The radius of destruction of a poplar is m with a nuclear warhead. Lucky number sixteen: eight-axle MAZ for the Topol-M missile. What are Topol M missiles?
DATA FOR 2019 (standard update, v.2)
R&D "Universal" / R&D "Topol-M", rocket 15Zh55 / 15Zh65 - SS-X-27 SICKLE-BComplex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" / 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN
Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" / 15P165 (silo), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground-based missile system (MGRS). The complex and the rocket were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT), the main designers are Boris Nikolaevich Lagutin and Yuri Semenovich Solomonov (in different years, ).
In 1987, simultaneously at the NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, project ""), at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) and at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, work began on the development of promising ICBMs with the ability to overcome the multi-echelon missile defense system of the alleged enemy with a universal basing - with launch options from silos and in the form of a PGRK ( ).
Work at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was carried out under the Universal research project - a solid-fuel ICBM was being developed in the PGRK and silo versions. At MIT, work was carried out on the Topol-M research project - the development of ICBMs to replace the Topol ICBMs with two types of deployment - PGRK and silos. In August 1988, Yu.S. Solomonov (MIT) held negotiations with the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, as a result of which, by the end of 1988, the two design bureaus jointly developed a technical proposal for a single rocket within the framework of the Universal research project ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Full-scale development of the RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 missile was started jointly by MIT and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by decision of the USSR Military-Industrial Complex No. 323 of 09.09.1989 on the topic of the Universal research project. The design was planned to be completed by the end of 1991 in two versions - a missile with a platform for breeding unguided warheads with a solid propellant rocket engine and without a complex of means of overcoming (KSP) missile defense - developed by MIT (mobile missile system, PGRK), a similar missile with a platform for breeding warheads with a monopropellant liquid engine and with a missile defense system - developer - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk, silo missile system 15P065). Due to a number of production reasons, the missiles differed in the design of the TPK and therefore had some differences and received different indices - 15Zh55 for the PGRK and 15Zh65 for the silos ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The development of the 1st stage, a version of the AP launch platform and the rocket's head fairing was led by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, the development of the 2nd and 3rd stages, the instrument compartment, its version of the AP launch platform and the unguided warhead was led by MIT. The 1st stage engine, nose fairing and the second version of the launch platform with a monopropellant engine were developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft, Strategic missiles). At the end of 1989, a joint preliminary design of the rocket and the silo version of the missile system was released. In the first half of 1990, a preliminary design of the PGRK was released ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The first flight sample of the 1L version of the missile from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was assembled and prepared for testing at the test site in Plesetsk in December 1991. The dispatch of the missile from the factory to the test site was canceled by the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In 1991, MIT began forming adjusted developer cooperation with an emphasis on Russian enterprises ( ist. - Strategic missiles). In 1992, after the general designer of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau S.N. Konyukhov addressed the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, a meeting was convened to discuss the continuation of the joint development of ICBMs. No decision was made, and in April 1992, Yuzhnoye Design Bureau’s participation in the development of the rocket was terminated ( ). In 1992, an addition to the preliminary design of the Topol-M ICBM was released, taking into account changes in the cooperation of developers - the engine of the 1st stage of the rocket was now being developed by NPO Iskra (Perm). The main option for basing the silo version was the option using the launch position and silo launchers of the UR-100NUTHKh complexes with 15A35 missiles after modernization of the launch equipment (developed by the Vympel Design Bureau, Moscow). Also, an addition to the preliminary design provided for the use of silo launchers for R-36MUTTH and R-36M2 missiles in the event of a complete reduction of these missiles under the START-2 treaty, which could occur ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
By decree of Boris Yeltsin of February 27, 1993, MIT became the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M. It was decided to develop a unified missile with only one option combat equipment- with a solid fuel combat stage propulsion system. After that, developments on the RT-2PM2 variant with a missile defense system and a monopropellant engine of the breeding platform were transferred from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau to the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. A sample of the 1L rocket was transferred to Russia on January 15, 1995 ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft...).
Tests. To test the stationary version of the RT-2PM2 missile of the Topol-M complex, in 1992 the re-equipment of silo launchers began at sites 163/1, 172 and Yuzhnaya of the Plesetsk test site. Tests of the RT-2PM2 took place from December 20, 1994 (first launch) to February 2000 (ten launches).
APU 15U175 of the RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
Launches of the RS-12M1 / RS-12M2 Topol-M ICBM:
| №pp | date | Polygon | PU type | Rocket | Description |
| 01 | 12/20/1994 (12:50) | Plesetsk | silo | 2L? 15Zh65 | Successful first launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). A silo was used converted from a silo launcher for the UT-100NUTTKh ICBM ( ist. - Strategic missiles). |
| 02 | 09/05/1995 (11:50) | Plesetsk | silo | 1L? 15Zh65 | |
| 03 | 07/25/1996 | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 04 | 07/08/1997 (16:25) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 05 | 10/22/1998 (15:53) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Unsuccessful launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile veered off course and was destroyed. |
| 06 | 08.12.1998 (14:25) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 07 | 01/03/1999 (18:20) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 08 | 09/03/1999 (15:44) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 09 | 12/14/1999 (12:05) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 10 | 02/09/2000 (13:59) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The first launch on command from the Strategic Missile Forces control center. Launch from silo 15P765-18 with silo elements of missile 15A18M ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The last launch of the test program for the silo version of the Topol-M ICBM. |
| 11 | 09.26.2000 (15:00) | Plesetsk | silo | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). |
|
| 12 | 09.27.2000 (13:50) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful first launch from the PGRK (according to other data, the first launch of the PGRK was 20.09). 1st launch of the PGRK test program. |
| 13 | 06.06.2002 (15:20) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). 2nd launch of the PGRK test program. |
| 14 | 04/20/2004 (21:30) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful launch to maximum range in the Pacific Ocean. 3rd launch of the PGRK test program. |
| 15 | 12/24/2004 (12:39) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The last - fourth - launch within the framework of the PGRK test program. |
| 16 | 01.11.2014 (09:20) | Plesetsk | silo | ||
| 17 | 01/16/2017 | Plesetsk | silo | Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). | |
| 18 | 17.10.2018 | Plesetsk | silo | According to Western data, an emergency launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). () - no launch confirmation from other sources | |
| 19 | 30.09.2019 | Plesetsk | silo | Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). |
Launch of a 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile from a silo, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Launch of the Topol-M rocket, Plesetsk (http://militaryphotos.net).
The fourth launch within the framework of the Topol-M PGRK test program, Plesetsk, December 24, 2004 (photo - Alexander Babenko, http://itar-tass.com).
Serial production of RT-2PM2 missiles began at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in 1997 after the first four successful launches - simultaneously with the placement of the complex on experimental combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The deployment of the 15Zh65 ICBM with the 15P165 complex in a silo version in experimental combat duty mode began with the deployment of the first two missiles in the 104th missile regiment of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo on December 24, 1997. However, at the beginning of 1998 in the analytical The note “The state of the defense industry and ways to overcome the crisis” () reported that the Topol-M priority program was being implemented with a delay of several years. the first regiment with Topol-M missiles in silos (10 missiles) went on combat duty on December 30, 1998 ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The stationary-based 15Zh65 ICBM was adopted by the Russian Strategic Missile Forces after the signing of the Act on Adoption for Armament on April 28, 2000 by Decree of the President of Russia, which was signed on July 13, 2000.
In 2011, a decision was made to stop purchasing 15Zh65 ICBMs for the Strategic Missile Forces. The deployment of Topol-M missiles in silos was completed in 2012. A total of 60 silos were deployed - 10 regiments as part of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo.
Testing and acceptance into service of the version with PGRK. To test the mobile version of the RT-2PM1 missile of the Topol-M complex, sites 167 and 169 of the Plesetsk test site were used. A total of four launches were carried out during flight tests from September 2000 to December 2004. Testing of the 15Zh55 ICBM with the 15P155 PGRK began in Plesetsk with a launch on September 27, 2000.
On November 21, 2005, two missile divisions and a mobile command post 321st Missile Regiment 54th missile division(Teykovo). In November 2006, one missile division of the 321st missile regiment was equipped with 3 automatic launchers and a mobile command post of the Topol-M complex, and on December 10, 2006, this division of the 321st regiment of the Teikov missile division took up combat duty.
The PGKR with the Topol-M ICBM was put into service in December 2006.(). The deployment of the Topol-M missiles as part of the PGRK was completed in 2009 - at the same time it was announced that the production of the Topol-M PGRK would be discontinued in favor of the PGRK with ICBMs. A total of 18 PGRKs have been deployed.
Starting equipment:
The launch of the rocket according to the 1989 project was initially planned from the TPK. For the PGRK it was planned to use a TPK made of fiberglass (MIT project). For the variant of the complex with launch from a silo (version of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau), it was planned to manufacture a TPK from metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. For this reason, the missiles differed slightly and received different indices during development ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Silo 15P765 type OS- complex 15P065 / 15P165 - the first two installations on experimental combat duty - complex 15P065-35 (converted ICBM silos UR-100NUTTH / 15A35). The silo launchers of the complex are combined into regimental sets of 10 silo launchers with a command post 15B222. In the silo version, the missile can use modified silo launchers from the UR-100NUTTH and R-36M missiles ().
Several types of silos are known:
- silo 15P765-35 - silo using the MBR 15A35 shaft
- silo 15P765-18 - silo using the MBR 15A18M shaft;
- silo 15P765-60 - silo using the MBR shaft 15Zh60;
Work on converting silo launchers of old missiles into silo launchers 15P765 was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun. The re-equipment was carried out by removing elements of the 15P735 launcher necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, using an improved shock-absorbing system and filling the freed volume with special grades of heavy reinforced concrete ().
It was decided to convert one of the two silos for the 15A35 ICBM at the Plesetsk test site, which were previously used for testing the RT-23 ICBM, using a silo head and a protective device for the 15A18M ICBM silo. components for the conversion were delivered from Orenburg rocket army. This is how the 15P765-18 silo was equipped and the 15Zh65 missile was launched from it in 2000.
Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk training ground, 02/09/2000 (photo retouched in the source, Ground-Based Strategic Missile Systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk test site, probably 02/09/2000 (without retouching).
Silo launcher type 15P765-35 for the Topol-M ICBM, Plesetsk test site, 1990-2000. (http://www.arms-expo.ru).
The head of a silo launcher type 15P765 / 15P765M at the Plesetsk training ground, footage of the launch of the Topol-M ICBM on November 1, 2014 (Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Armed Forces).
PGKR 15P155- autonomous launcher 15U175 on an eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 with a 15Zh55 missile in a fiberglass TPK.
APU 15U175 ICBM "Topol-M" with TPK ICBM "Yars" at one of the rehearsals of the parade on Red Square, April 2011 (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).
TTX APU 15U175 "Topol-M" on the MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) chassis:
Launch type - mortar using PAD
The wheel formula is 16 x 16, the first three and last three axles are steered.
Engine - diesel YaMZ-847.10 with a power of 800 hp, 4-stroke, 12-cylinder, turbocharged
Length - approx. 22.7 m
Width - approx. 3.4 m
Height - approx. 3.3 m
Ground clearance - 475 mm
Turning radius - 18 m
Brod - 1.1 m
Tires with adjustable pressure 1600x600-685 model VI-178A / AU
Curb weight - 40000 kg
Load capacity - 80000 kg
Tank volume - 825 l
Maximum speed - 45 km/h
Power reserve - 500 km
Photo report from the MZKT assembly line. Chassis MZKT-79221 for the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. Minsk, Belarus, 2010 ().
Chassis MZKT-79221 before the parade in honor of the Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus in Minsk, publication 07/01/2013 (http://www.vpk.gov.by via http://autocatalogue.livejournal.com).
APU 15U175 of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
APU of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).
PGRK "Topol-M" uses and can be used from the 15U182 "Krona" combat duty unit - a protected box with a tearable roof to house the 15U175 APU. Serially produced by JSC "85 Repair Plant" ().
Combat duty unit 15U182 "Krona" (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).
APU PGRK "Topol-M" with a raised TPK after the launch of an ICBM 15Zh55 from a "Krona" type shelter, launch 09/27/2000, Plesetsk (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Rocket RT-2PM1/15Zh55 and RT-2PM2/15Zh65:
Design three-stage with sequential connection of stages. The storage and use of ICBMs is carried out using TPK. The design of the rocket was developed taking into account the possibility of overcoming dust and soil formations after a nuclear explosion - clouds of crushed stone and suspensions at an altitude of 10-20 km. The rocket body is made without protruding parts with a durable head fairing. The design design also makes the high-energy third stage of the rocket as light as possible ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Launch of the Topol-M complex rocket (http://ok.ya1.ru).
Launch of a 15Zh65 rocket from a silo, Plesetsk test site, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Rocket composition:
- PAD
- 1st stage
- 2nd stage
- 3rd stage
- the stage of launching the warhead - in the original design of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau - a monopropellant liquid engine using Pronit fuel.
- a combat unit with means to overcome missile defense (up to 20 decoys - - not confirmed).
The rocket stages are made by winding fiberglass of the “cocoon” type. The missile is not equipped with aerodynamic control and stabilization aids.
The missile has maximum resistance to damaging factors nuclear explosion(PFYAV) due to ():
- use of protective coating new development, applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against PFYV;
- application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
- applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
- the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
- introduction of a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through a cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.
Control system and guidance- autonomous inertial control system using an on-board computer. The developer of the control system is the Scientific and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N.A. Pilyugin (Moscow), the chief designers are V. Lapygin and Yu. Trunov. The active part of the trajectory has been shortened. To reduce the speed spread at the end of the 3rd stage, a maneuver is probably used to turn the rocket in the direction of zero range increment until the 3rd stage fuel is completely exhausted. The rocket's instrument compartment is sealed. The missile can perform a program maneuver at launch to pass through the nuclear explosion cloud of attacking ballistic missiles.
Automatic gyrocompass (AGK) of the APU 15U175 aiming system of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with the Yars ICBM TPK during the parade in Moscow, 05/09/2012 (photo from the Boaz Guttman archive, http:// www.flickr.com).
Engines:
Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine using mixed fuel. Engine development - NPO "Iskra" (Perm), chief designer of the nozzle block - Sokolovsky M.I. Possibly fuel type T-9BK-8E or similar developed by NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk). The fiberglass body 15С51 is integral part propulsion system of the first stage of the rocket and, as of 2011, is mass-produced by Avangard OJSC (Safronovo, ). Engine nozzle - controlled ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Nozzle - rotary controlled (NPO "Iskra", Perm)
Engine thrust - approx. 100 t / 90780 kg (according to other data)
Engine operating time - 60 sec
Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket engine, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly Start type fuel or similar NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Engine thrust - approx. 50 t
Engine operating time - 64 sec
Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with mixed fuel, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly AP-65 fuel or similar fuel from NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Nozzle - rotating, controlled, partially recessed with folding nozzle tip
Engine thrust - approx. 25 t
Engine operating time - 56 sec
The nozzle blocks of all stages are made of carbon-carbon material, the nozzle liners are based on a three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix ().
There is a possibility that in order to reduce the time of the active part of the trajectory (AUT), the expansion of the nozzle nozzles of the 2nd and 3rd stages occurs in a “hot” mode by the products of the operation of the stage engines. A similar technology was developed in the 1980s by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) for the Krechet aviation missile system and other systems.
Warhead breeding platform:
MIT version - with solid propellant rocket engine. There was information in the media about the use of a “unique engine with variable thrust.” Development of a fuel charge - NPO "Soyuz" (Dzerzhinsk).
Option of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau rocket 15Zh65 - monopropellant engine or solid propellant rocket engine or several low-thrust liquid rocket engines.
Such a remote control provides two modes of operation of the main stage engine with deep throttling (30 times) of the high-thrust engine chamber, which reduces the gas-dynamic effect on the separated parts combat units. The formation of orders of warheads is carried out by a low-thrust engine according to a “pulling” scheme.
Fuel type - PRONIT
High thrust engine thrust - 300 kg (empty)
Thrust of the thruster - 3/6 kg (empty)
Performance characteristics of the missile:
Length - 22.55 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 22.7 m (according to other data)
Length of the 1st stage - 8.04 m
Length of the 2nd stage - 6 m
Length of the 3rd stage - 3.1 m
Length without warhead - 17.5 m
Diameter of the 1st stage - 1.81 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 1.86 m ()
Diameter of the 2nd stage - 1.61 m ()
Diameter of the 3rd stage - 1.58 m ()
TPK diameter without protruding parts:
- 15P065 - 1.95 m
- 15P165 - 2.05 m
Launch weight - 46.5 t ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 47.1 t / 47.2 t ()
Weight of the 1st stage - 26 t / 28.6 t (according to other data)
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 3 t
Weight of the 2nd stage - 13 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1.5 t
Weight of the 3rd stage - 6 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1 t
Head mass - 1200 kg ()
Range:
- maximum:
- more than 11000 km
- 11500 km ()
KVO - 350 m / 200 m ()
Warranty period - 15-20 years (according to various sources)
Warhead types- monoblock thermonuclear warhead with a power of up to 1 Mt - developer - VNIIEF (Sarov), chief designer - G. Dmitriev.
The warhead is high-speed with high level resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion ().
The missile is equipped with a complex of means for overcoming missile defense (KSP ABM). According to unconfirmed data, the missile defense system includes active and passive decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead ().
Installation of the warhead on the 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Modifications:
- R&D complex "Universal" - a rocket project developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk).
The Topol-M complex is a rocket project developed by MIT.
The "Universal" complex, missiles 15Zh55 (PGRK) and 15Zh65 (ShPU 15P065) - a preliminary design of joint development by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and MIT.
Complex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" 15P165 (silo launcher), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with silo launcher developed by MIT.
- option 15P765-35 - with silos using 15A35 ICBM silos
- option 15P765-18 - with silos using 15A18M ICBM silos
- option 15P765-60 - with silos using 15Zh60 ICBM shafts
Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with PGRK developed by MIT.
The complex is a variant of the silo-based and mobile ground-based ICBM complex with MIRVs.
Status: Russia
1997 December 24 - in the 60th Taman Missile Division (Tatishchevo) in the 104th Missile Regiment, the first Topol-M missile was installed in a silo that had been modified after the release of the UR-100N missile, which had served its useful life, to continue testing. The missile is installed without a nuclear warhead. The first missile regiment armed with 15Zh65 missiles began testing combat duty only a year later (10 silos).
1998 December 30 - The 104th Missile Regiment of the 60th Missile Division, consisting of 10 silos of 15Zh65 missiles, began experimental combat duty as part of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces.
1999 December 10 - the second missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles.
December 26, 2000 - the third missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles - the regiment was re-equipped with the 15P060 complex.
December 21, 2003 - the fourth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.
December 9, 2005 - the fifth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.
Number of RS-12M2 "Topol-M" ICBMs in the RSVN:
Sources:
Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Website http://ru.wikipedia.org, 2013
Milekhin Yu.M. Contribution of FSUE FCDT "Soyuz" to the creation of solid fuel systems missile weapons. // National defense. No. 6 / 2011
JSC NPO Iskra. Website http://www.npoiskra.ru/, 2010.
Pashnev M.A. "Topol-M": history of creation and prospects. http://rbase.new-factoria.ru, 05/11/2010
Rocket and space technology developed by NPO Iskra. Presentation. 2008
Rockets and spacecraft of the Yuzhnoye design bureau. Dnepropetrovsk, State Clinical Hospital "Yuzhnoye", 2000
Ground-based strategic missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007
Intercontinental ballistic missile "Topol" (RS-12M)
At the end of 1993, Russia announced the development of a new domestic missile, designed to become the basis of a promising group of strategic missile forces. The development of the RS-12M2 missile, called Topol-M, is being carried out by a Russian cooperation of enterprises and design bureaus. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering.
The Topol-M missile is being created as a modernization of the RS-12M ICBM. The conditions for modernization are determined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile is considered new if it differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways:
Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some design features of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.
The stage of state flight testing of the Topol-M missile system took place at 1-GIK MO. In December 1994, the first launch took place from a silo launcher. On April 28, 2000, the State Commission approved an act on the adoption of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into service by the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation.
The deployment of units is a regiment in Tatishchevo (Saratov region) (since November 12, 1998), military unit in Altai (near the village of Sibirsky, Pervomaisky district, Atai Territory). The first two Topol-M /RS-12M2/ missiles were put on experimental combat duty in Tatishchevo in December 1997 after four test launches, and on December 30, 1998, the first regiment of 10 missiles of this type began combat duty.
The manufacturer of Topol-M missiles is the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant State Enterprise. The nuclear warhead was created under the leadership of Georgy Dmitriev at Arzamas-16.
The RS-12M2 "Topol-M" missile is unified with the promising "Bulava" missiles being created for weapons nuclear submarines strategic purpose of project 955.
In the west, the complex received the designation SS-X-27.
Compound
During combat duty, the Topol-M missile is located in a transport and launch container. It is operated as part of stationary (in silo launchers) and mobile complexes. In this case, the stationary version uses silo launchers (silos) of missiles removed from service or destroyed in accordance with the START-2 Treaty. The stationary grouping is created by re-equipping the 15A35 medium-class ICBM silos (developed by the Vympel Design Bureau) and the 15A18M heavy-class ICBMs (developed by the KBSM Design Bureau).
In accordance with the START-2 treaty, the conversion of 90 silo launchers of 15A18 missiles to the Topol-M missile is allowed, while guaranteeing the impossibility of installing heavy ICBMs in such a converted launcher. Refinement of these silos includes pouring a 5m layer of concrete at the bottom of the shaft, as well as installing a special restrictive ring at the top of the launcher. The internal dimensions of the heavy missile silo are excessive to accommodate the Topol-M missile, even taking into account the filling of the lower part of the launcher with concrete. The mass of the Topol-M rocket, its outer diameter and length are approximately 5, 1.5 and 1.5 times less than the mass-geometric dimensions of the 15A18M rocket, respectively. In order to preserve and use the heavy silo units and systems during conversion, it was necessary to carry out a number of comprehensive studies of the silo loading scheme during nuclear attack and launch, the maintenance system, the influence on the gas dynamics of the launch of the large internal free volume of the shaft, the restrictive ring and the massive and large-sized roof, issues of loading the TPK with a missile in a launcher, etc. In this case, the TPK with a missile must be unified for both types of silos.
Resource-saving technology when creating serial launchers provides for the preservation of the protective roof, barbette, drum, mine shaft with bottom directly at the site and the reuse of most of the equipment of the launcher 718 - protective roof drives, shock absorption systems, elevators and other equipment - after their dismantling and sending to manufacturing plants, carrying out RVR at factories with testing on stands. The problem of implementing resource-saving technology is closely related to the establishment of new warranty periods for reused equipment, including mine shafts. Placing Topol-M missiles in existing silos modified in this way can significantly reduce the costs of developing and deploying the complex.
The transport and installation unit of the complex (see photo), created at KB "Motor", combines the functions of an installer and a transport and loading machine.
Successful flight tests allowed the State Commission to recommend the adoption of a silo launcher, converted from a silo launcher for heavy missiles, into service as part of the missile complex, and already in the summer of 2000, such a complex was adopted for service by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
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Download video of the Topol-M launch
When creating systems and units of a mobile launcher, the Topol-M complex, fundamentally new technical solutions. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved camouflage means against both optical and other reconnaissance means.
The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using existing infrastructure. Mobile and desktop options are fully compatible with existing system combat control and communications.
The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system can significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to carry out assigned combat missions in any conditions, ensure maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as reliability of control and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishing supplies). The aiming accuracy has been almost doubled, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the preparation time for launch has been halved.
The weight of the launcher is 120 tons, length - 22 meters, width - 3.4 meters. Six pairs of eight wheels are swivel, providing a turning radius of 16 meters. The ground pressure of the installation is half that of a conventional truck, and the engine power is 800 Horse power allows you to overcome snow and water obstacles up to a meter deep
Unlike its predecessor “Topol”, the RS-12M2 “Topol-M” does not have lattice stabilizers and rudders, and the power of the mixed solid propellant charge is much higher. The missiles are equipped with monoblock warheads, but, unlike all other strategic missiles, they can be re-equipped with multiple independently targetable warheads in the shortest possible time.
The main advantages of the Topol-M missile system lie in its flight characteristics and combat stability when penetrating through possible enemy missile defense systems. Three solid fuel propulsion engines allow the rocket to gain speed much faster than all previous types of rockets. The higher energy of the missile makes it possible to reduce the effectiveness of missile defense in the active part of the trajectory. In addition, the RS-12M2 missile carries a whole range of missile defense breakthrough weapons more than the American MX with 10 warheads.
A maneuvering warhead has been created for the Topol-M, which does not allow it to be intercepted and destroyed by existing and future missile defense systems. Equipping regular units with mobile Topol-M with new warheads begins in 2006. In the future, up to nine launchers should be supplied to the troops annually. In parallel, it is planned to install new warheads on the already deployed 40 silo Topolya-M missiles and the promising Bulava naval missiles, created to arm nuclear submarines.
However, Topol-M is apparently not an ideal complex; reliance on it appears to be largely due to a lack of alternatives. During the discussion around the START II treaty, numerous publications revealed its shortcomings. According to this information, "Topol" has a relatively low speed and low security, which limits its ability to escape from an attack with a short warning time and makes it vulnerable to damaging factors nuclear explosion, such as a shock wave. Although Topol-M, apparently, has been improved, its weight and dimensions are close to those of Topol, and this puts objective limits on the way to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings.
Tactical and technical characteristics.
Testing and operation
February 9, 2000 At 15:59 Moscow time, the combat crew of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN) from the 1st State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" carried out a successful test launch of the intercontinental ballistic missile "Topol-M". The Topol-M (RS-12M2) ICBM was launched according to battlefield Kura, located in Kamchatka. The missile hit a training target in a given area.
April 20, 2004 at 21:30 Moscow time, joint combat crews of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Russian Space Forces from the Plesetsk cosmodrome carried out the next test launch of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) from a self-propelled launcher according to the flight test plan in the interests of the Strategic Missile Forces. This was the first launch in the last 15 years into the waters of the Hawaiian Islands with a range of more than 11 thousand kilometers.
December 24, 2004 A successful test launch of the Topol-M missile was carried out from a mobile launcher. The launch took place at 12:39 Moscow time from the Plesetsk test site. The warhead of the missile reached its designated target at the Kura training ground in Kamchatka at 13:03 Moscow time. The launch was the fourth and final launch of a rocket of a mobile version of the Topol-M complex, carried out as part of testing the complex.
November 1, 2005 from the Kapustin Yar training ground in Astrakhan region A successful test launch of the RS-12M1 Topol-M missile with a maneuvering warhead was carried out. This launch was the sixth to test a system being created to overcome American missile defenses. The launch took place at the tenth test site, Balkhash (Priozersk), located in Kazakhstan.
Development of strategic mobile complex"Topol" 15Zh58 (RS-12M), a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM), was launched at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After the death of A. Nadiradze, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin. The mobile Topol was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a complex with increased survivability, achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.
By the end of autumn 1983, a pilot series of new missiles, designated RT-2PM, was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. Combat units of the entire DBK were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed. However, there was a delay in the development of some elements of the complex that are not directly related to the rocket. The entire test program was successfully completed in December 1988.
Decision to start serial production complexes adopted in December 1984. Serial production began in 1985.
In 1984, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for Topol mobile missile systems began. The construction objects were located in the position areas of the RT-2P and UR-100 intercontinental ballistic missiles being removed from duty and located in the OS silos. Later, the arrangement of position areas of the Pioneer medium-range complexes removed from service under the INF Treaty began.
In order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, in 1985 it was decided to deploy the first missile regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program. On July 23, 1985, the first regiment of mobile Topols took up combat duty near Yoshkar-Ola at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles. Later, the Topols entered service with the division stationed near Teykovo, which was previously armed with the UR-100 (8K84) ICBM.
On April 28, 1987, a missile regiment armed with Topol complexes with a Barrier mobile command post took up combat duty near Nizhny Tagil. PKP "Barrier" has a multiple protected redundant radio command system. The mobile launcher of the Barrier PKP carries a combat control missile. After the missile is launched, its transmitter gives the command to launch the ICBM.
On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. On May 27, 1988, the first regiment of the Topol ICBM with an improved Granit PKP and an automated control system began combat duty near Irkutsk.
By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type were deployed. In 1999, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 360 launchers of the Topol missile systems. They were on duty in ten position areas. Four to five regiments are based in each district. Each regiment is armed with nine autonomous launchers and a mobile command post.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the Topols remained outside Russia, on the territory of Belarus. On August 13, 1993, the withdrawal of the Topol Strategic Missile Forces group from Belarus began and was completed on November 27, 1996.
In the west, the complex received the designation SS-25 "Sickle".
Compound
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ". The most difficult technical task turned out to be the placement on the front bottom of the body of the upper stage of the thrust cut-off unit with eight reversible bells and “windows”, cut through by detonating elongated charge (DUS) in an organoplastic power structure.
The first stage of the rocket consists of a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine and a tail section, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic rudders and stabilizers are located. The main engine has one fixed nozzle. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kyiv Arsenal plant, Seraphim Parnyakov. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high precision shooting. According to domestic sources, the circular probable deviation (CPD) when firing at the maximum range is 400m, according to Western sources - 150-200m. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile without turning the launcher. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations are fully automated.
"Topol" is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Like previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, Topol can be launched both from a combat patrol route and while parked in garage shelters with a retractable roof. To do this, the launcher is hung on jacks. Combat readiness from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes. Mobile and stationary command posts were developed for the new complexes. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM is located on the basis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in a transport and launch container.
The launcher (see diagram) was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Valerian Sobolev and Viktor Shurygin. The launcher is mounted on the chassis of a seven-axle tractor MAZ-7912 (later MAZ-7917 with a 14x12 wheel arrangement. This vehicle from the 80s is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine) from the Minsk Automobile Plant with an engine from the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket carrier Vladimir Tsvyalev. Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukov (later the association was headed by Zinovy Pak). Composite materials and container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute special mechanical engineering under the leadership of Viktor Protasov. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM was located on the chassis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
Performance characteristics
| Maximum firing range, km | 10 000 |
| Rocket length, m | 21,5 |
| Launch weight, t | 45 |
| Head mass, t | 1 |
| Weight of the loaded first stage of the rocket, t | 27,8 |
| Length of the first stage, m | 8,1 |
| Second stage length, m | 4,6 |
| Length of the third stage, m | 3,9 |
| Head length, m | 2,1 |
| Diameter of the first stage body, m | 1,8 |
| Diameter of the second stage body, m | 1,55 |
| Diameter of the third stage body, m | 1,34 |
| Diameter of transport and launch container, m | 2 |
| Area of the complex's combat patrol area, km 2 | 125 000 |
Testing and operation
The Topol PGRK entered testing in February 1983. The first launch took place on February 8 at the Plesetsk test site. This and two subsequent launches were made from converted silos of stationary RT-2P missiles. One launch ended unsuccessfully.
Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.
November 29, 2005 A combat training launch of the mobile-based RS-12M Topol ICBM was carried out from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. Educational combat unit missiles hit a conditional target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched.
A conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed on the basis of the Topol ICBM. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.
July 23, 2010 marks 25 years since the Topol ground-based mobile intercontinental missiles were put on combat duty.
RT-2PM "Topol" (index of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (GRAU) - 15Zh58, START code RS-12M, according to NATO classification - "Sickle", SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM, the first Soviet mobile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
The development of a project for a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After Nadiradze's death, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin.
The mobile complex was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a missile that was achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.
The conditions for modernization were strictly limited by the provisions of the SALT-2 Treaty, which determined a modest improvement in the basic combat characteristics of the missile. The first test launch of the missile, designated RT-2PM, took place at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983. The launch was carried out from a converted RT-2P stationary missile silo.
By the end of autumn 1983, an experimental series of new missiles was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. The combat units of the entire combat missile system (BMK) were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed and a decision was made to begin mass production of the complexes. However, the full testing of the mobile complex, called “Topol”, ended only in December 1988.
Without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program, in order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, on July 23, 1985, near the city of Yoshkar-Ola, the first regiment of mobile Topols was deployed at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles.
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ".
The first stage of the rocket consists of a solid propellant rocket motor (solid propellant rocket motor) and a tail section. The mass of the fully equipped stage is 27.8 tons. Its length is 8.1 m and its diameter is 1.8 m. The first stage propulsion solid propellant rocket engine has one fixed, centrally located nozzle. The tail section is cylindrical in shape, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic control surfaces and stabilizers are located.
The rocket flight control in the first stage operation area is carried out using rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders.
The second stage consists of a conical-shaped connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The case diameter is 1.55 m.
The third stage includes connecting and transition sections of a conical shape and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. Case diameter - 1.34 m.
The head of the rocket consists of one warhead (nuclear) and a compartment with a propulsion system and control system.
The "Topol" control system is of an inertial type, built using an on-board computer, microcircuits with a high degree of integration, a new set of command devices with float sensitive elements. The control system's computer complex makes it possible to implement autonomous combat use self-propelled launcher.
The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile, as well as solving other problems.
During operation, the RT-2PM missile is located in a transport and launch container located on a mobile launcher. The container is 22.3 m long and 2.0 m in diameter.
The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ vehicle and is equipped with units and systems that ensure transportation, maintenance of combat readiness at the established level, preparation and launch of the rocket.
A missile can be launched both when the launcher is located in a stationary shelter with a retractable roof, and from unequipped positions, if the terrain allows it. To launch a rocket, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The rocket is launched after the container is lifted into a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in the transport and launch container ("mortar launch").
After shooting off the protective cap of the container, the rocket is ejected from it by powder starting engines several meters upward, where the first-stage propulsion engine is turned on.
The maximum firing range is 10,500 km. Rocket length - 21.5 m. Launch weight 45.1 tons. Weight of the warhead - 1 ton. Nuclear warhead power - 0.55 Mt. Firing accuracy (maximum deviation) - 0.9 km. The combat patrol area of the complex is 125 thousand square meters. km.
The mass of the launcher with the missile is about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex has good mobility and maneuverability.
Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.
The missile system also includes a mobile combat control command post on a four-axle MAZ-543M chassis. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Granit" and "Barrier" were used, armed with a missile that had a radio transmitter instead of a combat load. After the rocket was launched, he duplicated the launch commands for launchers located at remote positions.
Serial production of the RT-2PM missile began in 1985 at a plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and its mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd Barrikady plant.
On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces). In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type had been deployed.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. Some of the Topols that remained on the territory of Belarus after the collapse of the USSR were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.
Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.
On the basis of the Topol ICBM, a conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
When designing the Topol missile launcher, fundamentally new technical solutions were used. Designers and engineers from many Russian industrial associations worked on this task. Their research and development brought this type of weapon into the ranks of ultra-modern technology, practically unparalleled and ahead of its time. It is precisely such devices that can protect the state from external aggression and, if necessary, become a weapon of retaliation.
History of creation
It is known that the first developments of the new special complex began in the mid-80s. last century. However, the official decree on the start of work on this project was dated September 1989. An order was received from the state commission to create two types of weapons at once: stationary and mobile. As well as an intercontinental ballistic missile, consisting of three stages, running on solid and liquid fuel.
The project received the special name “Universal”, and in the documents the complex weapon was listed under the code name RT-2PM2.
First developments
The solution to this problem was entrusted to two engineering and production organizations - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnepropetrovsk and the Institute of Thermal Engineering in Moscow (MIT). It was assumed that, despite the required high degree of unification, the missile mechanisms for mobile and silo-type weapons would still have some differences:
- Weapons marked 15Zh65, stationary, were to be powered by a liquid-fuel jet engine running on the innovative Pronit fuel.
- The mobile special complex was equipped with a rocket (15Zh55) with a solid fuel installation.
The transport and launch container for both types also had to be different. For the first type - a metal structure with special devices for securing various elements of ground systems. For mobile device- made of fiberglass.
Topol M
In April 1992, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau interrupted its participation in joint developments, which is why MIT became the main design bureau of the project. Based on the results already obtained, it was decided to continue the creation of a special missile complex, which received the new name Topol-M. It was planned to equip the completely unified weapon with a device operating on solid fuel.
Testing of the new model began in the winter of 1994. For this purpose, an installation located in a shaft at the Plesetsk cosmodrome was used.
After which, the development of a mobile type of weapon (mobile ground-based missile system - PGRK) was continued, the first tests of which took place in the fall of 2000.
Interesting. It is believed that the operating life of Topol-M is 15 years. However, in the fall of 2005, it was decided to carry out a combat training launch of weapons that had been in use for more than 20 years. It was necessary to check the reliability and security of all systems and devices.
The launch took place at the space airfield in Plesetsk, in the direction of the test site in Kamchatka (Kura). The intercontinental ballistic missile was able to hit a conditional target located at the test site with the required accuracy. This was the first time that this type of weapon had been used for such a long time.
Production
After successful tests (four launches of ballistic weapons were carried out), in 1997 the missile system for silo use was put into production. And in 2000, after approval by the State Commission, an order was signed to accept Topol-M for service.
- The production of the head part, as well as combat mechanisms, was carried out by the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in the city of Sarov. Topol-M control systems were created by the St. Petersburg Optical-Mechanical Association "Lomo" and the Research and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N. A. Pilyugin in Moscow.
- The development of drives was entrusted to the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute "Signal" in Kovrov, as well as the Lyubertsy plant named after. A.V. Ukhtomsky.
- The design of the launch rocket launcher and basic structures was carried out by the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz".
- The development of starting mechanisms and support vehicles was carried out by the Federal Research and Production Center "Titan-Barricades", and their production was carried out by the production association "Barricades".
- The creation and re-equipment of ready-made launchers in the mines was entrusted to the Vympel Design Bureau in Moscow together with the Obukhov Plant in St. Petersburg.
The Moscow Central Research Institute of Special Machine Building was involved in the production of composite containers.
Accommodation
In the winter of 1997, two 15Zh65 warheads for a stationary type complex (15P065-35) were delivered to the 140th regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces of the 60th missile division, located in the town of Tatishchevo. And twelve months later, this regiment, with ten launchers (silos), armed with surface-to-surface ballistic weapons (ICBMs), became a combat guard. From 1999 to 2005, four more regiments with silos entered the base.
The deployment of mobile radio stations began in the fall of 2005. Such devices were delivered to the 321st missile regiment. And in 2006, the President of the Russian Federation signed a new program, including the rearmament of some units, for the period until 2015. This plan provided for the acquisition of 69 mobile Topol-M units.
Loading the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into the silo Interesting. The RT-2PM2 intercontinental ballistic complex served as a prototype for the creation of a space launch vehicle of the Start conversion type. Its launch takes place at the Svobodny and Plesetsk space airfields.
Refurbishment
The silo modification of the Topol-M special missile complex includes ten missiles (15Zh65) with launchers, as well as a command post, which is equipped with increased protection. It is located inside a special shaft and is located using shock absorbers, which significantly reduces vulnerability.
The mobile version of the weapon consists of nine ICBMs (15Zh55), which are installed on autonomous launchers.
To construct a stationary complex, ready-made silo mechanisms for heavy intercontinental ballistic weapons were used. To do this, it was additionally necessary to pour a concrete mixture five meters high. Such re-equipment significantly speeded up work, reduced re-equipment costs, and also saved time.
Since the Topol-M is a modification of the previous Topol model, its re-equipment had to be carried out taking into account the START-1 Treaty. At the same time, the document determined which characteristics could be considered modernized and what should be changed.
The new version of the ballistic weapon had to differ in at least one of the following points:
- thrown weight;
- mass at the start;
- overall length or size and diameter of the first stage;
- number of separated parts;
- type of fuel.
Fact. As of the end of 2017, 78 missile systems are in service. Of these, 60 are stationary and 18 are mobile.
Description of the complex
The Topol-M installation is a unique special missile complex built exclusively by Russian enterprises. Its combat and technical characteristics are almost one and a half times superior to all weapons of the previous generation.
- The energy features of the warhead made it possible to reduce the height of the active trajectory space, increase the throwable mass, and significantly increase the efficiency of overcoming air defense defenses.
- Thanks to research work Many Russian enterprises have become able to create unified ballistic weapons that can be launched from both highly protected silo launchers and mobile launchers. Complete unification made it possible to significantly reduce the costs of development, testing and production of weapons, without reducing its combat qualities and reliability.
"Topol-M" is a strategic complex with a solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, which is located in a special transport and launch container. Converting launchers from the previous type of weapon (Topol) will not require significant costs. During the conversion process, it is only necessary to change the fastening elements of the container. This is due to the design features of the modernized weapon.
Interesting. Especially for a ballistic intercontinental missile, the designers created a warhead that has the ability to maneuver. This allows you to avoid interception and destruction by all currently existing air defense systems.
Peculiarities
- High precision guidance and control system.
- Immunity to the effects of an electromagnetic pulse, as well as the presence of a program maneuver during the passage of a cloud from a nuclear explosion.
- System for creating and launching decoys.
- Ability to maneuver during flight.
- Possibility of deployment on soft ground.
- Increased cross-country ability and maneuverability of the special complex.
- Special composition of the body coating.
- Sealed compartment for control systems.
- Increased target firing range with minimal deviation.
- Availability of a system for overcoming missile defense.
- Thanks to the use of solid fuel, the firing range of all stages is significantly increased.
- The inertial control device is equipped with an on-board digital computer (OND), which significantly increases the accuracy of the shot.
Interesting. In 2013, the first twelve MIOM vehicles were included in the missile systems. These cars carry out engineering support and camouflage of PGRKs on combat duty. They also create, clearly visible from satellites, false trails to a combat position.
Complex structure
The intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is the basis for the Topol-M mobile and silo complex.
It consists of three stages, as well as a stage that distributes the warheads. Each of these units is located inside a single-piece housing (“cocoon” type). The body, as well as the nozzles of the rocket power plants, are made using carbon composite materials.
The launch of the mobile and mine complex is carried out using a mortar launch.
Ammunition covered special composition, which can significantly reduce their visibility on air defense radar screens.
The ICBM consists of:
- warhead (high power class, thermonuclear);
- transition compartment;
- sustainer propulsion unit (3rd stage);
- connecting compartment (2);
- main engine (2);
- connecting compartment (1);
- propulsion type engine (1);
- tail section (1st stage).
Layout and composition of stages:
- The design of the first stage includes a propulsion type power plant, operating on solid fuel, and a tail compartment. Its body houses stabilizing devices and an aerodynamic control system. The solid propellant rocket engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle.
- The second stage consists of a similar engine and a connecting compartment.
- The third stage circuit includes the head part, the engine and the connecting compartment. In the front part of the bottom of the third stage there is a thrust cut-off unit equipped with 8 reversible extensions and windows, which are cut through by detonating extended charges (EDC).
Pre-launch preparation, launch and further flight are fully automated, they are controlled by a special tracking system.
The complex is brought to full combat readiness within two minutes. The ICBM can be launched both while moving and in parking mode. In this case, the launcher must be hung using jacks.
"Topol-M" is equipped with special equipment that allows it to overcome the enemy's air defense system. For this purpose, false warheads are generated that are completely identical to the missile. The created targets are practically no different from it, neither in the radar, nor in the optical, infrared and laser ranges. These pseudo-missiles can withstand the damaging effects of a nuclear charge and laser radiation, and also move in a similar manner to the warhead itself, which makes them very difficult to identify.
On a note! The ICBM has gained the ability to maneuver, which significantly reduces the possibility of its hull being hit by anti-missile weapons.
The warheads are coated with a special compound that makes them invisible to radar. In addition to this, it is possible to spray special aerosols that are visible in the infrared and make it difficult to find the warhead itself.
Performance characteristics (TTX)
Overall dimensions, m:
- the total length of the rocket is 21.5;
- diameter of the transport and launch container - 2;
- head size - 2.1;
- first stage - 8.1, body diameter - 1.8;
- second stage - 4.6, body diameter -1.55;
- third stage - 3.9, body diameter - 1.34.
At combat patrol The special missile complex covers an area of 125,000 square kilometers. The maximum firing range of the Topol-M is about twelve thousand kilometers. At launch the rocket has total weight 45 tons, while the weight of the warhead is one ton, and the equipped first stage of the ballistic missile weighs 27.8 tons.
The power of a single charge is 0.55 megatons, the range of the gun is from 150 to 200 meters. The eight-axis MZKT-79221 base is used as a mobile type launcher.
Classification
Topol-M is an intercontinental ballistic missile. It has the index 15Zh65 (code name START RS-12M2). Based on NATO classification, it belongs to the SS-27 Sickle B1 weapon class.
Despite their massive appearance, ICBMs are classified as light weapons.
Tests
Between December 1994 and January 2017, 16 successful launches were carried out. At the same time, the ICBMs took off both from silo launchers and from mobile launchers located on the territory of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. In most cases, the training target was located at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka Peninsula). A test launch in April 2004 was carried out to determine the maximum flight range and was successful.
Of all the test shots, only one failed. This happened in October 2009 with the Topol-M prototype. The ICBM deviated from the main course and was destroyed.
Start Topol-M missiles Conclusion
The terms of the START I treaty significantly limited the possibility of converting the Topol ballistic missile. That is why performance characteristics The new version of the weapon does not have significant differences from the previous model. The main differences between ballistic devices are the ability to overcome enemy missile defenses.
The improvement of solid propellant rocket devices has made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of the segment of the trajectory of an aircraft weapon on which the sustainer rocket engine operates. This made it possible to reduce the likelihood of ICBMs being intercepted and destroyed by enemy missile defense systems. The ability to maneuver the head compartment also reduces the possibility of being hit by a missile defense system.
The guidance control system has become less dependent on possible electromagnetic pulses and other factors caused by a nuclear explosion.
Summing up, we can safely say that the first intercontinental ballistic missile produced by Russian designers is in many ways superior to its world counterparts. "Topol-M" absorbed most innovative technologies being developed and is the main and unique component of the Strategic Missile Forces.