Modern industrial production. The main trends in the development of modern production. Metallurgy in the Russian manufacturing industry

Having originated in the bowels of a subsistence household, the industry has gone through several stages in its development. Gradually, separate groups of production emerged, the focus of which began to be determined by local conditions and largely depended on the availability of appropriate raw materials and materials.

The separation of individual industries took place along with the development of science, technology and the division of labor.

Within the framework of the modern world economy, the entire industry is usually divided into two large groups: mining and processing. The first type is aimed at extracting from a wide variety of raw materials: minerals, wood, fish, animals, and so on.

In the current, focused on combustible fuel, a special role is given to the production of hydrocarbons. In the most developed countries, enterprises in the extractive industries are the property of the state and bring considerable income to the budget.

The manufacturing industries deal with the processing of extracted raw materials. Within the framework of the manufacturing industry, semi-finished products are produced, which then themselves become the starting materials for the manufacture of machines, mechanisms, building structures and other types of industrial products, including those required in the field of high technologies.

Conventionally, the entire industry is also divided into heavy and light. Most of the extractive industries, mechanical engineering, can be attributed to the first type. The light industry is represented by factories manufacturing consumer goods, textile factories, and shoe factories.

Modern industries

Actually, industries are called separate parts of the production sector, whose enterprises are aimed at manufacturing specific products. Each industry has its own technologies and features, as well as a different range of consumers. There are dozens of industries today.

Economists predict that some types of industries will disappear over time, and others will come in their place.

The most developed and promising industries in the world economy are considered to be the electric power industry, the fuel industry, and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking. All departments of the light and food industries, as well as the medical industry, have good development prospects. The importance of the space industry is growing every year.

A new direction in production is the so-called information industry. Its tasks include the production of information and computing facilities, communication equipment and electronic equipment. Software development is often singled out as a separate industry. The rapid and rapid development of information technology has brought these types of industry to a number of industries that are most in demand in the global economy.

The entry into the 21st century is characterized as a time of grandiose achievements of mankind in all areas of its life and, above all, in the field of industrial production. At the same time, it must be characterized taking into account the indisputable fact that the level of achievements in different countries and industries is significantly different, and this differentiation has both objective and specific reasons. But the main trends in the development of machine-building production can be considered on the example of industrialized countries.

In the context of the globalization of the economy, each country forms and pursues a state industrial and economic policy aimed at the development of certain industries. In the course of such processes, trends are clearly manifested that characterize the integrated sectoral orientation of the economies of various countries:

• - States whose economic structure is dominated by processing industries based on high technology, that is, countries supplying the market with final goods and services of highly organized industries. These countries are defined as the most developed;
• - states dominated by extractive industries, that is, countries that largely live off the resources given by nature, and which, due to the poor development of manufacturing industries, often even supply these resources to the world market not as an end product, but as a raw material for subsequent processing. Such countries are presented as underdeveloped.

The task of the state economic policy is to develop an industrial concept and economic mechanism based on priority domestic industries that will provide the country with the proper level of development of manufacturing industries within the framework of the international division of labor.

Today, the market dictates its own requirements, which must be taken into account at all stages of the creation of commercial products - from idea, design, production to disposal.

The industrial production of industrialized countries is characterized by the use of large-scale achievements of high-tech flexible industries. Today there is already a real opportunity to carry out technological control of the formation of predetermined properties of products. At the same time, the role of information technology at all stages of the product life cycle is growing sharply.

Currently, many new technologies are being created on the basis of the latest scientific achievements in the field of solid state physics, high pressure physics, optics, biochemistry, microelectronics, etc. This leads to revolutionary changes in commodity saturation in such industries as energy, transport technology, communications, computer technology, genetic engineering, etc.

Scientific and technological progress and competition, dictating the need to reduce production costs simultaneously both in the process of producing a specific product (that is, within the framework of the production goal) and in the system of the executive mechanism (that is, directly in the production structure) lead to the fact that many of the largest previously highly specialized enterprises become diversified. Under these conditions, the sectoral orientation is no longer manifested in the form of a specialized enterprise, but in the competitive struggle of diversified enterprises, the analysis of the functioning of which is currently becoming increasingly important both in terms of the production of a particular product, and in the nature of the actions of production structures - manufacturers of a particular product. another product presented in the industry markets.

Globalization, the creation of international strategic alliances has led to the fact that competition between enterprises has assumed an international character. Therefore, the development and mastering of new technologies is already important not only for individual enterprises, but also for the industry as a whole. This means that the stimulation of the development of new technologies is dictated by both intra-company interests and the interests of the entire industry.

The focus on new technologies and the rapid progress of production technology has led to the emergence of a progressive and flexible concentration of production, which has found its expression in the concept of computerized integrated production. . Reducing the duration of the production cycle, reducing funds, stocks in conjunction with the manufacture of products on the principle of "just in time" gave production certain reserves.

At the same time, production processes and machines began to be combined into complex high-performance systems in which technological and organizational chains depend on each other.

Investment in flexible manufacturing systems reinforces the need to maximize their time and capability. Errors and process disruptions bring downtime to this expensive system faster than traditional or manual fabrication. According to studies, many errors and violations of the manufacturing process are not caused by production equipment and not in the chain of the direct processing process, but mainly in the field of planning and supply.

In order to have a competitive production, one must learn how to ensure the operation of complex computer production with maximum productivity and quality. Highly advanced production with highly qualified personnel has additional advantages when it comes to the development of complex complex processes.

Thus, computerized integrated production can be considered as the global leading concept of industrial production in the second half of the 20th century.

The greatest progress in the development of computerized integrated production has been achieved by large enterprises in the aircraft and automotive industries, and the electronics industry. However, practice has shown that even these enterprises failed to fully implement the concept of computerized integrated production, but it has become generally recognized that only this direction is able to activate the vast rationalization potential in all areas of production.

Figure 1. Functions of computerized integrated manufacturing

High labor costs and short working hours, as well as constant monitoring of the execution of production tasks, accelerate the process of using automated production. However, full automation and computerization of production is still only a theory.

The most important stage in the development of production was the implementation of the Japanese concept of "Lean Production" - "lean production".

For Lean Production, a number of basic principles can be formulated:

Each employee is assigned the maximum number of tasks and responsibility for their implementation.

Shortcomings and problems in production are eliminated immediately.

An extensive information system, which can be used by every employee, provides high flexibility and a quick response to disturbances or changes in the production process.

Working groups have a high level of independence.

The production climate is subject to the unified strategy of the enterprise and determines mutual responsibility for the quality of work.

An analysis of these principles shows that the integration of production and the elimination of non-production losses are in the first place. Here systems technology has already displaced the classical division of labor. Automatic control systems and high reliability contribute to a significant increase in productivity. These provisions are prerequisites for high efficiency in automated production.

The combination of Lean Production principles allows for continuous improvement of the production process in the form of continuous (monotonous) or accelerated (jump-like) cost reduction by reducing wasteful (unproductive) costs.

Everything that does not directly contribute to the production of products is considered wasteful (non-production) expenses and is eliminated, with the exception of the most necessary activities of indirect employees. The duration of the production cycle, the timing and costs of manufacturing, the volume of funds and product quality are used as evaluation criteria.

The concept of the development of production at the turn of the millennium is based on a combination of the advantages of the concept of "lean production" and the concept of computerized integrated production of the first generation, since both pursue the same goals, follow the same principles. The integration of the principles of these concepts can lead to other concepts that can provide an increase in the efficiency of production along the lines of its increment and decentralization, taking into account the leading role of the human factor, which cannot be replaced by any level of computer development.

This concept is, of course, related to the reliability of technological processes, technological processes at the limits of what is possible, the management of the complex flow of the process by evolutionary production systems capable of learning, the use of new computing architectures. Usage systems should follow a decentralized production organization structure. The introduction of neural networks and evolutionary algorithms allow the best way to manage processes.

Modern industrial production is characterized by the fact that most of the technological processes are implemented in an area bordering on the limiting possibilities.

High productivity and quality, intensive use of equipment - these are characteristics that fundamentally exclude each other. The more we push the boundaries of performance and quality in a process, the more unreliable it becomes. On the other hand, it is possible to operate processes in the region of high speeds and at the same time achieve high savings in processing time and costs. The classical contradiction can be solved by controlling the technological process, the technological system.

Dynamically changing industrial production requires an equally dynamic change in organizational structures.

The world practice of post-industrial development confirms that the overcoming of difficult social problems lies, first of all, in the sphere of intensive development of national production, its manufacturing industries, and on this basis, the creation of the proper number of jobs that provide a high subsistence minimum for the absolute majority of the country's population. In industrialized countries, this is not only an economic, but also a social task that unites the actions of both the state and business, and only through their joint efforts can tough social confrontation be overcome on the basis of the social orientation of the economy.

In modern factories, the share of wages and social security payments today is about 50-70% of total production costs, excluding material costs. As a result of this development, it became possible to use the labor of a noticeably smaller number of people in the manufacture of products. At the same time, the creative share of work is increasingly shifting towards planning and management, i.e. further and further away from the direct manufacturing process.

There is a movement of production personnel from the area of ​​direct production to the area of ​​planning and management or to the service sector of the means of production.

The most important basic task of solving social problems is the development of manufacturing industries, and, therefore, the creation of a proper number of jobs in this spectrum. Assessing the role, the structure of the machine-building complex, the state, the volume of costs for its restoration and ensuring the necessary pace of development, it can be argued that these tasks cannot be solved within the framework of its individual enterprises and even other larger production structures. And this means that the problem of jobs in mechanical engineering is a major national task.

The degradation of engineering industries in the last fifteen to twenty years has led to the loss of a large number of specialists, both as a result of their transition to other areas of activity, and “brain drain”. That is why the problem of creating jobs in mechanical engineering when setting tasks to ensure its development is closely related to such issues in personnel policy as the formation of highly qualified specialists - doctors and candidates of sciences; training of engineering and technical staff; ensuring the training of craftsmen and workers of various skill levels.

In industry in general and in the engineering industry in particular, there are a number of negative factors that reproduce the above and other problems again and again, creating a large-scale systemic crisis in engineering.

The main systemic negative factors include:

degradation of fixed assets of mechanical engineering, which has reached a critical point;

low product quality, high production costs (metal consumption, energy costs, transportation), low profitability of production and, as a result, lack of working capital and investment funds for development;

inefficient personnel policy, which does not contribute to the involvement of qualified specialists in the field of industrial production, scientific, technical and technological activities;

imperfection of the legislative base on the state industrial policy, technical regulation, pricing for engineering products, etc., giving rise to:

l outpacing growth in prices for products and services of natural monopolies;

Lack of standards for manufactured products brought to international requirements;

ь limited capacity of the domestic market due to insufficiently high growth rates of the country's economy;

l low competitiveness of Belarusian engineering products in the domestic and foreign markets and low investment attractiveness of engineering (as a result of the above factors).

At the same time, it should be recognized that the main reason for the current situation is the lack of a justified, based on the achievements of science and technology, a unified state strategy for the transformation and accelerated development of domestic industry.

Modern Russia is an industrial-agrarian country with a significant predominance of industrial production.

The current position of Russia in the world economy is characterized by contradictory trends. On the one hand, it has significant natural and labor resources, a large production potential, occupies a leading position in the production and export of many important goods (albeit mainly in the fuel and raw material group), has a strong scientific and technical potential, and a high educational level of the population. On the other hand, the economic downturn of the 1990s led to a significant weakening of Russia's position in the world economy: the country's share in the total world GDP decreased from 3.6% in 1990 to 1.7% in 2002 products - from 4.6 to 1.8%. Being a medium-developed country, in a number of parameters it occupies an intermediate position in the world economy between developed and developing countries.

Gas sub-sector is the leader in the fuel and energy complex of the country. About a third of the world's proven natural gas reserves are concentrated in Russia.

Russia supplies gas through the system of main pipelines to the European countries of the CIS, the Baltic countries, Eastern and Western Europe.

Oil industry Russia is represented by the extraction of fuel in oil and gas basins and its use in oil refineries. They focus on the places of consumption of products of its processing, therefore they deliver raw materials through the network of oil pipelines to European regions.

Power industry. The power balance of Russia is dominated by thermal power plants (TPPs) - they generate 2/3 of the country's total electricity. The largest TPPs in Russia are Surgutskaya, Reftinskaya, Kostromskaya GRES.

Hydraulic power plants (HPP) - generate a fifth of the electricity in the country. The largest in Russia is the Angara-Yenisei and Volga-Kama HPP cascades.

Metallurgical complex.Russia is well provided with raw materials for development ferrous metallurgy.Three metallurgical bases have developed in the country, in which 90% of cast iron, steel and rolled products are produced .:

Central metallurgical base, coal for which comes from the Pechersk and Kuznetsk basins.

The oldest is the Ural base, the formation of which began on the basis of its own reserves of iron ore and firewood.

The youngest is the Siberian metallurgical base, which uses coal from the Kuznetsk basin, iron ore from the Kemerovo region, the Angara region, the Sayan foothills.

Non-ferrous metallurgy specializes in the production of aluminum, copper, nickel and lead. The aluminum industry uses its own ores, processing them in factories. The region of development of the copper industry in Russia is the Urals, whose enterprises use both local and imported raw materials from Kazakhstan.

Machine building complex occupies an important place in the Russian economy and consists of 70 industries that can be divided into 4 groups:

1) Heavy engineering (Urals);

2) Transport engineering: automotive industry (Tolyatti, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny); aerospace industry (Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Voronezh); railway (central and northwestern regions); shipbuilding (St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Arkhangelsk);

3) Agricultural engineering;

4) Machine tool and instrument making.

Basic chemistry in Russia it is represented by the production of acids, mineral fertilizers and soda. The production of potash fertilizers is concentrated only in the Urals, the production of phosphate fertilizers is oriented either to the sources of raw materials or is close to the consumers of products - agricultural regions.

Light industry: cotton, footwear and fur industry.

The existing structure of the economy, with a predominance of industries that produce means of production, does not meet modern requirements. Structural adjustment is needed in the direction of increasing the share of industries producing consumer goods, as well as the non-productive sector. Russia must move from the industrial to the post-industrial stage of development. Today, only Moscow and St. Petersburg have made this transition. The Moscow region, the Volga region, the industrial zone of the Urals, the oil and gas production areas of Western Siberia, the Kuzbass, the Angara region and some other territories are still at the industrial stage of development. And Kalmykia, Tuva, regions of the north of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are at the pre-industrial stage. The remaining regions of the country are moving from a pre-industrial to an industrial type of economy.

Ticket number 10

1) Comprehensive economic and geographical characteristics of India.

Territory - 3.3 million km 2

Population - 1130 million people

The capital is Delhi.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula, washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean. India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The length of the Indian-Chinese border is especially great. It runs along the main Himalayan range. India ranks seventh in the world in terms of area and second in terms of population.

India is the most populated country in the world after China. According to the last census, the population of India as of July 2001 was 1,030 million. In other words, every seventh inhabitant of our planet is an Indian. India's annual population growth is 14%. The country has a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate. India is the most multiethnic country in the world. It has several hundred nationalities and tribal groups. The official languages ​​are Hindi and English. Nearly 100% of India's population is religious according to the census. The main religious and ethnic system of India is Hinduism, it is practiced by 83% of the country's population. About 12% are Muslims, the rest are Sikhs, Christians, Jainas, Buddhists, Parsis, etc. India's labor resources are very significant, but unskilled labor prevails. The proportion of literate people among the adult population of the country is 48%. Unemployment is high (more than 30 million people are registered). India is one of the most socially polarized countries in the world. More than 300 million people (1/3 of the population) live below the "poverty line".

The population density in India is 260 people per km² (high). There are more men in India than women. This is explained by increased mortality among women associated with early marriages and numerous early childbearings. The average number of children in a family is currently five. The most densely populated coastal areas (states of Karala, West Bengal) and the Indo-Gangetic lowland.

About 3/4 of the country is plains and plateaus. India is rich in minerals. The country has the largest iron ore reserves in the world, which is ¼ world reserves. India also has significant reserves of manganese ores. Of the energy minerals, coal is of the greatest importance. South India is rich in bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold and uranium. Radioactive thorium extracted from beach sands can become an important source of energy. The country is located in the tropical and subequatorial monsoon climatic zones. It is characterized by a clear alternation of wet and dry seasons. The rivers of India have significant energy potential and are also the main source for irrigation. Land resources are the main natural wealth of the country. More than half of the country's territory is cultivated land. A significant part of the soils is highly fertile. Forests occupy about 1/5 of the area of ​​India, but there is still not enough wood. For the rural population, forest is the most important source of fuel and building material.

India is one of the leaders of the Third World countries. On the one hand, it is an industrialized state, which basically provides for its needs in almost all sectors. On the other hand, agriculture remains the dominant sector of the Indian economy. It employs about 70% of the entire workforce. Foreign trade is of considerable importance for the country's economy. However, India is still little involved in the international division of labor. In exports, the share of finished and science-intensive products is growing.

India is an agro-industrial country. It belongs to the group of “key developing countries”, which have huge resource and human potential, intensively develop their industry and play an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. India's share in world income is about 2%, and in the world population - more than 17%. Disproportions in the structure of the country's GDP and EAN are no less indicative.

Branches of specialization: ferrous metallurgy, fuel and energy complex, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, light industry, food industry. All this provides the country with the necessary production.

India is a country of ancient agricultural culture. The South Asian region is home to rice, cotton, eggplant, cucumber, lemon, orange, mango, sugarcane, and sesame. It is still one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. The leading branch of agriculture in India is crop production (4/5 of the value of all products). The main part of the cultivated area is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, etc. India has two agricultural seasons - summer and winter, which is associated with the agro-climatic features of the monsoon climate. Rice, cotton, jute are grown in summer; in winter - wheat, barley, etc. Animal husbandry is the second most important branch of agriculture in India, much inferior to crop production. Cattle (buffaloes, cows, oxen) are used in peasant farms mainly as draft power. Despite the fact that India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock, livestock is not a significant supplier of mass production. The population practically does not use animal meat for food (Indians are traditionally vegetarians). Milk, hide and skin of animals are used.

The features of modern production are: specialization, interchangeability, the level of technology, the predominant production of services and the development of small businesses, the limited or rarity of resources.

1. Specialization. It is based on the technological and professional division of labor and is connected with the fact that on the way to the final product created by man to meet his needs from the forces and substances of nature, production is divided into a large number of intermediate stages that form independent organizations (enterprises). Specialization rests on the technological isolation of production and differences in the abilities of people and increases productivity and labor efficiency. It leads to the fact that for the consumption of a relatively small amount of final goods and services necessary for a person, a large number of intermediate types of goods are produced. As a result of specialization, no one produces even the smallest part of what he consumes, and there is a need for exchange, which leads to complete interdependence commodity producers. At the same time, the specialization of production is not limited to the territories of individual countries, it extends to all world economy- and there is an international exchange of goods and services. The degree of the international division of labor today is such that we are talking about economic globalization, in which many types of production in individual countries become part of a single world economy. The rapid development of transport and communication systems expands the geographic boundaries of markets and leads to the creation single world market.

Very large investments are spent on the development and creation of a new product and technology for its production. For example, for the development of a new series of electronic machines, the American concern JBM once spent about $ 5 billion. Such gigantic costs, if they are regular, can completely exhaust national resources. Therefore, international specialization and cooperation are a necessary condition for the normal functioning of the economy of each country. Russia, like other countries, is not able to develop and produce the entire range of products it needs, numbering about 200 million items in the world. It produces about 25 million items, but needs 40–50 million items; i.e. 15–25 million types of goods are the unmet needs of the country's population, which must be met through imports. To ensure the balance of trade, a country can import goods from other countries only for the amount of foreign exchange that it receives from the export of its goods. Therefore, a prerequisite for the well-being of the country's population, economic security and political independence of the country is the production by enterprises of such goods and services that have competitive advantage in the global market.

2. Interchangeability. The property of all types of consumed goods and services is their non-identity. But at the same time, a relatively rare number of them is not interchangeable. It is enough to pay attention to grocery stores, when visiting which we are faced with such a large variety of products offered to us that can satisfy our need for food. Because of this, we often experience certain difficulties in choosing them. All types of production resources are also interchangeable with each other. For example, on fertile plots of land, with less labor, you can get the same harvest as on bad plots. In this case, one can speak not about the direct replacement of land and labor, but about the savings in labor that occurs when the best plots of land are used. Modern manipulators and robots allow you to create automated (unmanned) production.

3. Level of technology. Each production has its own technology, and each technology is characterized by its inherent set of resources and their specific combination, determined by the appropriate way of converting production resources into a new good. For example, the most common type of modern energy, which is electricity, can be produced at nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plants, using the power of wind, sea tides, chemical reactions, solar energy, etc. As a result of scientific and technological progress, the amount of knowledge increases about ways and means of transformation of production resources. New processes and related machines and mechanisms arise, the professionalism of workers grows, new ideas and new knowledge necessary for their implementation appear, there is a continuous improvement in production technology, with the help of which it is possible to produce more goods from a constant amount of resources or to produce the same amount of goods. use fewer resources.

A feature of modern scientific and technological progress is the continuous acceleration of its growth rates, and information communications are so perfect that many novelties, in whatever country they arise, quickly become known to the whole world. As a result, the technology used quickly becomes obsolete, becomes uncompetitive, requires continuous updating, improvement and development, and the production itself becomes innovative. Today, many foreign companies have created new industrial technologies, consisting of robots, CNC machine tools, computer programs for design, design, engineering analysis and control over machinery, which are coordinated by one computer. Such technologies are called "computer-integrated manufacturing technologies". They usually consist of three parts:

· computer design in which computers are used in the creation of drawings, design and engineering analysis and design of new products;

· computer production, which uses computer-controlled machines used in the processing of materials, the production of parts and the assembly of products. Computer production allows you to quickly switch production lines from one type of product to any other, changing only the instructions for the machine or the program for the computer, which allows you to quickly meet the needs of consumers in design or in the range of products;

· integrated information network, which, using a computerized system, links all aspects of an organization's activities, including accounting, procurement of raw materials, materials, warehouse operation, design, production, marketing, etc. It gives managers the ability to make decisions and manage the production process as a whole.

The use of computer-integrated manufacturing technologies ensures the highest possible level of product quality and cost reduction, allows mass production at a low price, production of products adapted to the specific needs of customers, when each product is unique and created at the request of the buyer. “Today you can buy a computer built to fit your needs, jeans tailored to your shape, glasses specially made to fit your face, a CD of music of your choice, and pills with such a set of vitamins and minerals. which one is right for you."

4. Predominant service production and small business development. As early as the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, the leading countries of economic development lost the features of industrial development and began to acquire signs of a post-industrial society, in whose economy, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution and a significant increase in household incomes, the priority shifted from the production of goods to the predominant production of services. Production is increasingly focused not on satisfying mass needs, but on the specialized needs of different groups of consumers, i.e., on markets of small capacity. These countries include the United States, where the service sector accounts for more than 80% of gross domestic product (GDP) (2002), the European Union - about 70% of GDP (2004), Japan - about 68% of GDP (2001). The share of services in Russia's GDP in 2007 was about 61%.

The development of the service sector has led to a sharp increase in entrepreneurial structures and the formation of a large number of small businesses. Small enterprises in a market economy occupy a special place. In many countries with developed market economies, the performance of small businesses determines the rate of economic growth, the structure and quality of GDP, accounting for up to 70–80% of its total volume. The “Japanese miracle” and the role of small business in the Japanese economy are well known. Only in the manufacturing industry of the country there are about 6.5 million small and medium-sized enterprises, which is 99% of their total number. They employ about 40 million people (81% of all employees). In the US, small businesses produce more than 60% of all services, half of all products, and almost half of all ideas and innovations. Small enterprises, of which there are more than 7 million, employ 100 million people.

Russian legislation defines two criteria for classifying as "small enterprises": the number of employees and the share in the founder's capital. In terms of the maximum number, small enterprises include:

in industry, construction and transport - 100 people;

· in agriculture, in innovative activity and scientific and technical sphere - 60 people;

· in retail trade and consumer services - 30 people;

· in other industries and in the implementation of other activities - 50 people.

The status of "small" is not granted to an enterprise in the founding capital of which the share of a legal entity or individuals exceeds 25%. In other words, "small enterprises" are enterprises that are not connected in their functioning by the decisions of other legal entities or individuals in the choice of strategy and tactics of action.

The main advantages of small business include:

small business in most of its forms is available to many citizens due to small initial capital investments and the lack of need for large working capital;

· increased mobility, flexibility, the ability to quickly respond to changes in market demand;

· the problem of creation of new workplaces is solved;

Small enterprises have lower overhead costs and less management apparatus than large ones;

· With the development of a network of small enterprises, local raw materials are widely used, and in many cases production waste.

Small business plays an insignificant role in the Russian economy. Firstly, the share of small enterprises in the total number of enterprises at the beginning of 2008 was 25%, while in the EU countries it was about 70-90%. Secondly, the share of people employed in small businesses is only 13.6% of all employed in the economy, and small businesses produce only 12% of GDP. Thirdly, in the countries of Western Europe there are on average 40 small enterprises per thousand inhabitants, in the USA - about 75, and in Russia - only eight. Fourth, almost a third of small businesses are concentrated in the two largest cities: Moscow (19%) and St. Petersburg (about 11%). For Russia, the development of small business is of particular importance. The formation of the middle class and, to a large extent, the state of "health" of society, its psychological climate, depend on the level of its development.

5. Limited or scarce resources. The material needs of people are literally limitless and unsatisfactory. This happens for two reasons. Firstly, the number of the population is constantly growing and, secondly, with scientific and technological progress, the number of goods and services produced increases, new, hitherto unknown benefits appear, which are the subject of satisfying new human needs. From the moment a new good appears to the organization of its mass production, a long period of time is needed. As a result, people in many situations are faced with the problem of income or resources falling short of growing needs. The unlimited need and limited (rarity) of resources forces organizations to maximize (rational) use of available resources, which leads to the emergence of such an important concept as economic efficiency. Production operates efficiently if it is at the frontier of its production possibilities and, depending on the type of activity, creates a good at the lowest cost or receives the greatest profit. This means that workers are willing and able to work, they should not be idle or forced to be out of work, suitable and available natural resources and equipment are fully utilized, the production technology corresponds to the achieved level of scientific and technological progress, the good produced is competitive and causes demand among consumers. The subject of studying the content of the economic efficiency of the production of various goods is the science of economics. Economics is the science of the efficient use of scarce multi-purpose production resources to maximize the satisfaction of the unlimited needs of people. It consists of two fundamental sections - microeconomics and macroeconomics.

- an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with tools and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded in general. Among other branches of the economy, industry stands out for its complex and district-forming functions.

In 2008, Russia operated 456 thousand industrial enterprises, where 14.3 million people were employed, providing output in the amount of 20613 billion rubles.

Russian industry has complex diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in development, in improving the territorial division of social labor associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social sector, many industries, sub-sectors and types of industries have arisen, which in their totality form the sectoral structure of industry. In the current classification of industry, 11 complex industries and 134 sub-sectors are identified.

Sectoral structure of Russian industry* (% of total)

Industries	1992	1995	2000	2004
Industry - in general	100	100	100	100
Including:	8,1	10,5	9,2	7,6
	14,0	16,9	15,8	17,1
Of which: oil	9,0	10,9	10,4	12,1
oil refining	2,3	2,6	2,3	2,1
gas	1,4	1,8	1,7	1,5
coal	1,2	1,5	1,4	1,3
ferrous metallurgy	6,7	7,7	8,6	8,2
non-ferrous metallurgy	7,3	9,0	10,3	10,3
mechanical engineering and metalworking	23,8	0	20,5	22,2
chemical and petrochemical	6,4	19,2	7,5	7,2
forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper	5,0	6,3	4,8	4,3
production of building materials	4,4	5,1	2,9	2,9
light	5,2	3,7	1,8	1,4
food	14,5	2,3	14,9	15,4
flour-grinding and mixed fodder	4,0	2,0	1,6	1,2

Since 2005, domestic statistics have switched to a slightly different classification of industries, which is designated as a division of the volume of shipped goods of own production, work performed and services into three groups of industries:

• mining;
• manufacturing industries;
• production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

At the same time, 2/3 falls on manufacturing industries, the share of which is slowly increasing, more than 1/5 - on the extraction of minerals, and about 1/10 - on the third division.

The sectoral structure of industry is determined by many social and economic factors, the main of which are: the level of development of production, technical progress, socio-historical conditions, the production skills of the population, and natural resources. The most significant of them, characterizing changes in the sectoral structure of industry, is scientific and technological progress.

The industry is divided into:

• mining, which includes industries associated with the extraction and enrichment of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the extraction of sea animals, catching fish and other marine products;
• processing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the extractive industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, forestry and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry.

According to the economic purpose of products the whole industry is divided into two large groups: group "A" - the production of means of production and group "B" - the production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, since the natural form of manufactured products does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both industrial and non-industrial consumption, they are classified in one group or another, depending on the actual use.

The sectoral structure of the industry of modern Russia is characterized by:

• the predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
• a low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
• a low share of light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
• high proportion of branches of the military-industrial complex.

Such an industrial structure cannot be considered efficient. The branches of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and the military-industrial complex are called “three pillars of Russian industry”, because they determine its face and role in the international system of territorial division of labor.

During the economic crisis of the 1990s. The largest decline in production was observed in the manufacturing industries, especially in mechanical engineering and light industry. At the same time, the sectors of the extractive industry and the primary processing of raw materials increased their share in the industrial production of Russia. Changes in the sectoral structure of industry are also due to the physical wear and tear and obsolescence of equipment, which is reflected in the upper floors of the industry that produce technically complex products. At the beginning of 2008, the degree of depreciation in the group of industries extracting minerals exceeded 53%, in manufacturing - 46%, and in industries involved in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 52%.

With the exit from the economic crisis, there is a revival in almost all industries, especially mechanical engineering, food, pulp and paper industries and individual chemical and petrochemical industries. And yet today the sectoral structure of Russia's industrial production has much more features of a developing country than an economically developed country.

Forms of territorial organization of industry. The spatial combination of industries and individual industries is formed under the influence of many factors. These include the provision of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy, material and labor resources. The noted factors are closely related to each other, having a certain impact on the location of enterprises and various sectors of the economy. In the process of locating industrial production, various forms of its territorial organization have developed.

Large economic zones are vast territorial formations with characteristic natural and economic conditions for the development of productive forces.

There are two major economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

• Western, which includes the European part of the country together with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the predominant development of manufacturing industries;
• Eastern, which includes the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is distinguished by the presence of large reserves of fuel and energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

Such a division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the prospective territorial proportions of the country's economic complex.

industrial areas They are large territories with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction in the development of productive forces, with an appropriate existing material and technical base, industrial and social infrastructure.

On the territory of Russia, about 30 industrial areas, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country. The highest concentration of industrial regions is observed in the Urals - 7 (Tagilsko-Kachkanarsky, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Verkhne-Kamsky, South-Bashkirsky and Orsko-Khalilovsky), in the Center - 4 (Moscow, Tula-Novomoskovsky, Bryansko-Lyudinovsky and Ivanovsky ) and in the north of the Volga region (Samara, Nizhnekamsk, South Tatar). In the east of the country, industrial regions are mainly located in the zone of the Trans-Siberian Railway - Kuznetsk in Western Siberia, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo in Eastern Siberia, South Yakutsk and South Primorsky in the Far East. The Far North is characterized by focal distribution of industrial areas - Kola in the European North, Sredneobsky and Nizhneobsky in Western Siberia, Norilsk in Eastern Siberia. The specialization of the economy of each industrial region reflects the direction of development of the economy of the region in whose territory it is located.

Industrial agglomerations— territorial economic entities characterized by a high level of concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as a high population density. The economic prerequisites for the development of industrial agglomeration are a high level of concentration and diversification of production, as well as the possibility of the most efficient use of industrial and social infrastructure systems.

The compact placement of a group of enterprises in various sectors of the economy leads to a reduction in the occupied territory required for industrial construction by an average of 30%, and reduces the number of buildings and structures by 25%. Savings reach 20% of the cost of common facilities due to the creation of unified utility and auxiliary complexes, production and social infrastructure.

The country has large industrial agglomerations: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, etc. However, excessive development and concentration of production beyond certain limits have a negative impact, significantly reducing the economic effect. This is primarily due to environmental issues and the development of the social sphere.

An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries located compactly in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of territorial division of labor of the country, the presence of industrial relations between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Industrial units are planned and developed as elements of dissected spatial structures of territorial production complexes and represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated process of development of the territorial structure of the economy.

Similar forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing not only in old industrial areas (for example, in Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and enrichment of iron ore of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, and in Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant with related industries), but and in areas of new development (Sayanogorsk, which is being formed on the basis of the electric power industry generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations, and energy-intensive industries).

industrial centers for the most part, they do not have technological ties with each other, therefore, such placement reduces the possibilities for the development of cooperation, and, consequently, their growth efficiency. Regional centers serve as an example.

Under industrial point understand the territory within which one or more enterprises of the same industry are located (small towns and workers' settlements).

In recent decades, such forms of industrial organization as technopolises and technoparks have also developed in Russia, which can be used to restructure production on a new technological basis, maintain scientific and technical potential and finance science, and attract investment.

In Russia, technopolises and technoparks are created on the basis of educational and research institutes that maintain close ties with industry. They exist in the form of joint ventures (JV), joint-stock companies (JSC), associations, etc. Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are being developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Tomsk. The creation of technoparks in Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Chelyabinsk (closed cities of the military-industrial complex) is being planned.

National economy- a historically established complex (set) of industries of a given country, interconnected by a division of labor.

— an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation.

The industry of Russia has a complex diversified diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in improving the territorial division of social labor associated with scientific and technological progress.

Industries

Fuel and Energy Complex

One of the intersectoral complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interacting branches of the fuel industry and the electric power industry, meeting the needs of the national economy and the population in fuel and energy resources.

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and distribution of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached 60% in the country's export balance.

Fuel industry. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in the modern economy. In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world.

The fuel and energy complex includes such industries as:

• Gas industry
• coal industry
• Oil industry
• Power industry

Gas industry

is the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in the production, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas.

Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production. About 1/3 of the explored world reserves of natural gas are concentrated on the territory of Russia. The European part accounts for 11.6%, the eastern regions 84.4%. Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia.

The development of the gas industry is closely related to gas pipeline transport. The Unified Gas Supply System has been created in Russia to transport gas. Most often, gas pipelines lead from the territory of western Siberia to the west.

Russian gas pipelines:

• Brotherhood
• Radiance of the North
• Yamal-Europe (connects gas fields in the north of Western Siberia with end-users in Western Europe)
• Blue Stream (along the bottom of the Black Sea to Turkey)
• South Stream (along the bottom of the Black Sea to Italy and Austria)
• Nord Stream (along the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Germany)

Oil industry

— engages in the extraction and transportation of oil, as well as the extraction of associated gas.

Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of global reserves, 6th in the world)

The largest oil fields:

• Samotlor
• Ust-Balykskoe
• Megion
• Yugansk
• Kholmogorskoe
• Variegonskoe

coal industry

- is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of hard and brown coal and is the largest branch of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

Coal mining. China USA Germany, India

Coal mining in Russia:

1. Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) (Kemerovo region) (55%)
2. Kansk-Achinsk coal basin - open pit mining and the lowest cost. Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk - cities of consumption (one seventh)
3. The South Yakutsk coal basin (9%) is mined in an open way, has a high quality (hard coal is mined), a significant part of the coal is exported to Japan,
4. The Pechersk corner of the basin is located on the territory of Yakutia, it accounts for 7-8%, coal is very expensive, it is mined. Used in the skull metallurgical plant)
5. Eastern wing of the dombass. Mine production. Coal is expensive at the cost of production. the rock is very thin

Coal basins of local type:

• Carboniferous (Kizelovsky Irkutsk, Buriinsky Alexandrovsky)
• lignite (Moscow basin, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, Lower Zeya)
• Promising basins (those basins that are not being developed) (Lensky in the Lena River basin and Tunguska in the Yenisei basin)

Power industry

- part of the fuel and energy complex, providing the production and distribution of electricity and heat.

In terms of power generation, Russia ranks fourth in the world after the United States, China and Japan.

The production of electricity is carried out by thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants.

TPP

Thermal power plants provide two thirds of energy in the Russian Federation

They are built relatively quickly and at lower cost, and are located either in fuel extraction areas or in consumption areas.

As fuel use:

• Coal: Nazarovskaya, Irsha-Borodinskaya, Berezovskaya (in the Kansk-Achinsk basin)

• Mazut: a group of Surgut power plants

• Gas: konakokskaya

• Peat: Ivanovskaya

A variety of thermal power plants is thermal power plants located only in areas of consumption, since their radius of action does not exceed 25 kilometers.

nuclear power station

14% electricity

They are being built in areas of consumption where there are no own energy resources, since one kilogram of uranium replaces 2,500 tons of coal.

The highest density of nuclear power plants in the European part of Russia.

Russia is a pioneer in the development of nuclear energy.

NPPs in Russia:

• Kola
• Leningradskaya (40 km from St. Petersburg)
• Kalininskaya
• Smolensk
• Kursk
• Novovoronesk, Rostov
• Balakovskaya
• Beloyarskaya
• Bilivinskaya (in Chukotka)

hydroelectric power station

15% of total electricity generation.

Hydroelectric power stations are built on large rivers. We have the most powerful hydroelectric power stations. The most powerful former Sayano-Shushenskaya)

• Sayano-Shushenskaya 6.4
• Krasnoyarsk
• Brotherly 4.5
• Ust-ilimskaya 4.3

These are located on the Yenisei. We built less powerful ones on the Volga River. They have different power (maximum 2.2 million kilowatts per year)

A variety of hydroelectric power plants are TPPs (tidal power plants). it is most profitable to build in rocky areas (for example, on the Kola Peninsula, it is called Kislogubskaya).

A new type - geothermal power plants - generate electricity from the internal heat of the earth, near volcanoes, for example, in Yakutia, the Paurzhetskaya GTES, and the recently released Mainutnovskaya.

Metallurgical complex

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy includes a full cycle (cast iron > steel > rolled metal) - this is a full-cycle metallurgy, and there is also pig metallurgy, there is no cast iron in it (steel > rolled metal).

Russia ranks first in the world in ferrous metallurgy, fourth in production.

The first place in production in Russia is the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.

Factors that affect the placement of ferrous metallurgy:

• availability of raw materials
• Fuel availability
• presence of water
• availability of electricity

In accordance with this, metallurgical plants are located either in the areas of extraction of raw materials (Lipetsk, Stary Oskol) or in the areas of extraction of fuel (Novokuznetsk) or between them (Cherepovets).

On the territory of Russia there was three metallurgical bases. One of the bottom Ural- the most powerful 45% of the metal, and the oldest in time of occurrence. There are four full cycle metallurgical plants (Chelyabinsk Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk Nizhny Tagil); all of them are located in the eastern part of the Urals. Converting plants are located on the western slopes of the Urals (Zlatoust, Chusavoy, Serov).

Central metallurgy gives 37% of the metal and allocate two subzones(southern- here iron ore is its own, coal is nearby, but the problem of water is acute (Lipetsk and Stary Oskol) and northern the subzone is the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, where iron ore comes from Karelia, and coal from Pechora.

Converting plants are located in Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Kulebaki.

The third metallurgical base - Siberian(18% of ferrous metals) there are two full-cycle plants here - West Siberian and Novokuznetsk.

The raw material in the CM has two features:

• low grade of metal in ore
• multicomponent composition

Production of non-ferrous metals includes:

• booty
• enrichment
• concentrate production
• rough metal production
• refining

Factors placement of non-ferrous metals:

• raw material
• fuel and energy

According to the physical properties, CMs are divided into two groups:

• light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium)
• Heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin)

Depending on this gradation, the CM is divided into two sub-sectors:

• metallurgy of light metals;
• heavy metal metallurgy

Metallurgy of light metals

The raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite and nickeline.

Aluminum production includes two stages:

• production of alumina, which is located at the feedstock.
• the production of metallic aluminum, which is very electrically intensive and is located near large sources of cheap electricity. (these are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayano-Gorsk, Shelekhov - all these four plants are located in Eastern Siberia, Volgograd, Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, all these plants are based on hydroelectric power plants, but Novokuznetsk, Kamensk-Uralsky are based on thermal power plants, that make them work.

Metallurgy of heavy metals

Very material intensive. and is usually located near sources of raw materials (100 tons of ore is used to produce one ton of copper, 300 tons of ore is used to produce one ton of tin)

copper industry

The main copper deposits are located in the Urals, regions of eastern Siberia and the northern region.

Nickel-cobalt production.

The main reserves are the north of eastern Siberia, the Urals, the Murmansk region.

Aluminum, copper and nickel - eastern Siberia, the Urals and the northern economic region - they are all produced together only here. tin west is located in the north 85%.

polymetallic ores (lead and zinc) polymetallic ores are located in mountainous regions along the southern borders (northern Caucasus, northern Ossetia, south of western Siberia, south of eastern Siberia and in the Primorsky Territory in the Far East.)

Placement Factors Mechanical Engineering:

• Specialization and cooperation of production
• Availability of highly qualified labor resources
• Presence of a consumer
• Availability of raw materials
• Transport and geographical position

Automotive industry

Everything except raw materials has a decisive influence on placement. First place in terms of production: the economic regions of Tolyatti, Ulyanovsk, Engels, Chelny embankments., the second place is the Volgovyatsky district - Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, the third place is the central regions - Golitsino, Likeno, Serpukhov, Ivanovo, the last place is the Urals - Izhevsk, Kurgan, Miass , new centers.

Carriage building

Determining factors:

• raw material
• transport and geographical position

Types of wagons:

• Freight wagons: Abakan, Novoaltaisk
• Passenger cars — Tver, Korolev
• Tram cars - Ust-Katav,
• Subway cars: Mytishchi, Egorov Leningrad Plant
• Electric trains: Riga, Denyukhov district

Locomotive building is divided into electric locomotives and diesel locomotives.

To the factors of location of electric locomotives - historical factors are added. in the USSR, the largest was Tbilisi, now Novocherkassk.

Production of diesel locomotives - Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Udelnaya, Murom, Bryansk

Shipbuilding

placement factors:

• specialization and cooperation is the most important
• labor resources

Marine shipbuilding

Large factories: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg, in the north Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

River shipbuilding - on the Volga - Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd Astrakhan, on the Ob Tyumen, on the Eniei Krasnoyarsk, on the Amur Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Tractor building

Placement factors:

• raw material
• consumer

Tractors are produced:

• agricultural - Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk,
• industrial - Kirovets (St. Petersburg) Cheboksary.
• skidders - the city of Petrozavodsk (where there are forests)
• potato harvesters — Ryazan
• flax harvesters — Bezhevsk, Tver region

Agricultural engineering is located at the consumer's, but taking into account the specifics of agriculture in a given territory. Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk.

Timber industry complex

Peculiarities:

• the predominance of conifers (90%)
• predominance of mature and overmature stands (60 years for hardwoods, 100 years for conifers)
• uneven placement

The timber industry is divided into three sectors: logging located in forested areas:

• northern region (Arkhangelsk region, Republic of Komi and Karelia)
• Ural region (Perm region and Sverdlovsk region)
• western siberia (south of the tyumen region and tomsk region)
• Eastern Siberia (south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region and the Far East (Amur Region, Kharabovsky and Primorsky Territories)

Woodworking industry

It is located in logging areas, in the lower reaches of raftable rivers, at the intersection of raftable rivers with roads, in consumer areas.

Pulp and paper industry placement factors:

• availability of raw materials
• availability of electricity
• presence of water

Paper production:

• The first place in production is occupied by the northern region - it produces more than half of all paper - Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar, Segezha, Kandapoga.
• The second place in the production of paper produces paper - they produce special paper - stamped - Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishevsk, Novaya Lyalya,
• The third place is occupied by the Volga-Vyatka economic region - Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk
• Fourth place - northwestern region - Svetogorsk
• The fifth place is eastern Siberia - Bratsk and Ust-Ilinsk. and the Far East. city ​​of Amursk

but on the territory of western Siberia there is no pulp and paper industry.

Chemical complex

Mining chemistry

This is the extraction of chemical raw materials - apatites of the Kola Peninsula (first place in the world in terms of extraction)

Basic chemistry

Production of mineral fertilizers of acids, alkalis and soda

Mineral fertilizer industry, production potash fertilizers- located at the raw material.

Berezniki, Solikamsk, (Perm region, Ural region)

All types of fertilizers are produced in the Urals ecoregion.

Phosphate fertilizers, are placed with the consumer, since all units of finished products are obtained from one unit of raw materials.

Production of nitrogen fertilizers

It has the freest nature of placement, since coal is used as a raw material (Kemerovo)

metallurgical production waste (sulphurous gas) Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, and the third type of raw material is natural gas - the city of Nevinnomyssk in the northern Caucasus, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) Veliky Novgorod. Novgorod region, its budget is replenished most of all at the expense of mineral fertilizers.

Agriculture and agro-industrial complex

Three areas of education:

• industries providing agriculture and processing industries with means of production
• the second sphere is agriculture
• the third area - industries that process agricultural raw materials (food industry)