well as temperature and other climate changes. As an example, we note that only air pollution is the cause of 5% of all diseases of the world's population, it complicates the consequences of many diseases. In rural areas of developing countries, about 2 million people die every year due to high concentrations of harmful particulate matter in the air.

The limited and largely non-renewable land resources are no less than the state of the atmosphere subject to rapid and massive deterioration. The main problems here are soil degradation, desertification, deforestation, reduction of biological diversity (species diversity), etc. Only the problem of desertification, i.e. The increase in the scale of desert lands in the world affects the vital interests of every third inhabitant of the Earth, since this process involves from a third to a half of the land surface.

Environmental problems also affect the aquatic environment, which is expressed in an acute shortage
fresh water (40% of the world's population experiences water scarcity), its purity and potability (1.1 billion people use unsafe drinking water), marine pollution, overexploitation of marine living resources, loss of coastal habitats.

For the first time, the global problem of protecting the environment from the harmful effects of man came to the international level in 1972 at the first UN Conference on the Environment, which received the name of Stockholm at the place of its convocation. Even then it was recognized that natural resources must be protected, the Earth's ability to restore renewable resources must be maintained, and pollution must not exceed the ability of the environment to clean itself. In the same year, an international organization, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), was established. In the 1970s and 1980s, the international community adopted a number of international conventions in the field of ecology. Among them: the World Heritage Convention, 1972; “On International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)”, 1973; “On the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals”, 1979; Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987; Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1989 and others.

The next major milestones in international cooperation in this area were the creation in 1983 of the World Commission on Environment and Development and the holding in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro of the UN Conference with the same name. The Summit in Rio de Janeiro revealed the unequal opportunities for the countries of the North and the South to move towards sustainable development and approved the document "Agenda for the 21st Century". According to estimates made within the framework of the summit, it is necessary to allocate 625 billion dollars annually to implement the provisions of the document in developing countries. The main idea contained in this document is to find a balance between the three directions of human development on the path to sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. Rio de Janeiro also signed the Framework Convention on Climate Change and introduced the principle of common and shared liability, reflecting the fact that industrialized countries are the largest contributors to carbon dioxide pollution.

In 1997, at an international conference in Kyoto (Japan), a legal instrument of the Framework Convention appeared - the Kyoto Protocol. According to the Protocol, signatories and ratifiers must reduce their total greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% compared to 1990 levels. The Protocol contains a new, hitherto unused market mechanism to achieve the goal, including:
the possibility of joint fulfillment of commitments to reduce emissions;
trading in quotas for greenhouse gas emissions. A seller country that exceeds its emission reduction commitments may sell certain units of already reduced emissions to another party;
the possibility of participation of legal entities-enterprises in actions to receive, transfer or purchase emission reduction units.

By December 2001, 84 countries had signed the Kyoto Protocol and 46 more had ratified or acceded to it. The Protocol will enter into force only 90 days after it has been ratified by at least 55 signatory countries.

Formation of goals.

Target in management, it is the required or desired state of the organizational system in the planning period, a expressed set of characteristics. The goal should set certain guidelines for the development of the organization in given time intervals. That. the purpose of the organization is the result of forecasts and assessment of the situation on the one hand and a limitation for planning activities on the other hand.

Planning functions lies in the reasonable formation of the main directions and proportions of the organization's activities in accordance with the established development goals, the possibilities of resource provision and the existing demand in the market.

During planned calculations:

Detailing of the established goals of the organization's activities and bringing them to individual divisions and performers is established;

The composition of ongoing projects is established;

Tasks are distributed among the participants and the composition of the necessary resources is determined;

The sequence and timing of the implementation of individual works are agreed upon;

The execution of tasks set for each period of time is ensured.

The need for planning activities and strengthening its role in maintaining the competitiveness of the organization is due to the expansion of the scale and complexity of business processes, their multivariance and probabilistic characteristics, the development of specialization and the expansion of cooperation in all areas, as well as the expansion of economic independence and responsibility for the results of their activities. These factors require careful planning of management decisions. In large corporations, there is a need to form planning systems that provide and combine various types of plans into a single set of planned calculations.

Organization production processes and processes for the provision of services is to ensure the implementation of established targets in order to implement the adopted strategy for the development of the enterprise. To do this, it is necessary to establish the composition of the necessary resources and performers, distribute and adjust the work of performers in a given period of time, and ensure monitoring and evaluation of activities. the fulfillment of these tasks is carried out by creating the organizational structure of the company, establishing the nature of the relationship between its elements and regulating the procedure and conditions for their functioning.

The organization in management provides a rational combination in time and space of all elements of the business process in order to most effectively implement the decisions made.

Control and regulation how the management function completes the management cycle and ensures the effective implementation of all other functions. Its essence is to ensure the fulfillment of established tasks.

Control tasks:

Collection and systematization of information on the state of innovation and its results;

Assessment of the state and obtaining results;

Analysis of the causes of deviations and the factors that cause them;

Preparation and implementation of decisions aimed at adjusting activities if necessary.

Control performs the function of feedback in the management process, the presence of which is a necessary condition for effective management.

Procedural functions .

They include 2 types of activities that make up the content of the work of a manager of any level of the hierarchy. The conscious will of the manager finds expression in managerial decisions. They cover all stages of a company's life. They are the main means of implementing the subject and socio-psychological functions of management. The responsibility and significance of the consequences of the managerial decisions taken require the managers to develop a sequence of actions and their reasonable preparation and implementation.

Communication functions consist in the preparation, receipt, processing of information for its transmission and successful promotion of management decisions. Almost all the current activities of a manager are related to the implementation of the communication function. For their implementation, it is important for the manager to apply specific management methods and techniques. Since management decisions are almost always associated with new information, communication processes are of particular importance in the activities of a manager.

Relationship diagram of a manager.

A manager is a person in an organization who does work through the hands of others.

Socio-psychological functions .

They include management processes and tools that contribute to the effective implementation of subject functions. They are related to the nature of production relations and contain 2 types of impact on a person from the point of view of management:

- delegation (a set of management decisions aimed at the rational distribution of work and responsibility for their implementation between employees of the management apparatus);

- motivation (provides for the creation of a system of material and moral incentives for the effective work of employees and their career growth).

These functions are important in determining the need for innovation, as well as in preparing and implementing change management processes in an organization.

Other management models.

1. Henri Fayol model .

This model is based on the basic functions of management, such as: foresight and planning; organization; management; coordination; the control.

1 - the manager determines the future (desired) state of the organization, logically builds a list of tasks, determines resources, forms an action plan to ensure this future state of the organization.

2 - The organization involves the construction of a structure of work that should ensure the implementation of the plan.

3 - Leadership. The manager must force or encourage employees to achieve their intended goals, as well as ensure their dedication to the organization and work.

4 - Coordination of activities of all departments. The organization should be aimed at achieving common goals, so the manager must be in constant contact with other managers.

5 - Control - there should be a control system that allows you to find out what happened and compare with what should happen.

2. Peter Drucker Model .

Represents a view of the manager in terms of operations at work and highlights the following controls:

Goal setting;

Organization;

Motivation and communication;

Evaluation of results;

Staff development.

Management decisions with the need to influence the object of management and in order to bring it to the desired state form the decision-making process.

The subject of every decision decision maker), which can be individual or group.

Decision problem It is aimed at determining the best course of action to achieve the goal in a particular situation.

Exist 3 classes of problems:

Correction task;

A task for improvement or improvement;

The task of creating or developing.

Problem - this is a situation in which the desired (what is required) differs from the actual (what happens).

Limitation - this is a condition that reflects the influence of external and internal factors, which must be taken into account when making a management decision.

Symptoms and causes of the problem.

Symptoms problems - a set of factors of a real situation that will not allow to ensure the desired or specified functioning of the system or obtaining the results of its activities.

Causes managerial problems - are associated with inadequate adjustment to the current situation, elements of the manager's managerial activity.

Examples of symptoms structural problems:

1. Poor morale and low motivation of employees due to inconsistent and arbitrary decisions that do not comply with the existing rules and regulations of the company. In this case, as a rule, there are no definite priorities.

2. Late and wrong decisions due to the fact that new important information arrives late. Some managers are overwhelmed by the fact that they cannot delegate part of their authority to subordinates. The decision makers are isolated from each other, which indicates a violation of the coordination of activities.

Decision scheme:

1) description and formulation of problems;

2) goal setting;

3) generation of solutions;

4) definition of criteria for evaluating decisions;

5) evaluation of options and decision making;

6) information and implementation;

7) monitoring and control.

Stages 1-5 constitute the scheme for making the decision itself. Let's consider these stages in more detail.

1). Description and formulation of problems.

If the decision is classified as typical, programmed or routine, it can be made in accordance with the rules and procedures established in the company.

Otherwise, it is necessary to first define the boundaries of the problem and reach agreements on the desired results.

For a systematic analysis of the problem, it is necessary to answer the questions:

Why did this problem occur, is it caused by another, more hidden problem that needs to be resolved in the first place?

Has the problem occurred before and under what circumstances?

What additional information is needed to better understand the problem?

Does the problem affect anyone else and should they be involved in decision making?

Management tools used at this stage.

Their use depends on the complexity of the problem and the number of people involved in solving it.

To describe the problem are used the following tools:

Memory card

Relationship Diagram

A, B, ... E - events .

To analyze the problem use cause and effect diagram(diagram of Ishikawa "fish skeleton").

2). Goal setting.

Having identified the problem, it is necessary to set goals that must comply with the principles of SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant (relevant to the activities of the unit or company as a whole) and limited in time).

NOT GOALS: carry out planning; improve the moral and psychological climate in the team;

ALMOST GOALS: reduce employee turnover by 5%;

GOALS: reduce employee turnover by 5% in the sales department until 12/31/01.

3). Solution generation.

Other people interested in making this decision may be involved at this stage. The brainstorming technique, either classical or written, is used to generate options.

It is necessary to precisely formulate the content of each solution option and check the option for the appropriateness of its use.

4). Definition of criteria for evaluating decisions.

Criterion is a rule of choice or a means of judgment.

Type of criteria: suitability; optimality; adaptability.

5). Evaluation of options and decision making.

The options should be assessed in terms of their suitability for achieving the outcomes identified in step 2. In this step, each option is qualitatively assessed to determine the strengths, weaknesses, and benefits of implementing them. However, such assessments are too subjective, which is a negative point.

It is possible to use the "rating matrix":

When choosing an option, you have to take into account the financial implications and the degree of risk. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the costs and feasibility of attracting resources for each option. It is also important to understand that uncertainty is always present in the work of a manager, which requires an assessment of its main factors and the level of risk. If the manager is not satisfied with the solution option, he needs to return to step 2 (goal setting) or consider other options.

6). Communication and implementation.

Once a decision has been made, it is important to communicate its purpose and implications to everyone concerned. At the same time, it is useful to determine the indicators that must be achieved at each step of the implementation of the solution.

7). Monitoring and control.

The manager is responsible for monitoring (tracking progress towards the goal) by regularly checking the current state of affairs for possible deviations from the planned action plan. At this stage, the value of goals formed in accordance with the principles of SMART becomes apparent.

A partner is not only someone with whom we share a bed or a dining table, it is a person with whom we have decided to build a life and a family.

When problems arise in a relationship, it becomes fairly obvious. However, we are often reluctant to see or admit that things are going wrong or that we are unhappy. In this article, we will give you some clues and signs to look out for in order to tell you that your relationship is not the way you would like it to be.

Important relationship issues

1. Lack of communication

Communication is perhaps the most important key to all relationships. We need the support of a partner, including understanding and attention.

Here are some signs that our relationship is lacking in communication: our words are not being heard, our partner is not making eye contact, and we are not able to build an open and constructive dialogue. And if we talk, we only do what we argue and quarrel. These are the situations that most often push couples apart because there is no longer the support that was there in the past. In this case, our emotions may fade or too many resentments prevent a sincere dialogue.

Note that sometimes the lack of communication is also due to periods of high stress. Work, for example, can take up so much time that it is almost not enough for a partner, making communication difficult. Keep this in mind and never neglect this most important component of our relationship.

2. Lack of enthusiasm when it comes to planning

There may come a time when we notice a lack of enthusiasm when it comes to leisure activities together: going out to restaurants, relaxing on the weekends… We may even notice a certain monotony of life or notice that our partner does not look at us with the same favor as before. . The magic is being lost and we don't know why.

We must be attentive to how our partner reacts when we propose something - something for the future that both of you would like to do. If the partner reacts coldly and does not seem to be entirely interested in what we are talking about, we should ask ourselves what is wrong. Maybe something has changed. An important sign of this is the lack of enthusiasm.

3. If there are more tears than joy

Bad things do happen in life. Love sometimes goes through a difficult period, and relationships require effort and sacrifice. But be careful, if there comes a time when you have only reasons to be sad, and you rarely rejoice, little by little this will take its toll on your emotional health. This is a negative sign.

There are couples who love each other very much but fail to make each other happy. We must take care of relationships and do our best to make them healthy and successful. But if your efforts don't equal those of your partner, you may end up feeling bad about yourself. You cannot carry this burden on your own shoulders and in your heart. In a relationship, there are two people - both must work.

4. When trust disappears

5. When we are no longer important

Relationships require that both partners recognize the importance of each other, that their problems are common problems, that their well-being is important to both. If the day comes when we notice that we are no longer important in our partner's life, suffering and disappointment follow.

Factors such as our work, personal space, and hobbies are also important in a relationship, but the person we love should always come first and be the one we care about first. If there comes a time when we put other people or work ahead of our partner, then we will have relationship problems.

Remember that any time you notice signs of relationship problems, you should talk to your partner about it. Sometimes there are external factors that need to be considered and addressed. For example, difficulties at work, as well as economic or personal problems, can lead to relationship instability. But with trust, love and communication, you can overcome them.

In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, relations between Ukraine and Russia worsened. The people living in Russia, after the loss of so many territories, remembered the Crimea, which could be returned, because. its transfer to Ukraine in 1954. many disapproved. At the same time, 80% of Crimean residents said they consider themselves citizens of Russia, and Crimea is part of its territory. What is strange, but even the authorities of the Crimea adhered to a pro-Russian orientation at that time.

But Ukraine had one, very weighty, leverage to put pressure on Russia, and that was the Black Sea Fleet. But what is strange, in January 1992, the then President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk announced that he had taken the Black Sea Fleet under his guardianship. It was a collapse for Russia.

The transfer of the territory of one state to another requires the conclusion of an agreement between them, which must comply with the principles of law. The agreement concerning the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine was not found. Neither in the Russian nor in the Ukrainian territories.

Among the main arguments used by the Ukrainian Party to justify its rights to the territory of Crimea, it should also be mentioned:

• - art. 5 of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States of December 8, 1991, on the recognition and respect for mutual territorial integrity and the inviolability of existing borders within the Commonwealth;
• - Alma-Ata Declaration of December 21, 1991, which confirmed this approach;
• - art. 3 of the CIS Charter of January 22, 1993, which fixed, among the interrelated and equivalent principles of relations within the CIS, both the inviolability of state borders, the recognition of existing borders and the renunciation of illegal territorial acquisitions, and the territorial integrity of states and the renunciation of any actions aimed at dismembering foreign territory ;
• - Declaration on the observance of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of the CIS member states of April 15, 1994

All these arguments “do not work”, since there are no legally significant documents that included Crimea or Sevastopol in the state territory of Ukraine. Assignment (transfer of sovereignty from one state to another by agreement between them) requires the conclusion between the respective states of an international treaty, which must comply with all the basic principles of modern international law.

Such disputes of states about territory are most often resolved based on three cases of unilateral territorial claims:

1) When the territory has never belonged to the state, and it has never exercised any sovereignty over this territory;

This point is entirely on the side of Russia, since Ukraine did not own until 1954. Crimea.

2) When the territory once belonged to the state, but then became part of the territory of another state, and this was properly legalized;

Similarly to the first point, the territory did not belong to Ukraine. But this paragraph is in defense of Russia, since it owned the disputed territory, but this was not properly formalized.

3) When the territory did not belong to anyone in the past, and was subsequently included in a certain state, and this was legally formalized.

This item does not fit, because there is no third country in the past, the owner of Crimea.

Consequently, the situation with Crimea does not fit into any of these options and, accordingly, implies the existence of Russian sovereignty over the territory of the peninsula.

The Russian naval base, the city of Sevastopol, found itself in a particularly difficult situation. With regard to Sevastopol, there was no legal fact of transferring the city from the Russian Federation to Ukraine. The inclusion of Sevastopol in the text of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR (Article 77) as a city of republican subordination has no legal effect from the moment of adoption, since the decision was made by the Ukrainian SSR unilaterally without a corresponding decision being made by the constitutional authorities of the RSFSR.

Sevastopol as the main base of the Black Sea Fleet of the USSR was a separate administrative and territorial unit. A special legal regime was established for it, concerning, in particular, the residence and activities of its inhabitants, the procedure for entry and exit, and other issues. The position of Sevastopol as a city of a naval base of union subordination, which has a special legal regime, stemmed from its importance for organizing defense and ensuring state security of the entire country, which, according to the Constitution of the USSR, was assigned to the jurisdiction of the highest state authorities of the former USSR.

The leadership of Russia is allegedly not interested in the return of the ancestral territory. It did not dare to defend not only the interests of its fellow citizens, but also the state interests of Russia. Perhaps a secret plan was being prepared to return the Crimean territory. But in 2000 all hopes for this failed, since B.N. Yeltsin resigned from power. But Vladimir Putin did not deal with this problem. But the collapse of all relations between states came in 2004, when Leonid Danilovich Kuchma left power, and Viktor Yushchenko came to power, adhering to a pro-Western policy. Therefore, even America has more chances to take possession of the Crimea than Russia, with which Yushchenko practically does not have diplomatic relations.

Turkish interests regarding Crimea are also known. The subject of specific Turkish policy is the expansion of the economic, and then the political presence in the Crimea. On this basis, in early 1996, there was a sharp cooling of relations between Turkey and Ukraine. For the latter, the assertiveness with which Turkey is advancing into the Crimea has become a revelation. Ukraine finds itself between two fires against the background of the fact that in Russia there is no understanding of the Islamic threat in Crimea and the Crimean problem continues to be exaggerated in an anti-Ukrainian context. As a result, it turns out that for Ukraine, Turkey and Russia in this sense are "in the same boat."

The concept, signs and types of global problems.

North-South problem;

The problem of poverty;

food problem;

Energy problem;

The problem of ecology and sustainable development;

demographic problem;

The problem of the development of the oceans.

Ways to solve global problems of our time

The concept, signs and types of global problems.

Under global problems of our time one should understand the totality of problems on the solution of which the further existence of civilization depends.

Global problems are generated by the uneven development of different areas of the life of modern mankind and the contradictions generated in the socio-economic, political, ideological, socio-natural and other relations of people. These problems affect the life of mankind as a whole.

Global problems of mankind- these are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world for their solution.

Signs of global problems:

global character, i.e. affect the interests and destinies of all (or at least the majority) of mankind;

the threat to humanity of a serious regression in the conditions of life and the further development of the productive forces (or even the death of human civilization as such);

the need for an urgent and immediate solution;

interconnected:

joint actions of the entire world community are needed to solve

The global problems of our time include:

the North-South problem;

the problem of poverty;

food problem;

energy problem;

the problem of ecology and sustainable development;

demographic problem;

the problem of human development;

the problem of the development of the oceans.

This set is not permanent, and as human civilization develops, the understanding of existing global problems changes, their priority is adjusted, and new global problems arise (space exploration, weather and climate control, etc.).

2. North-South problem

North-South problem- This is the problem of economic relations between developed countries and developing ones.

Its essence lies in the fact that in order to overcome the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries, the latter require various concessions from developed countries, in particular, expanding the access of their products to the markets of developed countries, increasing the flow of knowledge and capital (especially in the form of assistance), debt relief, etc.

The backwardness of developing countries is potentially dangerous not only at the local, regional and interregional levels, but also for the global economic system as a whole. The backward South is its integral part and, therefore, its economic, political and social problems will inevitably find and are already finding manifestation outside. Concrete evidence of this can, for example, be large-scale forced migration from developing countries to developed ones, as well as the spread in the world of both new and previously considered infectious diseases. That is why the North-South problem can be legitimately interpreted as one of the global problems of our time.

New international economic order

The North-South problem began to receive international resonance in the second half of 60s 20th century. after a broad wave of decolonization, which led to the development concepts of a new international economic order and a movement among the developing countries for that order.

The key ideas behind this concept were:

firstly, the creation of a preferential regime for participation in international economic relations for developing countries

secondly, the provision of assistance by developed countries to developing countries on a stable, predictable basis and in volumes corresponding to the scale of the socio-economic problems of these countries, as well as alleviating their debt burden.

As a result, the movement for the establishment of a new international economic order was defeated, but North-South problem remains.

Ways to solve the North-South problem

There are three ways to solve the North-South problem:

liberal;

anti-globalization;

structuralist.

Supporters liberal approach adhere to the point of view that it is precisely the inability to establish a modern market mechanism in the national economies of developing countries that prevents these countries from overcoming backwardness and taking their rightful place in the international division of labor. In their opinion, developing states should adhere to the course of ensuring macroeconomic stability, economic liberalization and privatization of state property, i.е. Washington Consensus. In recent decades, the liberal approach has been quite clearly expressed in the positions of many developed countries at multilateral negotiations on foreign economic issues.

Anti-globalists they believe that the modern system of international economic relations is unequal, and the world economy is largely controlled by international monopolies, which in turn makes it possible for the North to actually exploit the South. Arguing that the developed countries are deliberately seeking to reduce the level of world prices for raw materials, while overestimating the prices of processed goods, anti-globalists demand a radical revision of the entire system of North-South economic relations in favor of developing countries in a strong-willed manner. In other words, they act in modern conditions as ultra-radical followers of the supporters of the concept of a new international economic order.

Structuralists agree that the existing the system of international economic relations creates serious difficulties for developing states. But unlike anti-globalists, they admit that without structural changes in the developing countries themselves, ensuring sectoral diversification of their economies, and increasing their competitiveness, it is simply impossible to change the position of these countries in the international division of labor. The existing system of international economic relations, in their opinion, needs to be reformed, but in such a way that the changes introduced into it facilitate the implementation of reforms in the developing states themselves. As a result, in multilateral economic negotiations, supporters of this approach insist that developed countries take into account the peculiarities and objective difficulties of the economic growth of developing countries and the expansion of the system of trade preferences for them by developed countries. It is this balanced approach to the North-South problem that in modern conditions is increasingly recognized by the international community, and it is with its implementation that it is legitimate to associate the prospects for solving the problem of economic relations between developed and developing countries.