Self-propelled artillery installation "Gvozdika": photo and characteristics. Self-propelled artillery mount "Gvozdika": photos and characteristics of "Gvozdika" as exhibits

In 1967, by decree of the Council of Ministers No. 609-201, work began on the development of the second generation self-propelled guns 2S1 "Gvozdika". The development was carried out by OKB-9 of the Uralmash plant. After two years of hard work, in 1969, a prototype of a new self-propelled artillery mount entered the field tests. Already in 1971, the ACS 2S1 was put into service. The high speed of development and manufacturing is quite simple to explain. The designers used the MT-LB tractor as a chassis, on which the famous D-30 howitzer was installed. Having subjected the D-30 in the caterpillar version to minor design changes, it was given the name D-32 (GRAU index 2A31). The 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled guns are designed to suppress and destroy infantry fire weapons, destroy various field-type fortifications, make passages into various types of obstacles, both wire and mine, the fight against armored vehicles and artillery, including mortar, the destruction of enemy manpower. The self-propelled guns received artillery battalions of motorized rifle regiments equipped with infantry fighting vehicles.

SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY 2S1 "GVOZDIKA" - ACCURATE HIT!

Ammunition ACS 2S1 is 35 high-explosive fragmentation and five cumulative shells. Ammunition for separate loading - a projectile and a cartridge case with a charge. A wide range of shells includes - lighting, propaganda, electronic countermeasures shells, as well as chemical, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation, with special arrow-shaped striking elements. Attempts to create on the basis of D-32 for 2S1 howitzers - D-16 and D-16M with cap loading were undertaken in 1967. These howitzers did not go into the series.

The 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled guns are similar in layout to the 152-mm Acacia 2S3 self-propelled guns. The driver's cab is located in the front of the hull, in the same place as the engine compartment, the fighting compartment is at the back. The three remaining crew members: gunner, loader and commander are placed in the tower. The turret rotates through 360o by means of a manual or electric drive. Track rollers with individual torsion bar suspension, rubber-metal tracks. Hydraulic shock absorbers have the first and seventh wheels. The hermetically sealed body and rewinding of the tracks allows the ACS to swim at a speed of 4.5 km/h and cross water barriers 300 meters wide, while the current speed should not exceed 0.6 m/s, and the wave height 150 mm. During the overcoming of water obstacles, no more than 30 shots should be on board the installation. The Gvozdika launcher can be transported on aircraft of the following types An-12, Il-76, An-124. During transportation, road wheels from the second to the seventh can be lifted and fixed with the help of special devices, which allows to reduce the height of the ACS. Bulletproof armor of the self-propelled guns allows you to withstand a 7.62-mm B-32 rifle bullet fired from a distance of 300 meters. Three fuel tanks connected in series are located in the walls of both sides of the hull, the total capacity of the tanks is 550 liters. The self-propelled gun 2S1 "Carnation" is equipped with a V-shaped eight-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine YaMZ-238V, manufactured by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. The gearbox has 11 forward and two reverse speeds. The ammunition has the following arrangement: 16 rounds are placed vertically along the side walls of the hull, another 24 rounds are located along the rear and side walls of the tower. Mechanism of sending of electromechanical type. The use of this loading mechanism greatly facilitates the process of loading the howitzer. In the case when firing is carried out with shells that are stored on the ground, they are fed into the fighting compartment through the back door using a transport device.

Aiming and guidance of the howitzer gun is carried out using the PG-2 sight and the direct-fire optical sight OP5-37. Howitzer barrel elevation angles from -3 to +70 degrees. Firing range: maximum - 15 200 m, minimum - 4 070 m. Carnation "at one time entered service with all the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (with the exception of Romania). After the reunification of Germany, 374 self-propelled guns 2S1 "Gvozdika" were transferred to the troops of the Bundeswehr. "Carnation" is in service with the armies of the CIS and is currently

Attention! There is profanity. This is the army, but in the army they don’t swear, but talk.

The development of this self-propelled gun began in 1967. Uralmash was responsible for the artillery unit, and the Kharkov Tractor Plant was responsible for the chassis. The howitzer was put into service in 1971, and in 1972 its mass production began. Since the beginning of the 70s, the introduction of the new 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer into service with artillery battalions of motorized rifle regiments on infantry fighting vehicles made it possible to equalize regimental artillery in terms of mobility and security with motorized rifle units. In front of the machine body is located the engine compartment and the control compartment. The place of the driver is separated from the power compartment by sealed partitions. The middle and rear of the vehicle is occupied by the fighting compartment. 122-mm howitzer D-32 - with ballistic characteristics, like the towed howitzer D-30, is placed in a full-circle armored turret. Unlike the D-30 howitzer, the gun barrel has an ejection device and a two-chamber muzzle brake. Three crew members are accommodated in the turret: in front of the left is the gunner, behind him is the installation commander, and to the right of the gun is the loader. Ammunition is stored in the rear of the body of the self-propelled gun. To facilitate howitzer loading, an electromechanical ramming mechanism is used with separate ramming of the projectile and cartridge case into the barrel after placing them on the ramming tray. Like the MT-LB, on the chassis of which it is made, the self-propelled howitzer is floating. However, there are a number of limitations here. So the speed of the water flow should not exceed 0.6 m / s, and the height of the waves should not be higher than 150 mm. In addition, when overcoming water obstacles, there should not be more than 30 shots on board the installation. Movement afloat is provided by rewinding the tracks. In addition to the Land Forces of the CIS countries, the howitzer is also in service with the countries of the former Warsaw Pact and in some Arab countries. In addition to the USSR, the howitzer was produced under license in Bulgaria and Poland. Recently, in order to improve the installation, a laser-guided projectile "Kitolov-2" was developed for it. This projectile can hit stationary and moving targets with a high degree of probability.

CHARACTERISTIC

TTX 2S1 "Carnation"
Combat weight, t	15,7
Crew, people	4
Armament	122 mm howitzer, 35 calibers long
OFS projectile weight, kg	21,76
KS projectile weight, kg	18,2
Muzzle velocity, m/s	690
Armor penetration KS, mm	180
Maximum firing range, m	15200
Rate of fire, rds / min	4 - 5
Ammunition, rounds	40
Booking	bulletproof
Engine	diesel, about 300 hp
Speed, km/h - on the highway	61,5
Speed, km/h - cross-country	30
Speed, km/h - afloat	4,5
Power reserve, km	500
Dimensions, mm - length	7260
Dimensions, mm - width	2850
Dimensions, mm - height (by searchlight)	2725

The self-propelled artillery mount (SAU) or, in colloquial language, simply self-propelled guns appeared along with the first tanks. According to the modern classification, the first French tanks "Schneider" and "Saint-Chamon" are not tanks. These are ordinary field guns mounted on self-propelled chassis and protected by thin armor. The difference between a tank and self-propelled guns is that the tank is equipped with its own gun, designed specifically for this tank. In addition, self-propelled guns, as a rule, are not equipped with additional weapons (machine guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns, etc.).

The first self-propelled guns appeared before the First World War, but they did not receive full-scale distribution. The real heyday of self-propelled guns came during the Second World War. But we will talk about the self-propelled guns "Gvozdika", which was put into service in 1970 and has not yet been removed from combat duty.

History of creation

Assault and anti-tank self-propelled guns appeared in service with the USSR army in the 1940s. It cannot be said that they made a decisive contribution to the victory (the tanks still have the championship), but they were very effective in supporting infantry and advancing tanks. With the beginning of the Cold War, a potential enemy had perfect artillery systems of 105 mm caliber, which in many respects surpassed Soviet self-propelled guns.

But the doctrine of the USSR was aimed at the use of missiles and self-propelled guns were not developed. After Khrushchev left office, the doctrine appeared among sober minds that a global nuclear war was impossible. The possibility of destroying not only the enemy, but also oneself is too great. But the use of destructive weapons for tactical purposes is quite likely. In this sense, the use of self-propelled guns was one of the best ways to deliver a tactical nuclear charge to the right place.

Based on this statement, the development of a new self-propelled gun, called the self-propelled guns 2S1 "Carnation", was taken up, given the possibility of using such charges.

By the decision of the Communist Party and the decree of the government of the Union, since 1967, the development of an artillery system of 122 mm caliber began.

This decision was based on the research base of VNII-100. It was these studies that determined the basic characteristics of the future self-propelled howitzer.

The research institute proposed three chassis options: "BMP-1, MT-LB tractor and" Object-124 ". They chose a tractor, on the basis of which the Gvozdika self-propelled gun was designed. The tractor plant in Kharkov was instructed to develop a new system.

1969 the beginning of testing four prototypes 122 mm "Carnations" and 152 mm 2S3. The choice was stopped at the Gvozdika. In 1970, the government of the USSR, after annual tests and necessary improvements, adopted the Gvozdika self-propelled gun.

The new self-propelled gun began to enter the military units, and the crews gradually master this system. Serial production was finally mastered in 1971. It was produced in Poland (since 1971) and in Bulgaria (since 1979). In 1991, the self-propelled gun was no longer produced. In total, about ten thousand cars have been produced since 1970.

Design

The layout of the hull of this artillery system was made according to the tower scheme. Everything is welded from sheets of rolled steel. The hull itself is absolutely hermetic, and the thickness of the armor plates is 20 mm. This is a fairly reliable protection against shrapnel and bullets, but not against projectiles. The engine compartment is located on the right side, here is the place of the driver-mechanic.

The fighting compartment is located in the middle and aft. A turret is placed on the hull, and a gun is in it. In the tower on the right side of the charges and loader. On the left is a gunner and a sight for precise aiming. The place of the commander behind the gunner. The commander has his own rotating turret with a hatch for visual control. In the niche of the tower itself, cumulative shells and charges for them are placed. The rest of the ammunition is at the stern.

The 2S1 self-propelled guns have a special hatch through which it is possible to receive shells directly from the ground.

Chassis. Based on modified MT-LB chassis. It was well reworked by installing a pair of road wheels in addition. But the number of rubberized rollers has increased to seven pairs. There are steering wheels in the back, driving wheels in the front. The caterpillar is assembled from links (tracks). The links are quite small (350 * 111), connected by metal fingers.

With a track width of 350 mm and a weight of 15.7 tons, the machine feels confident on any ground. The Gvozdika artillery system has individual torsion bar suspension. Hydraulic shock absorbers are installed on the seventh and first road wheels.

Engine and transmission. The machine is equipped with a YaMZ-238N engine with a power of 300 hp. Runs on diesel fuel. The engine is V-shaped, 8-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled. Supercharged gas turbine. As for the transmission, it is dual-flow and mechanical. There are two turning mechanisms and they are planetary friction. Six forward gears with one reverse.

Armament. The 122 mm rifled howitzer is the basis of the mount's firepower.

The muzzle brake, the ejector, the breech and the pipe are connected into a barrel, more than 4 meters long. There are 34 grooves inside the barrel. A vertical wedge breech is used in this gun. There is a semi-automatic re-cocking mechanism.

To prevent the projectile from falling out in cases where the barrel is at high elevation angles, a special tray with a retention device is installed.

The recoil device has a special hydraulic brake, its type is spindle. There is also a pneumatic knurler with air or nitrogen filling. A compensator is installed on the rollback brake.

Means of observation and communication. TKN-3B, sight, which is located on the commander's seat. The sight OU-3GA2 is installed in order to carry out night observation of the area. TNPO-170A, a periscope, prismatic type sight, and 1OP40 panoramic type, both are located in the gunner's position. OP5-37, for firing from cover. MK-4 rotating type is located on the right side of the tower. The mechanic has a device TNPO-170A for observation during the day and for night observation TVN-2B.

In the place of the driver-mechanic, a glass with an armored cover was arranged for direct observation of the terrain. R-123M radio station with the help of which external communication is carried out. It operates on VHF waves, the range is up to 28 km. The R-124 apparatus was installed in the self-propelled gun for communication between the crew.

TTX "Carnations" and foreign analogues

The performance characteristics of the installation are most of all evaluated in comparison with other self-propelled guns of a similar type.

performance characteristics	SAU 2S1 "Carnation"	M-108 (USA)	Type-86 (Japan)	AMX-105V (France)
Year of issue	1970	1962	1974	1960
Weight, t	15,7	21	16,5	17
Crew, people	4	5	6	5
Caliber, mm	122	105	122	105
Ammunition, vysFiring range, kmtrel	40	86	40	37
Firing range, km	15	11,5	15	15
Speed, km/h	60	56	60	60

As can be seen from the performance characteristics of the Gvozdika, it was in no way inferior to its foreign counterparts. As can be seen from the table, the Japan Self-Defense Forces had a similar machine only 4 years later.

Modifications "Carnations" and cars based on

Based on the machine, the following variants have been created:

• 2S15 "Norov", with a 100 mm gun, was intended to fight tanks, but when a prototype was created in 1983, and the need for this type of self-propelled guns disappeared;
• 2S17 "Nona-SV", a self-propelled gun with a 120 mm gun, did not reach mass production;
• 2S8 "Astra", this is a self-propelled mortar, its development was carried out in the 1970s, but all work on this mortar was closed in 1977, as they switched to the creation of the 2S17 "Nona-SV" artillery system

Of the modifications of this system, the following installations are best known:

• Raad-1, self-propelled gun, developed in Iran, this version uses an infantry fighting vehicle chassis, gun caliber 122 mm;
• 2S34 "Khosta" was created in 2003 in Russia, a 2A80-1 howitzer and a PKT machine gun in the commander's cupola were installed on it, adopted by the RF Armed Forces in 2008;
• 2S31 "Vena", 120-mm self-propelled artillery gun, sea trials in 2007, adopted by the RF Armed Forces;
• Rak-120, a 2009 Polish self-propelled variant that uses a 120mm mortar instead of a howitzer;
• Model 89, this is the Romanian version of the Carnation;
• 2C1T Goździk, a Polish adaptation of a classic Soviet self-propelled gun that uses an automatic fire control system.

In 2015, Ukraine planned to improve the Gvozdika by installing a Volvo engine, as well as more advanced control and communication systems.

Combat use

The self-propelled gun went through several local conflicts, the first of them is Afghanistan. In this war, as a rule, self-propelled guns were used to suppress enemy fire by direct fire, which significantly reduced losses in the troops. The most successful operations using the installation were carried out during the capture of Shingar, Khaki-Safed, and also in 1986, during the offensive against Kandahar.

In Chechnya, in both military companies during military operations, the Gvozdika was actively used and successfully coped with the assigned tasks.

The self-propelled gun was used in the Transnistrian conflict, in Yugoslavia, in the southeast of Ukraine, and by both warring parties. During the Iran-Iraq war, 2S1 and 2S3 were used by the Iraqi army.

During the Libyan civil war of 2010-2011, government troops actively used the installation against the rebels.

The war in Syria revealed the use of this installation by almost all warring parties, both government forces and various terrorist groups, including ISIS. The installation is used by the Houthis in Yemen in the fight against the interventionists who invaded the country.

For all its weight and size, the self-propelled gun is capable of swimming, however, the developers guarantee to overcome a water barrier 300 m wide with a wave of no more than 15 cm, while the machine develops a speed of up to 4.5 km / h. All this is due to the hermetic housing and caterpillars, which in this version of the movement act as blades.

A howitzer for firing uses a wide variety of projectiles, in addition to cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, chemical, electronic countermeasures and arrow-shaped projectiles can also be used. And even lighting and propaganda.

Relatively light weight makes it possible to transport self-propelled guns on Il-74, An-12 aircraft.

And also on amphibious assault ships. "Carnation" was in service with all the armies of the countries that were part of the Warsaw Pact. In many of them, she is still in service.

For this artillery system, a special laser-guided projectile "Kitolov-2" was developed, which is capable of hitting a target with high accuracy using a homing head. The projectile is highly accurate, only the target should be illuminated by a laser beam from the gun mount itself or by a fire spotter.

The Croats developed a “super charge” charge, thanks to which the Gvozdika shells flew 17.1 km.

In 1997, a high-explosive fragmentation projectile was developed and tested for Gvozdika. The firing range has increased to almost 22 km.

Video

second generation self-propelled guns

The first two post-war decades, the needs of the Soviet army in self-propelled artillery of 122-millimeter caliber fully satisfied the self-propelled guns that appeared at the end of the war. However, by the mid-60s of the XX century, our military needed a new self-propelled gun, which was supposed to become floating, air transportable and have a circular fire.

Work on the second-generation 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled artillery mount began at OKB-9 of the plant and the D-30 self-propelled gun was subjected to minor design modifications, after which it was given the name D-32 (index 2A31).

2S1 entered service with artillery battalions of motorized rifle regiments equipped with infantry fighting vehicles. The purpose of the "Carnation" is the destruction and suppression of manpower and infantry firepower, the destruction of field-type fortifications, making passages in minefields and wire fences, fighting artillery, mortars and armored vehicles of the enemy.
The usual portable ammunition load consists of 35 high-explosive fragmentation and five cumulative projectiles. Ammunition for separate loading - a projectile and a cartridge case with a charge. A wide range of shells has been developed - lighting, propaganda, electronic countermeasures, chemical, smoke, with special arrow-shaped striking elements, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation.
In 1967, an attempt was made to create cap-loading howitzers, D-16 and D-16M, on the basis of the D-32 for Gvozdika, but such options did not go into series.
The layout of the 2S1 Gvozdika is basically the same as the 152mm SPG 2S3 Akatsiya. In front of the hull is the driver's cab and engine compartment, and behind - the fighting compartment. The tower accommodates three more crew members: gunner, loader and commander. The tower rotates by means of an electric or manual drive 360 ​​degrees.

The caterpillars of the self-propelled guns are rubber-metal, the track rollers are with an individual torsion bar suspension. The first and seventh wheels, in addition to torsion bars, also have hydraulic shock absorbers. The body is sealed. With the help of rewinding the tracks, the ACS swims at a speed of 4.5 km/h and is able to overcome water obstacles 300 m wide with a wave height of up to 150 mm and a current speed of no more than 0.6 m/s. At the same time, there should be no more than 30 shots on board the installation. "Carnation" is air transportable, that is, it can be transported on An-12, Il-76, An-124 aircraft. To reduce the height of the ACS, the track rollers from the second to the seventh during transportation can be lifted and fixed with the help of special devices. The self-propelled gun has bulletproof armor that can withstand a 7.62-mm B-32 rifle bullet from a distance of 300 m. Three fuel tanks connected in series with a total capacity of 550 liters are placed in the walls of both sides of the hull. As a power plant on 2S1, a V-shaped eight-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine YaMZ-238V of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant is used. The gearbox has 11 forward speeds and two reverse. The minimum turning radius in this case is equal to the track width, which for a tracked vehicle is equivalent to the distance between the centers of the tracks.

The self-propelled howitzer is capable of moving along a dirt road at a speed of 30 km/h, and on a highway it can reach speeds of up to 60 km/h. This is achieved through the use of caterpillars with rubber-metal hinges. Its power reserve is 500 kilometers.
Onboard ammunition is located as follows: 16 shells in a vertical position along the side walls of the hull and 24 - along the side and rear walls of the tower. To facilitate the loading of the howitzer, an electromechanical ramming mechanism was used. When firing projectiles stored on the ground, they are fed into the fighting compartment using a transport device through a large rear door. The gun is aimed using the PG-2 sight and the direct-fire optical sight OP5-37. The howitzer barrel has elevation angles from -3 to +70 degrees. The maximum firing range is 15.200 m, the minimum is 4070 m. The rate of fire of the howitzer is not very high. When firing shells from the "ground" - 4-5 rounds per minute, airborne ammunition - 1-2.

The self-propelled howitzer can operate in the conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction, since it is equipped with an automatic anti-nuclear defense system. A sensitive sensor is installed in the combat vehicle. As is known, gamma-ray fluxes arising from a nuclear explosion propagate at the speed of light. With a flash, this radiation almost instantly reaches the machine and is fixed by a device that immediately generates commands for some actuators. There is an automatic sealing of habitable compartments - combat and control.
2S1 "Carnation" at one time entered service with all the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (except Romania). After the unification of Germany, the Bundeswehr also received 374 2S1. "Carnation" is in service with the armies of the CIS and former socialist countries.

SU-122: 1 - pneumatic system, 2 - stopper of the system in stowed position, 3 - control of the turning mechanism, clutch and brakes, 4 - control of the main gear, 5 - viewing devices, 6 - engine heating system, 7 - oil system of the engine and final drive, 8 - laying ammunition, 9 - installation of a measuring device, 10 - installation of a FVU, 11 - hydraulic equipment, 12 - hydraulic shock absorber, 13 - casing of the cooling system, 14 - intermediate gearbox, 15 - main gear, 1 6 - drive wheel.

Russian self-propelled guns

	Su-85 Combat weight - 30 tons. Crew - 4 people. Armament - one 85-mm gun. Armor thickness: forehead and side of the hull - 45 mm. Engine - V-2-34, 500 hp. with. Max, speed - 55 km / h. Cruising on the highway - 300 km.
	Ranking of countries in the world in terms of the number of armed forces
	Who sold Alaska and how
	Why We Lost the Cold War
	1961 Reform Mystery
	How to stop the degeneration of the nation
	Which country drinks the most?
	Which country has the most murders?

Floating self-propelled guns 2C1 "Carnation"

1*

Scheme ACS 2S1 "Carnation."

Howitzer D-32 caliber 122 mm

SAU 2C1

Shooting modes:

D-30 howitzer shots

Name	Projectile index	Projectile weight, kg	BB weight, kg	Explosives	Notes
high-explosive fragmentation	OF-462 OF-426Zh OF-7 OF-8	21,7	3,67	RGM, V-90
		21,7
Cumulative	ZBK-13 BP-1 ZBK-6	18,2			rotating non-rotating
		14,08		GKN, GPV-Z
				GT1V-2
smoke	D4	21,76	-;	RGM
Chemical	XSO-463B	21,7	substance R-35	RGM-2
Lighting	S-463	22,0	. .;	T-7
Campaign	A1D	21,5		T-7
	Ш1	21,76	2,075	DTM-75	_

Charge type	Full	Reduced	№ 1	№ 2	№ 3	№ 4
Charge weight, kg	3,8
Initial speed, m/s	690	565	463	417	335	276
Range, m	15300	12800	11600	9800	8400	6400

Notes:

122-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S1 "GVOZDIKA"

Floating self-propelled guns 2C1 "Carnation"

The development of the ACS 2S1 "Gvozdika" was started by Decree No. 609-201 of 4.07.1967. The artillery unit was developed at OKB-9 ("Uralmash"), and the chassis - at the Kharkov Tractor Plant.

The artillery part of the self-propelled guns was developed on the basis of the 122 mm D-30 towed howitzer. The internal structure of the barrel, ballistics and ammunition are the same with the D-30. The new howitzer received the factory index D-32 and the GRAU index - 2A31.

The barrel of the D-32 howitzer consisted of a monoblock tube, a breech, a clutch, an ejection device and a two-chamber muzzle brake. The shutter is vertical wedge with semi-automatic mechanical (copy) type. The lifting mechanism is sectoral, had only a manual drive.

Rollback brake hydraulic spindle type, knurler pneumatic. The recoil brake and knurler cylinders are fixed in the breech and roll back along with the barrel.

The barrel is balanced by a push-type pneumatic balancing mechanism.

The ramming mechanism is of an electromechanical type, designed for separate ramming of the projectile and the loaded cartridge case into the barrel chamber after placing them on the rammer tray.

The PG-2 periscope sight (index 10P40) is designed both for shooting from closed positions and for direct fire. PG-2 consists of a panorama, a mechanical sight with a matching unit, a direct-fire optical sight OP5-37, a parallelogram drive and an electric unit.

Chassis SATs 2S1 developed on the basis of MT-LB.

In the self-propelled guns, the control compartment and engine-transmission compartments are located in the front of the hull, and the fighting compartment is in the middle and aft parts of the hull, as well as in the turret.

The armor of the self-propelled guns is bulletproof, it must “hold” a 7.62-mm rifle bullet at a distance of 300 m.

ACS mechanical transmission, torsion bar suspension. Caterpillars have rubber-metal hinges.

1* In 1969, OKB-9 developed a project to install the Aktsiya, Gvozdika and Tulip products on a single unified chassis based on the BMP-1, where the products could have better characteristics than those created on the basis of the MT-LB and about . 123.

Scheme ACS 2S1 "Carnation."

Howitzer D-32 caliber 122 mm

SAU 2C1

SAU 2S1 has a hermetic hull and overcomes water obstacles by swimming. Afloat, the tracks of the caterpillars act as blades. The caterpillars are rewound in the water, due to which the speed of movement afloat reaches 4.5 km / h.

Self-propelled guns "Gvozdika" can be transported by An-12 aircraft.

The first four 2S1 prototypes were handed over for field tests in August 1969. The 2S1 was put into service in 1971, and mass production began in 1972.

Shooting modes:

Rate of fire for direct fire, rds/min. 4-5

Rate of fire when firing from closed positions:

when firing shots from the ground without reloading charges, rds / min. 4-5

when using shots from the ammunition rack and at different elevation angles, rds / min. 1.5-2

The portable ammunition load of the 2S1 self-propelled guns is usually 35 high-explosive fragmentation and 5 cumulative shells. The self-propelled howitzer can fire all types of ammunition from the D-30 towed howitzer.

Shooting with a cumulative rotating projectile BP-1 is carried out with a special charge Zh-8 weighing 3.1 kg; initial speed 740 m/s; range tabular 2000 m.

Normal armor penetration is 180 mm; at an angle of 60 ° - 150 mm, at an angle of 30 ° - 80 mm, armor penetration does not depend on the distance.

The initial speed of the cumulative projectile 35K-13 is 726 m/s.

An interesting Sh1 projectile with arrow-shaped striking elements. It is designed for the M-30, but it can also be fired from the D-32. The arrow-shaped elements scatter in a cone with an angle of 24°.

D-30 howitzer shots

Name	Projectile index	Projectile weight, kg	BB weight, kg	Explosives	Notes
high-explosive fragmentation	OF-462 OF-426Zh OF-7 OF-8	21,7	3,67	RGM, V-90
		21,7
Cumulative	ZBK-13 BP-1 ZBK-6	18,2			rotating non-rotating
		14,08		GKN, GPV-Z
				GT1V-2
smoke	D4	21,76	-;	RGM
Chemical	XSO-463B	21,7	substance R-35	RGM-2
Lighting	S-463	22,0	. .;	T-7	Parachute, burning time 30 sec.
Campaign	A1D	21,5		T-7
Projectile with arrow-shaped elements	Ш1	21,76	2,075	DTM-75	_

Table of firing shells OF-462, OF-462Zh, OF24, OF-24Zh, D4, D4M

Charge type	Full	Reduced	№ 1	№ 2	№ 3	№ 4
Charge weight, kg	3,8
Initial speed, m/s	690	565	463	417	335	276
Range, m	15300	12800	11600	9800	8400	6400