Siberian toad. Siberian frog. See what "Siberian frog" is in other dictionaries

intermediate ranks

Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886

Siberian frog, or Amur frog(lat. Rana amurensis) - a species of the family of true frogs ( Ranidae).

Description

The back is grayish or gray-brown with small dark spots. The belly is white or white-yellowish with large, irregular, partially confluent blood-red spots. Red spots may alternate with dark spots, and a red pattern on the belly begins to form around the second year of life. Males differ from females by the presence of a dark nuptial callus on the first toe. The head is moderately sharp. The tibia is 1.75–2.4 times shorter than the body. The fingers are connected by membranes. The pupil is horizontal. The back of the tongue is free and forked.

Spreading

This frog lives in western and eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, northern and central Mongolia and northeastern China. This is one of the most common amphibians of the Palearctic. It is found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, penetrates the tundra and forest-steppe zone. This occurs most often in open, damp places, such as wet meadows, swamps, overgrown banks of lakes, rivers, and open areas in forests with abundant vegetation and woody debris. The connection with reservoirs (overgrown river valleys with ponds and lakes) is especially characteristic in the southern (forest-steppe and steppe) and northern regions. In the south of Primorsky Krai, this species avoids dense forests and is found mainly in damp meadows with deciduous trees or bushes in river valleys.

Lifestyle

The population density over a large area reaches several hundred and thousand individuals per hectare. At the same time, on the northernmost and most southern regions throughout its range, the species forms dense but small groups in suitable locations, in which case the total abundance should be considered low. Hibernation occurs from early September - early November (usually October), in March - early June (usually April-May), depending on latitude. The frog overwinters in holes at the bottom of rivers and lakes, as well as in wells, usually in groups of up to several thousand individuals. Ground hibernation is more typical for southern regions. The maximum age is defined as 5–11 years in various regions.

Nutrition

Tadpoles eat mainly algae growing on underwater substrates, as well as higher plants, detritus and small aquatic invertebrates. Young frogs eat mainly terrestrial insects, sometimes aquatic arthropods. Adult frogs consume mainly terrestrial invertebrates and sometimes aquatic animals. The latter are especially important in the northern part of the frog's range.

Reproduction

The breeding season occurs from March–April, and in cold northern regions it can last until the first half of July. Reproduction occurs in small lakes, ponds, large puddles and swamps with standing water. There are no mating calls - the species belongs to the group of “mute” brown frogs. A clutch contains 250–4000 eggs, laid in one or two clumps. Metamorphosis occurs in June–August.

Notes

Links

• (English) . AmphibiaWeb. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.

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See what "Siberian frog" is in other dictionaries:

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(lat. Rana amurensis) - a species of the family of true frogs ( Ranidae).

Description

The back is grayish or gray-brown with small dark spots. The belly is white or white-yellowish with large, irregular, partially confluent blood-red spots. Red spots may alternate with dark spots, and a red pattern on the abdomen begins to form around the second year of life. Males differ from females by the presence of a dark nuptial callus on the first toe. The head is moderately sharp. The tibia is 1.75-2.4 times shorter than the body. The fingers are connected by membranes. The pupil is horizontal. The back of the tongue is free and forked.

Spreading

This frog lives in western and eastern Siberia, Far East Russia, Korea, northern and central Mongolia and northeastern China. This is one of the most common amphibians of the Palearctic. It is found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, penetrating into the tundra and forest-steppe zone. This occurs most often in open, damp places, such as wet meadows, swamps, overgrown banks of lakes, rivers, and open areas in forests with abundant vegetation and woody debris. The connection with reservoirs (overgrown river valleys with ponds and lakes) is especially characteristic in the southern (forest-steppe and steppe) and northern regions. In the south of Primorsky Krai, this species avoids dense forests and is found mainly in damp meadows with deciduous trees or shrubs in river valleys.

Lifestyle

The population density over a large area reaches several hundred and thousand individuals per hectare. However, in the northernmost and southernmost areas of its range, the species forms dense but small groups in suitable locations, in which case the overall abundance should be considered low. Hibernation occurs from early September - early November (usually October), in March - early June (usually April-May), depending on latitude. The frog overwinters in holes at the bottom of rivers and lakes, as well as in wells, usually in groups of up to several thousand individuals. Ground hibernation is more typical for the southern regions. The maximum age is defined as 5-11 years in various regions.

Nutrition

Tadpoles eat mainly algae growing on underwater substrates, as well as higher plants, detritus and small aquatic invertebrates. Young frogs eat mainly terrestrial insects, sometimes aquatic arthropods. Adult frogs consume mainly terrestrial invertebrates and sometimes aquatic animals. The latter are especially important in the northern part of the frog's range.

Reproduction

The breeding season occurs from March-April, and in cold northern regions it can last until the first half of July. Reproduction occurs in small lakes, ponds, large puddles and swamps with standing water. There are no mating calls - the species belongs to the group of “mute” brown frogs. The clutch contains 250-4000 eggs, laid in one or two clumps. Metamorphosis occurs in June-August.

ORDER TAILLESS - ANURA

Frog Family - Ranidae

SIBERIAN FROG - Rana amurensis

Distribution and abundance. Siberian frog distributed from the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge and further to the east, occupying a vast territory throughout Western and Eastern Siberia, Transbaikalia, the Ussuri region and most of Yakutia. It inhabits the island of Sakhalin and South Kurile Islands. In most of these areas it is normal look. Its numbers especially increase where the sharp-faced frog is absent. There, in the southern regions, up to 500 individuals per hectare can be found. In the Tomsk region, frogs were found only in the floodplain of the Ob and its large tributaries - Chulym, Keti, Parabeli, etc.. In the middle taiga (Narym) the maximum number was noted - 422 individuals / ha on floodplain islands with an abundance of reservoirs. To the south, in the Kolpashevo floodplain, the number is 13 times lower.

Biotopes. It lives most often in damp meadows, is found in hummocky tundra swamps, and in clearings among swampy taiga. Preferred habitats, like those of the sharp-faced fish, are forest edges, bush thickets and lake basins. In Transbaikalia it is common in steppe habitats, but lives there near water bodies. In the Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions it is found together with the sharp-faced frog; it can be especially often found in the north of these regions.

Activity. Studying daily activity This species was not specifically studied, but it was noted that frogs are active in the morning and evening twilight. Hunting frogs were also seen during the day, so their activity can be described as polyphasic, around the clock. Individual areas are small, like those of the sharp-faced frog.

Nutrition. Eating terrestrial insects, most often by beetles. However, fillies, ants, and caterpillars are also found in the food. Amphibians that live near bodies of water eat water beetles and mollusks. The food of the Siberian frog in the Tomsk region is invertebrate animals of the herbaceous layer, but there are also moisture-loving forms - dragonflies, earthworms, shellfish.

Wintering. They go to winter in September – early October. In the south of the region - at the end of October. For this purpose he looks for cracks in the ground and piles of stones. It often overwinters in rodent burrows and mole holes. It can also overwinter in thickets of swampy water bodies and in wells. Appears after wintering at the end of March - beginning of April with the melting of snow. In the Tomsk region, the duration of the active period is 150-160 days; they remain active until mid-late September. They winter in stagnant floodplain reservoirs.

Reproduction. 8 – 10 days after waking up from hibernation, reproduction begins. Males are silent, making only quiet sounds. Mating takes place underwater. Females spawn in reservoirs from two weeks to a month. The eggs are dark brown in color. The reservoirs chosen are small, well-heated and usually slowly flowing. The female lays eggs in the form of two lumps, with a total of 1000 to 1600 eggs. The beginning of spawning in the Tomsk region is the second ten days of May. For mating and laying eggs, frogs use small lakes with an area of ​​100 to 250 m2 and temporary reservoirs of floodplain depressions with a depth of 0.3-1.2 m. They are open, well lit, overgrown with grass and hummocks. The fertility of frogs varies from 260 to 1390 eggs per clutch.

Development. The larvae hatch in 6-10 days. At first they hang, clinging to the leaves of underwater plants, then, having been used to the end nutrients eggs begin to feed on their own. They eat phyto- and zooplankton, and also eat silt. The tadpoles are dark gray on top with small spots and specks, the bottom is solid gray, and their body is very transparent. The development of the tadpole lasts 30-40 days, and it reaches 4-6 cm in length. A short metamorphosis follows, and the tadpole turns into a frog. The baby frog, which usually comes ashore at the end of May, has a body length of less than 2 cm. It leaves the reservoir to return to the water for reproduction only after 3-4 years. In the Tomsk region, the duration of egg development is 14-20 days, larval development is 30-45 days, and metamorphosis is extended until the beginning of August. The length of underyearlings during the period of mass emergence on land is 19.5 mm.

The range of the Siberian frog reaches the Arctic Circle and covers the region of the Pole of Cold in Yakutia, where winter temperatures often drop below -40 °C. Although the resistance of the species to freezing has not yet been thoroughly studied, it, along with Siberian salamander, probably the most cold-resistant among the amphibians of Eurasia.

The huge range of the Siberian frog covers almost all of Siberia and Far East, including Sakhalin, as well as Northern Mongolia, northeast and Korea. In the west, the border of the range reaches the Sverdlovsk region (about 64° east longitude), in the north in Yakutia - up to 71° northern latitude Several populations are known in the Arctic Circle. The species lives on some islands in the sea, rivers and lakes. It rises up to 500 m into the mountains.

CLOSE TO WATER

The Siberian frog is found in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, along river valleys penetrates into the forest-steppe and forest-tundra, prefers floodplain forests and lowland marshes, wet meadows, floodplains of rivers and lakes. As a rule, it does not move away from the banks of water bodies, where it hides in case of danger. Wintering of Siberian frogs lasts from September-October to April-May and usually takes place at the bottom of non-freezing reservoirs: in oxbow lakes, ponds, holes at the bottom of channels at a depth of 1-2 m, where accumulations of up to 2000 individuals are formed. Less commonly, these amphibians overwinter on land: in the forest floor, in moss or under tree roots at a depth of 20-30 centimeters, up to 60 individuals together.

QUIET SOLO AND LOUD CHORUS

In the spring, frogs appear on the surface after wintering, when the weather is still very unstable and there is still ice on the reservoirs. They are looking for a suitable place for breeding: a pond, a water meadow, a ditch, a puddle, a hole or a small oxbow lake. Sometimes spawning occurs in semi-flowing reservoirs and coastal lagoons with slightly brackish water. The first to arrive here are the males, who can be distinguished by the dark nuptial callus on the first toe of the forelimbs. Their friends come over a few days later. Unlike most other species of frogs, the Siberian frog does not have resonators, and therefore mating cries low and quiet. However, the general chorus can be heard at a distance of up to 100 meters.

Mating of the Siberian frog takes 4-6 hours and occurs on the surface of the water or underwater at the bottom of the reservoir. The female lays from 270 to 4000 eggs in one or two clumps at a depth of up to 40 cm, usually attaching the clutch to aquatic plants.

After swelling it floats up. The density of masonry can reach 40 pieces per 1 square. m. The diameter of the egg with shells is 6-7 millimeters, the egg is 1.6-2.1 millimeters.

Spawning lasts from 2 weeks to 2 months.

THEY GROW FASTER IN WARM TIMES

Depending on the water temperature, larvae 7-8 mm long emerge after 3 or 20 days. They are translucent, dark gray, with small brown spots. From 25 to 84 days, tadpoles actively swim, eating microscopic algae, detritus and zooplankton, and grow to 34-45 mm. However, after metamorphosis in July - early August, having turned into frogs, individuals become 2-3 times smaller. Their diet also changes. Now they eat adult frog food: insects and their larvae, spiders, worms, mollusks, woodlice and aquatic invertebrates. In the second year of life, red spots appear on the belly of the young, and at three years, with a body length of over 40 mm, the frogs can continue the race.

VERY DURABLE

Many predators feed on frogs: fish (pike, catfish, taimen, lenok), amphibians (lake frog and black-spotted frog), snakes (common and tiger snake, patterned snake, common viper and Ussuri copperhead), mammals (otter, badger, weasel, raccoon dog and muskrat), birds of prey and corvids (harriers, spotted eagles, kites, herons). Up to 80% of clutches can die from frost or from drying out of temporary reservoirs. Despite this, there are enough frogs for everyone and the state of the species does not cause concern.

The creation of hydroelectric power stations in the area has a much stronger effect on population numbers. large rivers Siberia, drainage of reservoirs, death on highways, mass catching for the purposes of education and medicine, illegal collection and export for the purposes of Chinese traditional medicine. But the Siberian frog can still cope with these loads, only on the periphery of its range it is found sporadically, it is rare and is included in the Red Books of nine regions of Russia.

INTERESTING FACTS

For a long time, all representatives of the genus of brown frogs living in Siberia and the Far East were classified by zoologists as a widespread species - the grass frog (Rana temporaria). And only in 1886, the famous European herpetologist G. A. Boulanger described a new independent species from the Amur River valley - the Siberian frog. From the sharp-faced and Far Eastern frogs, also belonging to the genus Rana, the Siberian differs in bright red spots on the belly and the absence of resonators in males, and from the lake and black-spotted ones it also has dark temporal spots.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF

Class: amphibians.
Order: tailless amphibians.
Family: true frogs.
Genus: brown frogs.
Species: Siberian, or Amur, frog.
Latin name: Rana amurensis.
Size: body length - up to 8.5 centimeters.
Color: olive-gray or brown above with dark spots and red specks, a narrow light stripe in the middle of the back, belly white or grayish with bright red merging spots.
Life expectancy of the Siberian frog: up to 11 years.

Siberian frog ( Rana chensinensis) inhabits Siberia, North-Eastern Kazakhstan, Northern Kyrgyzstan, the Far East and is found in Primorye, Amur region, Sakhalin, Shantar Islands.

In the west, the border of its distribution runs between 70 and 80 degrees east longitude. To the south it goes down to Central China, to the north it reaches the tundra.

To the east of the Urals along the forest and forest-steppe belt, it seems to replace the grass and sharp-faced frogs. Like the latter, it is found in steppes and semi-deserts.

In most of its range, the Siberian frog is attached to floodplains, where it inhabits open low-lying swamps and marshy lake shores. On Sakhalin it lives in floodplain meadows and swamps, including tundra ones. IN southern parts The habitat is kept only near water bodies.

Active in the evening hours, often active during the day. The basis of food is insects. The Siberian frog goes to winter in late September - early October. It overwinters in the thickets of swampy reservoirs in wells and on land near the water in pits with rotting vegetation, in soil crevices, and in rodent burrows.

The Siberian frog appears in spring in March - early April. Vital for seven to eight months a year. Soon after waking up it begins to spawn. Mating season lasts from two weeks to a month. Males occasionally make quiet sounds. Mating takes place underwater.

The female lays 1000-1800 eggs, colored dark brown. The diameter of the egg is 1.7-2.3 mm, the eggs - 5-7 millimeters. The spawning grounds are reservoirs in the floodplains of rivers, shallow, slightly swampy, slowly flowing springs. Eggs are usually laid when the water temperature is 18 degrees Celsius.

Tadpoles hatch after 6-10 days, reaching a length of 7-12 mm. Tadpoles, already leading an active lifestyle, are dark gray on top with small spots and specks of brown color. On the underside, the tadpoles are single-colored, gray, and their body is very transparent.

By the end of development, the length of tadpoles ranges from 37 to 60 mm. They feed on phyto- and zooplankton and detritus. Feed of plant origin makes up 20-25%. The length of newly metamorphosed fingerlings is 13-17 millimeters.

The young frogs emerge on land in the last days of May. Development takes from 25 to 60 days. Over the course of a month, the size of the fingerlings increases by 7-10 millimeters and by the end of summer their length reaches 33 millimeters.