How much does a landing parachute weigh? Types and characteristics of parachutes. Rules for deplaning

In the history of inventions it is difficult to find a more international product than the parachute. The idea, supposedly first expressed by the Italian Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, was implemented by the French in the 18th century and refined by the British in the 19th century. and improved by a Russian inventor at the beginning of the 20th century.

The initial goal was to land a person safely (for example, when jumping from a basket hot air balloon). Models of that time did not have a wide variety of types. Continued until the 1970s. improvement of the design and materials used led to the differentiation of parachutes into two large groups: round and “wing”. The most used in professional parachuting belong to the wing group.

Types of parachutes by purpose of use

In accordance with their purpose, the following types are distinguished:

• for landing cargo;
• to solve auxiliary problems;
• for landing people.

The drogue parachute has a long history. It was developed at the beginning of the twentieth century. by a Russian designer, and was originally intended for braking cars. In this form, the idea did not take root, but in the late 1930s. it is beginning to take root in aviation.

Today, a braking parachute is part of the braking system of fighter aircraft that have a high landing speed and a short landing distance, for example, on warships. When approaching the runway, such aircraft eject one drogue parachute with one or more canopies from the rear fuselage. Its use can reduce braking distance by 30%. In addition, a braking parachute is used during space challenger landings.

Civil aircraft do not use this method of braking, because at the moment the canopy is ejected vehicle and the people in it are experiencing significant overload.

To land cargo thrown from aircraft, special parachute systems consisting of one or more canopies are used. If necessary, such systems can be equipped with jet engines that provide an additional braking impulse before direct contact with the ground. Similar parachute systems are also used when lowering spacecraft to the ground. Auxiliary mission parachutes include those that are components parachute systems:

• exhaust, which pull out the main or spare dome;
• stabilizing, which, in addition to pulling, have the function of stabilizing the landing object;
• supporting ones, which ensure the correct process of opening another parachute.

Most parachute systems exist to drop people.

Types of parachutes for landing people

For the safe landing of people, the following types of parachutes are used:

• training;
• rescue;
• special purpose;
• airborne;
• gliding shell parachute systems (sports).

The main types are gliding shell parachute systems (“wing”) and landing (round) parachutes.

Landing

There are two types of military parachutes: round and square.

The canopy of a round landing parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes the shape of a hemisphere. The dome has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Round landing parachute systems (for example, D-5, D-6, D-10) have the following altitude characteristics:

• maximum release height is 8 km.
• normal working altitude is 800-1200 m.
• minimum release height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 s and descent on a filled dome for at least 10 s.

Round landing parachutes are difficult to control. They have approximately the same vertical and horizontal speed (5 m/s). Weight:

• 13.8 kg (D-5);
• 11.5 kg (D-6);
• 11.7 (D-10).

Square parachutes (for example, the Russian “Listik” D-12, the American T-11) have additional slots in the canopy, which gives them better maneuverability and allows the parachutist to control horizontal movement. The rate of descent is up to 4 m/s. Horizontal speed – up to 5 m/s.

Training

Training parachutes are used as intermediate parachutes for the transition from landing parachutes to sport parachutes. They, like the landing ones, have round domes, but are equipped with additional slots and valves that allow the parachutist to influence horizontal movement and train landing accuracy.

The most popular training option is D-1-5U. It is used when making the first independent jumps in parachute clubs. When one of the control lines is pulled, this model makes a full 360 turn ° C in 18 s. It is well managed.

Average descent rates (m/s):

• horizontal – 2.47;
• vertical – 5.11.

The minimum release height from D-1-5U is 150 m with immediate deployment. Maximum height ejection – 2200 m. Other training models: P1-U; T-4; UT-15. Having similar characteristics to the D-1-5U, these models are even more maneuverable: they make a full turn in 5 s, 6.5 s and 12 s, respectively. In addition, they are approximately 5 kg lighter than the D-1-5U.

Sports

Gliding shell parachute systems are characterized by the greatest species diversity. They can be classified by wing shape and canopy type.

• Classification by wing shape

Wing-type domes can have the following shape:

• rectangular;
• semi-elliptical;
• elliptical.

Most wings are rectangular in shape. It ensures ease of control and predictable behavior of the parachute.

The more elliptical the shape of the canopy, the better the aerodynamic performance of the parachute becomes, but the less stable it becomes.

Elliptical designs are characterized by:

• more high speed(horizontal and vertical);
• short stroke control lines;
• large loss of altitude when turning.

Elliptical canopies are high-speed models designed for use by skydivers with more than 500 jumps experience.

• Classification by dome type

Sports modifications are divided according to the purpose of the dome into:

• classic;
• student;
• expressways;
• transitional;
• tandem.

Classic domes have a large area (up to 28 m²), which makes them stable even in strong wind. They are also called precision.

ABOUTdistinctive features:

• mobile in the horizontal plane (develop speeds up to 10 m/s);
• allow you to effectively control the decline;
• used to train landing accuracy.

The name “student dome” speaks for itself. Such parachute systems are used by skydivers with little jumping experience. They are quite inert, less maneuverable and, therefore, safer. In terms of area, the student dome roughly corresponds to the classic range, but has 9 sections instead of 7. Canopies for high-speed parachutes are small - up to 21.4 m². These professional models are distinguished by their “agility” and high maneuverability. Some models develop horizontal speeds of more than 18 m/s. On average - 12-16 m/s. Used by trained paratroopers.

Tandem canopies are designed for landing 2 people at the same time. Therefore, they have a large area, up to 11 sections. They are characterized by increased stability and structural strength. Transition domes are more inert and slower, but quite fast: they can develop a horizontal speed of up to 14 m/s. Used as training before mastering speed models. And gliding shell parachute systems are designated by the letters PO (for example, PO-16, PO-9).

Rescue

Systems designed for emergency landing from a crashed aircraft are called rescue systems. As a rule, they have a round dome shape (for example, C-4, C-5). But there are also square ones (for example, S-3-3).

Emergency ejection can occur at speeds up to 1100 km/h (S-5K) at altitude:

• from 100 m to 12000 m (C-3-3);
• from 70 to 4000 m (S-4U);
• from 60 to 6000 m (C-4);
• from 80 to 12000 m (C-5).

When ejecting at a very high altitude, the parachute is allowed to open after passing the 9000 m mark. The area of ​​the domes of rescue models is significant and, for example, for the S-3-3 it is 56.5 m. Rescue systems intended for ejection at high altitudes are supplied with oxygen devices.

Spares

Whatever parachute systems are used, a reserve parachute is a mandatory part of them. It is attached to the parachutist's chest and is used as an emergency one in cases where the main one fails or cannot deploy correctly. The reserve parachute is designated by the letters “Z” or “PZ”. The reserve parachute has a large canopy area - up to 50 m². The dome shape is round. The speed of vertical descent is from 5 to 8.5 m/s.

Various types of emergency systems are compatible with different types main parachutes:

• The Z-2 type reserve parachute is compatible with the landing and rescue parachute models D-5, D-1-5, S-3-3, S-4.
• a reserve parachute of type PZ-81 should be used with sports variants of type PO-9.
• The PZ-74 reserve parachute is intended for use with the UT-15 and T-4 training models.

Special purpose

This group includes parachute systems for non-mass use. They are used in rescue and military operations.

Parachutes for base jumping

The main canopy for BASE jumping is a regular rectangular “wing”. As a rule, they are made of airtight material (ZP-0). There is no reserve parachute: the low jump height makes it unnecessary.

During freefall jumps, when the BASE jumper opens the parachute himself, the parachute system requires a large pilot chute, the thrust of which is enough to quickly open the main canopy. Assist type jumps are less demanding on the size of the pilot chute, because the extension of the main dome occurs “automatically”. In roll over jumps, only the main, already loose, canopy is used.

Paratrooper? What are they made of? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article. A parachute is a device made of fabric, made in the form of a semicircle, to which a load or suspension system is attached with slings. It slows down the movement of an object in the air. Parachutes are used to delay the movement of winged vehicles during landing and jumping from fixed objects (or from aircraft) for the purpose of safe descent and landing of cargo (people).

Varieties

Many people are interested in knowing how many lines a paratrooper’s parachute has. At first, air umbrellas were used to softly land a person on Earth. Today they are used to save people and drop them from the air. In addition, they serve as sports equipment.

For landing cargo and cars, cargo sky umbrellas were invented. Several such devices can be used simultaneously to land heavy equipment. Rescue systems on light aircraft are a variation of these. Such devices consist of a parachute and forced-extension accelerators (rocket, ballistic or pyrotechnic). When a dangerous situation arises, the pilot activates the rescue device and the plane lands on the ground using a parachute. These techniques are very often criticized.

Small stabilizing parachutes (also called pilot chutes) help regulate body position during a relaxed descent. Deterrent air umbrellas were developed to reduce braking distances on vehicles and ships, to stop cars in drag racing. For example, the Tu-104 and early models Tu-134.

In order to reduce the speed of a spacecraft when landing on a celestial object or while moving through the atmosphere, parachutes are also used. It is known that ordinary round sky umbrellas have been developed for landing people and cargo. There are also round parachutes made in the form of a Rogallo wing, with a retracted top, ribbon parachutes for supersonic speed, parafoils - wings in the shape of an ellipse or rectangle and many others.

Devices for disembarking people

So, how many lines does a paratrooper's parachute have? For the safe landing of a person, experts have developed the following types of air umbrellas:

• special purpose;
• rescue;
• training;
• airborne;
• shell gliding parachute systems (sports).

The basic types are landing (round) parachutes and “wing” systems (shell gliding means).

Types of army "air umbrellas"

Every soldier should know how many lines a paratrooper's parachute has. Army sky umbrellas come in two types: square and round. The canopy of a landing round parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes on the appearance of a hemisphere. The top has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Such systems (for example, D-5, D-10, D-6) are distinguished by the following altitude characteristics:

• normal working altitude - from 800 to 1200 m;
• maximum release height - 8 km;
• the lowest ejection level is 200 m with a descent on a filled dome of at least 10 seconds and stabilization for 3 seconds.

Round parachutes are difficult to control. They have approximately equal horizontal and vertical speed (5 m/s). The weight of these devices is as follows:

• 13.8 kg (D-5);
• 11.7 kg (D-10);
• 11.5 kg (D-6).

U square parachutes(for example, Russian “Listik” D-12, T-11 USA) there are additional slots in the arch, with the help of which the parachutist controls horizontal movement. They also improve maneuverability. The horizontal speed of the products is up to 5 m/s, and the descent speed is up to 4 m/s.

D-6

Now let’s find out how many lines there are in the paratrooper’s parachute D-6, which was developed by the Research Institute of Parachute Engineering (Aviation Equipment holding). It is used for combat and training jumps from transport aircraft. Previously it was used by the USSR.

Today, the modified D-6 device of the fourth series, along with the new D-10, is used by flying clubs and airborne troops. Its canopy correction system consists of lines, a link stabilizer and an apex base. Along the lower edge of the arch, 16 ropes from ShKP-200 nylon rope were threaded and stitched under the reinforcing radial tapes. The length of the outer lines, placed in a free state on each loop, from the lower edge of the top to the stabilizer loops is 520 mm, and the middle ones - 500 mm.

Nuances of D-6

The base of the D-6 dome is made of nylon material art. 560011P, and the overlay is made of the same fabric, but has art. 56006P. Between slings No. 15A and 15B, 1A and 1B, on the base of the dome there are slots measuring 1600 mm, designed to rotate the arch during descent. At the top there are 30 cables made from ShKP-150 nylon rope. 7 slings are attached to the free edges of the suspended structure No. 2 and 4, and 8 to No. 1 and 3.

The length of the slings in a free position from the half-ring buckles to the lower edge of the dome is 9000 mm. Marks are drawn on them at a distance of 200 mm from the lower edge of the arch and 400 mm from the half-rings-buckles of the free ends. They make the installation of canopy cables super easy. Coordinating ropes are sewn to slings No. 15A and 15B, 1A and 1B. The dome has an area of ​​83 square meters. m.

The control lines are made of red nylon rope ShKPkr. They are passed through rings sewn to the inside of the free ends of the hanging structure.

D-10

Now we’ll tell you how many lines the D-10 paratrooper’s parachute has. It is known that this sky umbrella replaced the D-6 parachute. Its dome, made in the shape of a squash, with a beautiful appearance and improved characteristics has an area of ​​100 sq. m.

The D-10 device was made for the landing of novice paratroopers. With its help, you can perform combat and training jumps from the Il-76 transport and military aircraft, the An-2 aircraft, and the Mi-6 and Mi-8 helicopters. During the release, the flight speed is 140-400 km/h, the lowest jump height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 seconds, the maximum is 4000 m with a flight weight of a person of 140 kg, the descent occurs at a speed of 5 m/s. The D-10 parachute has different line lengths. It weighs little and has many control possibilities.

Every serviceman knows how many lines there are in the main parachute of a D-10 paratrooper. The device has 22 ropes with a length of 4 meters and 4 cables connected to the loops of the dome slots, 7 m in size, made of ShKP-150 nylon rope.

The parachute is also equipped with 22 additional external lines made from ShKP-150 harness, 3 m long. In addition, it has 24 internal additional ropes made from ShKP-120 harness, 4 m in size, attached to the base lines. A pair of internal additional slings is attached to cables 2 and 14.

D10P

What's good landing parachute? D-10 and D10P are amazing systems. The D10P device is designed so that it can be converted into a D-10 and vice versa. You can practice with it without stabilizing for forced opening. Or you can attach it, put the parachute to work with adjustments - and into the plane, into the sky...

The D10P canopy is made of 24 wedges, the slings have a tensile strength of 150 kg each. Their number is identical to the number of cables of the D-10 sky umbrella.

Spare parts

How many lines does a paratrooper's reserve parachute have? It is known that the design of the D-10 allows the use of spare air umbrellas type 3-5, 3-4, 3-2. The opening of the double-cone lock is secured by parachute devices PPK-U-165A-D, AD-ZU-D-165.

Let's consider a spare parachute device 3-5. It consists of the following parts: canopy with slings, suspended intermediate system, backpack, manual opening link, parachute bag and passport, auxiliary parts.

A reserve parachute helps create a safe rate of descent (landing). This is a load-bearing surface made in the form of a framed surface layer with load-bearing parts that connect the top to the suspended intermediate system.

The parachute has a round arch with an area of ​​50 square meters. m, which consists of four sectors made of five nylon panels. These components are sewn together with a lock stitch.

24 slings made of ShKP-150 nylon rope are attached to the dome loops. Their longitude in a free position from the lower edge of the arch to the semi-rings of the suspended intermediate system is 6.3 m. To simplify the installation of the arch, the 12th line is made of a red cord (or an identifying red sleeve is sewn onto it).

On each rope, at a distance of 1.7 m from the lower edge of the arch, there is a black mark indicating the place where the slings are placed in the cells of the backpack.

Interaction of parts

If the main parachute does not work, the paratrooper must sharply pull out the pull ring of the manual opening element with his hand. As a result, the pockets of the exhaust device located around the pole gap, finding themselves in the air flow, pull out the arch and lines of the reserve parachute from the backpack and remove the person from it.

Under the influence of air flow, the canopy of this device fully opens, ensuring a normal landing.

Designed for jumping from transport aircraft and helicopters by paratroopers of all specialties with a full set of equipment (or without it), as well as individual paratroopers or groups of paratroopers.

The system (with a total flight weight of the paratrooper 140 kg) provides:

reliable operation at an altitude of 200-8000 m with stabilization within 3 s when leaving the aircraft at a speed of 38.9-111.1 m/s (140-400 km/h) when the main parachute is deployed at an altitude of no more than 5000 m, if the total flight weight of the parachutist is 140 kg, and at an altitude of no more than 2000 m, if the total flight weight of the parachutist is 150 kg,
minimum safe altitude when leaving a horizontally flying aircraft at an instrument speed of 38.9-111.1 m/s (140-400 km/h):
with stabilization 3 s - 200 m,
with stabilization 2 s - 150 m,
neutral position of the main parachute canopy during descent, as well as a turn in any direction by 180° in 15-25 s in the presence of a cord locking the riser ends suspension system:
a 180° turn in any direction in 29-60 seconds when the locking cord is removed and the free ends of the harness are tightened;
steady descent on both the main and stabilizing parachutes:
stopping the descent on the stabilizing parachute and putting the main parachute into operation by opening the double-cone lock both by the parachutist himself using the manual opening link and by the PPK-U-165AD (AD-ZU-D-165) device:
reliability of operation of reserve parachutes of type 3-5 and 3-2 when the stabilizing parachute fails to deploy or the landing parachute system fails to operate, as well as at a descent speed of more than 8.5 m/s in the event of the main parachute canopy being caught by the lines;
adjusting the harness system on parachutists with a height of 1.5-1.9 m, in winter and summer landing equipment:
extinguishing the canopy of the main parachute at the moment of landing (splashdown) at increased wind speeds near the ground using a device for disconnecting the right free end of the harness system;
preventing the detachment of parts of the parachute system during the entire landing process:
securing the cargo container GK-30 (GK-ZOU);
convenient placement of a parachutist on an airplane using standard landing equipment.
The canopy of the main parachute is 83 m2, has the shape of a circle with two slits at the lower edge.

1. stabilizing parachute chamber
2. stabilizing parachute
3. main parachute chamber
4. main parachute
5. backpack

The landing parachute system D-6 series 4 operates according to a cascade scheme. The stabilizing parachute comes into action first. The reduction on it occurs until the time specified on the PPK-U-165A-D (AD-ZU-D-165) device. After the device is triggered, the stabilizing parachute removes the camera with the main parachute from the backpack. The design of the D-6 series 4 parachute system provides for two ways to activate the main parachute canopy with a normally operating stabilizing parachute: with the PPK-U-165A-D (AD-ZU-D-165) device or with a manual deployment link. When the parachutist separates from the aircraft (helicopter), a stabilizing parachute is pulled out of the chamber and deployed.

At the moment the canopy of the stabilizing parachute is inflated, the link is tensioned and pulls out a flexible pin from the PPK-U-165A-D (AD-ZU-D-165) device, which is connected to the link using a 0.36 m long halyard.

After the canopy of the stabilizing parachute is filled, a stabilized descent of the parachutist occurs. In this case, the main parachute backpack remains closed. The stabilized descent is stopped, the backpack valves are released and the main parachute is put into operation after opening the double-cone lock manually (using the manual opening link) or using the PPK-U-165A-D (AD-ZU-D-165) device, resulting in a stabilizing the parachute pulls out the camera with the main parachute packed into it from the backpack. As the parachutist descends, the main parachute chamber moves away from him and the lines of the main parachute evenly emerge from its honeycombs.

When the lines are fully tensioned, the removable rubber honeycombs of the chamber are released and the lower free part of the main parachute canopy, 0.2 m long, begins to emerge from it, not clamped by the elastic ring. As the stabilizing parachute with the main parachute chamber moves away from the parachutist, the rest of the canopy gradually emerges from the chamber until the entire system is fully tensioned.

Inflation of the main parachute canopy begins after it leaves the chamber approximately halfway and is completed after the chamber is completely retracted from it.

The D-6 parachute is designed for training jumps from transport aircraft.

1 - rubber honeycomb
2 - link
3 - stabilizing parachute in the chamber
4 — sealing tape
5 - locking unit for the link loop to the ring on the backpack
6 — ring on the backpack
7 — guide ring for the halyard
8 - flexible pin halyard
9 — ribbon tie
10 — locking the flexible pin with the device
11 — device PPK-U-165A-D or AD-3U-D-165

Tactical and technical data of the parachute

1. When total mass parachutist systems - parachute no more than 140 kg parachute provides:

• assigned (technical) resource - 80 applications at altitudes from 200 to 8000 m with stabilization of 3 s or more when leaving the aircraft at flight speeds from 140 to 400 km/h according to the instrument, including 10 applications with a flight weight of 150 kg, while the main canopy must be inserted at an altitude of no more than 5000 m with a total parachutist weight of up to 140 kg and at an altitude of no more than 2000 m with a total paratrooper weight of up to 150 kg;
• overloads arising when opening the stabilizing and main domes - no more than 10g;
• a minimum safe altitude of 200 m when leaving a horizontally flying aircraft at a flight speed of 140 to 400 km/h according to the instrument with stabilization for 3 s, while the descent time on a fully filled canopy is at least 10 s;
• the average speed of steady descent on the stabilizing dome at altitudes of 500 m and below is within the range of 30 - 40 m/s;
• the average vertical speed of descent on the main canopy, reduced to the standard atmosphere and the total flight weight of the parachutist 120 kg, in the area 30-35 m from the ground no more than 5 m/s;
• if there is a cord blocking the free ends of the suspension system - neutral position of the main canopy during descent, turn in any direction 180° in 15-25 s;
• when removing the locking cord and tightening the free ends of the suspension system: the average horizontal speed of movement on the main dome forward and backward is at least 2.6 m/s, as well as turning in any direction by 180° in 29-60 s;
• steady decline both on the main dome and on the stabilizing one;
• stopping the descent on the stabilizing system and putting the main canopy into action by opening the double-cone lock both by the parachutist himself using the pull ring and by the belay device;
• reliability of operation of reserve parachutes 3-5, 3-2, Z-3 series 2M, 3-1P series 2M and 3-1P series ZM when the stabilizing canopy fails to withdraw or fails to operate, as well as at a speed of more than 8.5 m/ c in case of overlap of the main canopy with slings;
• adjusting the harness system on parachutists with a height of 1.5-1.9 m, in winter and summer uniforms;
• the force required to open a double-cone lock with a pull ring is no more than 16 kgf;
• preventing the detachment of parts of the parachute system during the entire jump;
• securing a cargo container;
• convenient placement of the parachutist in the harness.

2. dimensions stowed parachute (no more), mm:

• length: 570;
• width: 285;
• height: 210.

3. The weight of the parachute without a carrying bag and a safety device does not exceed 11.5 kg.

4. When the parachutist descends, the parachute provides horizontal movement forward and backward by pulling the free ends of the suspension system and turns in any direction due to the tension of the control lines.

Notes:

1. When performing training jumps from an An-2 aircraft, the camera carabiner with a stabilizing parachute is attached to the adapter link (extension) 1000 mm long.
2. The locking of the rings of the stabilizer feathers with the rings of the stabilizing dome chamber is made with the ShKhB-20 cord.

Figure 2: D-6 parachute deployment diagram
1 — stabilizing parachute chamber
2 — stabilizing parachute
3 - connecting link
4 — main parachute chamber
5 — parachute canopy
6 - backpack

Tactical and technical data of parachute parts

1. The chamber of the stabilizing parachute, designed for stowing the stabilizing canopy with lines and the upper part of the stabilizer, is made of nylon avisent (art. 56039) and has the shape of a cylinder. At the top of the camera, a trailed carabiner is attached to a nylon tape LTKkrP-26-600 with a strength of 600 kgf, with which the camera is attached to a cable or adapter in the aircraft. A nylon cord-tie ShKP-150 is inserted into the hem of the upper base to tighten the upper base of the chamber. Nylon tape LTKkrP-26-600 was passed into the eye of the carbine and stitched with a zigzag stitch to secure the rubber honeycomb mounted on the backpack.
The length of the camera when folded is 300 mm, width 190 mm.
Camera weight: 0.155 kg.

2. The canopy stabilizing system consists of a canopy base, slings and a stabilizer with a link. The dome is made of nylon fabric (art. 56004P), has the shape of a truncated cone with a large base area of ​​1.5 m2 and consists of a base and an exhaust device sewn into the pole part of the dome.

The exhaust device consists of eight pockets, the material for which is nylon calendered dyed fabric (art. 56005krPK). Radial power tapes LTKP-15-185 with a strength of 185 kgf and circular belts LTKP-13-70 with a strength of 70 kgf are stitched on the dome. Along the lower edge of the dome, under the radial reinforcing tapes, the ends of 16 slings made of ShKP-200 nylon cord are threaded and stitched. The length of the outer lines on each loop in a free state from the lower edge of the canopy to the stabilizer loops is 520 mm, and the middle lines are 500 mm.

The stabilizer consists of four feathers formed by two isosceles triangles made of dyed nylon fabric gray(art. 56004krP). On the sides of each feather, nylon tapes with a strength of 600 kgf are sewn, forming loops in the upper part to which slings are attached, and a link in the lower part.

To secure the stabilizer feathers with the stabilizing parachute camera, rings are sewn on the camera and stabilizer. At a distance of 450 mm from the stabilizer feathers, a loop is sewn on the link from nylon tape LTKkrP-26-600 to attach the halyard of the flexible pin of the device.
The link in the lower part branches and forms power strips, into the ends of which buckles of a double-cone lock are sewn.

Jumpers made of nylon tape LTK-44-1600 are sewn onto the power tapes. Between the jumpers there is a loop for attaching the stabilizing system to the bridles of the main dome and its chamber. The triangle formed from the ribbons is covered on both sides with scarves of nylon avisent (art. 56039).
Between the gussets, a guide ring is sewn onto the power bands, through which the halyard of the flexible pin of the device is passed. There are arrows sewn on the power tapes near the buckles to control the correct installation of the buckles in the double-cone lock.

Dome base with inside reinforced with LTKP-15-185 tapes 120 mm long: eight tapes at the pole hole and eight tapes on the second circular belt.
The mass of the stabilizing system with a dome with an area of ​​1.5 m2 is 0.93 kg.

3. The chamber of the main dome is cylindrical in shape, made of gray nylon fabric (art. 56023krP). An elastic ring made of tape 29 mm wide is inserted into the hem of the lower part of the chamber. The surface of the chamber is reinforced with two nylon tapes LTKkrP-26-600, which form a bridle in the upper part. For the convenience of placing the dome in the chamber, a scarf is sewn along the upper base of the chamber and the bridle ribbons.

To tighten the camera, a ShKP-150 nylon cord is stitched into its upper base. On the side of the base of the chamber where the honeycombs are located, there are sewn reinforcements made of gray nylon fabric (art. 56023krP), eleven straight honeycombs with ribbons, a honeycomb distributor with honeycomb rubber made from a backpack cord to hold the slings in the honeycombs, a valve with two pairs of eyelets for passing removable ones honeycomb and with two pockets (right and left) for covering bundles of slings. In the lower base of the chamber there are two more removable rubber honeycombs and an apron, which is equipped with two more removable rubber honeycombs. Bundles of slings emerging from removable rubber honeycombs are covered with pockets - right and left.

For ease of laying the slings, the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are placed on the valve near the eyelets.
The length of the chamber when folded is 735 mm, width 387 mm.
Camera weight 0.4 kg.

4. The dome (main) has the shape of a circle and consists of four sectors and an overlay in the center of the dome. The base of the dome is made of nylon fabric art. 560011P, and the cover is made of nylon fabric art. 56006P. The dome is reinforced with nylon tapes: between the sectors - LTKP-15-70, and along the lower edge - LTKP-15-185.

A bridle tape made of nylon tape LTKP-26-600 is sewn onto the pole part of the dome to attach the link loop of the stabilizing system. On the basis of the canopy, between slings No. 1A and 1B, 15A and 15B, there are 1600 mm long slots, starting from the lower edge and designed to rotate the canopy during descent.
The canopy has 30 lines made of ShKP-150 nylon cord. 8 slings are attached to the free ends of the suspension system No. 1 and 3, and 7 slings are attached to the free ends No. 2 and 4. The free length of the slings from the lower edge of the canopy to the half-ring buckles is 9000 mm. To make it easier to lay the canopy slings, marks are placed on them at a distance of 200 mm from the lower edge of the canopy and 400 mm from the half-ring buckles of the free ends, indicating the beginning and end of laying.

Control lines are sewn onto slings No. 1A and 15A, 1B and 15B.
The dome area is 83 m2.

5. Control slings made of red nylon cord 10KPkr (in two folds with a strength of 190 kgf), threaded through rings sewn on the inside of the free ends of the suspension system. One end of the left control line is attached to line No. 15A at a distance of 1450 mm, the other - to line No. 1A at a distance of 1250 mm from the half-ring buckles of the suspension system. One end of the right control line is attached to line No. 15B at a distance of 1450 mm, to line No. 1B - at a distance of 1250 mm from the half-ring buckles.

When the left line is pulled, the canopy turns to the left, and when the right line is pulled, it turns to the right.
The mass of the main dome is 5.5 kg.

6. The suspension system is made of nylon tape LTK-44-1600 and consists of the following main parts: the main strap with back-shoulder loops, two pairs of free ends, two leg loops and a chest jumper. The right group of risers is marked with numbers 1 and 2, the left - 3 and 4. On the risers, marked with numbers 2 and 3, there are rubber belt loops made of an elastic band, intended for threading the slack of the control lines. At the top of the free ends there are four ribbons with rings sewn through which the control lines are passed.

Each pair of risers has a nylon locking cord (ShKP-150), which is used when using a parachute system “without rolling” the risers of the harness system.
Control strands made of LTKR-25-200 tape with balls at the ends are attached to the curved buckles of the free ends with a noose loop. The control strands are designed to pull the balls out of the pockets at the free ends of the suspension system.

The back-shoulder loops pass between the ribbons of the main strap and form triangles with a carabiner on the left side and a buckle on the right. Simultaneously with stitching the triangles, buckles are sewn into the main strap to tighten the backpack to the lower position using adjustable tapes.

To prevent spontaneous movement of the back-shoulder girths through curved buckles and through buckles with teeth mounted on the backpack, LTKkrP-43-800 nylon tapes are sewn onto the girths.
The lower ends of the dorso-shoulder loops, passed between the ribbons of the main strap, form leg loops. There is a carbine attached to the right leg loop, and a buckle to the left leg loop. On the main strap on the left side at chest level there is a hose and a pocket for the exhaust end made of avisent (art. 56039). To attach the free ends of the reserve parachute, two fastening brackets are mounted into the main strap. The bifurcated lower part of the main strap has a soft pad and rings for pulling the lower corners of the backpack to the main strap using nylon tape LTKkrP-26-600.

The back-shoulder girths, which formed the chest jumper, then pass between the ribbons of the main strap and, using rectangular buckles sewn into the ends of the back-shoulder girths, form a waist girth.

The weight of the suspension system is 2 kg.

7. A satchel made of nylon avisent (art. 56039, or 56260, or 56261) consists of a base, an applied bottom, right and left valves. A metal stiffening frame is inserted between the base and the overhead bottom. On the right flap are sewn a pocket for a belay device with strap ties and a halyard pocket with a safety valve, and in the upper part of the flap there is a rubber honeycomb for mounting a stabilizing system on the top of the backpack.

To pull the right valve towards you when tucking the slack of the connecting link under it, a handle made of nylon tape LTKP-26-600 is sewn on the outside of the right valve.
Rings are sewn into the free corners of the right and left valves of the backpack to keep the valves tightened.

To secure the halyard of a flexible pin with a loop, there is a metal ring on the connecting link (in the middle of the right flap). On top of the right flap there is a loop with a button spike for the flap covering the double-cone lock.

In the upper part of the backpack, under the mounting plate of the double-cone lock, there is a ring designed to pass through a rubber honeycomb that secures the stabilizing system installed on the upper part of the backpack.
There is a mark on the inside of the backpack (at a distance of 260 mm from the top) to limit the placement of the free ends in the backpack.

On the base of the backpack, eight fastening loops to the suspension system are sewn, a double-cone lock valve and two gussets are sewn on. A reserve parachute backpack mount is installed on the scarves.
On the left scarf there is a pocket for a card replacing a passport, on the right there is a pocket for the PPK-UM-10 reserve parachute device. Above the right gusset on the backpack are sewn two ribbon ties for attaching instrument hoses.

At the top of the backpack there is a second loop with a button spike for the valve covering the double-cone lock. On the left side of the backpack (in the upper part), one end of a flexible hose is secured to a buckle with teeth.

On the stiffening frame in the upper part of the backpack there are two round holes and four longitudinal ones. In the two upper longitudinal holes, straps are attached to secure the backpack to the dorso-shoulder girths of the suspension system, and in the two lower longitudinal holes there are adjusting straps.

In operation, you can find stiffening frames with rectangular windows in the upper part.

In the upper part of the backpack there is a double-cone lock for closing the buckles of the power tapes of the connecting link of the stabilizing parachute.
The weight of the backpack is 1.7 kg.

8. A double-cone lock, designed for closing the buckles of power bands, the cable loop of the pull ring and the earring of the belay device, consists of a mounting plate, a body with two cones, a shutter, a cover, shock absorbers, spring and adjusting washers, two buckles, a fastening plate, a cover screw , five screws and one nut.

9. The flexible hose is designed to accommodate the pull ring cable and protect it from accidental snagging.
Hose length 380 mm.

10. The pull ring with a cable consists of a body made of a steel rod, a cable 600 mm long, a limiter and a wire loop. The pull ring cable at a distance of 210 mm from the limiter and 57 mm from the loop is covered with a polyethylene sheath. The body is painted red. To hold the harness in the pocket, the ring body has protrusions and depressions. In operation, there may be exhaust rings with cables without a polyethylene sheath.

11. Safety parachute devices PPK-U-165A-D or AD-ZU-D-165. The PPK-U-165A-D device allows you to automatically deploy a parachute after a specified period of time after separation or at a specified altitude. The AD-ZU-D-165 device allows you to automatically open the parachute only after a specified period of time. Instrument hose length 165 mm, cable length 322 mm, loop length 19 mm, halyard length 360 mm.

12. The earring is the connecting link between the belay device and the double-cone lock. The earring, 2.5 mm thick, made of ZOXGSA steel, has two holes: one for the lock cone, the other for the device hinge.

13. The safety thread is used to secure the link with the backpack, the flexible pin of the parachute belay device and the double-cone lock. For locking, the core thread of the ShHB-125 cord is used.

14. The safety cord is used to lock the rings of the stabilizer feathers with the rings of the camera of the stabilizing system. When jumping from an An-2 aircraft, two safety cords 300 mm long are used, and when jumping from faster aircraft, one safety cord 300 mm long is used. The material for this part is cotton cord ШХБ-20 (GOST 2297-70).

15. A passport is required to record information about the acceptance, transfer, operation and repair of a parachute.

There are many types of parachutes in the world that differ from each other big amount characteristics. For example, this includes features of the structural elements, type, shape, material of the canopy and lines, features of parachute control, its deployment, etc. As a conclusion, all this significantly affects the weight of the parachute.

All parachutes can be divided depending on the purpose of their use.

There are four main types here:

• Braking parachutes;
• Parachutes designed for dropping cargo;
• Parachutes designed for landing people;
• Parachutes for solving auxiliary tasks.

How much does a drogue parachute weigh? depends on which braking device and what type of aircraft it is included in.

The braking parachute of a fighter (weighing 6.5 tons) weighs 7 kg, a bomber (weighing 50 tons) - 50 kg, heavy bomber(weighing 100 tons) – 140 kg. As we can see, the weight of the braking parachute depends on the gravity and, therefore, the total flight path of the aircraft after landing: the heavier the plane, the longer its landing path and the larger and heavier the braking parachute should be.

Weight of a parachute intended for dropping cargo, difficult to determine immediately. After all, it also depends on many factors. Such parachutes may consist of one or more canopies. And they can land objects weighing from several hundred kilograms to several tons. 1 to 5 tons. For example, the PGS-1000 parachute cargo system weighing 20 kg can deliver cargo weighing from 300 to 1000 kilograms to the ground. The PDSB-1 series 2 parachute cargo system, which is designed to drop a welded steel barrel with a volume of 200 liters, weighs no more than 16 kg.

Regarding the weight of parachutes for landing people, then, as mentioned earlier, their weight also depends on many circumstances. There are 5 main types of parachutes for landing people:

• Airborne;
• Training;
• Rescue;
• Special purpose;
• Sports (correctly called “gliding shell parachute systems”)

Most common landing the parachutes are round parachutes: D-5 weighing 13.8 kg; D-6 weighing 11.5 kg; D-10 weighing 11.7 kg.

Training parachutes used by those who want to switch from airborne to sports. This includes:

• P1-U – training parachute system, the weight of which without a portable bag and device is 11.5 kg;
• training parachute UT-15, the weight of which without a carrying bag and safety device is 12.3 kg;
• training parachute T-4, the weight of which without a carrying bag and belay device is 13.2 kg;
• landing parachute D-1-5U, whose weight is 17.5 kg.

Rescue parachutes used for emergency disembarkation of people from a crashed aircraft.

The most common rescue parachutes are:

• S-4 (round canopy), the weight of which when fully equipped is 15 kg, and without a safety device and a boat - 12 kg;
• S-5 (square canopy), the weight of which when fully equipped, but without a carrying bag, is 23.2 kg, and without a boat, belay and oxygen device - 14.08 kg. If with a boat and a safety device but without an oxygen device, then the weight of the S-5 is 18.2 kg.

Parachutes special purpose There are parachutes that are used only in military operations, by rescuers or for base jumping.

Thus, a parachute of the “Windsos ultralite series” model can weigh from 1.1 to 1.5 kg; the X-tralite model parachute (reserve) weighs 2,750 kg; “Start” (spare) - 3,650 kg; “START series” (spare) – from 1,750 kg to 2,150 kg; “FLUID series” (spare) – from 1,490 kg to 1,960 kg; "Escape" - from 1.05 kg to 1.7 kg.

Sports parachutes have greatest number species, which is why their weight is very diverse.

Parachutes for solving auxiliary tasks These are the parachutes that are part of parachute systems. These can be pilot parachutes (they are also called “jellyfish”), designed to pull out the main or reserve canopy; supporting, designed to support the correct process of opening another parachute and others. The weight of these parachutes also depends on what parachute system he comes in.