Campfire presentation. Types of fires: their purpose and method of cultivation. on deep snow, a swamp to make a flooring

Lessonlife safety fundamentalsin 6- mclassroom

Teata " Breeding a fire. Bonfire types"

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

To acquaint children with different types of fires;
- teach students how to properly make fires;
- develop the ability to work in groups,
- educate respect for nature.
- At the end of the study of the topic, students should have the skills of making a fire.

Lesson progress:

1. Message of the topic and purpose of the lesson

Sl.1 Today we have an unusual activity. The topic of our lesson on the screen is “Building a fire. Bonfire types»

Sl.2 .Now we will go to the magical forest, which will teach us how to make fires correctly, introduce us to the types and types of fires. And of course, having come to the forest, we should not forget about respect for nature.

2. Study of new material.

1. Bonfire functions.

Sometimes it is very important to make a fire in time.

What do you think the fire is for?

Let's see if you guessed correctly.

Sl.3

Sl.4

The functions of the fire are multifaceted:

cooking food;

drying clothes;

lighting;

• repelling insects and animals;

  signaling.

Sl.5

2. Place for a fire.

So you're about to start a fire. Where do we start?

find a clearing protected from the wind;

clean the place for a fire from dry grass, foliage and overlay it with stones;

on deep snow, a swamp to make a flooring.

Sl.6

3. Breeding a fire.

Prepare kindling (small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark)

Put kindling on the ground;

Light a fire with 2-3 matches;

Put thicker branches on kindling;

Comply with fire safety regulations.

Sl.7

4. What can not be done when making a fire?

Do not build a fire near trees;

Do not use live trees for a fire;

Do not make a fire in peat bogs;

Do not leave a burning fire unattended.

Sl.8.

6. Types of fires.

It is necessary to choose the type and type of fire according to the circumstances.

General rule: firewood must be stocked in advance and more.

Bonfires are of three main types:

fiery- for illumination of a place of a halt and cooking of food.

Flame - for cooking, drying things, you can keep warm if you spend the night by the fire.

Smoke- to drive away mosquitoes and midges, as well as to signal your location.

Sl.9 photo

DC 10

7. Types of fires (practical part)

Getting acquainted with the types of fires, we will build them practically from sticks lying on your tables.

Imagine that our sticks are logs, or even ancient.

So:

1. Well - put 2 logs in parallel at a certain distance; across them are two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.

Sl.11.

2. Star - lay the logs along the radii from the center. Burning occurs mainly in the center, and as the firewood burns, move it to the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision or it will go out.

Sl.12.

3. Hut - short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially lean against each other. With this design, the firewood burns out mainly from above, and the flame turns out to be hot. This type of fire is handy if you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pot. If you need to use several dishes, then it is better to use a "well".

Sl.13.

4 .Taiga - consists of several logs laid along or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent lining of firewood.

Sl.14.

5. Nodia - this fire is made up of 3 large logs, 2-2.5 m long. Put two logs (the thicker the better) close, achieving a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling flares up well, put the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.

Each of these types of fires can be both flame and fiery.It depends not only on how the fire is built, but also on the quality of the firewood:

- resinous or not;

- completely dry or with damp bark.

What types of fires do you remember?

Put some type of fire in your house now, say the name and what it is for.

Sl.17.

10. Tricks for campfire.

In the absence of small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;

Damp matches are best dried on the head: there is the least humidity;

It is not necessary to try to make a fire with one match, it is more reliable to set fire to kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

11. Reflection

-What do you think, in what life situation can we use the skills gained in our lesson?

Even a small spark can cause a destructive fire that will destroy not only kilometers of green areas, but also deprive many animals of their usual habitats, and even bring them death.

What to kindle a fire?

The rules for making a fire begin with the process of lighting a fire. In cloudy or rainy weather, only the lower branches of trees are taken for this. But only dead and dry. Birch bark is well suited for kindling. But you can not peel it from living trees. There is enough birch bark on the ground. Chips of dry logs, stumps, resinous bark, etc. are used to kindle a fire. Before going into the forest, you can take candles, dry alcohol, or plexiglass trimmings.

Many shops sell a special liquid for kindling a fire. Matches before going to the forest are packed in waterproof packaging. To quickly start a fire, you can lower the paper-wrapped box into paraffin or melted wax.

How to build a fire in the forest?

There are safety rules for making a fire. This should only be done by adults. Bonfires should not be lit in strong winds, next to coniferous trees, on dry grass and peat bogs. To kindle a fire, you must first prepare the place. To do this, a small layer of soil is removed with a shovel, in which there are roots and insects.

For a fire, you can not break the branches of living trees. Only dry branches lying on the ground are used. Before leaving, the fire is abundantly filled with water until the coals cool completely. Then it is covered with an initially removed layer of earth.

What to support

The rules for making a fire begin with the collection of deadwood for it. It is impossible to break and cut. Only dry branches are collected, of which there are many on the ground. For a fire, you can use trees split by lightning. And dry branches break off from the living. Sometimes trees are broken by a strong wind, which can also be used for a fire, like rotten stumps. The deadwood of dead coniferous and deciduous trees is also collected. Except standing in swamps or lying on damp ground.

Raw logs are used when the fire is already fully lit. In this case, the tree will burn for a long time. In the tundra, a bush is used for a fire. Fin is collected from the banks of rivers. These are trees brought by the flood, lying on the ground and already dried up under the sun. In semi-desert and mountainous areas, dried animal manure is used for fires.

Fire Safety

There are certain rules for making a fire in the forest and watching the fire. This is an elementary safety technique that protects not only humans, but also the animal and plant world. Burning fires must not be left unattended overnight. Because a flame with a suddenly rising wind can spread to neighboring vegetation. You need to put out the fire as soon as you start to feel sleepy. Otherwise, a sleeping person may fall into the fire and receive serious burns and injuries. And sparks from a fire can set fire not only to clothes and tents, but also to neighboring vegetation.

Bonfires should be lit at a distance of 10 meters from the tent. In the direction of the wind. To him, the tent is installed only by the back wall, and to the fire - by the entrance. In the mountains, you need to take into account that in the morning the wind blows from the valley, and in the evening - from the mountains. Therefore, the fire should be located closer to the river.

The rules for making a fire prescribe a ban on the use of fir or spruce branches for a fire in order to avoid a large number of large sparks. In addition, charcoal is "shot" by fire over long distances. Birch bark is used only for kindling fires. Pine and cedar create an even burn. No sparks, but with soot. It is not present when using alder firewood. And they burn evenly, without smoke. Birch firewood sparks strongly, but gives a great heat.

If, nevertheless, a fire is kindled in a coniferous forest, then a large fire cannot be made. Sparks, rising up, can lead to a strong one which is considered the most dangerous. Therefore, a fire in coniferous places is bred at least 15 meters from the trees.

What is prohibited during the fire season?

The rules for making a fire during a fire hazard period have many prohibitions. It is impossible (even with a strong need) to kindle a fire in forest areas during periods of increased fire danger. This situation can occur from May to September. It is strictly forbidden to make fires by the rules:

• in coniferous and pine young growth;
• on windblows;
• in windbreaks;
• on logging sites where logging residues occur or are present;
• in the fields with ears of crops;
• in the steppes with dried grass;
• in clearings with dry grass;
• next to reeds, moss and reeds;
• on or near peatlands;
• under the crowns of trees;
• on old burners.

Bonfires should be located only in open places, at a decent distance from thickets of vegetation and shrubs. And first of all - away from dry grass. During the fire hazard period, it is forbidden to use barbecue grills or any cooking devices in the forest.

You can not smoke and throw cigarette butts and burning matches, shake out the ashes from the pipes. It is forbidden to use pyrotechnics and shoot from firearms. Do not leave material impregnated and oiled with combustible substances in the forests. It is forbidden to fill tanks with fuel and leave glass bottles, their fragments and other debris in the open space.

information hour

Topic: "Rules for making fires"

Purpose of the lesson: to create conditions for students to familiarize themselves with the rules of making fires, to promote understanding of the dangers of fires.

Tasks:

To acquaint students with the purposes of making fires, different types of fires;

To form the skills of choosing the right place for the safe making of fires;

To form the skills of students to comply with fire safety rules and prevent various injuries;

Contribute to the prevention of forest fires.

Conduct form: information hour.

During the classes

The teacher welcomes the students and encourages them to be collected and attentive in order to successfully master the new material. He wishes students an interesting and fruitful work, provides a positive emotional mood and psychological readiness for the upcoming communication.

Knowledge update

1. What natural complexes are the "lungs" of our planet?

A) mountains B) forest; B) swamp D) desert.

2. List the causes of forest fires.

A) thrown cigarette butts, matches;

B) thrown glass bottles, fragments;

B) a lightning strike

D) not extinguished fires;

D) burning dry grass;

E) malfunctions of the exhaust system of vehicles.

3. Forest fires, depending on which tiers of the forest the fire spreads, are divided into:

A) grassroots; B) riding; B) underground.

4. The rate of spread of a forest fire depends on:

A) the area of ​​the forest on fire;

B) environmental humidity;

B) wind.

5. List your actions when a wildfire is discovered.

A) call the duty officer of the Ministry of Emergency Situations at 101;

B) if the fire is small - try to put it out on your own;

C) quickly leave a dangerous place, do not inform anyone about the fire;

D) leave the fire zone to the windward side, perpendicular to the edge of the fire;

E) when leaving the fire zone, use the terrain (glades, rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands).

Introduction

Now solve the riddle

Tourists will come to their camp,

He will be divorced in the evening,

It will burn for a long time

Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)

Why do you need a fire in the forest? (children's answers)

Topic message and task setting

That's right, without it it is impossible to solve the problem of heating and drying clothes, cooking and lighting during autonomous existence in natural conditions. But the fire is different. One type of fire is good for drying clothes, the other is good for cooking. How do they differ? What types and types of fires are there? That's what we'll talk about today. The topic of our today's lesson is "Rules for making fires."

Plan:

1. selection and preparation of a place for a fire, the rules for making a fire, preparing firewood.

2.kinds of fires

3.action in case of fire.

The first point of our lesson is the choice and preparation of a place for a fire? Why is it so important to be able to choose a place for a fire? (children's answers).

Because in the worst case, with the wrong choice of place, a fire can start.

Where can you build a fire? What do you think?

What do you think, where you can not make fires? (children's answers).

To maintain the fire, you should take care of the wood. They can be prepared before dark, not only for cooking, lighting and heating the camp.

Campfires can be made for various purposes: to send a distress signal, cook food, dry clothes, perform any ritual actions (Maslenitsa, Kupala holidays), but most often they are kindled during short-term outdoor recreation. The last option is the most dangerous.

Bonfire "hut", he is "pioneer", "pyramid".

Such a fire is made when it is required to get a lot of heat in a short time - to warm up quickly, to dry things. The fire is very hot and voracious, requires a lot of firewood. Gives a lot of light, very good when you need to light up the camp.

Bonfire "Star" ("Star").

Economical, long-burning fire. Convenient for cooking and sleeping several people. People stack around the fire and periodically move "their" logs to the center.

Bonfire "well" (logs are stacked logs). Gives a low and wide flame. Burns for a long time. It gives a lot of heat, it is also suitable for cooking and heating, the consumption of firewood is lower than that of the "hut", but also high. Gives a lot of embers quickly. The kindling is placed in a "hut", a "well" is built around it.

Bonfire "taiga" form several logs 2-3 meters long, it burns for a long time, does not require frequent lining of firewood. On it you can cook food, dry things and spend the night nearby without a tent. It burns with an even flame for several hours, then smolders and gives a strong heat.

Bonfire "nodya". Gives out a strong wide flame. Warms from all sides. Burns for a long time.

Physical education minute

Now let's imagine that we are walking through a forest.

I go and you go - one, two, three. (We walk in place.)

I sing and you sing - one, two, three. (We clap our hands.)

We go and we sing - one, two, three. (Jumping in place.)

We live very friendly - one, two, three. (We walk in place.)

Actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches

To extinguish small fires, throwing sand, earth, flooding with water, trampling with feet. In case of indirect signs of a fire, look around the area from an elevated point, establish a hearth, etc. direction of fire spread;

If you smell smoke, come closer, determine: what is burning, in which direction the wind is blowing, what is the danger of the fire spreading, the presence of children in the fire movement zone. Decide right away whether you will try to put out the fire or rush for help, because by overestimating your capabilities, you risk losing time and letting the fire gain strength. Report the incident to the nearest telephone or through a messenger to the fire department.

Fill the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, cover it with earth. Use bundles of branches from hardwood trees or trees 1.5-2 meters long, wet clothes, thick fabric to extinguish. Apply sliding blows along the edge of the fire from the side towards the seat of the fire, as if sweeping away the flame; press the branches at the next blow to the same place and, turning, cool them in this way. Stomp a small fire with your feet, do not let it spread to the trunks and crowns of trees. When the fire spreads along the crowns of trees, cut down the trees not touched by the fire on its path (the crown from the place of the fire).

Acquaintance with articles 15.29, 15.57, 15.58 of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses:

1. Article 15.29. Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands.

Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands or a ban on visiting them, which did not cause damage, entails a warning or a fine in the amount of up to twenty-five basic units.

Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands, resulting in the destruction or damage to forests or peatlands, if these actions do not constitute a crime, shall entail the imposition of a fine in the amount of twenty-five to fifty basic units.

2. Article 15.57. Illegal burning of dry vegetation, grasses on the vine, as well as stubble and stubble residues in the fields, or failure to take measures to eliminate the burns.

Illegal burning of dry vegetation, grasses on the vine, as well as stubble and crop residues in the fields, or failure to take measures to eliminate burns on land - entails a fine in the amount of ten to forty basic units.

3. Article 15.58. Making fires in prohibited places.

Making fires in prohibited places, with the exception of violations of fire safety requirements, liability for which is provided for by other articles of the Special Part of this Code, entails a warning or a fine of up to twelve basic units.

Consolidation of new knowledge

Solving problem situations (work on options).

Situation 1. You need to dry your clothes. Will you hang it closer or further away from the fire of the fire?

Situation 2. By chance, your hat fell into the fire or lies near the fire. What should be done so that it does not burn out: pull it out with a hand or a stick?

Situation 3. An ember fell out of the fire. What should be done: fill it with water to cool it, and throw it back into the fire, or leave it to burn out by the fire?

Knowledge check

1. The last match was used to build a fire. What needs to be done to keep the extracted fire for a long time:

a) constantly maintain the fire by organizing duty;

b) make a broom from dry plants and set it on fire;

c) fill a bucket with burnt coals and keep them smoldering;

d) set fire to a dry rotten stump;

e) fill a bucket with spruce or pine cones and set it on fire?

2. What should be the place for making a fire:

b) in inclement weather it is necessary to make a fire under a tree, the crown of which should exceed the base of the fire by 6 m;

c) the place for making a fire must be cleared of grass, leaves, shallow snow?

3. What are the main safety considerations you will consider when building a fire:

a) the fire must be protected from strong winds with branches, a tent, a wall of stones, etc.;

b) a fire built in a shelter emits carbon monoxide;

c) a wide fire is made for heating, and a cone-shaped one for cooking?

4. There are eleven of you and you need not only to cook food, but also to dry wet clothes and keep warm. What type of fire would you choose for this?

A) Bonfire "Star" ("Asterisk"). B) Bonfire "hut".

C) Bonfire "taiga". D) Bonfire "well".

E) Bonfire "hut", aka "pioneer", "pyramid.

Summarizing

It is everyone's duty to understand, love and protect nature, take care of it, multiply its priceless riches. After all, love for nature is a piece of love for the Motherland. A true friend and protector of nature is called upon to be a vacationer. He is obliged not only to protect her himself, but also to teach this to others. Take good care of the forest. Do not cut trees and shrubs for poles and stakes for tents, do not break branches for huts, bedding, and other things. For making fires, use only deadwood. Burn waste and garbage or bury it in the ground.

The teacher leads the students to realize the achievement of the set goals. Students formulate rules for safe behavior in the forest.

Reflection.

In conclusion, the teacher asks to continue the sentences (optional)

In class, I learned that...

I was especially surprised...

I understood why...

I would like to find out...

I studied (studyed)...

I can teach...

List of sources used:

1. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Vangorodsky S.N., Latchuk V.N.

2. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. (2011, 207p.).

3. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Frolov M.P., Yurieva M.V. and others (2012, 144p.).

Study questions:

1. Choosing a place and rules for making a fire.
2. Types and types of fires.
3. How to make and keep fire.

Target: at the end of the study of the topic, students should have the skills of making a fire.

The main content of the lesson:

1. Bonfire functions.Slide 2.Appendix .

Sometimes it is very important to make a fire in time. More than one human life in an autonomous existence was saved by a fire.

The functions of the fire are multifaceted:

• cooking food;
• drying clothes;
• lighting;
• heating;
• repelling insects and animals;
• signaling.

2. Place for a fire. Slide 3.

So you're about to start a fire:

• determine the location;
• choose a clearing protected from the wind (if not possible, build a barrier);
• clean the place for a fire from dry grass, foliage;
• overlay the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a bang);
• put a few branches on damp soil, kindling on them.

3. How to properly make a fire.

To build a fire, you need matches and wood. But you can’t light large logs with a match. Therefore, before getting the matches, collect small dry twigs and dry grass for kindling. Birch bark is also suitable for this purpose (just do not rip it off living trees). The best kindling is thin, dry twigs, which you will see on the bottom of the trunk of a young Christmas tree or at the ends of the dried lower branches of an adult. No wonder tourists these branches called gunpowder. They flare up instantly and are dry even with light rain.

After preparing the kindling, prepare the branches thicker. After all, as soon as the kindling flares up, it is necessary to put branches thicker and thicker. And then lay thick logs.

It is more difficult to light a fire in bad weather, when it rains or snows. Then try to cover the kindling with something. Useful in these cases and various artificial combustible materials - Plexiglas, paper, rubber.

The fire flared up, and you felt good. But now you have to keep an eye on the fire, because it must be constantly “fed” with firewood. Firewood must be prepared in advance in large quantities so that you don’t have to walk through the forest at night to collect dry wood.

To harvest firewood, it is not necessary to have a saw and an ax. In the forest, there is always enough deadwood and deadwood.

A big request to you: do not use living trees for a fire unnecessarily. Plus, they don't burn well.

4. Breeding a fire. slide 4.

5. What not to do when making a fire.Slide 5.

6. Types and types of fires. Slides 6-11.

It is necessary to choose the type of fire according to the circumstances. General rule: firewood must be stocked up in advance and more, so that, for example, instead of resting, you do not spend the whole night looking for fuel. However, we must not forget that with any amount of firewood, the fire must be constantly monitored: the fire lives and changes all the time.

It is also important to know that not only direct fire warms, but also reflected.

You can even freeze by the fire. That is why it is necessary to combine the fire with a temporary dwelling or a canopy - a heat reflector. It can be both summer and winter.

In winter, the canopy is especially important, even on a short halt. And it's easy to make. It is possible to heat snow on sticks or branches stuck in a snowdrift. It melts and forms a visor. Or you can stick strong sticks into the snow and hang a piece of polyethylene or fabric on them.

Bonfires are of three main types:

• fiery;
• heat;
• smoke.

fiery bonfires used for cooking, bivouac lighting, flame- for cooking, heating, drying things. Both of them can become flue, if you throw green grass or branches into them. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and for signaling.

fire bonfires much safer than flames, as their flames are low.

The simplest fire "hut". Firewood is placed over the kindling in a circle so that they are in contact with the upper ends. With this design, the flame is narrow and powerful. On such a fire, you can quickly boil water.

If two or three buckets or pots need to be hung over the fire, then a fire is lit, the flame of which is wide and low. This is "well", or "lattice". Wood needs oxygen to burn well. So do not put firewood close to each other. If even loose firewood does not burn well, fan the fire by blowing on it or waving a cap, a piece of bark, a thick branch. In this case, the air flow should not be directed to the flame, but under the base of the fire.

Flame fires tend to burn for a long time and provide a lot of heat. Large logs are used for them, and dry branches are used for kindling. Among them we will name "star", "taiga" and "node". In order for the logs to flare up faster, they must be hewn with an ax, that is, notches should be made on the log.

Separately, it is necessary to say about the “nodya” fire (another name is “three logs”). Its main advantage is a strong and long heat. A dry log with a diameter of more than 40 centimeters, cut into three parts 2-3 meters long, will burn in such a fire for several hours. This will allow you not to take care of the firewood and for a long time practically not to engage in a fire (you only need to clean the logs from ash and ashes from time to time by tapping with the butt of an ax or turning them). It's easy to understand these benefits if you want to get enough sleep.

When laying a node, gaps must be left between the logs; if the logs lie too tightly, wedge branches should be inserted between them. The thickest log should be on top (like the bottom of the trunk) because the top log burns faster. It is necessary to kindle the node from the middle. To flare up, such a fire usually takes at least half an hour.

If you spend the night under a canopy, then it is advisable to direct as much heat from the fire as possible to yourself. To do this, you can arrange a screen behind a fire, lit in front of a canopy. Such a fire must be monitored at night, appointing attendants for this.

7. Methods of making fire. Slide 12-13.Appendix .

Matches are needed to light a fire. And if they are not?

You probably know that in the Stone Age, fire was made using flint, flint and tinder. The role of flint can be played by a hard stone, flint (or flint) - an ax, knife or some other object made of solid steel. Any dry flammable material is suitable as a tinder: moss, cotton wool, rot, fluffy pieces of rope, finely crushed bark, bird nests, wood dust, which is formed by insects under the bark of dried trees.

Striking flint on flint, strike sparks. Position the tinder so that sparks fall on it. As soon as the tinder begins to smolder, gently fan it until a fire appears.

Do you know that, using a magnifying glass, magnifying glass, in sunny weather not difficult; ignite the tinder. Convex glass collects the sun's rays on a small surface of tinder, as a result of which the temperature there rises significantly, becoming sufficient for ignition. To do this, you can use lenses from optical devices: cameras, binoculars, and other devices.

You can use another method that came to us from ancient times. Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently rotate until smoke appears. Then fan the smoldering tinder, which must first be laid in the recess and near it. Some tribes that are at a low stage of development still use this method of making fire.

This method can be improved.

Rotation can be done with a bow. As a bowstring, use a rope, a belt, a shoelace ...

8. Preservation of fire. slide 14.

If there are no matches, another problem arises - how to keep the fire. You can always burn a fire. Then at night you should have a duty officer. Can coals from a burnt out fire cover with a layer of ash, inflate them in the morning and put dry kindling on them. And the fire will flare up with renewed vigor. Just try to use firewood that gives good coals in the evening, because some types of trees burn through, leaving only ash.

But what if you go out to the settlement and after spending the night you have to move? Then you can do portable fire storage torch. To do this, you need to prepare the bark, dry moss, thin long splinter. Laying the moss between the splinter, tightly wrap the resulting structure with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

9. Tricks for campfire.slide 15.

• In the absence of small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;
• damp matches are best dried on the head: there is the least humidity;
• no need to try to make a fire with one match, it is more reliable to set fire to kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

10. Quiz. slide 16.Appendix

1. Necessary item for making a fire? (Matches.)
2. Small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark for a fire, what is it? (Kindling.)
3. What is used when making a fire in deep snow, swamp, damp earth? (Flooring.)
4. Are smoke fires used for cooking? (Not.)
5. Firefires are used to give a signal? (Not.)
6. Flaming fires are used to dry things? (Not.)
7. On what fire can you quickly boil water? (hut.)
8. Portable fire storage? (Torch.)

11. The result of the lesson.

When entering the forest, one must remember that making fires is not always and everywhere permitted.

How to properly light a fire:

Bonfire: Without it, it is difficult to imagine any trip. First of all, they are necessary for a novice traveler. Sometimes even a person's life depends on the ability to make a fire. First you need to know how to choose a place for a fire, how to prepare a site, how to prepare firewood and kindling, and, most importantly, how to start a fire in all weather conditions and at any time of the year.

Location selection: Before making a fire, you need to choose a place for it (preferably sheltered from wind and rain by some kind of natural shelter, for example, a rock). It is desirable that this place be near water. The main condition is compliance with fire safety rules.

Do not light a fire under crowns or between large roots that come to the surface. It is also impossible to make fires among dead wood and young growth, as well as in areas with dry grass or on placers of stones, between which a lot of hot forest debris accumulates.

Site preparation: Clear an area with a diameter of a meter and a half from forest debris: grass, dry leaves. It is even better to remove the top words of the turf, exposing the kidney in an area larger than the fire itself will occupy and, if possible, overlay this place with stones. This is done in order to avoid accidental spread of fire to dry vegetation, leading to a forest fire. It is very dangerous to build a fire in the immediate vicinity of dry grass and in a dry coniferous forest, where the flame can spread quickly even with a slight breeze. A fire built on peat soil easily ignites a layer of peat under the turf and it is very difficult to put out such a fire, since the flame can appear from underground only after a few days.
And if there is shallow snow on the ground? Clear the area down to the ground. Trample deep snow tightly, make a floor from damp logs and branches.

Fuel: its correct selection is very important for a fire. Dry hardwood firewood produces no smoke, while damp or rotten wood produces little heat but produces a lot of smoke. Living birch wood is too wet. Small dry brushwood gives a strong flame, completely burning out in a few minutes. Firewood from deciduous trees with heavy dense wood (oak)

Kindling : these are flammable materials used to quickly start a fire. To do this, they use birch bark, dry chips, rotten wood from a hollow, resinous pieces of bark of coniferous trees and the so-called "incendiary sticks", which are made from resinous chips of coniferous tree stumps.

Kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid, at the base of which a small hole is left, where they bring in an incendiary stick lit from a rod.

After the pyramid flares up, more and more thick pieces of wood are placed on it - dry branches, dry deadwood. So that the fire does not go out from a strong wind or rain, it is kindled under some kind of shelter: an overhanging stone, a rock.

Damp wood should be stacked around the fire so that it dries out faster.

Making fire: matches must remain dry for this, matches with a head up to a quarter of the length are dipped in melted wax and packed together with a piece of “grater” in a sealed bag or pencil case. And fire can also be obtained using a magnifying glass, lenses from glasses and other pieces of glass. With the help of the sun, prepared moss, bird fluff, resinous bark, crushed foliage are set on fire.

In view of the beginning of the fire season, we pay attention to fire safety measures.

In the forest it is unacceptable:

- use open fire;

- burn grass under trees, in forest clearings, clearings, as well as stubble in fields, in the forest;

- make fires in young coniferous forests, on peat bogs, cutting areas, in places with dry grass, under tree crowns, as well as in areas of damaged forest;

- use wads made of flammable or smoldering materials while hunting;

- leave oiled or combustible cleaning material;

- refuel engine tanks, use defective vehicles, smoke or use open flames near vehicles refueling;

- leave bottles or glass fragments, as they can work as incendiary lenses.

Those found guilty of violating these rules will be subject to disciplinary action.

administrative or

criminal liability.

Rules of conduct in case of a forest fire

Actions of the population in the forest fire zone:

- take a dip in the nearest body of water or cover yourself with wet clothes;

- to overcome the lack of oxygen, breathe through a wet handkerchief or wet clothes, bend down to the ground;

- determine the direction of the wind and the spread of fire;

- having chosen the route of exit from the forest to a safe place, go only to the windward side and along the front of the fire;

- having decided to put out a small fire, send for help to the village;

- in case of a small fire, fill the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, sweep away the flame with a 1.5-2 m bunch of branches of deciduous trees, wet clothes, thick cloth;

- trample down a small fire on the ground, do not let it spread to the trees, do not leave until you are sure that the fire is extinguished.

Rescue service telephones: 01, 112 (cellular).

Fire prevention is the foundation of our safety.

REMINDER

campfire

rules of conduct in case of forest fires.

Completed by: OBZh teacher Koval A.P.

2012