Russian anti-aircraft gun 85 mm from the times of the Second World War. Venevsky district - dangerous finds - artillery and cars. Characteristics and properties of ammunition
85 mm installation 90-K
85-mm universal deck installation 90-K model 1941
Classification
Production history
Operation history
| Was in service | Soviet Navy |
| Years of operation | 1942 - present G. |
| It was installed on | KR project 26bis, EM project 30K and 30bis, SKR project 29, BTShch project 73K |
| Wars and conflicts | The Second World War |
Weapon characteristics
Projectile characteristics
Design
In the Soviet Navy, in order to increase the air defense of ships in the interwar years, the modernization of 76.2-mm artillery mounts (AU) of the first generation was carried out. It was decided to switch to a larger 85 mm caliber. On the machines of 76-mm gun mounts, 85-mm barrels of standard army guns were installed, while retaining all the other main elements of ship mounts.
Installation 92-K
85 mm universal deck mount arr. 1941 90-K was designed in the Design Bureau of Plant No. 8 and was an improved version of the 76-mm AU 34-K with a swinging part from an 85-mm army anti-aircraft gun mod. 1939
Production and testing
The prototype 90-K was tested in July-August 1941 and, based on the test results, was recommended for gross production.
With the outbreak of war, plant No. 8 was evacuated from Podlipki to the city of Sverdlovsk, where the gross production of 90-K artillery installations was organized.
Ship tests of the installation took place in the Pacific Fleet in April 1944.
Further development
A further development of this installation is the 85-mm twin universal installation arr. 1946 92-K.
Descriptions and characteristics of the gun
The 90-K barrel consists of a free tube, casing and breech. The shutter is vertical wedge with spring semi-automatic. According to the 1942 project, the installation of electric remote drives SSSP-3 was supposed to be installed, but electric motors were not installed on serial gun mounts, and all guidance drives were manual.
Tactical and technical characteristics of 90-K
The installation is closed on three sides with an armored shield. Shield armor thickness - 8-12 mm.
1 shot UBR-365P with a BR-365P projectile;
2-shot UBR-365 with a BR-365 projectile;
3-shot UBR-365K with a BR-365K projectile;
4-shot UO-365K with O-365K projectile
Ammunition
The ammunition of the ship's 85-mm gun included the following types of shells
Firing control devices
The 90-K installation had two MO sights. The characteristics of the sight are presented in the table.
Operation history
Officially, the 90-K gun mount was put into service on July 25, 1946. It was placed on the cruisers "Kaganovich" and "Kalinin" of project 26bis (8 gun mounts), destroyers of projects 30K and 30bis, on part of patrol ships of project 29, large hunters of project 122 and other ships. In the 70s, during the construction of new batteries in the Vladivostok Defense Region (VLOR), 85-mm 90-K universal guns were partially used.
The full official name of the gun is 85 mm anti-aircraft gun model 1939. Created in Kaliningrad near Moscow by M.N. Loginov in accordance with the concept of engineer G.D. Dorokhin for the modernization of the Loginov 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model. It was actively used in the Great Patriotic War both as an anti-aircraft gun and as an anti-tank gun, and after its end it was in service with the Soviet Army of the USSR Armed Forces for a long time before the adoption of anti-aircraft missile systems. The 52-K gun was transferred or sold to other countries to equip their armed forces. Part of the 52-K anti-aircraft guns, after being removed from service, was converted for peaceful use in mountainous areas as anti-avalanche guns.
During the war, the gun served as the basis for the development of long-barreled tank guns D-5 and ZIS-S-53, which were installed on the SU-85 anti-tank self-propelled guns and the T-34-85, KV-85 and IS-1 tanks.
Characteristics and properties of ammunition
- Loading: unitary
- Nomenclature of ammunition:
- Fragmentation anti-aircraft grenade with a remote fuse T-5,TM-30,VM-30: 53-UO-365.
- Fragmentation anti-aircraft grenade with remote fuse VM-2: 53-UO-365,
- Fragmentation anti-aircraft grenade with a transitional head and a fuse KTM-1: 53-UO-365
- Armor-piercing tracer caliber projectile 53-UBR-365
- Armor-piercing tracer sharp-headed caliber projectile 53-UBR-365K
- Armor-piercing tracer projectile 53-UBR-365P
- Height reach, m: 10 230
- Muzzle velocity of the projectile, m/s
- Anti-aircraft fragmentation grenade with T-5: 800
- Fragmentation solid grenade: 793
- Armor-piercing sub-caliber reel: 1050
- Armor-piercing sharp-headed caliber: 800
- Projectile weight, kg
- Armor-piercing caliber: 9.2
- Armor-piercing sub-caliber: 4.99
- Shrapnel: 9.2-9.43; 9.24-9.54.
- Armor penetration of a caliber projectile, mm
- Meeting angle relative to the tangent plane to the armor 60 degrees
- Distance 100 m: 100
- Distance 500 m: 90
- Distance 1000 m: 85
- Normal to armor
- Distance 100 m: 120
- Distance 500 m: 110
- Distance 1000 m: 100
- Meeting angle relative to the tangent plane to the armor 60 degrees
Gallery
The Soviet 85-mm anti-aircraft gun 52-K on the Proletarian Bridge in Tula.jpg
85-mm anti-aircraft gun 52-K of the 6th battery on the Proletarsky bridge in Tula, October 1941.
08-edited-85 mm air defense gun M1939-LMW.jpg
52-K. Lubsk Military Museum, 2007.
Sources
- Shunkov V. N. Weapons of the Red Army. - Mn. : Harvest, 1999. - 544 p. - ISBN 985-433-469-4.
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An excerpt characterizing the 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model of the year (52-K)
These nightly visits by Natasha, made before the return of the count from the club, were one of the favorite pleasures of mother and daughter.– What are we talking about today? And I need to tell you...
Natasha covered her mother's mouth with her hand.
“About Boris… I know,” she said seriously, “that's why I came. Don't say, I know. No, tell me! She let go of her hand. - Tell me, mom. Is he nice?
- Natasha, you are 16 years old, I was married at your age. You say that Borya is nice. He is very sweet and I love him like a son, but what do you want?… What do you think? You completely turned his head, I can see it ...
Saying this, the Countess looked back at her daughter. Natasha was lying straight and motionless looking ahead of her at one of the mahogany sphinxes carved on the corners of the bed, so that the countess could only see her daughter's face in profile. This face struck the countess with its peculiarity of a serious and concentrated expression.
Natasha listened and thought.
- Well, so what? - she said.
- You turned his head completely, why? What do you want from him? You know you can't marry him.
- From what? - without changing the position, said Natasha.
“Because he’s young, because he’s poor, because he’s kindred… because you don’t love him yourself.”
– Why do you know?
- I know. This is not good, my friend.
“And if I want ...” said Natasha.
“Stop talking nonsense,” said the Countess.
- And if I want ...
Natasha, I'm serious...
Natasha didn’t let her finish, pulled the countess’s big hand to her and kissed her from above, then on the palm, then turned again and began to kiss her on the bone of the upper joint of the finger, then in the gap, then again on the bone, saying in a whisper: “January, February , March April May".
- Speak, mother, why are you silent? Speak, - she said, looking back at her mother, who was looking at her daughter with a tender look and because of this contemplation, it seemed that she forgot everything she wanted to say.
“That won’t do, my soul. Not everyone will understand your childhood connection, and seeing him so close to you can harm you in the eyes of other young people who travel to us, and, most importantly, torment him in vain. He may have found himself a party of his own, rich; and now he's going crazy.
- Coming down? Natasha repeated.
- I'll tell you about myself. I had one cousin...
- I know - Kirilla Matveich, but he is an old man?
“There was not always an old man. But here's the thing, Natasha, I'll talk to Borey. He doesn't have to travel so often...
“Why not, if he wants to?”
“Because I know it won’t end.”
- Why do you know? No, mom, you don't tell him. What nonsense! - Natasha said in the tone of a person from whom they want to take away his property.
- Well, I won’t get married, so let him go, if he’s having fun and I’m having fun. Natasha looked at her mother smiling.
“Not married, but like this,” she repeated.
- How is it, my friend?
- Yes, it is. Well, it’s very necessary that I won’t get married, but ... so.
“So, so,” repeated the countess, and, shaking with her whole body, she laughed a kind, unexpected old woman’s laugh.
- Stop laughing, stop it, - Natasha shouted, - you are shaking the whole bed. You look terribly like me, the same laughter ... Wait a minute ... - She grabbed both hands of the countess, kissed the bone of the little finger on one - June, and continued to kiss July, August on the other hand. - Mom, is he very in love? How about your eyes? Were you so in love? And very nice, very, very nice! Only not quite to my taste - it is narrow, like a dining room clock ... Don't you understand? ... Narrow, you know, gray, light ...
– What are you lying about! said the Countess.
Natasha continued:
- Do you really not understand? Nikolenka would understand... Earless - that blue, dark blue with red, and it is quadrangular.
“You flirt with him, too,” said the countess, laughing.
“No, he is a Freemason, I found out. He is nice, dark blue with red, how do you explain ...
“Countess,” came the voice of the count from behind the door. - Are you awake? - Natasha jumped up barefoot, grabbed her shoes in her hands and ran into her room.
She couldn't sleep for a long time. She kept thinking about the fact that no one can understand everything that she understands and what is in her.
"Sonya?" she thought, looking at the sleeping, curled-up kitty with her huge braid. “No, where is she! She is virtuous. She fell in love with Nikolenka and doesn't want to know anything else. Mom doesn't understand. It's amazing how smart I am and how ... she's sweet," she continued, speaking to herself in the third person and imagining that some very smart, smartest and best man was talking about her ... "Everything, everything is in her , - continued this man, - she is unusually smart, sweet and then good, unusually good, dexterous - she swims, she rides excellently, and her voice! You can say, an amazing voice! She sang her favorite musical phrase from the Kherubinian opera, threw herself on the bed, laughed at the joyful thought that she was about to fall asleep, shouted to Dunyasha to put out the candle, and before Dunyasha had time to leave the room, she had already passed into another, even happier world of dreams. , where everything was just as easy and beautiful as in reality, but it was only better because it was different.
There are many incomprehensible things in the history of this gun, from the moment of development, starting with the caliber and ending with what appeared as a result. But the main thing is the result, isn't it?
Where did the 85 mm caliber come from, it was not possible to establish at all. Sources are generally silent on this topic, as if someone just took it and decided to invent it. The only thing that could more or less serve as a starting point was the British 18-pounder (83.8 mm or 3.3″) QF model 1904 gun, which was an enlarged version of the 13-pounder (76.2 mm) gun and very She looked a lot like her in every way, except for her size.
A number of such guns fell into the Red Army during the Civil War, and were also in service with the Baltic states.
Until 1938, there was no 85 mm caliber in domestic artillery at all.. Occasionally, he appeared in draft designs, but it didn’t even come to competitions. It seems that the phenomenon of this caliber really turned out to be accidental.
In 1937/1938, the designers of plant No. 8 decided to use the good safety margins laid down in the design of the German Rheinmetall gun, adopted by us under the name “76-mm anti-aircraft gun mod. 1931" and increase its caliber.
According to calculations, the maximum caliber that could be placed in the casing of a 76 mm gun was 85 mm. Understanding the need to adopt medium-caliber anti-aircraft artillery was justified, so 85-mm anti-aircraft guns were put into mass production before the war.
But again, this is just speculation.
It is also very difficult to say why the Red Army did not like the new 76-mm anti-aircraft gun designed by Loginov, which was a revision guns 3-K about which we have already written. As soon as it was put into service, it was immediately replaced by an 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model of the year.
The designer G.D. Dorokhin took as a basis the development of the same Loginov - a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model. Dorokhin proposed to put a new 85-mm barrel on the platform of a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun, also using its shutter and semi-automatic.
Tests showed the need for further improvements caused by an increase in the caliber of the projectile, the weight of the powder charge and the weight of the installation itself. After increasing the bearing surface of the bolt wedge and breech slot, as well as installing a muzzle brake, the gun was adopted by the Red Army under the name "85-mm anti-aircraft gun mod. 1939" or 52-K.
Many authors write that an important feature of the new anti-aircraft gun was its versatility: the 52-K was suitable not only for firing at enemy aircraft, but was also successfully used as an anti-tank gun, firing at enemy armored vehicles with direct fire.
Given that the 52-K received all the mechanisms from the 76-mm gun, everything was true for its predecessor to the same extent. However, the use of a more powerful projectile and a powder charge provided greater armor penetration compared to the 76-mm gun.
The 76-mm gun fired high-explosive and armor-piercing shells. For the 85-mm gun, an armor-piercing tracer sharp-headed caliber projectile 53-UBR-365K and an armor-piercing tracer projectile 53-UBR-365P were developed.
At a 76-mm cannon, an armor-piercing caliber projectile at an initial speed of 816 m / s at a distance of 500 m pierced armor 78 mm thick, and at a distance of 1000 m - 68 mm. The range of a direct shot was 975 m.
The projectile for the 85 mm gun had better performance:
- when firing at an angle of 60 °, a 9.2-kg projectile pierces armor about 100 mm thick at a distance of 100 m, 90 mm at a distance of 500 m, and 85 mm at a distance of 1000 m.
- at a meeting angle of 96 ° at a distance of 100 m, penetration of armor with a thickness of about 120 mm is provided, at a distance of 500 m - 110 mm, at a distance of 1000 m - 100 mm.
An 85-mm armor-piercing tracer projectile weighing 4.99 kg had an even greater armor-piercing ability.
The firing range of the 85 mm gun was also somewhat greater than that of the 76 mm gun. In height: 10230 m, in distance: 15650 m, for the 76-mm gun, respectively, in height: 9250 m, in distance: 14600 m.
The initial speed of the projectile was approximately equal, in the region of 800 m / s.
In principle, it turns out that the appearance of the 85-mm gun was justified. As well as some haste in development is fully justified. The gun came out more powerful, immediately on a more transportable four-wheeled platform, and most importantly, it could successfully act as an anti-tank gun at the time the Germans had heavy tanks in 1942/43.
The creation of a new, four-wheeled ZU-8 platform made it possible to transport anti-aircraft guns at speeds up to 50 km / h, instead of 35 km / h for their predecessors. The combat deployment time has also been reduced (1 minute 20 seconds versus 5 minutes for the 76 mm 3-K gun).
In addition, the 52-K gun served as the basis for the creation of the D-5 and ZIS-S-53 tank guns, which were subsequently installed on the SU-85 self-propelled guns and the T-34-85, KV-85 and IS-1 tanks.
In general, for its time, which includes both design capabilities and industry capabilities, the 52-K gun was very good.
I will say more: it was better for the period 1941-1944. In 1942, when the Germans got the Tigers, the 52-K was the only gun that could hit these tanks with almost no problems.
A 76-mm cannon projectile could penetrate the Tiger into the side from 300 meters, and even then, with a 30% probability. The armor-piercing projectile of the 85-mm cannon quite confidently hit the "Tiger" from a distance of 1 km in the frontal projection.
In 1944, a modernization was carried out, which improved the performance of the 52-K, but did not go into the series due to the fact that the urgent need had already disappeared.
In total, for the period from 1939 to 1945, the industry of the USSR produced 14,422 52-K guns. After being withdrawn from service, the gun was widely supplied abroad. And it sold very well.
And even in our time, 52-K is quite successfully used as an anti-avalanche gun.
In our time, the strengths and weaknesses of the 85-mm Soviet and . Indeed, "akht-komma-akht" covered itself with glory and earned a reputation as an excellent tool. But the fact is that 52-K was not inferior to her in anything. And in the same way she dropped German planes to the ground and stopped the tanks.
It is not worth repeating, the fact is that the gun came out very worthy, judging by the results.
Sources:
— Museum of Military History, p. Padikovo, Moscow region.
Shunkov Victor. Red Army.
Weapons of Victory Military science Team of authors --
85 mm anti-aircraft gun model 1939
The 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model appeared as a natural result of the development of domestic anti-aircraft artillery, which originated in 1914, when the designer of the Putilov plant F. Lender developed the first 76-mm anti-aerostatic gun of the 1914 model. In 1915 and 1928, this system was modernized, increasing the vertical firing range at a maximum elevation angle to 6500 m; it was replaced by a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1931 model. In 1938, on the instructions of the GAU, several prototypes of a modernized 76-mm gun were manufactured. Installed on a four-wheeled wagon, it weighed 4200 kg - significantly less than the previous one. In this form, it is accepted into service as an anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model.
However, the growth of speeds and the "ceiling" of aircraft, the increase in their survivability required an increase in the reach of anti-aircraft guns at altitude and an increase in the power of the projectile. And in 1939, G. Dorokhin created a new system by placing an 85-mm barrel on the carriage of a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model, using a shutter and semi-automatic
this tool. When choosing a caliber, he proceeded from the need to obtain a high initial velocity of the projectile and such a cartridge weight that would make the loader work for a sufficiently long time. Such requirements were most successfully combined in the 85 mm caliber, the projectile weight was 9.2 kg, the cartridge weight was 15.1 kg, and the initial speed was 800 m / s. Increasing the power of the gun required the installation of a muzzle brake, which absorbed about 30% of the recoil energy.
The work carried out by the young designer G. Dorokhin was approved, a prototype of the new gun entered the research site. The main advantage of the 85-mm anti-aircraft gun over its predecessor, the 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1931 model, is the increased power of the projectile, which created a greater amount of destruction in the target area. The polygon recommended that the cannon be adopted as a medium-caliber anti-aircraft gun. The gun was quickly mastered in production and before the start of World War II began to enter the troops.
PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Weight in combat position 4300 kg
Max Reach:
in height 10.5 km
horizontally 15.5 km
Maximum elevation angle +82°
The greatest angle of declination - 3 °
Horizontal firing angle 360°
Rate of fire maximum 20 rds / min
Road transport speed up to 50 km/h
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52-K or KS-12 (Index GAU - 52-P-365) - Soviet anti-aircraft gun caliber 85 mm. The full official name of the gun is the 85-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model.
The 85-mm anti-aircraft gun was actively used in the Great Patriotic War both as an anti-aircraft gun and an anti-tank gun, and after its completion it was in service with the Soviet Army for a long time before the adoption of anti-aircraft missile systems.
The gun was developed by the design bureau of plant number 8 in Kaliningrad near Moscow on the instructions of the GAU. Its predecessor was the 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model, created by Mikhail Nikolayevich Loginov, which was produced in a small series in 1938-1940. Due to the extremely tight deadlines allotted for the development of a new system, the lead designer G.D. Dorokhin decided to put an 85 mm barrel on the platform of a 76 mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1938 model, using the bolt and semi-automatic of this gun.
In 1939, a new 85-mm anti-aircraft gun with the factory designation 52-K passed field tests, during which it became clear that it was necessary to install a muzzle brake, increase the bearing surface of the bolt wedge and the breech seat.
To improve the accuracy of firing at air targets, batteries of 85-mm anti-aircraft guns were equipped with PUAZO-3 artillery anti-aircraft fire control devices, which made it possible to solve the problem of meeting a projectile and an aircraft. In addition to PUAZO devices, RUS radar detection stations were also used to control the fire of the 85-mm anti-aircraft guns operating in the main directions.
The gun was also equipped with a mechanical fuse installer designed by Lev Veniaminovich Lyulyev.
When the prototype was tested at the 24th NIZAP (research anti-aircraft artillery range at the Donguzskaya station in the Orenburg region) and the GAU ordered a series of 20 guns from the plant, it turned out that this series also differed from the prototype. The design bureau and the "chief" of the anti-aircraft guns, Grigory Dorokhin, continued to improve the system.
It passed all the tests and was put into service as the 52-K corps anti-aircraft gun of the 1939 model. The Kalinin plant was its sole manufacturer. By the beginning of the war, the troops had 2630 of these most powerful domestic anti-aircraft guns.
In the autumn of 1941, Plant No. 8 was evacuated to Sverdlovsk and Molotov (now the city of Perm). The construction of the plant took place in the extremely difficult conditions of the harsh Ural winter of 1941-1942, with frosts from minus 30 to 43 degrees and no heating in the main workshops. Nevertheless, the work was in full swing. Dozens of platforms with factory property were unloaded, which had accumulated at the railway entrance to the enterprise and at dead ends. As soon as the installation of equipment in the workshops was completed, the machines immediately started to work.
To heat the hull, in the window openings of which there were no glass yet, and the roof was covered with a tarpaulin, a steam locomotive was installed, but the cold was still terrible, the iron stoves installed at the machines and fires in the spans did not help either. The emulsion froze, the hands stiffened. And not a word of reproach, complaint, whining. Workers, and among them there were more and more women, teenagers, silently, with stern faces, built, assembled, produced parts, assemblies.
In February 1942, Kalinin residents, no longer from stocks brought with them, but from parts made in Sverdlovsk, assembled the first 118 anti-aircraft guns, completing the GKO task.
Of course, every Kalinin citizen understood that 118 guns were very few. The front needed many times more guns. But dashing trouble is the beginning! In May, the plant fulfilled the plan for the production of 85-mm anti-aircraft artillery by 136%.
The protracted war, the heavy losses of the army and the civilian population from the raids of the Nazi aviation urgently demanded a further sharp increase in the production of anti-aircraft artillery.
With those meager material and human resources, which in Sverdlovsk the plant named after. Kalinin, there was only one way to solve this problem - reducing the labor intensity and metal consumption of products.
The design of the 52-K gun was simplified, and at the same time the technology of its manufacture was improved.
In 1943, the improved gun was successfully tested, and in February 1944, the gun, which received the factory index KS-12, went into serial production.
The first two letters of the index meant that the tool was created at the plant. Kalinin in Sverdlovsk.
Designed to fight enemy aircraft, to fire at airborne assault forces, at live ground targets and enemy firing points, these guns were also successfully used to destroy fascist tanks. With an unusual task for an anti-aircraft gun, the 52-K coped more successfully than other anti-tank guns of those years. With an armor-piercing projectile attached to it, it could pierce the armor of all types of tanks that were in service with the German army until mid-1943. And when in 1942 G.D. Dorokhin was awarded the title of laureate of the State Prize, the award noted not only the anti-aircraft, but also the anti-tank qualities of the gun.
Since 1943, instead of a barrel consisting of a casing and a free pipe, they begin to install a monoblock barrel. In the same year, guns began to be produced with shield covers.
In 1944, instead of semi-automatic inertial-mechanical type, semi-automatic mechanical (copy) type was introduced. During the Great Patriotic War, the gun served as the basis for the development of long-barreled tank guns D-5 and ZIS-S-53, which were installed on the SU-85 anti-tank self-propelled guns and the T-34-85, KV-85 and IS-1 tanks. Part of the 52-K anti-aircraft guns, after being removed from service, was converted for peaceful use in mountainous areas as anti-avalanche guns. The 52-K gun was transferred or sold to other countries to equip their armed forces.
The 85-mm anti-aircraft gun 52-K was installed in the Izmailovsky Park of Culture and Recreation.
Back in the eighties of the twentieth century, the boys loved to turn the flywheels of horizontal and vertical aiming, turning the barrel of the gun, but then the flywheels were welded.