Tom River: origin of the name and brief characteristics. General characteristics of the water regime and determination of the flow of the estimated supply of the Tom River - Mezhdurechensk Where does the Tom flow map
She lives on the banks of the Tom River
And from the slanted, Tatar eyes
In my solar plexus it aches
Probably every time
©Oleg Mityaev
On the way back to Novosibirsk, we decided to pass through Tomsk, an ancient city, much older than Novosibirsk, which took away its former glory.
The road went through Minusinsk, after which it was necessary to take us to Tomsk further north.
There were almost no cars, but on the way out of Minusinsk we encountered an ambush in the bushes, rare in these parts. 
The road ended completely in places, but was mostly decent. We looked at the houses and noticed that in different villages the roofs were made in different ways. Possibly immigrants from central Russia and Ukraine built their houses differently. 
Finally, by the end of the day we reached Tomsk. Tomsk greeted us with a huge traffic jam at the entrance - the streets were being repaired. 
Finally we made our way and first of all, through an alley with the wild name Sovpartshkolny, we came to bank of Tom.
They told us a lot about old Tomsk and we went to see the Museum of Wooden Architecture, but in vain. It was already closed, but the outside looked very nice.
Please note that the tram tracks here are made of ordinary rail and are not recessed. Since we were unlucky with the museum, we went looking for interesting houses. And they found a lot of them.
Unfortunately, Tomsk is being built on the remains of the old city. Old houses are being demolished and built, but it’s quite interesting.
Tomsk itself seemed very tasty, green and young, despite its old age. Probably because there are a lot of educational institutions and youth. Universities appeared here after the war, when industry was evacuated here and new personnel were needed. 
The Tom River is a river in Western Siberia, right tributary of the Ob. flows through the territory of three subjects Russian Federation— Khakassia, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions. The length of the river is 827 km (according to some sources 798 km). The height difference from the source to the mouth is 1185 m. The source of the Tom is located on the territory of Khakassia, on the western slopes of the Abakan ridge. Most of the Tom River flows through the Kemerovo region, being its main water artery. The mouth of the Tom is located in the Tomsk region, 45 km from the city of Tomsk. At the mouth, the river spills into several channels, forming Pushkarev Island with the Ob.
Geographical location of Tom
Source of Tom
The source of the Tom River is located on the territory of the Republic of Khakassia. The river originates on the western slopes (a mountain range consisting of mountain system) in its northern part, almost at the junction with Kuznetsk Alatau.
The Tom River has two sources. The source of the Left Tom is formed on Mount Karlygan ( maximum height– 1747 meters). Many streams flow into a small clear ravine on the southwestern slope of Karlygan, here they merge into a single stream called the Left Tom.
The source of the Right Tom is the main and longest source of the Tom River. It is formed on Mount Kaskylakh (maximum height - 1440 meters). On the southern slope of Kaskylakha, at an altitude of 1200 meters, there is a swamp. From this swamp in a spruce-birch grove a stream comes to the surface, and thus the source of the Right Tom is born.
Flowing down the slopes of the Abakan ridge, the Right and Left Toms merge into the Tom River at approximately an altitude of 903 meters. Also, many small rivers and streams flow into the Tom, in the area of its sources, increasing its flow.
Tom in the lower reaches
In the area of the city of Novokuznetsk, one of its left tributaries, the Kondoma River (427 km), flows into the Tom. The upper reaches of the Tom are the distance from the source to the mouth of the Kondoma. In this section, the length of the river is 267 kilometers.
IN upper reaches Tom, for 213 kilometers, passes through the mountainous regions of the Republic of Khakassia and the south of the Alatau-Shorsky highlands of the Kemerovo region. In this section the river flow has a mountainous character. The river valley is narrow and deeply incised, the height of the sides reaches 150-200 meters. The current speed is fast - up to 2.1 meters per second. The riverbed is replete with rapids and rocky rifts. The depth of the river at the riffles does not exceed 35 centimeters.
When crossing the border of the Republic of Khakassia and the Kemerovo region and further to the mouth of the Teba River, the width of the Tom is 50-100 meters, the depth is from 1 to 1.7 meters. The river valley remains narrow with steep sides reaching a height of up to 1000 meters; there is no floodplain. The current speed is 2.8 meters per second.
From the mouth of the Teba to Novokuznetsk, the width of the channel increases to 120-300 meters, the width of the river valley reaches 1.5-2 kilometers. The current speed decreases to 1.5-2 meters per second.
After the confluence of the Tom with its two large tributaries, the Usa (179 km) - Mezhdurechensk region and Mrassu (350 km) - Myski region, the river becomes wider and full-flowing. The width of the channel is 200-400 meters, the flow speed is 1 m/s. The right bank of the river remains steep, the left becomes flat.
From the mouth of the Mrassu River, the Tom crosses the border of mountain ranges with the Kuznetsk Basin and acquires a flatter flow pattern, islands appear in the river bed, and on the reaches the flow speed decreases to - 0.1 - 0.3 m/s. Further, the Tom absorbs about a dozen smaller tributaries; after the confluence of the Kondoma River, it finally acquires the character of a lowland river. From the mouth of the Kondoma to the city of Yurga - the middle reaches of the Tom.
Tom River in the middle reaches
From the city of Novokuznetsk to the city of Tomsk - Tom, a typical flat river with a slow and leisurely flow. Flowing through the Kemerovo region, the river collects the bulk of the region's watershed.
Tom River in the upper reaches
Starting from Tomsk, the river becomes wide-flooded, in some places its depth can reach 10 meters. After Tomsk, the river is often divided into branches and channels.
Mouth of the Tom. Where does the Tom River flow?
The mouth of the Tom River is located 45 kilometers from the city of Tomsk. Here the Tom River flows into the Ob River, being one of its main tributaries.
Tom River basin
The Tom River basin is part of the Republic of Khakassia, part Altai Territory and the Altai Republic, not most of Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions, as well as most of the Kemerovo region. The main drainage basin of the Tom River is the south of the Kemerovo region, namely the Mountain Shoria mountains.
Scheme of the Tom River. Tom River basin on the map:
Fauna and flora of the Tom River.
Fauna of Tom. Fish Tomi
The fauna of the Tom River is represented by a fairly large variety of fish. There were once up to 29 species of fish here, but due to climate change and economic activity man, the river bed became significantly shallower. Another colossal problem was the pollution of the Tom River. All this together contributed to a reduction in the river's fish stocks. However, in Lately There has been a significant improvement in the environmental situation. Waste dumping has virtually ceased, gravel mining has been reduced and shipping has been virtually suspended. Polluted by industrial wastewater, the Tom River is gradually being cleaned up and fish species such as grayling, lenok, taimen, sturgeon, peled, sterlet, some of which are in the Red Book, are returning to its waters.
However, it is worth noting that many of them have not restored their former population, and therefore are under protection. But do not despair, as perch, pike, crucian carp, pike perch, ide, chebak, minnow, burbot, loach, whitefish, and dace are also found here. Fishing in the waters of the Tom River will never be boring for spinning anglers, fly fishers and float fishermen. No one will leave without a catch. You just need to find right place For fishing. Experienced fishermen say that the most suitable places are where tributaries flow into the river.
Flora on the coastal territory of Tom
Along the bed of the Tom River you can find many unique and incredibly beautiful places: here there is taiga and rocky shores, confluences with smaller rivers. Due to the diversity of topography and climate, the banks of the Tom River are distinguished by variegated soil cover. In turn, this could not but affect the diversity flora this area. On the mountain peaks near Tom grow plants characteristic of such natural areas like the tundra and Alpine meadow, and the lowlands and midlands are filled with fir and aspen forests. The foothills and intermontane basins are represented by the vegetation of steppes and forest-steppes. All forests where the Tom River flows can be divided into two types: coniferous and deciduous. Main forest-forming species coniferous forest- pine, spruce, cedar, fir. Dark coniferous forests are usually called black taiga because of the dark color of the needles that the trees have. As for deciduous trees, willow, linden, rowan, aspen and birch predominate here. The southern forest-steppe is characterized by grasses: wormwood, fescue, feather grass, sainfoin, tonkonog, wormwood. As a rule, they grow in ravines and wastelands. In addition, in forest-steppes and forests near the coastal territory of Tom, it grows a large number of fruit and berry bushes and mushrooms.
Hydroposts on the Tom River.
Hydroposts on the Tom River are located in the cities of Tomsk, Yurga, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, and the town of Krapivino.
The speed of the Tom River current.
The speed of the Tom's current varies from 0.3 m/s to 3 m/s . In the upper reaches of the Tom, the current speed can reach 3 m/s, in the Novokuznetsk area 0.5 m/s, in the Tomsk area 0.3 m/s. average speed current is considered equal to 0.33 m/s.
Bridge crossings on the Tom River
Railway bridges
Two railway bridges on the Trans-Siberian Railway near the city of Yurga.
Railway bridge in Kemerovo
Polosukhinsky Bridge - bypassing the city of Novokuznetsk
Railway bridge near Novokuznetsk-Severny station
Chebolsinsky Bridge in Mezhdurechensk
Tomusinsky Bridge in Novokuznetsk
Road bridges
Seversky Bridge. Located on the border of the cities of Seversk and Tomsk.
Communal Bridge. Located in the Kirovsky district of Tomsk.
Kuznetsky Bridge in Kemerovo.
Kuzbass Bridge in Kemerovo.
An unfinished bridge over the dam of the unfinished Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station near the village of Zelenogorsky
Ilyinsky Bridge - connects the Ilyinsky and Zavodskoy districts of Novokuznetsk.
Kuznetsky Bridge - connects the Central and Kuznetsky districts of Novokuznetsk
Baidaevsky Bridge is the southern entrance to Novokuznetsk. Connects Novokuznetsk with the cities of Myski and Mezhdurechensk.
Zapsibovsky Bridge - connects the Central and Zavodskoy districts of Novokuznetsk
Ferry crossings
Ferry near the village of Zelenogorsky.
Ferry in the village of Saltymakovo.
Ferry between the city of Yurga and the village of Polomoshnoye.
Pontoon bridge
The pontoon bridge in Yurga is the longest pontoon bridge in Russia. Length 720 meters.
Sights on the Tom River
Anikin stone.
A small cliff on the Tom River, located in the Tomsk region, 6 kilometers from the border with the Kemerovo region. Is a natural monument regional significance. It is an outcrop of bedrock to the surface. Read more about Anikin's stone.
Stone Fighter.
A protruding stone cape on the Tom River. Located in the Tomsk region near the village of Yarskoye, Tomsk district. Natural monument of regional significance. It is a stone cape protruding 3 meters above the water. You can read more about the Fighter Stone.
Sadat Stone.
A large rock formation on the bank of the Tom River in the Tisulsky district of the Kemerovo region. You can read more about the Sadat Stone.
Blue Cliff.
Blue rock formation on the bank of the Tom River. Located in the Tomsk region near the village of Kolarovo. Natural monument of regional significance. It is an outcrop of bedrock with a length of 3 km. If you look at it from a distance, the cliff appears bluish-blue.
Camp Garden
A park in the city of Tomsk on the steep high bank of the Tom River. The park offers stunning panoramic views of the Tom River floodplain.
Ob-Tom interfluve.
Region in Siberia, located between Tom and Ob. It lies on the territory of the Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions. There are three natural reserves located in the interfluve.
Tutal rocks.
A picturesque outcrop of rocks on the bank of the Tom River in the Yashkinsky district of the Kemerovo region. On some rocks you can see ancient writings. More about Tutal Rocks
Tomsk writing.
A museum-reserve on the banks of the Tom River, which includes ancient drawings carved on rock formations on the very bank of the river. Located in the Yashkinsky district of the Kemerovo region.
Cities and towns on the Tom River
Cities on the Tom River
Mezhdurechensk, Myski, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Yurga, Tomsk, Seversk.
Villages and towns on the Tom River
Teba, Mayzas, Borodino, Atamanovo, Osinovoye Pleso, Saltymakovo, Zelenogorsky, Krapivinsky, Sheveli, Berezovo, Kolmogorovo, Pacha, Novoromanovo, Mokhovo, Zeledeevo, Kurlek, Moryakovsky Zaton, Samus, Orlovka
Large tributaries of the Tom
Kondoma, Mrassu, Usa, Lower Ters, Middle Ters, Upper Ters. Taydon, Terensug, Strelina, Iskitim, Belsu, Lebyazhya, Basandaika, Ushaika, Tutuyas, Aba.
Rest on the Tom River in sanatoriums and recreation centers
Along the Tom River there are a large number of camp sites and holiday homes.
Tourist complex "Vostok". Located near the city of Mezhdurechensk, on the banks of the Tom River. Accommodation in comfortable rooms with private amenities. Offers vacationers an active holiday; there are tennis courts, volleyball and football courts on site. There is a SPA salon and restaurant on site.
Recreation center "Pritomye". Located near the city of Kemerovo, on the banks of the Tom River. Offers guests rooms with amenities located in the main building, as well as accommodation in comfortable all-season houses. On the territory there are sports grounds, a bathhouse, a sauna, and a restaurant. Sports equipment rental is available.
Recreation center "Elykaevskaya Sloboda". Located near the city of Kemerovo in pine forest, on the bank of the Tom River. Offers guests accommodation in cottages with all amenities. There is a mini-zoo, a bathhouse, a children's playground, and sports equipment rental on site.
Center active rest"Space". Located near Kemerovo, on the banks of the Tom River. Guests are offered rooms varying degrees comfort. On the territory there is a bathhouse, a paintball court, and a sports ground.
Eco-camping “Round House”. Located 30 kilometers from Kemerovo, next to the Tomsk Pisanitsa museum-reserve, on the banks of the Tom. Vacationers are offered accommodation in real yurts. On the territory there is a bathhouse, gazebos, a summer kitchen, and a playground.
Cottage complex "Shirli-myrli". Located near the city of Tomsk in a pine forest, on the banks of the Tom River. Accommodation in wooden cottages with all amenities. On the territory there are gazebos with barbecues, a sauna, a swimming pool, billiards, and table tennis.
Rest on Tom as a savage
On the Tom River you can find a large number good places for a savage's holiday. The left bank of the Tom from Mezhdurechensk to Novokuznetsk is especially popular among vacationing residents of the South of Kuzbass. In summer it is full of vacationers. Those who like to spend several days in a tent on the river bank are located from the village of Atamanovo to Myski. Those who like to come to the river for one day have chosen the banks of the Tom near Novokuznetsk and Mezhdurechensk.
Beaches on Tom
Beaches on the Tom are mainly located in cities located on this river.
Beaches of Tomsk
In the area of the city of Tomsk and its environs on Tom you can visit the following beaches: city beach Semeykin Island, beach in Lagerny Garden, Blue Cliff beach, Surovsky beach, Second Surovsky beach
Beaches of Kemerovo
Within the city of Kemerovo and its surroundings on coastline Tomi has several beaches: the beach at the boat station, the beach in the village of Zhuravlevo, the Chaika beach, the Pritomskaya recreation area, the Berendey beach.
Beaches of Novokuznetsk
There are two beaches in Novokuznetsk on Tom: Levoberezhny beach and Studencheskiy beach.
Economic use of the Tom River.
Tom, as a tributary of the Ob, plays an important economic role in their regions. The river is used as a drinking, fishing and sanitary reservoir.
If we consider the first point economic use Tomi, then we can safely say that the composition of water in its biological and chemical properties extremely close to the most unique sources fresh water. river water has no foreign tastes and odors, as well as coloring. Thus, Tom is a large, and most importantly clean source of water supply in several regions of Russia.
The Dragoon water intake of the Tom River also has an important economic importance. Located near the village of Atamanovo, it is actively used by the Novokuznetsk water utility.
Regarding fisheries, the river is also the breadwinner of the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. Large-sized bream, carp, pike, perch, and pike perch are found in Tom and its water intakes.
Over the past five-year period, the level of processing of fish products has increased by 2.5 times, the volume of fish caught by 7.5 times, and the number of fish farms by 10 times, which indicates the intensive development of this industry.
In addition, Tom has prospects for fishing and hunting tourism, which entails the construction of appropriate infrastructure. This will ultimately also bring considerable profit to the regions.
In the middle of the 20th century, it was proposed to combine the channels of two rivers: the Ob and Tom, to create a shipping canal. This canal was supposed to become a short transport route for ships traveling along the Novosibirsk-Tomsk route. By the way, navigation on the river also plays an important role in the economic life of the Tomsk region. Previously, navigation on the river was open from the mouth to Novokuznetsk, and now to Tomsk.
The mining industry also reached Tom. From the riverbed nearby regional center In the Tomsk region, a sand-gravel mixture is mined, even though this has reduced the water level by more than 2 meters and exposed a rocky threshold in the riverbed.
A huge number of enterprises located in the Tom basin use the river’s energy resources for personal purposes, often dumping production waste into the reservoir. For example, industrial Kuzbass.
The Tom River was supposed to become one of the suppliers of electricity in the Kemerovo region, hosting the Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station on its bank, but this project was frozen in 1989, with no prospects for resuming construction.
Shipping on the Tom River in the past and present.
The past of shipping on Tom
The Tom River was once one of the most strategically important waterways and was navigable from its mouth all the way to the city of Novokuznetsk. The river connected important cities and served as a transport waterway between them.
At the beginning of the 17th century, with the emergence of the city of Kuznetsk, river vessels of that time were already sailing along the river - planks and small boats that served to transport people and their cargo. Over time, Tom turned into a freight artery between Kuznetsk and Tomsk for the transport of goods such as honey, wood, coal, bread, building stone and pine nuts. For a long time the river was considered unsuitable for shipping due to fast current and the presence of dangerous areas, especially on the section that is located above Tomsk. However, at the end of the nineteenth century, in connection with the start of construction of the Siberian Railway, work began to study the river and the results of these studies were encouraging. Thus, on June 6, 1889, the first steamship called “Tom” arrived in the city of Kuznetsk from Tomsk.
People began to actively interfere in the life of the river. In the first half of the 20th century, they began to mine from the bottom of the river in on a huge scale gravel and clay, blasting was carried out so that the passage of loaded ships and barges along the river was possible. Over time, the number of ships increased and they began to sail more frequently. Private offices appeared that carried out transportation between Kuznetsk and Tomsk, stopping in villages and villages. Passenger ships have become the fastest and most popular mode of transport. But by 1918, shipping had practically disappeared due to the revolution of 1917 and subsequent Civil War. However, in the second half of the 20th century, river transportation of passengers and goods began to revive and returned to pre-revolutionary volumes. New ships, cranes and places for wintering ships were built.
Navigation on the Tom River in our time.
Human intervention has not left its mark and at the moment the river has become very shallow, islands and shallows have appeared, which in turn reduces the river’s carrying capacity. In addition, the use of river passenger transport is simply unprofitable compared to other types, so shipping does not have its former scale. IN last years Navigation on the Tom River is handled by Tomsk Shipping Company OJSC, which carries out cargo transportation for the oil and gas complex with a total cargo volume of up to 6 million tons.
Just some 5-10 years ago, a real passenger boat sailed between Novokuznetsk and the village of Yachmenyukha. for which you could buy a ticket. The journey to Yachmenyukha took 4 hours; along the way, the boat stopped near other villages on the Tom River. But due to the shrinking of Tom, this route was closed.
Rafting on the Tom River
Rafting on the Tom River, despite practically complete absence extreme sports are popular. Mostly raftsmen raft in the lower and middle reaches of the Tom. From Mezhdurechensk to Novokuznetsk, rafting will take approximately 4-6 days, and rafting along the Tom River from Novokuznetsk to Kemerovo from 12 to 16 days. for those who want a little extreme when rafting along the Tom, you can try to start rafting during big water in the upper reaches of the Tom from Balyksa or from Biskamzhi.
Maps of the Tom River
Tom River. Source and mouth on the map.
Tom River on the map.
On its banks are such wonderful cities as Tomsk, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Mezhdurechensk, Yurga and Seversk - a little-known closed town hidden behind barbed wire. The length of the river is approximately 830 km, and the width of its opening in some places reaches 3 km. It is believed that the name Tom was invented by the Kets - an ancient Siberian people - and literally means “ main river"or even "the center of life." Perhaps no Russian body of water has as many amazing legends as there are about her - about Tom. Let's give one of the most interesting stories and tell you about the possibilities of fishing on the river.
The Legend of Tom and Ushaya
On the high bank of the Siberian river stood the well-fortified town of the brave Toyan, the prince of the Eushta people. Toyan had a son, who was named Ushay. From childhood he grew up as a skilled and fearless warrior. No one could compete with him in cross-country skiing and archery. Not far from the town of Toyana, near a tributary of the river, Prince Basandai lived with his large tribe. And the prince had a daughter named Toma. Many warriors dreamed of marrying her, but Basandai wanted to give her as a wife to the great Siberian Khan. One day, Ushay was chasing an elk in the forest and accidentally ran into the lands of Basandai, where the beautiful princess Toma was walking at that time. The glorious warrior was completely smitten by the beauty and charm of the girl, and Tom was impressed by Ushai’s agility and strength. And they fell in love with each other with all their souls. Since then, Toma and Ushay began to meet in a clearing, where Basandai found them during their next date. The prince became angry and expelled the poor Ushai from his lands in disgrace. In desperation, Toma ran to the river, near which her lover lived, and threw herself into it. Since then, this river has been called Toma (or Tomyu).
This is such a beautiful and at the same time sad legend. By the way, the names of the characters were not invented without reason, because the Ushaika and Basandaika rivers are major tributaries of the Tom.
Both the river itself and its tributaries (and especially the mouth) are quite suitable for fishing. Pike, grayling, perch and burbot are found here. In some places, mainly in autumn, you can catch taimen. However, its population has been declining sharply recently. Of the white varieties of fish, roach is often found, and in some places bream.
They prefer to fish with spinning gear. Fly fishing is more suitable for catching grayling - although this fish is not very large, it is not at all easy to catch. It is better to catch pike in deeper places, where the current level is significantly reduced. The Tom River is of great interest to taimen lovers. This fish is quite dexterous and resourceful, but closer to autumn it develops a beastly appetite, making it much easier to lure it. It is best to use a spinning rod and a bait in the form of a small “mouse”, because small rodents are the main prey of especially large representatives.
The Tom River is suitable for both winter and summer, but in the warm season this fish is not particularly active. To catch it, they mainly use ordinary donks, and the bite begins closer to night. In winter, burbot is caught with a fishing rod, and pieces of fish or a lead cone-shaped jig are used as bait.
The Tom River is surrounded by pebble and rocky banks. And only some areas with access to water are suitable for recreation and fishing in the summer. However, due to high level Swimming in the river is prohibited.
Thus, Tom is a river with a rich and interesting history. And the possibility of year-round fishing makes it especially attractive among avid fishermen.
Introduction.
Tom is a tributary of the Ob. It originates in the Khakassian Autonomous Region on the western slope of the Abakan ridge. It flows through the Kemerovo region and in the Tomsk region joins the Ob. The river's feeding is mixed with a predominance of snow. The average water flow 580 km from the mouth is 650m 3 /sec, and at the mouth 1110m 3 /sec, the maximum is 3960m 3 /sec. The length of the Tom River is 827 km, with a catchment area of 000 km 2. The river freezes at the end of October – beginning of November. It opens in the second half of April - the first half of May. In its upper course - mountain river, below flows within the Kuznetsk Basin, and then along West Siberian Plain. The river has many rapids, the width of the floodplain reaches three kilometers. On the Tom River there are cities - Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo, Tomsk. The largest tributaries of the Tom: Mars-Su, Kondoma, Unga - on the left: Usa, Upper Ters, Middle Ters, Lower Ters, Taydon - on the right. The river is raftable. Navigable to Tomsk, in high water - to Novokuznetsk.
Hydrological sketch of the Tom River - Mezhdurechensk,
F= 5880 km 2.
1. Brief physical-geographical and climatic characteristics.
The Tom River is a transit river, originating in a mountainous region. It flows through mid-mountain, low-mountain regions, rugged plains and ends at the mouth in the taiga region of Western Siberia, flowing into the Ob. The mid-mountain region occupies an altitude of over 1000 meters Mountain Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau and the Abakan ridge. The relief is highly dissected. There are individual mountain peaks up to 2000 meters high. However, their contours are softer. Alpine surfaces, kurumniks, significant screes and alluvial fans are developed. There is a system of carts occupied by snowfields and lakes. The mountains are covered with grass and woody vegetation. The saddles of the mountains are swampy.
The longitudinal profile of the river has a stepped character. There are many waterfalls, rapids and rapids. Atmospheric precipitation falls over 1000 mm per year, as a result of which the mid-mountain region has very high runoff modules. The presence of large falls in the terrain causes intense snow and rain floods. Maximum water levels and flow rates are usually of rain origin and occur in July. The river receives mixed nutrition: snow, rain and groundwater. Slush transit predominates on the river, after which congestion occurs, and the water level remains elevated throughout the winter, sometimes rising by three meters. Costs drop significantly both due to depletion of groundwater reserves and as a result of losses due to ice formation. Water belongs to the carbonate class. Total mineralization increases to 100 mg/l.
Although the relief of the low-mountain region is mountainous, the height is 100 - 500 meters, the steepness of the slopes and slopes of the river valleys are less than the previous region. Flush rocks exceeds the intensity of weathering, flows cut into bedrock stable rocks. The channel therefore has the greatest stability. They are also composed of coarse material. Thresholds are formed at the intersection of various geological structures.
The slopes of the mountains and river valleys are covered with woody vegetation and heavily turfed, as a result of which the destructive activity of temporary flows is weakened. In this area, alpine surfaces are also developed, consisting of fractured rocks, as a result of frost weathering and almost do not provide surface runoff. Atmospheric precipitation and melt water are almost completely absorbed by chars and screes, resulting in the formation of thick ground and The groundwater, leading to the formation of karst and increased mineralization of the Vaucluses and the river.
Atmospheric precipitation falls 600 - 700 mm, and the river flow is lower than the previous region, but the share of winter flow is slightly higher. Maximum levels and flow rates of water are of both snow and rain origin. In autumn, ice jams occur on the rivers. Levels are therefore elevated throughout the winter. Congestion breaks up during the spring ice drift. Annual maximum levels are often jammed.
The rugged plain, whose height is below 500 meters, is a complex geological structure. Its base is of tectonic origin, covered on top by clays, heavy loams, sands and pebbles of Quaternary age. The river valley is tectonically adapted, formed through the evolution of ravines. The entire territory is cut up by a very dense network of ravine-beam systems, overgrown with trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. As a result of deforestation and plowing of the slopes of the river valley, gully activity has again intensified. The river is winding, there is a large contrast of speeds on the reaches and rifts.
Passing along a rugged plain, the level atmospheric precipitation is reduced to 500 - 600 millimeters per year. The river also has a mixed supply: snow, rain and ground. Moreover, the main food is snow. The maximum water flow occurs during the spring flood and in a friendly spring, and maximum level, as a rule, of mash origin. The river's winter feeding is stable. There are numerous groundwater outlets that cause landslides along the river banks.
The source of the Tom is located on the western slopes of the Abakan ridge, on a swampy slope between the northern spurs of the Karlygan ridge and the “Top of the Tom” mountain. The first kilometers flow through a swampy valley in a southwestern direction. Regarding the origin of the toponym "Tom" there are various hypotheses. In particular, the famous linguist and historian A. M. Kondratov (1937-1993) came to the conclusion that the river name goes back to the language now very small people Kets. Linguists point to two possible meanings of the word “Toom” (Tom): “river” and “dark”. There are a lot of rocky cliffs along the river.
The length of the river is 827 km, the width of the floodplain is up to 3 km, the elevation difference from source to mouth is 1185 m, the catchment area is 62 thousand km². Average long-term water consumption and annual runoff, respectively: 1100 m³/s, 35.0 km³/year. The average current speed is 0.33 m/s, on the rapids - 1.75 m/s. It freezes at the end of October - beginning of November, opens at the end of April. Average duration freeze-up - 158-160 days, on average 175 days a year are ice-free. Rain power river flow is 25-40%, snow - 35-55% and groundwater - 25-35% of the annual flow.
Attractions
- Anikin stone,
- "Fighter" stone
- Blue cliff,
- camp garden,
- -Tomsk interfluve,
- Tutal rocks,
- Tomsk writing...
Tributaries
Main tributaries: Aba, Belsu, Kondoma, Mrassu, Taydon, Lower Ters, Middle Ters, Upper Ters, Tutuyas, Usa, Unga, Iskitimka, Basandaika, Ushayka.
Settlements
Cities on Tom: Mezhdurechensk, Myski, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Yurga, Tomsk, Seversk.
Economic use
At the end of the 1960s, there was a proposal to connect the Tom and a shipping canal 50-60 kilometers upstream from the confluence of the Tom. It was assumed that this canal would shorten the transport route for ships plying the Tomsk-Novosibirsk route by several tens of kilometers. In addition, Tomsk could receive a new clean source of water supply - biological and chemical composition the waters of the river by that time had become cleaner than water Tom River.
In 1975, construction began on the Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station on the Tom River in the Kemerovo region near the village of Zelenogorsky. In 1989, construction was frozen. Further fate waterworks has not been identified.
On May 6, 1982, a number of Tomsk scientists and specialists published a letter in the Izvestia newspaper in which they expressed concern about the shallowing of the river as a result of gravel being scooped out of it for economic needs.
Water intakes - The Dragunsky water intake in the area of the village of Atamanovo is used by the Novokuznetsk Vodokanal.
Crossings (in the direction from the mouth to the source)
- Seversky Bridge (northern, new) - on the border of Seversk and Tomsk (metal, G-20+2×1.5, length 800.7 meters, 1999);
- Communal bridge (southern, old) - in the Kirovsky district of Tomsk;
- two railway bridges on the Trans-Siberian Railway - near Yurga;
- the longest pontoon bridge in Russia in Yurga, length 720 meters;
- railway bridge - in Kemerovo;
- Kuznetsky Most - in Kemerovo;
- Kuzbass Bridge - in Kemerovo;
- An unfinished bridge across the Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station near the village of Zelenogorsky;
- Ferry - near the village of Zelenogorsky;
- Ferry - in the village of Saltymakovo;
- Ferry - between the city of Yurga and Polomoshnoye, Yashkinsky district of the Kemerovo Region;
- two railway bridges - on the Novokuznetsk bypass;
- Ilyinsky Bridge (1969) on Ilyinsky Highway - in the Zavodskoy district of Novokuznetsk;
- Zapsibovsky Bridge (1963) on Stroiteley Avenue - between the Central and Zavodsky districts of Novokuznetsk;
- Kuznetsky Bridge (1970) on Druzhby Avenue - between the Central and Kuznetsky districts of Novokuznetsk;
- railway bridge - to Novokuznetsk-Severny;
- Baidaevsky Bridge on Pritomskoe Highway - in the Ordzhonikidze district of Novokuznetsk;
Use of title
The city of Tomsk, aluminum boats “Tom”, football club"Tom", museum-reserve "Tomskaya Pisanitsa", Tom-Usinskaya State District Power Plant, hotel in Kemerovo, tape recorder, brake fluid.
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