Post mammals carriers of pathogens of dangerous diseases. Rodent-borne diseases that are dangerous to humans and animals. Zoonoses: what are dangerous for humans
Question number 1. The chemical composition of the cell. The role of water and minerals in the life of the cell and organism.
The cell contains about 70 elements of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev, which are also found in inanimate nature. They are divided into three groups:
- Macronutrients make up 98% of the total composition of the cell - O, C, H, N. These are the main chemical elements that make up the molecules of organic substances.
- The eight main elements - S, P, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cl in total make up 1.9%. They are part of the blood plasma, bones, proteins, nucleic acids, etc., participate in metabolism and provide constancy of the internal environment of the body.
- Trace elements (0.1%) - are part of the cell in very small quantities, but are very important.
All these elements are part of substances; substances are divided into inorganic (water and mineral salts) and organic (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). On average, about 80% of the mass of a cell is water. Her role is great. It is a medium and a solvent, participates in most chemical reactions, the movement of substances, thermoregulation, the formation of cellular structures, determines the volume and elasticity of the cell. In relation to water, substances are divided into: highly soluble in water - hydrophilic and poorly soluble in water hydrophobic . Most of the inorganic substances are in the form of salts, they are necessary for various processes of cell life.
Some animals are the causative agents of human diseases, while others carry pathogens from man to man or from animals to man.
Encephalitis- a viral disease. The causative agent of the disease encephalitis virus lives in the body of ungulates without harming them. Ticks (dog and taiga) transmit the pathogen from animal to animal, and, consequently, foci of encephalitis constantly exist in nature. If an infected tick attacks a person, then the person becomes ill, and the reproduction of the virus is accompanied by inflammation of the nervous system, fever, weakness, and in severe cases, delirium and convulsions. To exclude the possibility of infection with encephalitis, it is necessary to make protective vaccinations, and after visiting the forest, change clothes and carefully examine clothing and the surface of the body.
Groups of diseases that are transmitted to humans through contact with animals have the medical name "zoonosis". There are about 850 zoonoses on the planet. With some, a person almost never encounters, so there is a high probability that doctors have not discovered many more diseases.
As they say, aware is armed. Here are 10 human diseases that are initially transmitted to us from domestic or wild animals.
10 Rabies
In the first place is the disease with sad mortality statistics. The rabies virus enters the human body through a bite or wound from a sick animal. The highest concentration of the pathogen is found in the saliva, and only then in the blood of a mammal. The incubation period of the disease is unpredictable, and sometimes it is completely asymptomatic. Meanwhile, the virus enters the human brain, causing a devastating and irreversible effect on the nervous system. With brain dysfunction, the control of the musculoskeletal system and the respiratory system is disturbed, resulting in the death of a person. Treatment according to the Milwaukee Protocol allows in 8% of cases to overcome the disease even at the time of the onset of symptoms, although for this patient they are sent into an artificial coma and stuffed with significant doses of antiviral drugs.
9 Cat Scratch Fever
As it turned out, harmless domestic purrs can inadvertently be carriers of a bacterium that provokes the disease. Through a bite or scratch, the pathogen enters the human body, causing swelling and redness of the affected area, swelling of the lymph nodes, and even the appearance of a rash after 1-2 (up to 8) weeks. Often, the immune system copes with the fever on its own, which does not require medical treatment. But people with weakened immune systems (including children and elderly patients) need antibiotic therapy, otherwise the disease may aggravate to pneumonia and even coma.
8. Ornithosis
The virus enters humans from wild and domestic birds. Normally, at a heating temperature of about 70 ° C, it dies within 15 minutes, which makes it possible to accidentally eat sick birds without consequences. But at low temperatures, the pathogen remains active for up to 60 days, and it is also resistant to drying. The disease affects about 100 species of birds, including geese, ducks, chickens, pheasants, parrots and pigeons. A person becomes infected mainly through the air and food of a sick bird, as well as during post-slaughter processing (cutting, plucking, etc.). The disease manifests itself with symptoms of pneumonia: weakness and lethargy, difficulty breathing, congestion on the nasopharyngeal mucosa, loss of appetite, etc.
7. Trichinosis
The causative agent of the disease is the larva of the round helminth. It enters the human body through the digestive system (eating trichinosis meat). After 2-3 days, the larvae reach sexually mature forms and begin to actively multiply, clogging the lymphatic system of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Also, the larvae are found in the bloodstream, muscle fiber. The disease is manifested by aches and sharp pains in the muscles, increased swelling of the face, persistent eosinophilia in blood tests.
6. Toxocariasis
This "young" disease was first diagnosed in Saudi Arabia 6 years ago. The carrier of the virus turned out to be a bat - a grave sack-wing. The pathogen enters the human body not through direct contact with a sick bat, but through an intermediate carrier, which is most often domestic and industrial animals. According to statistics 4 years ago, outbreaks of the disease were diagnosed in 22 countries. However, almost all cases were linked directly or indirectly to Saudi Arabia.
3. Tularemia
One of the most contagious strains of bacteria, as theoretically the 1st colony will be enough to infect humanity. The causative agent is transmitted by wild and domestic animals, as well as other people (mainly sexually). From an animal, a bacterium can be obtained as a result of contact with any biological fluids (milk, saliva, semen, excrement, etc.). The first symptoms appear within 3 weeks: hyperthermia, headaches, sweating, fever, photophobia. In the absence of treatment with strong antibiotics, such complications of the disease as hepatitis and pneumonia are possible. Therapy usually takes from several months to a couple of years, because to prevent a relapse, it is necessary to kill every single bacterium.
1. Toxoplasmosis
The simplest microorganism enters the human body after contact with a pet (cat, dog). The animal picks up the pathogen from infected meat. Symptoms of the disease, as a rule, are erased, which makes it difficult to treat it in time. Tissue cysts form in the body, which settle in healthy cells, striated muscles, and even the brain. A pregnant woman can transmit the pathogen to the fetus, which after birth may develop jaundice, thrombocytopenia, maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, hydrocephalus, deafness, convulsive syndrome, etc.
Despite the rarity of such diseases, hundreds and even thousands of patients end up in clinics. Some of the zoonoses are easily treatable and involve the administration of special sera, while others are quickly fatal. Be careful when dealing with domestic and wild animals.
Zoonosis is a disease transmitted to humans from animals. Considering that there are about 850 zoonoses in the world, many of which people almost never get sick, it is logical to assume that there are a number of similar diseases that we simply do not know about. Item four aside, this list features little-known zoonotic diseases that, despite their rarity, continue to infect hundreds, if not thousands, of people around the world every year. Each item includes a brief description of symptoms, disease risks, and treatments, as well as a few facts about the pathogen itself.
10 Cat Scratch Fever
As the disease's name suggests, even the cutest cat can carry the bacteria that causes cat-scratch fever. The disease is transmitted through a scratch or bite. Symptoms include painful swelling at the site of a bite or scratch, swollen lymph nodes, and the appearance of papules that usually appear one or two weeks after the lesion - however, they can appear as early as eight weeks. In most cases, the disease resolves on its own and does not require medical intervention or antibiotic treatment, but such treatment is necessary for people with weak or reduced immunity, such as children or people with AIDS. Treatment is needed to prevent abscesses, pneumonia, and even coma.
9 Barmah Forest Virus
Endemic only to Australia, Lesa Barma virus is a non-lethal mosquito-borne virus. This virus is closely related to the equally non-fatal but much more common ross river virus. Most people who contract this virus have little to no symptoms. However, in those who are more susceptible to the disease, the virus shows up after two weeks with mild fever, headaches, lethargy, rashes, painful arthritis, and swelling, especially around the wrists and ankles. All of these symptoms, with the exception of arthritis, which can last up to six months or more, resolve on their own, usually within a few weeks. Although the Les Barma virus is relatively harmless, in those people who are very susceptible to it, it can cause Guillain-Barré syndrome or inflammation of the kidneys, both of which can be fatal.
8. Contagious pustular dermatitis (Orf)
Contagious pustular dermatitis is carried almost exclusively by sheep. They can be contracted when strains of the virus come into contact with cuts or abrasions on the skin. If normal wound care procedures are followed, no medical intervention is needed, as this disease does not have severe complications. The main symptoms of contagious pustular dermatitis are red papules or lesions that appear on the skin at the site of infection.
7. Brucellosis (Bang's Disease)
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease commonly contracted by humans through the consumption of unsterilized and contaminated milk or meat from infected cows, sheep, pigs, or goats. The rates of infection with this disease vary throughout the world. It can also be contracted through cuts in contact with the bodily fluids of an infected animal. Symptoms appear within one month and initially include flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, back and joint pain, and fatigue. If left untreated, brucellosis can lead to infection in the heart and liver abscess, both of which are potentially fatal. Brucellosis also has long-term symptoms, very similar to chronic fatigue syndrome. In pregnant women, this disease can cause miscarriages and fetal defects.
4 Rabies
The disease described in this paragraph is probably the most famous of the entire list. Today, rabies is interesting because it is no longer considered a death sentence. Rabies, which can be contracted from bites and cuts from an infected animal, has an unpredictable incubation period. This period is followed by a rapid onset of devastating neurological symptoms that eventually lead to death as the virus causes brain dysfunction. However, in recent years, the Milwaukee Protocol has made a splash in the treatment of this disease, which increased the chances of surviving rabies patients without vaccination to 8 percent. This may seem like a drop in the ocean, but if you remember that previously the mortality rate from rabies was one hundred percent, then having any chance, albeit a small one, is better than not having it at all. During treatment under the Milwaukee protocol, a patient with rabies is placed in an induced coma and given high doses of antiviral drugs. It is still unknown how this technique works, although it is believed that turning off large areas of the brain prevents brain dysfunction, which is usually the cause of death, and also gives more time for the person's immune system to cope with the virus.
3. Tularemia (Pahvant Vally Plague)
Tularemia endemic to North America is a potentially fatal bacterial disease that is primarily transmitted from rabbit to human via ticks and lice. The disease can also be contracted by ingesting contaminated food or water, or by contact with the carcasses of infected animals. The average incubation period for this disease is 3-5 days. Many of the frequently infected people are struck by the rapid onset of debilitating symptoms, which usually include: high fever, severe headache, severe weakness, lethargy, diarrhea, arthritis, chills, swollen lymph nodes and eyes, and mouth or skin sores . Tularemia is considered an acute disease that poses a danger to human life and requires urgent medical attention and immediate treatment with antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, pneumonia, or suffocation resulting from respiratory failure caused by tularemia.
1 Q Fever
Q fever is considered one of the most contagious strains known to man. One colony is hypothetically enough to infect the whole of humanity, and one Q fever bacterium is enough to make a person sick. This disease is rarely transmitted from person to person (mainly through sexual contact), the causative agent of Q fever is much more often transmitted to humans from livestock and domestic mammals through contact with animal bodily fluids, including through milk, feces and semen (high risk of infection Q fever affects zoophiles and bestialists). Symptoms usually appear within three weeks and include high fever, photophobia, severe headaches, and excessive sweating. Although there is a risk of serious complications such as pneumonia and hepatitis, which can be fatal, with this disease, prompt treatment with strong antibiotics leads to recovery in more than 90 percent of cases. Treatment of Q fever with antibiotics takes months, and sometimes even years if necessary, as each bacterium must be killed to avoid recurrence. Usually, there are no more than a thousand cases of Q fever in the world a year, and the likelihood of this bacterium mutating into a stronger strain is negligible.
Despite this, Q fever belongs to the second category of contagious pathogens due to its high contagiousness and its ability to limit human activities.
Incredible Facts
Determining the origin of a fatal disease is an important part of understanding and treating the disease properly.
While the origin of many diseases remains a mystery, there is overwhelming evidence for the deadly diseases below. connection with the animal world.
Ultimately, this led to an irreversible event: the disease passed from one species to another.
Unfortunately, the second species in this case turned out to be us humans.
Deadly diseases transmitted by animals
10. AIDS
Cameroonian chimpanzees
The history of AIDS is very interesting. Much effort has been made to trace its origin. It all started with a famous case about Patient Zero Gaetan Dugas.
Gaetan Dugas
Initially, he was assigned the role of a scapegoat. Dugas was a Canadian steward who became "Patient Zero" due to a misunderstanding, because "zero" was not zero at all, but the letter "O", which stood for "out of California".
While Dugas took the blame for the spread of HIV and AIDS in the 1980s, in fact, The virus appeared several decades earlier.
The truth is that AIDS came to humans as a result of blood poisoning involving chimpanzees in southern Cameroon in the early 1900s. The theory goes that it is likely that a hunter hunting in the jungle killed a chimpanzee that carried the virus and then went to butcher the animal.
In the course of butchering the animal, the hunter cut himself or he already had an open wound, through which he caught the disease. Being a zoonosis (an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans), SIV became HIV by passing from the original carrier to humans.
9. Ebola
African bats
Previously it was thought that crab-eating macaques were responsible for Africa's latest Ebola outbreak, but it turns out that primates are "not entirely" to blame and are "accidental vectors".
The origin of Ebola is linked to African bats, and researchers believe they not only know the first infected person, but even can show the specific location where he was first infected.
It was initially unknown how exactly 2-year-old Emile Ouamouno, who was first infected during the latest outbreak, came into contact with the virus. But now they say that the child, while playing in a large hollow caught a virus from a bat.
The hollow of the tree, which was then burned to a stump, was inhabited by thousands of bats, and the boy became infected by coming into contact directly with bats or with their feces, which were very numerous.
8 African sleeping sickness
Tsetse flies
In the 1970s, there were several outbreaks of human African trypanosomiasis, commonly known as African sleeping sickness. The percentage of cases has steadily increased since the ban on use as an insecticide. DDT which, among other things, led to the emergence of an environmental problem.
According to the World Health Organization, Sleeping sickness affects about 30,000 people each year whose lives eventually end in coma and death.
African sleeping sickness is believed to play an important evolutionary role, so efforts to eradicate it are unlikely to be successful. However, disease can be brought under control.
Recent research has developed promising methods for preventing infection, including repellent technologies to control tsetse and the infections it carries.
Considering the wide geography of distribution (the fly is in more than 37 countries), this event is extremely important, because it can lead to the prevention of further outbreaks.
7. Severe respiratory syndrome
Chinese bats
The severe respiratory syndrome SARS was initially thought to be hosted by martens, but a 2013 study found that Chinese bats were actually carriers of the disease.
While some theories suggest that an intermediate host is needed for humans to become infected, current research has concluded that bats can transmit the disease directly to humans.
The realization that civets are not the "owners" of the virus, as previously thought, came after experts found that cats were healthy until they were in Chinese bird markets, where they came into contact with those responsible for transmission.
The bat pandemic at the beginning of this century (in 2002 and 2003) has been considered "one of the most significant public health events in recent history".
6. Hendra
Australian flying foxes
The first known outbreak of hendra occurred in 1994 in Australia. As a result, a person died, however, it had a greater impact on the horse population.
Vic Rail, a successful and well known Australian horse trainer, along with 14 horses, fell ill in 1994 and died within a few days.
Since then, there have been 7 more human infections (4 of which were fatal), but the disease remains a problematic zoonosis in horses.
Hendra has been found to be carried by Australian flying foxes. This type of bat is considered the largest in the world, its wingspan can reach up to 1.5 meters.
There is no direct connection between humans and this bat, because all cases of hendra have occurred after contact with an infected horse. It is known that getting into the body of an animal, the virus becomes much stronger.
Dangerous animal viruses transmitted to humans
5. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
ixodid ticks
This fever provokes the development of symptoms similar to those that appear in Ebola and Marburg. In 40 percent of cases, a person dies.
The first recorded outbreak occurred in 1944, and affected soldiers and peasants on the Crimean peninsula.
This is a tick-borne disease for which there is no vaccination, and infection can occur through contact with infected livestock.
Several outbreaks have been reported, the latest in Uganda in 2013 when one farmer was hospitalized with symptoms. After that, several other people fell ill, and unfortunately, they also died.
Ixodid tick close up
It was unclear whether the farmer caught the virus from infected livestock or from the ixodid tick. Despite the fact that There is no complete vaccine against fever., experts hope that the vaccine, which is now in the preclinical stage, will be able to reduce the suffering of those who are sick today and protect those who are healthy.
4. Machupo virus
Bolivian field mice
Machupo virus or Bolivian hemorrhagic fever is considered the sister of the Ebola virus. The first bright outbreak occurred in Bolivia in 1959, followed by outbreaks in 1971 and 1994. About 30 percent of those infected die.
By the way, the widespread use of the insecticide DDT (used to solve the problem of malaria) may have been an indirect cause of some outbreaks of machupo, because it killed a very large number of cats. This, in turn, led to an increase in the mouse population.
Mice are carriers of the virus, which they transmitted to humans.
Viral particles have been found in the urine, feces and saliva of field mice living in Bolivia. Experts believe that the most likely transmission of the virus to humans occurs after urine vapor rises into the air and is inhaled by a nearby person.
3. Marburg
African flying foxes
Marburg is accompanied by symptoms that are very similar to those of Ebola and hemorrhagic fever.
Despite what some experts call the "masters" of the monkey virus, the actual carriers of this deadly virus are African flying foxes.
People are most likely to become infected with the virus while preparing flying foxes for food, because in areas where the Marburg virus is rampant, this dish is considered a delicacy.
Research is currently ongoing to identify other possible vectors, but these are certainly not monkeys, which are sometimes blamed for transmitting the disease.
Monkeys and all primates would have to contend with very high mortality rates if infected with the virus. The risk of new outbreaks is still high due to the widespread population of flying foxes.
2. Lassa fever
Multinipple rat
Lassa fever, like many of the other deadly viruses on this list, is endemic to West Africa. It was first discovered in 1969 after two missionary sisters have died after coming into contact with the virus in Nigeria.
Like Machupo, the virus is carried by rodents, but in this case we are talking about multi-nipple rats. These rodents transmit the virus to humans in the same way as the Bolivian field mice: most often people inhale urine vapours.
This is especially problematic given the widespread distribution of these rats, as well as their tendency to nest in houses close to food storage areas.
Lassa fever is so common in West Africa that outbreaks occur every year, infecting about 500,000 people. dies from this virus every year 20 000.
1. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Egyptian Grave Bagwing
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a relatively new disease that widespread in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula.
Although there have been no major outbreaks yet, there are fears that the deadly virus could spread quickly like SARS.
As in the case of SARS, the culprit in the spread of the virus is an animal, namely the Egyptian grave bagwing.
Scientists note that the virus does not get to humans through direct contact with this bat, but through intermediary. Tests have shown that a wide variety of animals can act as an intermediary, including camels, sheep, goats and cats.
There are infectious and parasitic diseases common to humans and animals. A person becomes infected with them through contact with sick animals, by eating their meat, contaminated water, and through the bites of blood-sucking insects and ticks. In this issue and the next we present a mini-encyclopedia of such diseases.
anthrax- acute febrile disease of domestic and wild animals and people. It is caused by an aerobic bacillus, which forms capsules in the body of an animal, and spores outside it. The causative agent of the disease can spread with water contaminated with contaminated wastewater from tanneries, wool washes and other enterprises that process animal raw materials, as well as with animal feed. Infection of people occurs when the skin of an animal is removed and processed through cracks, abrasions and other injuries to the skin of the hands, face and other exposed parts of the body, as well as through bloodsuckers. A person most often gets sick with a cutaneous form: a bluish-red nodule forms at the site of introduction of the bacillus, which then turns into a vesicle with a reddish liquid. After some time, it bursts, the tissues in that place die, and the same nodules and vesicles appear nearby. This whole process is accompanied by high temperature.
Rabies- acute infectious disease. It is caused by a filterable neurotropic virus invisible under a conventional microscope, transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one with saliva. If bitten by an animal, be sure to see a doctor for rabies vaccinations. In case of untimely treatment, a lethal outcome occurs in a hundred cases out of a hundred. Dogs living in summer cottages and hunting breeds for a long time should be vaccinated against rabies without fail.
The latent period of the disease is from 10 days to 1 year. The duration depends on the remoteness of the bite site from the central nervous system and the nature of the wound.
A characteristic sign of rabies in animals is shyness or pronounced irritability, reaching a rage. Sick cat dogs without sufficient reason rush to people and other animals, bite, eat inedible objects, tear their skin, try to run away. Dogs develop hoarse barking, convulsions, difficulty swallowing, followed by complete paralysis of the swallowing and chewing muscles, unsteady gait, paralysis of the hind limbs, and rabies. Death occurs in 4-6 days. With a silent form of rabies, animals cannot swallow food, general paralysis develops, leading to death.
Rabies control:
- sick and suspected animals should be isolated or destroyed;
- keep the corpses in a place inaccessible to animals (especially for rodents) until the arrival of wind workers, but not more than two days, after which they bury them in a cattle burial ground to a depth of at least 2 m;
- disinfect infected areas with a 2% solution of formalin or caustic soda or boiling water; clothes stained with the saliva of a sick animal should be washed, boiled and ironed;
- bitten people should be sent to the nearest sanitary and epidemiological station or medical institution for vaccination against rabies.
Brucellosis- a disease of domestic and wild animals and birds: wolves, foxes, hares, sparrows, pigeons, pheasants, etc. A person most often gets sick by eating the meat of an infected animal. The causative agent of brucellosis is a small, motionless rod that is visible under a microscope. It remains viable for a long time. Symptoms of the disease: fever up to 40 degrees, fever, which in some cases returns many times.
Tularemia- an infectious disease, most often they suffer from rodents and fur-bearing animals. Causes disease aerobic, visible under a light microscope, immobile bacterium. Infection occurs by contact, through the digestive or respiratory tract, and in the warm season - through blood-sucking insects. Hunters can become infected in swamps and meadows, when spending the night in infected haystacks, and when cutting the carcasses of caught sick animals. The causative agent of the disease can enter the human body while swimming in a pond, even through intact skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. The latent period of the disease is short.
Ornithosis, or psittacosis,- an infectious disease of domestic, wild birds (chickens, pheasants, ducks, pigeons, gulls, parrots) and humans. Called by a filter virus. The disease virus dies after 15 minutes at a temperature of 65–70 degrees, after three hours in a 3% solution of chloramine, it remains on ice for up to 2 months, it is resistant to drying. The disease often proceeds secretly, and therefore healthy-looking birds can be a source of dispersion of the pathogen. Birds become infected from patients, through contaminated food and air, in which there are small particles of feces, urine, feathers, and nasal discharge. People can become infected during the post-slaughter processing of birds - plucking feathers, butchering carcasses. It all starts with chills and weakness, accompanied by headache and pain in the joints. – Treatment requires hospitalization in an infectious diseases hospital.
In infected animals, mainly the central nervous system and peripheral nerves are affected. In dogs, depression of the general condition, emaciation, weakness, discharge from the eyes and nose, pallor of visible mucous membranes, cough, vomiting, shortness of breath, and fever are observed. Carriage of toxoplasma among people is quite common. From clinically healthy carriers, children with toxoplasmosis can be born. The transmission of the pathogen from one organism to another occurs in various ways: in utero, through contact with patients or the environment, through the digestive and respiratory tracts, sexually. Sputum, saliva, vomit, urine, feces (in animals also milk, meat) are infectious. Arthropods carry Toxoplasma mechanically. Flies, for example, after 2 hours (and bedbugs after 5 hours) can become a source of infection. The clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis in humans are extremely diverse.
Ringworm- fungal infection of the skin. Human infection occurs, as a rule, from dogs and cats, often domestic. The skin of the head, neck, limbs is affected. Usually on the head and cheeks are formed limited, dense, painful when pressed, dark-colored and almost hairless elevations. When pressed, pus is released. Untimely treatment leads to the formation of bald areas.
Fascioliasis- hepatohelminthic disease of deer, elk, hares, beavers, nutria, squirrels and cattle. The intermediate host of the pathogen fascioliasis is a freshwater mollusk.
Infection occurs by accidental ingestion of ants with food. Helminths injure tissues, their metabolic products sensitize the body. The bile ducts in dicroceliosis are dilated. The diagnosis is made when helminth eggs are found in the feces and duodenal juice. In human feces, there are also so-called transit eggs, which got into the diet of livestock affected by dicroceliasis and passed unchanged through the stomach and intestines.
Leptospirosis- an acute infectious disease that is quite dangerous for humans. Reproducing in the blood, viruses affect many internal organs, are localized in the kidneys and liver. Leptospira enter the human body through the affected areas of the body: cuts and wounds, as well as through the mucous membranes. Usually they become infected not from the animal itself, but from its feces and urine, for example, the virus can be caught by swimming in a dirty pond, where pets drink and bathe in the heat.
There are two forms of the course of the disease:
- icteric. The incubation period is 1-2 weeks. The onset is acute, the temperature is up to 40, general weakness, the sclera are injected. From the 2nd or 3rd day, the liver enlarges, intense muscle pains appear. From the side of the cardiovascular system, tachycardia is observed, there may be infectious myocarditis.
- anicteric. The incubation period is 4–10 days. The temperature rises, weakness develops, meningeal symptoms appear, indicating damage to the meninges.