Ways of processing and disposal of waste. New recycling technologies. Application of physical and chemical processing methods
Disposal and recycling of household waste is an urgent problem of the modern world. There are more and more landfills on earth, extensive littering threatens an ecological catastrophe. The solution to the problem is the processing of solid waste at specialized waste processing plants. Following the conditions of objective reality, humanity needs to improve the methods of waste disposal in order to achieve the most efficient processing of solid waste at minimal cost.
3 Reasons Why Good Solid Waste Recycling Is Necessary
Waste can be divided into the following kinds:
- Household waste. This group includes human waste. The garbage that is thrown out of residential buildings and office buildings. Plastic products, food leftovers, paper, glass and other items. Many wastes are assigned to IV and V hazard classes.
The issue of plastic waste should be resolved as follows: the garbage is subject to mechanical grinding, followed by chemical treatment with solutions, as a result of such manipulations, a mass is formed from which polymer products can be made again. Paper and food leftovers can turn into compost, rot and benefit the agricultural sector of the economy.
- biological waste. This type of waste is produced by biological species (humans and animals). A large number of such materials are produced by veterinary clinics, hospitals, sanitary and hygienic organizations, catering enterprises and other similar institutions. Biological waste is destroyed by incineration. All materials of organic origin can be disposed of in this way.
- Industrial waste. Such wastes are the result of manufacturing processes. Construction, operation of industrial equipment, installation and finishing works - all this leaves behind a huge amount of wood, paints and varnishes, heat-insulating materials, some of which can also be burned. For example, wood releases energy during combustion, which can also be used for social purposes.
- radioactive waste. It is not uncommon for biomaterials and other wastes to contain radioactive substances that pose a hazard. This group also includes gases and solutions - that is, those wastes that cannot be used in the future. Some of this garbage can be destroyed by burning, but the rest can only be buried.
- Medical waste. This is the garbage of medical institutions, 80% of which is non-hazardous household waste, and the remaining 20% poses a risk to the human body. Like the processing of radioactive waste, the destruction of this type of waste has many restrictions and prohibitions in Russian legislation. The methods of its burning and burial are described in detail. For medical waste, as well as for radioactive waste, special burial grounds are created. Some destroy medical waste like this: they put it in bags and burn it. But many drugs belong to hazard classes I and II, so this disposal method is clearly not for them.
All wastes are classified according to the degree of their danger to the environment. There are four hazard classes in total. The first class is garbage, which poses the most serious threat to the planet and all organisms living on it. If you do not process first class MSW in the manner prescribed by law, the damage to the ecological system may be irreparable. Waste of the first hazard class: mercury, lead salts, plutonium, polonium, etc.
Waste of the second hazard class can also greatly harm the environment. The consequences of such damage will continue to impact for a long time. The planet will recover within 30 years of being polluted by such waste. These include arsenic, selenium, chlorine, phosphates, etc.
After waste of the third class of danger, the ecosystem is able to recover in a decade. Of course, recovery is possible only after the processing of MSW, otherwise the waste will not stop harming the environment. The third class includes zinc, ethyl alcohol, chromium, etc.
The fourth hazard class is low-hazard waste (simazine, sulfates, chlorides). After they are removed from the infected object, the ecosystem needs to recover for three years.
But waste of the fifth class is completely safe.
Consider, why is it necessary correct processing of solid waste:
- Waste pollutes the environment, which is already oversaturated with emissions from factories and vehicle emissions.
- Resources that are extracted from nature or created industrially are seriously limited, so it is advisable to recycle and reuse them.
- It turns out to be cheaper to use recycled raw materials, so the processing of MSW is economically beneficial.
The most common methods of processing MSW
Method 1Waste disposal.
Landfills are created specifically in order to carry out the processing of solid waste on their territory. The flow of garbage enters these areas (up to 95%), and then the organic part decomposes spontaneously. In the area of the landfill, special conditions are formed for an intensive biochemical process of dissociation. The resulting anaerobic environment promotes recycling enhanced by methanogenic microorganisms that form biogas (otherwise called "landfill gas"). What is the disadvantage of such polygons? Landfill gas toxins enter the atmospheric air and spread in the direction of the wind over long distances. And if they are mixed with industrial emissions, then the environment is even more dangerous.
Given the accumulation of microorganisms that enhance the flow of chemical reactions, local fires can occur due to excessive overheating. At the same time, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the environment, causing oncological diseases. Such emissions are thousands of times higher than the permissible concentrations of such substances in the air. Aqueous solutions formed in the air fall out in the form of precipitation, during the evaporation of which, as in the combustion of polymeric substances, dioxins are released. So, through precipitation, harmful chemical elements enter the ground and surface waters.
Since it is impossible to arrange such landfills within the city, plots outside large settlements are allocated for them. If we calculate the cost of allocating territories, their arrangement in accordance with all the rules, transportation costs for transporting garbage to such a landfill for processing solid waste, we get a rather impressive figure. Add to this the air pollution associated with the release of combustion products of motor fuel, the deterioration of suburban roads. The picture is not rosy.
Due to the fact that the qualified arrangement of landfills for the processing of solid waste is associated with high costs, some people prefer to organize unauthorized dumps. In such places of unauthorized storage, there is no sealing, liquid waste directly enters the environment without passing through the neutralization stage, creating a high danger to the population. And these dumps only multiply and grow.
Thus, it is very dangerous to store unrecycled waste at landfills, and therefore this method of disposal should be prohibited at the legislative level. And there are many reasons for this:
- lack of bacteriological and epidemiological safety;
- the rapid spread of substances hazardous to the human body over large areas (penetration into air, water, soil);
- release of dioxins during fire;
- the high cost of land and landfill facilities, as well as the need for subsequent reclamation of the site;
- a contradiction to the "Basics of the state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030".
Method 2Garbage composting.
This method of processing MSW is based on the fact that some of the garbage can be disposed of independently - through biodegradation. So, organic waste is able to be composted. Nowadays, there are special technologies for composting food waste and unseparated garbage.
Mass composting is not widespread in our country, but is used by that part of the population that has private houses or summer cottages. However, in general, it is possible to organize the process of garbage composting centrally, by allocating special sites for this. The resulting compost can later be successfully used in the agricultural industry.
Method 3Thermal processing of waste (MSW).
Organics can also be easily destroyed thermally. Thermal processing of MSW is a consistent procedure for the effect of heat on waste in order to reduce their mass and volume, as well as neutralization. Such processing of MSW can be accompanied by the production of inert materials and energy carriers.
Advantages of thermal processing:
- Effectiveness in terms of neutralization (destroys pathogenic microflora).
- Significantly reduces the volume of garbage (up to ten times).
- Use of the energy potential of waste of organic origin.
The most common method of thermal processing of MSW is incineration. This simple method has many advantages:
- It has been tested many times.
- Combustion equipment is available and commercially available, has a long service life.
- Automated process, does not require the involvement of labor resources.
If earlier garbage was simply burned, then modern technologies make it possible to use this process more efficiently, simultaneously extracting the fuel fraction from it. As a result of such techniques, the incineration procedure turns not only into the elimination of garbage, but also into the production of additional energy - electrical or thermal. The most promising at the moment is the plasma combustion technology, which provides a higher combustion temperature. As a result, useful energy is released, and the result is a completely harmless vitrified product.
Method 4Plasma recycling of waste (MSW).
Processing of MSW by the plasma method is a process of turning garbage into gas. This gas is subsequently used to generate steam and electricity. Non-pyrolyzable solid waste residues are one of the elements of plasma processing.
The advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this process destroys a wide variety of wastes without any preliminary preparation, without harming the environment. From an economic point of view, this is a very profitable technology, since no additional costs are required for drying, sorting and other procedures for preparing waste for disposal.
The output is slag, which does not harm the environment and can even be reused.
What equipment is used for the processing of solid waste
The industrial world does not stand still, more and more equipment and waste disposal plants are becoming. The most common types of equipment for such enterprises include:
1. Presses.
Without pressing waste, it is impossible to imagine any plant for the disposal and processing of solid waste. After pressing, the waste is more convenient to store and transport. The presses can have different dimensions: from the most gigantic to relatively small ones that can fit in the territory of an ordinary store. In Russia, two types of presses are used:
- Packing presses.
- Briquetting presses.
According to the method of loading the press are:
- Vertical (front loading).
- Horizontal (capable of compressing debris more tightly).
While vertical presses are compact enough, horizontal presses are usually installed only in large factories, since they are difficult to fit in a normal room.
According to the purpose of the press, there are universal (for all types of waste) and specialized (for only one type).
2. Compactors.
Compactors are considered very close to presses. From the name it is clear that they also make the garbage more compressed. Basically, this type of equipment compacts PET bottles, polyethylene films, aluminum cans, as well as paper and cardboard. For shopping malls, this type of equipment is indispensable, because there is always a need to compress a large amount of garbage.
Waste transportation companies unanimously claim that transportation and storage costs are significantly reduced by compacting waste with compactors. At the same time, it does not matter at all whether this compactor is mobile or stationary.
Fixed and mobile equipment have their pros and cons. If mobile compactors are monoblocks, then stationary compactors contain a press and a replaceable container, which allows you to load much more waste than in a single monoblock. The continuous cycle of work also significantly distinguishes the stationary compactor from other waste equipment. Just have time to change containers.
But the mobile compactor can be used in different places, while it does not need to be mounted and dismantled again every time. This is a hermetically sealed design, which allows it to work even with wet waste.
3. Shredders.
Shredders have a completely different type of work than presses and compactors. They help in the disposal of garbage by crushing it or crushing it. That is why Russian-speaking users call shredders crushers. Not a single solid waste processing plant can do without them. Shredders are designed for grinding:
- glass;
- tree;
- plastics;
- paper;
- rubber;
- metal;
- organic and mixed waste;
- dangerous substances.
Some shredders only handle one type of waste, such as glass. But there are many models that are designed to grind a wide variety of garbage.
4. Containers.
We deal with this type of equipment every day. These are our usual waste containers, which we regularly use. The material from which the containers are made is usually plastic, although sometimes metal is also found. Containers can be used for separate storage of garbage or for mixed waste. Not so long ago, containers were stationary, now more and more often we see containers on wheels. From containers equipped with wheels, it is more convenient to transfer garbage to garbage trucks.
5. Sorting lines.
It is much easier and more efficient to process MSW in sorted form. As we have already said, different types of waste have their own disposal methods, and therefore it is so important to first separate one type of waste from others. To this end, waste sorting lines are now mandatory installed at waste processing plants. Sorting lines are designed to separate municipal solid waste into fractions for the purpose of their subsequent pressing, compaction and transformation into secondary raw materials, which can then be sold. Sorting lines have become an integral part of the waste recycling process.
How a solid waste processing plant is completed
A set of equipment for any plant is selected taking into account its specialization. There are enterprises of a wide profile that carry out the processing of various types of solid waste. But small plants usually deal only with a specific type of waste. It can be construction waste, tires and other rubber products, household waste, and so on.
It is safest to invest in functional and powerful equipment that can serve a large area, working without interruptions and breakdowns.
An example of such a complex is the waste incineration mini-plant MPZ-5000 (manufactured by Sifania (Russia)). It is designed to process a huge amount of municipal solid waste, for example, it will perfectly cope with five thousand tons of garbage per year. A mini-factory implies a set of equipment for burning garbage. The example we are considering is suitable for serving a small area with a population of about 25 thousand people. The set of equipment includes not only a waste incinerator, but also units for:
- waste sorting;
- shredding plastic bottles;
- waste paper seals;
- pyrolization of non-decomposable materials.
The cost of the equipment is quite high. Its simplest standard equipment will cost the company ten million rubles.
But this example is suitable for a small scale organization. For larger production, you can purchase a sorting station capable of passing through itself up to ten tons per hour. The productivity of such equipment is much higher than that of a mini-factory. This station is capable of separating 16 types of MSW from a mixed flow. Station maintenance requires at least 40 people. A good option for such equipment is the JSSORT complex. It has impressive dimensions. To install the entire station, you will need an area 40 meters wide and 80 meters long. Such equipment is capable of serving about 15 garbage trucks in one eight-hour working day.
Such a set of equipment will cost three times more than a mini-factory. Its cost is about 30 million rubles. This includes the cost of building a suitable space for the station.
A very profitable option for making money on waste disposal is a plant for processing rubber products (car tires) into small crumbs. After the operation of specialized equipment, only rubber powder remains, crushed into granules, which is perfectly suitable for recycling.
It is in demand in the production of:
- asphalt;
- road speed limiters;
- materials for soundproofing;
- mastic with anti-corrosion properties and other products of the construction industry.
A set of equipment for rubber processing is capable of processing up to three tons of waste per hour. An imported mini-factory of this type costs about 25 million rubles.
It should be noted that all processing enterprises have approximately the same set of components. The differences are mainly in the degree of their power and the level of process automation. The MSW processing plant includes the following equipment:
- receiving conveyor;
- inclined belt conveyor;
- sorting line;
- press machine for packing;
- pyrolysis plant;
- shredder for plastic;
- glass container.
Sometimes this set is complemented by a receiving shop with magnetic equipment for separating scrap metal.
Consider the scheme of operation of a mini-plant for the processing of solid waste:
- first of all, the waste stream goes through a magnetic receiver to sort the metal;
- the vertical conveyor transports raw materials to the sorting line;
- sorting complexes can be automated and separate waste using optical devices or semi-automated and use manual labor;
- all waste paper is sorted and sent to packaging;
- plastic products enter the grinding device;
- glass waste is sent to a collection container;
- all other waste goes to the receiving hopper, from where it subsequently enters the press for compaction. The further fate of such garbage is burial.
If recyclables are packaged, they can be sold or recycled, depending on which direction is provided by the plant itself. For example, one of the divisions of the enterprise may be a workshop for the production of toilet paper.
The main problems of MSW processing
Problem 1.Lack of funds.
Currently, waste is removed mainly at the expense of the population. But the tariffs for the neutralization of household waste established by regulatory enactments are prohibitively low. So much so that they are not able to compensate even for the transportation of garbage, not to mention its processing and disposal.
Of course, the funds collected from the population are not enough, so the rest of the resources are allocated by the state. But for unknown reasons, the housing and communal services never have the opportunity to develop and modernize the waste disposal system. We still do not have separate collection, as is customary throughout Europe. Yes, and at the material level there is no incentive to sort. If you throw out all the garbage in one container or separate the waste by type, you still pay the same tariff for the processing of solid waste.
Problem 2Secondary importance.
MSW recycling is currently carried out by organizations whose main activity is the provision of various utilities.
Only if specialized enterprises take over the collection and processing of waste, they will be able to carry out planning for more efficient waste collection, improve the equipment used, optimize income and costs for the processing of solid waste.
Problem 3.The absence of responsible persons.
All activities related to the disposal of household waste are dispersed among various departments. A single structure of hierarchy and responsibility in this matter has not been built. In European countries, things are different. There, the issue of household waste management is controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency. In our country, there is a similar authority - the Ministry of Natural Resources, however, the issue of MSW processing has not been transferred to the jurisdiction of this body.
As a result, the existing ministries and departments deal with this area to varying degrees, but shift responsibility to each other, and the process of issuing draft laws in this area is delayed due to the lengthy approval procedure.
Problem 4.Concentration in the hands of state bodies.
Government agencies zealously hold on to the recycling of solid waste, although, as we have seen, they do not have enough funds, desire and understanding to organize the process at the proper level. European states show the effectiveness of involving private companies in this issue. In Europe, organizations have long collaborated with municipalities on waste collection and disposal. Perhaps, sometime in the future, our authorities will reach a similar level of cooperation, but for now, landfills are accumulating and continue to poison the environment.
Foreign experience shows that private companies are very enthusiastic about solving this problem, as it is directly related to commercial gain. So, they are looking for the most efficient and cost-effective ways to process MSW. By building large factories and attracting foreign investment, commercial organizations work with great returns, and the result of their activities is evident.
Problem 5.No community outreach.
The fact that the population practically does not understand the benefits of separate waste collection is a sad flaw in the domestic management of this issue. After all, if citizens are informed about the problems of MSW processing, they may increase their awareness and desire to correct the situation, including on their own. After all, this planet is our home, where we live and plan to inhabit it for a long time to come.
Problem 6.Lack of fixtures.
The abundance of open access data allows many conscious citizens, despite the lack of centralized information, to come to an understanding of the problem of waste disposal. But even if people have a desire to throw garbage into separate containers, they are not given such an opportunity. The only equipment for collecting waste is an ordinary garbage chute. There is only one way out of the situation: weld all existing garbage chutes and establish a waste sorting system.
It is more expedient to design new houses without garbage chutes, since in general this will not only provide the possibility of separate waste collection, but also increase cleanliness in the entrances.
Problem 7.Recycling has not been arranged.
In Russia, there are organizations that are engaged in the processing of solid waste. There are not as many of them as we would like, but even these units often experience problems with the disposal of secondary raw materials. And this is sad, because in fact, the use of scrap allows you to get significant economic benefits.
To motivate the use of recyclable materials in production is again a state task. Moreover, we are talking not only about establishing obligations for enterprises, but also about developing a system of incentives, benefits, and incentives that could encourage business representatives to establish markets for the sale of waste and its use.
Thus, in the implementation of public procurement in European countries, benefits are often provided for organizations that manufacture products from recycled materials.
Problem 8.Lack of planning.
In order to prevent the recycling of MSW and the use of recyclable materials from becoming local and episodic phenomena, it is necessary to draw up detailed plans aimed at achieving the desired results. Thus, this plan for the use of waste should cover a long period during which the necessary measures are provided, as well as the timing of their implementation, sources of funding, goals and persons responsible for the implementation of such actions.
All of the above problems actually arise due to the same factor: the task of competent processing of solid waste is not among the priorities at the state level. In addition, we still have not come to realize the most rational use of available resources. Therefore, environmental protection issues have not yet been resolved, and an effective waste disposal system has not been built.
What are the prospects for the processing of solid waste in Russia
In Russia, the idea of rational use of waste has not yet been developed. Recently, this area has received a little more attention. But only the smallest. A number of waste processing enterprises have been created in our country, but their functioning has not yet been put on a grand scale. The process is not adjusted, there is no competent interaction of such organizations with the state. In general, while such companies operate mainly in the central regions of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg. But ideally, such activities should be carried out everywhere.
The fact is that in large cities there are much more earning opportunities for waste processing enterprises. The waste disposal business is very profitable where there is an abundance of it, and there are sorely lacking areas for storage and slow destruction of waste. Not so on the periphery. Most often, garbage is taken out to lands that are located on the outskirts of cities and towns. This method harms the environment and is also economically unprofitable. While the processing of ordinary household waste is a profitable business, and at this time in the domestic economy, this niche is free.
It should be noted that until the municipalities begin to perceive this problem as an urgent one, it is unlikely that anything will change dramatically. Foreign experience shows that a significant part of waste disposal issues can be solved by a simple action - the installation of containers for separate waste collection. This step will greatly simplify the processing of MSW.
The criticism of this assumption is the judgment about the inertia and laziness of Russians who do not want to sort their waste at home. But public opinion polls do not support this idea. For example, half of Moscow residents are already ready for separate waste collection. And this is without any propaganda and work with the population on the part of those in power. It is easy to guess that, subject to the actions of the state in this direction, a quick and effective transition to modern technologies for waste processing and the use of secondary raw materials is possible in our country.
Expert opinion
Solving the problems of MSW processing with the help of integrated management
L.Ya. Shubov,
Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, member of the community of Russian experts on environmental management
IS HE. Borisova,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS
I.G. Doronkin,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS
MSW recycling management consists of the following elements:
- garbage collection;
- export;
- processing (preliminary preparation);
- actual processing;
- disposal;
- burial.
All these components are connected into a single system and are interconnected.
To ensure the solution of the tasks of MSW processing, it is necessary to be guided by modern requirements for resource conservation and environmental management:
- recycling of waste as sources of raw materials and energy;
- reducing the cost of cleaning settlements;
- transition from the method of MSW disposal to industrial utilization;
- ensuring environmental safety.
Changes are not so easy to achieve, because they are associated not only with the establishment of an effective system of garbage collection and recycling, but also with the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic state of the city, and this is already a matter of reforming the housing and communal services. At the moment, there are a number of tasks, among which the creation of a service market and the development of competition in the field of solid waste processing are not the last. Implementing all these innovations is not easy.
At the moment, there is a serious shortage of specialists in the processing of solid waste. Universities annually issue diplomas to broad-profile environmentalists who do not yet own the technologies for the efficient processing of technogenic raw materials, it is difficult for them to find a solution to the problem with solid waste overnight.
Some foreign organizations are rushing to the Russian market, offering a way out of the difficult situation with solid waste with the help of advanced technologies. But often it is only about burning garbage. A well-thought-out waste disposal system still does not arise. At best, industrial facilities appear chaotically, dealing with only one technology in the complex of measures necessary for the systematic destruction of waste. This is the road to nowhere.
It is impossible to solve the problem of MSW recycling by building waste incineration plants. While one is being built, the other is completing its life cycle. Therefore, unsystematic construction has already proved its inefficiency. In this direction, one cannot rely on one single method of processing - incineration.
Practice shows that such a policy does not lead to a solution to the problem, but only contributes to increased environmental pollution.
It is necessary to take an example from the European states. Here is what they have achieved so far in terms of MSW management:
- Developed a recycling industry based on separate waste collection with the selection of usable elements.
- We organized and continue to develop a system of specialized sorting facilities, enterprises for thermal and biothermal waste processing.
- Developed a recycling system.
Burning all garbage is simply unacceptable. The waste fraction that has already been freed from both hazardous and resource-valuable components is used for thermal processing. Such production can be called environmentally friendly.
In our country, all MSW processing points are built haphazardly, out of touch with each other. The entire waste stream is sent there without prior sorting. Such actions create the threat of an emergency situation.
If the issue of solid waste is resolved, then the problem of environmental security of the country as a whole will be partially resolved.
There is an urgent need to build a system for processing solid waste for the Moscow region and the cities of the resort area. Until government policy on this issue is normalized, crime and corruption will continue to flourish. That is why the development of a science-based strategy for the processing of MSW is task No. 1.
The strategy for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste is needed, first of all, to create an advanced efficient waste management system and the use of secondary raw materials. The task of such a program is to develop ways to introduce waste into industrial processing, plan a sequence of actions to massively reduce the flow of garbage that is currently being disposed of, reduce environmental risks and waste disposal costs. The strategy should look like a single document with understandable and clear terminology, containing a real model for optimizing the use of waste.
In the drawers of the tables you can find a lot of outdated, but working components. On the one hand, it seems to be a pity to throw it away - solid sums were once paid for these useless "pieces of iron". But today all this is unnecessary garbage, the place of which is in a landfill.
However, there are people who do not see the problem in finding a use for an old drive or non-working hours. They can be repaired, redone, restored. And if it doesn’t work out, just use it for beauty. This material is devoted to the most interesting examples of "recycling" of garbage.
⇡ Music from trash
The first electronic musical instruments appeared long before Jean-Michel Jarre and Kraftwerk. For example, one of the predecessors of the synthesizer, the theremin, which musicians still use today, was created by Lev Sergeevich Theremin back in 1919. But now it is already impossible to get to the bottom of who and when the idea of using old computer components for playing music first came to mind.
Iron hit: hits played on computer hardware
It's hard to define music. Probably, its most successful and correct interpretation is harmony. Where there is harmony, we hear music. It can be caught anywhere - in the voice of a flute, in the strumming of a guitar, in the murmur of water, in the singing of birds or the sound of the surf. But the most amazing thing is when harmony is heard where you least expect to find it. For example, in the roar of machine tools in a factory or in the hum of computer coolers.
Do you think we're exaggerating? Unlikely. Let's see what the human imagination can produce when focused on making music out of noise.
One of the pioneers of computer music is James Houston. And when we say "computer music", we do not mean electronic keyboards at all. James was one of the first to come up with the idea of using outdated computer parts to create melodies. A TV instead of a monitor, a cassette recorder for downloading data (yes, imagine, there was such a thing before disk drives), one of the first HP Scanjet 3c scanners, the first Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer, an Epson LX-81 printer and other details.
Here's what it looked like.
Not very impressive? Nevertheless, in 2008 this clip aroused great interest among Internet users. In just a week after posting on YouTube, James was inundated with thousands of reviews. Among the letters received were an offer to sign a recording contract for this cover and a message directly from Radiohead inviting them to post the video on the band's official website. For a student from Glasgow, this was a great success and an incentive to create in the future.
But this was only the first experience. James Huston has a huge following. And some of them were able to demonstrate "aerobatics" in creating music on computer hardware. One such artist is a Canadian from Toronto named James Cochrane. He took it so seriously that his cover of The Animals' legendary The House of the Rising Sun became a hit on YouTube for a while. It is performed by a whole ensemble of hard drives, an oscilloscope, a scanner, and various computer components.
In addition to this piece, a Canadian music lover has made versions of other well-known compositions in a similar arrangement, for example "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen and the song Gotye "Somebody That I Used to Know"
The modern computer is not at all like the cabinets and drawers that were before. The appearance is changing, the content is changing. Some parts of the PC become obsolete and in the finished package become an unnecessary addition, a kind of computer atavism.
So, for example, still in some computers you can see floppy disk drives, or, simply speaking, floppy disks. Those who are lucky enough to use this type of media should remember the characteristic sound that accompanied each time the read head turned to the magnetic disk. This creaking sound could have a different tone, depending on the position of the sector being read. And if you choose such reading parameters for the drive so that it can play this or that note on demand, it is quite possible to train the drive to play any melody.
How to do this, knows the Polish amateur radio Pavel Zadrozniak (Pawel Zadrozniak). Together with other students of Krakow University (AGH University of Science and Technology), Pavel developed a system of disk drives controlled by a microcontroller. With the help of this device, the Imperial March, the most recognizable tune from the Star Wars saga, was played on floppy disks.
Playing on disk drives proved to be a very popular activity, and the number of people wanting to make the disk drive play increased dramatically. There were even originals who are trying to sell recorded music through online services. For example, a certain MrSolidSnake745 put this idea on stream. He built an orchestra of eight disk drives, connected them to the Arduino platform and recorded a lot of popular tunes from games, movies, etc.
It is difficult to judge how much this business has enriched the “composer”, but if it is for sale, then someone is buying.
If suddenly you too have a burning desire to build a "music box" out of the drive, you can easily find guides and tips on how to do it on the Web. For example, on the personal page of one of these enthusiasts, Michael Kohn.
Garbage concert with orchestra
If a desire arises in the soul to create real art, no life barriers and conventions can prevent this. The story below is proof of that.
In the far, far away country of Paraguay, where poverty in provincial towns coexists with dirty puddles and rickety shacks, people live who cannot imagine their life without music. But the trouble is - how to learn to play musical instruments if there is not a penny of money? There is not only no finance for studying at the conservatory, but no money even for the simplest cello or the cheapest clarinet.
But, as you know, if resourcefulness, creativity, passion and inspiration converge in one person, a miracle is born. That person turned out to be a teacher named Favio Chávez. In the small town of Cateura, Favio opened a music class, but there were too few instruments, far fewer people willing to play them.
Watching how his students are drawn to music, but do not have the opportunity to realize their desires, the teacher decided to provide everyone with instruments at all costs. One day, Favio Chavez met a garbage collector named Nicolás Gómez, nicknamed Cola, who at one time worked as a guitar maker. After consulting among themselves, these two people came to an unexpected decision - to create tools from ... garbage. It is from the garbage, which is very much in the city dump. Here, by the way, it would not be superfluous to mention that the entire town of Cateura is one big dump, and most of its adult population is busy sorting garbage and looking for something else that can be of value.
It turned out that it was not difficult to build musical instruments from the materials found in the landfill. Favio's excellent hearing and the ingenuity of the scavenger made it possible to create futuristic musical instruments from the most seemingly useless things. So, for example, a barrel of oil products turned into a cello, pipes into flutes, and packing boxes into guitars.
Favio's activities brought fame to the small town of Cateura. The start of a music teacher was supported by sponsors, thanks to which a bank of musical instruments that were in use, but still suitable for teaching children, was opened.
And the children who still managed to learn music united in a team that received the quite expected name - Recycled Orchestra (“Garbage Orchestra”).
Recently, this team ran a fundraising campaign on the popular Kickstarter service. Hoping for large collections, the trash orchestra cherished Napoleonic plans - from filming a feature-length documentary about the orchestra to creating a social movement in support of the poor.
But, despite the powerful informational support (all leading TV channels, including CNN and BBC, made reports about a strange musical group from Paraguay) and noble intentions, the musicians failed to realize most of their ideas. They managed to raise only enough money to organize a round-the-world tour of the Recycled Orchestra. However, this is also a lot - more than two hundred thousand dollars.
⇡ Masters of Digital Garbage
What is interesting is that the number of people who see beauty in the ordinary is increasing all the time. Probably, nevertheless, the classic was right, and you and I are simply witnessing how beauty saves this world. A world that turns out to be boring and so diverse.
Gioconda from ASUS
The works of talented artists are sometimes so brilliant that if you try to repeat them, even their not very exact copy will attract attention. One such masterpiece is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. I remember, as soon as the first printing devices appeared, it became very fashionable in various research institutes to hang a piece of a long roll of paper over the workplace, on which the famous canvas printed with ordinary alphabetic and digital characters was guessed. Whatever method the artist chooses to replicate the appearance of the Mona Lisa, the result will almost certainly please many.
In 2009, the Taiwanese company ASUS helped ensure that the Mona Lisa once again experienced reincarnation. One of the most amazing "remakes" of this canvas was created. Moreover, fragments of ASUS motherboards were chosen as paints. To get the right picture, I had to very carefully work out the position of each detail in the "picture" - its orientation, color, and so on. With this unusual installation, exhibited in the office in Taipei, ASUS seems to emphasize that the creation of computer components and, in particular, motherboards is also a kind of art.
World on boards
If you look at satellite images and then look at the printed circuit boards of some electronic devices, you can see a lot of similarities. Roads, buildings, the relief of the earth's surface - all this resembles the wiring of boards with soldered elements. Probably, it was this analogy that prompted Susan Stockwell to create an entire map of the world out of motherboards.
To achieve the closest possible similarity, Susan used recycled components - connecting cables, coolers, cooling systems, etc. All this is not located randomly, as it might seem at first glance, but in an orderly manner, so that the drawing of a real map is imitated. This project was created for the University of Bedfordshire (Bedfordshire University).
Computer metropolis
Artists have a special vision, not the same as that of ordinary people. In unremarkable things, they are able to see completely unexpected pictures. And the most talented of these people can show what they see to everyone else. For example, the Italian designer Franco Recchia (Franco Recchia) creates his paintings using the components of electronic devices.
For example, RAM strips, cooling radiators and all kinds of connectors taken from motherboards, in one of the artist's works, make up a whole Manhattan, with skyscrapers and spiers.
Paintings from wires and films
There are so many lovers of creating sculptures from electronic components that even personalities with a characteristic “handwriting” have appeared among artists, such as Peter McFarlane. Peter makes paintings by laying them out with wires on a circuit board.
Colombian surrealist artist Federico Uribe uses wires as paint for his canvases. He simply “embroiders” pictures with wires with multi-colored insulation. Some of his works are voluminous, but Federico categorically objects to calling his creations installations, he considers them to be paintings.
Erika Iris Simmons specializes in cassette tapes. In some amazing way, with the help of magnetic films, she can lay out any image. Erica's collection of works includes a large number of portraits of famous personalities - from the Liverpool Four and Bob Dylan to Lenny Kravitz and Nick Cave.
Moreover, for especially "ancient" celebrities (such as Marilyn Monroe or Alfred Hitchcock), Erica did not use cassette tape, but magnetic tape from reels. Such paintings may well serve, say, as decoration for the interior of a rock cafe, and aged films will stimulate a retro mood.
In addition to the "film" paintings, Erica also has drawings created using a cord from a Nintendo game console.
Laserdiscs are still in use
Any format of digital media becomes obsolete sooner or later. Floppy disks are outdated, CDs have almost lost their relevance. But all this is an excellent “building” material from which you can make a lot of useful or simply beautiful things. For example, craftsmen have learned how to make bags from floppy disks, and a beautiful lamp can be made from a stack of laser discs in a matter of minutes.
With old discs, you can do even more rationally and combine beauty and benefit. In Madrid, one could see such beauty on the wall of the Vincci Soho hotel.
The creation of this almost thirteen-meter lizard took more than five thousand optical discs. They are firmly fixed on a special base and, of course, make passers-by stop when they see a gecko for the first time.
This lizard was made last year by the iade school of design, and the installation itself was named La Piel Cambiando (Skin Change). According to the designers who came up with this ad, the "animal" is looking for sunlight and symbolizes renewal, development and change.
Gear Treasures
Despite the abundance of electronics, we are still surrounded by a lot of mechanical devices. Of course, they age, often break down, and besides, they are being replaced by trendy battery-powered gadgets. Many mechanical devices end their lives in the same way - in the trash can. No one will think what to do with a broken watch - it's expensive to repair, it's pointless to disassemble for spare parts.
And yet there is a person who is convinced that throwing wheels and springs is not worth it, even if they have ceased to fulfill their functions.
Justin Gershenson-Gates (Justin Gershenson-Gates) from the USA admires the harmony and coherence of the details of mechanical devices so much that he decided to prove to everyone that gears and other parts of mechanical watches themselves have a great design and therefore can be used as jewelry.
According to the "mechanical jeweler", his fate was predetermined - his grandfather was a railway worker, and his father was very fond of delving into various mechanisms. As a child, he, like, probably, many curious boys, often took apart toys, wanting to understand how they work. Moreover, as Justin himself admits, in most cases he could no longer collect them back.
Now he continues to do the same, but he is already dismantling the “dead”, that is, broken mechanisms, and for the good of the cause. By adding minimal modifications to the design of parts and fastening them in a special way, Justin Gates creates pendants, cufflinks, pendants, earrings and other jewelry. The author of wonderful creations collects material for new steampunk jewelry, buying up old mechanical watches in large quantities on Ebay and other similar services. The newly minted jeweler says that his goal is to show the beauty of the mechanical world, to open up to others a place that is usually hidden behind a wall of metal and glass.
The author of jewelry gears even organized the A Mechanical Mind studio and periodically holds exhibitions showing his works. Those who wish can purchase the things they like on the needlework site ETSY, where the author exhibits his “jewels”.
⇡ With your own hands: "garbage" transport and other crafts
Captain Nemo from China
By his example, the Chinese inventor Tao Xiangli proved that the lack of funds and the absence of a rich sponsor is not a problem if there is a great desire to realize your ideas. You just need to take a closer look at the recycling products, which in fact often are not.
The inventions of Tao Xiangli cost a decent "penny", however, given the scale of the projects being implemented, the inventor's costs can be considered symbolic. In 2009, this Chinese craftsman surprised many experienced designers.
Having invested only about three thousand dollars, Tao made no less ... a submarine. When this became known to the public, Tao became a celebrity and reporters from all over the world reached out to him. What Tao said in his interview shocked many. His last job was as a technician at a karaoke bar. He has no education. He studied only five classes at school, and the last year was an encore. A junior high school repeater, Tao never uses a tape measure or ruler. He selects all sizes intuitively.
His submarine turned out without a European-style repair - rusty and 90 percent consisting of parts that were in operation. But she swims, although the first tests could cost the inventor his life. According to the author of this miracle, he got many parts of the submarine almost for nothing - light bulbs, wires, switches, and so on. “Our country is developing very quickly, I would never have thought of such a thing before,” Tao laughs. Now a Chinese submarine builder is plowing his submersible into the local river. Only one person fits in a submarine, and even then - if its dimensions are the same as those of the chief designer.
Encouraged by the success, the Chinese Kulibin spent another year of work on a new undertaking. This time he decided to realize another childhood dream and make himself a robot. For the next project, the inventor had to invest more than $ 24,000. With this money, he bought scrap metal, wires and electronic parts. From all this "trash" Tao built a huge monster robot, which is more than two meters high and weighs 480 kilograms.
Bike decorated with trash
Many bikers strive to give their vehicle some special design. There are many bikers in the world who make high-quality “pumping” of a motorcycle beyond recognition. Mirrors are being added, the look and filling are changing ... But few can compare in this skill with a master from Bangkok. His name is Roongrojna Sangwongprisarn.
The motorcycles he created by hand are impossible to forget - this is a real work of art. Colorful monsters hug the two-wheeled car and make it noticeable from afar. But the most amazing thing is that the author uses parts from discarded cars to create these bike sculptures. The creator of these masterpieces has his own network of Ko Art Shops through which Roongrojna sells his creations.
The second life of the "iron horse"
Many things are disposed of by man unwisely. At least that's what the creative agency Lola in Madrid thinks so. This is especially true for cars. Old, rusty, end-of-life cars are great material for further use. Employees of the mentioned agency have developed their own technology for converting discarded cars into bicycles. They called their project Bicycled - a play on the English words bicycle (bicycle) and recycled (recycling).
It turns out that this is quite easy. With skillful hands, almost every unusable car can be used to create a high-quality two-wheeled vehicle that will serve its owner for a long time to come. The necessary elements are cut out of the doors and body of the car, a frame and a steering wheel are made by welding. Any "surviving" parts are used - from drive belts to door handles. Using a surviving fragment of the skin of one of the seats, the craftsmen create a saddle, and signal lights removed from the car are fixed on the bike. The output is a completely working model of two-wheeled transport.
But the best part about it is that cycling is an environmentally friendly mode of transport. The amount of waste is reduced and people join a healthy lifestyle.
Housing from old cars
Bicycles aren't the only things old cars are good for. If you have enough patience and inspiration, you can build an entire house out of old cars, just like Karl Wanaselja did. He is an architect by profession, so it was not a very difficult task for Karl to carry out a preliminary calculation of his future home.
Almost all the details of the dwelling were taken from old cars. When the architect began building his house in Berkeley, he had to study the California dump, where he managed to get most of the materials. At the junkyard, he was mainly looking for the roofs and side windows of a Dodge Caravan minivan. The windows were turned into awnings, and fragments of the roofs were useful for cladding the upper floor.
According to Carl, he managed to create the illusion of a large space in a very limited way, and he even jokingly compares his house to a telephone booth from Doctor Who.
Garbage King
If you call the next builder the king of garbage, he will not be offended. Moreover, he will take it as a compliment.
Each of us has our own world, and whether we like it or not, we subconsciously try to bring it into reality. Some people do it easily, some never do it. But this man could. True, he did not have the means to build his kingdom, with cathedrals and arches.
Therefore, Vince Hannemann from Texas chose garbage as a building material. He has been collecting junk since 1989. Thousands of discarded items - from damaged irons and TVs to outdated phones, broken furniture and electronics - everything has a use in his miracle cathedral, built from all this rubbish. At first, no one took this man seriously, but when in 2010 his cathedral reached a decent size, the municipality of Austin realized it and banned this construction, considering the idea at least dangerous. But it was not there. The future king of garbage, although he was forced to remove the sixty-ton garbage cathedral, did not want to give up. He called for the help of engineers to use them to calculate a safe design option. When all the calculations with evidence of the stability of the building were in hand, the enthusiast was able to continue what he had begun.
Conclusion
Man lacks natural resources, and he strives into space to extract minerals. He is eager to find elusive particles in order to get cheap energy. At the same time, he does not pay attention to the fact that he has everything at hand to implement any of his ideas. It is only necessary to use the existing potential more efficiently. And of course, just a good dig in the trash.
After all, if someone alone can make a violin out of unnecessary trash, create a robot or build a house, then what can we say about larger projects that can be completed together. In addition, consumables for these purposes are always at hand. Something, but we still have enough garbage for a long time.
It is very uneconomical and unpromising to send garbage to rot for decades in huge landfills that take up space for life. Fortunately, recently Mankind has begun to actively look for new ways to process waste so that after disposal they benefit society. And today we will talk about 5 most unusual ways to use garbage from the landfill.
Art from trash
Often works of art (at least the objects that claim to be) can be rubbish. But there are times when contemporary artists create their new works from real waste they found in landfills or in garbage containers in the courtyards of multi-storey residential areas.Jason Klimoski's work can be cited as an example of such "garbage" art. For example, a huge installation called “Head in the Clouds”, created by him from more than 55,000 empty plastic bottles.
Also, the well-known American artist Lisa Hoke is dealing with garbage. She collects the solid waste of famous brands to build unusual, meaningful installations that host even the most reputable galleries in the world.
It is a known fact that a huge garbage patch the size of two states of Texas and even more floats in the Pacific Ocean. Some call this object "garbage island", and someone even "garbage continent". And every year it grows in size, which promises serious environmental problems not only for the world's largest ocean, but for the entire planet.
And the Dutch architecture firm WHIM Architecture has taken the initiative to organize this floating waste, creating artificial islands for life and industry. The project envisages that the garbage in such facilities will be used as a cushion on which the foundation of the island rests. From above, it can be covered with a layer of fertile soil in order to build farms, small factories and small residential villages of different levels of comfort and prestige there.
WHIM Architecture proposes to relocate refugees to such artificial islands from hot spots and zones of natural disasters, for example, from the submerged Maldives and small atoll states of the Pacific Ocean.
Garbage clothes
The situation with clothes made from garbage is the same as with works of art made from this material. Some goods look like they can be taken directly from the factory, bypassing stores, to a landfill. But at the same time, there are people who create masterpieces of modern fashion from real garbage.
A case in point is the trash collection ONE: Outfits from a New Era, created collectively by fashion designers from the Canadian city of Montreal. It consists of a couple of dozens of amazingly beautiful dresses that were sewn from the most seemingly inappropriate materials.
For example, one of these dresses is sewn from black plastic bags, another from used rifle cartridges, the third from the remains of a car, and the fourth from tin cans.
Surprisingly, these dresses are quite wearable. Not in everyday life, but during exits to high society, to beau monde parties, where each lady present tries to stand out from the rest.
Garbage car
Some car enthusiasts find old, almost rotten cars in car dumps, and at the cost of their own labor and time turn them into new vehicles sparkling with fresh paint. And Briton Paul Bacon built a car from ordinary plastic and metal debris that had accumulated over decades in his garage.
True, as a basis, he took the chassis from an old BMW Z3 car, added a new engine of his own production, which can accelerate to a speed of 225 kilometers per hour. And the body and interior decoration was created just from garbage and household waste.
The result was a car with the name Cosmotron, which in appearance and technical characteristics could well be characterized as a sports car. Paul Bacon not only drives this car himself, but also regularly rents it out to filmmakers and just newlyweds who are attracted by the unusual look of the “garbage” car.
3D printer on plastic bottles
3D System has developed one of the most unusual and promising 3D printers in the world. The device with the name uses empty plastic bottles as a material for 3D printing.
True, so far, technology does not allow you to simply insert a bottle into a printer and get the desired item at the output. For the successful operation of the Ekocycle Cube, it is necessary to fill with special cartridges, the contents of which just consist partly of plastic containers.
At the moment, recycled plastic makes up only a quarter of the total mass of material in such cartridges. But in the future this share will be significantly increased. 3D System's partner in the Ekocycle Cube project is Coca Cola Corporation, which sees this initiative as a way to increase its environmental responsibility to the planet.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
State educational budgetary institution
higher professional education
Siberian State Aerospace University
named after academician M. F. Reshetnev
Department of Engineering Ecology
Discipline: Life safety
ESSAY
Topic: Modern waste recycling technologies
Performed:
student gr.UI-01
Pyshkaylo Maria
Checked:
- Okladnikova E.N.
Introduction
With the continuous development and growth of cities, unfortunately, the garbage mountains around them are also growing. If earlier the problem of disposal of garbage, various wastes, used raw materials was reduced to their removal outside the city and the creation of huge city dumps, then with the development of technology, modern waste disposal is becoming more and more perfect - simple and safe - allowing not only to get rid of waste, but also to do This is for maximum benefit.
Today, the world of waste is becoming more and more innovative, a huge number of different enterprises and organizations come up with new uses for seemingly unnecessary materials, which brings tangible profits. Waste every year more and more often launched for recycling, because raw materials are becoming more expensive. The time of mindless use of natural resources and irreversible harm to the environment has passed.
Waste types
All wastes are divided into five hazard classes in terms of environmental impact (EPE):
Hazard class I - Extremely dangerous.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on the environment is VERY HIGH. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for environmental protection - The ecological system has been irreversibly damaged. There is no recovery period.
Hazard class II - Highly dangerous.
The degree of hazardous waste impact on environmental protection is HIGH. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for environmental protection - The ecological system is severely disturbed. The recovery period is at least 30 years after the complete elimination of the source of harmful effects.
III Hazard class - Moderately dangerous.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on environmental protection systems is AVERAGE. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for environmental protection - The ecological system is broken. The recovery period is at least 10 years after the reduction of harmful effects from the existing source.
IV Hazard Class - Low hazard.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on the environment is LOW. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for environmental protection - The ecological system is broken. The self-healing period is at least 3 years.
Hazard class V - Practically harmless.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on the environment is VERY LOW. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for environmental protection - The ecological system is practically not disturbed. The most hazardous wastes contain compounds of beryllium, cadmium, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, chromium, lead, mercury, and organometallic compounds.
Waste is divided into the following types
- Industrial waste
Industrial waste includes products, materials, products and substances generated as a result of human production activities that have a negative impact on the environment, the secondary use of which at this enterprise is unprofitable. Often a large amount of waste is an indicator of the imperfection of a particular production technology. Conventionally, industrial waste is divided into inert and toxic.
Inert industrial waste is mainly disposed of at landfills. These include: wood waste, ash and slag waste, abrasive materials, plastic waste, textile waste and more.
Toxic industrial waste includes physiologically active substances that are formed during the technological production cycle and have a pronounced toxic effect on warm-blooded animals, as well as on humans.
- construction waste
- Municipal solid waste
Waste is partly taken to suburban landfills intended for their disposal, partly end up in places of unorganized storage (about 10%), and another 6% simply settles on the territory of the city and industrial enterprises.
The qualitative composition of solid waste practically does not depend on the geographical location of the city. The bulk of solid waste consists of waste paper, glass cullet, household items that are not suitable for further use, food waste, apartment and street estimates, construction debris left over from the maintenance of apartments, broken household appliances, etc. Paper and food waste (61.5-73.7% of the total mass) occupy the central place among MSW in the largest cities of Russia.
Modern waste disposal technologies
Today, waste disposal is a rather acute problem, the solution of which has been repeatedly raised at the government level. During the period of perestroika, waste disposal was completely neglected, which led to the formation of numerous landfills, and waste incinerators fell into complete disrepair. Currently, numerous facilities are being restored, and the latest recycling technologies are being introduced.
Waste recycling in modern society is commonly understood as the processing of waste into useful raw materials or energy. Currently, many human waste can be recycled and used to produce useful products. Such waste mainly includes scrap metal, wood waste, waste paper, polymers, glass, and so on.
Theoretically, the technologies that currently provide for waste disposal make it possible to process almost any raw material and completely eliminate such a problem. However, in practice it will take many years to implement this idea. This is mainly due to the fact that today many plants do not provide for the disposal of various wastes and, therefore, do not have fully established recycling processes. However, despite this, some chemical enterprises process some hazardous and hazardous wastes.
What are modern complexes for the processing and destruction of garbage of all kinds? Its processing consists of several stages, the first of which is sorting. Here the total mass is divided into various fractions that can be used for recycling. The sorted waste enters the belt conveyor, which passes through several different separators. At the first stage, bulky waste is separated, which enters special shredders. This is followed by the stage of separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals waste using a magnetic separator. These wastes are dumped into a special bunker and are most often sent for remelting as scrap metal. After that, the garbage passes through an air separator, which separates the lightest waste fractions - paper, film, plastic, etc.
At the next stage, the garbage passes through a special sieve, where it is divided into fractions according to the size of the fragments. Larger parts go to the next stage - to the manual sorting chamber. Here, waste is separated using the manual labor of workers. Recyclable materials – glass, wood, plastic, etc. placed in special containers. Unfortunately, this stage cannot yet be automated and it is the most time-consuming in the whole process.
Well, the remaining small-sized fraction of garbage, which is no longer recyclable, is fed to waste presses. Here, the remaining mass is pressed and briquetted into special plastic bags or without them. This waste can then be sent to an incinerator or to a special storage area. In the latter case, its volume is many times smaller than the original one. Thus, a significant useful area is saved, not to mention the fact that many types of sorted waste will be profitably sold as secondary raw materials.
It should be noted that waste incineration is quite an environmentally hazardous process. After all, this releases a significant amount of carcinogenic substances, especially organic substances and dioxins. Therefore, to ensure safety for people and the environment, it is necessary to equip all furnaces with complex filters that prevent the release of harmful substances into the air. The incinerators themselves, as a rule, run on natural gas, which does not emit harmful products when burned. Well, the ash formed after the combustion of garbage is increasingly used as a binder for the production of cinder blocks. This material is widely used in construction work.
Thus, the introduction of modern technologies allows not only to keep the environment clean, but also makes waste disposal a profitable business.
The most unusual way to dispose of garbage.
In many states, huge financial resources are allocated to solve the problem of waste disposal. Everywhere they are solved differently. A very original solution was invented in Singapore.Singapore is a small state located on the southern side of the Malay Peninsula. Its area is about 650 square kilometers, and the population is slightly more than 3 million people. Such a small territory of the state does not allow for huge garbage dumps, so this problem was solved in a very original way.
Not far from the island of Singapore is the island of Semaku, its area is 350 hectares. Its appearance is no different from any other tropical island. You can get to it by ferry, spending only about half an hour, so a large number of tourists constantly arrive on the island. And the main highlight of the island, which attracts a large number of people, is not architecture, not nature, and not monuments. The bottom line is that Semaku was created by human hands, and garbage was used to create it. This truly unique piece of land contains 63 million cubic meters of all kinds of waste. According to scientists, Semaku Island can serve as a landfill for Singapore until 2045.
In order to achieve this, the garbage is collected in specially equipped cells, which are closed with a thick, dense plastic membrane. A layer of soil is poured on top of the garbage cell, which is suitable for growing plants.
Semaku Island is a vivid example of solving the eternal problem of waste disposal, which many states should adopt. And the point is not that there should be an island of garbage near every country. The whole problem lies in the degree of responsibility with which people relate to global problems. What is important here is their understanding and awareness that issues that concern humanity in general are just as important as personal issues.
Conclusion
People all over the world must change their approach and mentality, focusing on the principles of environmental conservation. Any product, its design and production technology must be developed without the appearance of additional waste. Scientists create ideas of a closed cycle economy and product, projects of ecological cities. These developments are widely supported all over the world, especially by large corporations, but there are countries and companies that illegally export garbage to other countries, thereby degrading their environment and violating a huge number of legislative acts. This is a crime not only against a particular country, but also against the whole world, because we have a common environment, there is nowhere to hide from its deterioration.
Only a competent approach to the organization of the removal and destruction of all types of garbage can be the key to solving environmental problems around the world.
Used Books:
- 1. The site of the company "EKOKomplekt" [Electronic resource]. URL:http://ytil.ru/tehnika
- 2. Coordinator of KROO "Ecological Association"
ZASTUPENKO Anastasia. [Electronic resource].URL:http://kudamusor.kender.ru/kuda.php?s=1
- 3. "MKM LOGISTICS" Export, processing and disposal
industrial, household, wood
and other categories of waste in Moscow. [Electronic resource].URL:http://www.mkmlogistics.ru/tech/
- 4.
LLC "Ekostiltrans": garbage disposal. [Electronic resource].URL:http://www.estile.ru/article8. php
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..2
TYPES OF WASTE…………………………………………………………….4
MODERN PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES…………………….6
THE CONCEPT OF SAFE PRODUCTION……………………..9
PROCESSING IN THE SARATOV REGION…………………………11
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………13
REFERENCES…………………………………………………..14
INTRODUCTION
Currently, the problems associated with the insufficient level of processing, neutralization, and safe disposal of waste exacerbate the environmental and sanitary and epidemiological situation in Russia. According to the state policy in the field of environmental protection of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the most unfavorable situation is developing in Primorsky, Krasnodar Territories, Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg Regions, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Of the total mass of waste in the Russian Federation, 95% belong to the 5th hazard class and are represented mainly by large-tonnage waste.
The largest volume of production and consumption waste generation falls on the Siberian Federal District - 62%, the smallest - on the South - 0.4%.
Waste - substances (or mixtures of substances) recognized as unsuitable for further use within the framework of existing technologies, or after domestic use of products.
Recycling - reuse or return to circulation of production waste or garbage. The most common secondary, tertiary, etc. processing on one scale or another of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic. Also, organic agricultural and household waste has been used in agriculture since ancient times.
The recent awareness of the waste crisis facing our society has moved waste management from a side issue to a political debate. For some, the prospect of a major overhaul of the recycling system causes panic, but at the same time a new, more positive attitude towards this problem is being formed. There is a growing willingness to see waste as a source of opportunity and seek solutions from a broader perspective that includes climate change, resource management and urban regeneration.
From the point of view of environmental pollution, the problem comes down to the question of what is waste. From a resource management point of view, this is a question of what waste can be turned into. If we consider waste as pollutants, then they need to be controlled. However, if we consider them as a source of energy and materials, then there are alternative solutions. One such solution is to keep things as they were. Other solutions open the way to something new.
TYPES OF WASTE
Waste classification
Waste varies:
by origin:
Production waste (industrial waste)
Consumption waste (municipal)
By state of aggregation:
gaseous
by hazard class ( for humans and / or for the natural environment)
In the Russian Federation, the following hazard classes for the environment are distinguished:
1st - extremely dangerous
2nd - highly dangerous
3rd - moderately dangerous
4th - low risk
5th - practically harmless
In Russia, there is a Federal waste classifier, in which each type of waste, depending on the source of its origin, is assigned an identification code.
Waste production
Industrial waste - solid, liquid and gaseous production waste obtained as a result of chemical, thermal, mechanical and other transformations of materials of natural and anthropogenic origin.
Waste of certain products - unusable residues of raw materials and / or substances and energy arising in the course of technological processes that are not subject to utilization.
The part of the waste that can be used in the same production is called recyclable waste. This includes the remains of raw materials and other types of material resources formed in the process of production of goods (performance of work, provision of services). Due to the partial loss of some consumer properties, returnable waste can be used in conditions with reduced requirements for the product, or with increased consumption, sometimes they are not used for their intended purpose, but only in auxiliary production (for example, used car oils - for lubricating non-critical components technology). At the same time, the remains of raw materials and other material assets that are transferred to other divisions as full-fledged raw materials, in accordance with the technological process, as well as by-products obtained as a result of the technological process, do not belong to returnable waste.
Wastes that cannot be used within the framework of this production, but can be used in other industries, are called secondary raw materials.
Waste, which at this stage of economic development is inexpedient to process. They form irretrievable losses, they are previously neutralized in case of danger and buried at special polygons.
In industrial ecology, production waste is understood as waste in a solid state of aggregation ( some gaseous and liquid wastes may solidify, for example in filters or sedimentation tanks). The same applies to consumer waste - industrial and household (Fig. 1).
Rice. one. Classification of the main types of solid waste
Consumption waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or obsolescence.
Industrial consumer waste is cars, machine tools and other obsolete equipment of enterprises.
Household waste is waste generated by human activities and disposed of by them as unwanted or useless. Solid household waste includes cardboard, newsprint, packaging or consumer paper, all kinds of containers (wooden, glass, metal), objects and products made of wood, metal, leather, glass, plastic, textiles and other materials that have become obsolete or have lost their consumer properties. broken or obsolete household appliances - garbage, as well as agricultural and municipal food waste - garbage.
A special category of waste (mainly industrial) is radioactive waste (RW) generated during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, nuclear submarines) and other purposes.
A great danger to the environment is posed by toxic waste, including some of the non-hazardous waste at the stage of their appearance, which acquire toxic properties during storage.
MODERN WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
Modern technologies for processing waste of the agro-industrial complex with the production of biogas
In alternative energy, a special place is occupied by the processing of bio-mass ( organic agricultural and household waste) methane fermentation to produce biogas containing about 70% methane and disinfected organic fertilizers. The most important is the utilization of biomass in agriculture, where a large amount of fuel is consumed for various technological needs and the need for high-quality fertilizers is constantly growing. In total, about 60 varieties of biogas technologies are currently used or developed in the world. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced during anaerobic digestion. The residue resulting from the biogas production process contains a significant amount of organic matter and can be used as fertilizer. The production of biogas is economically justified and is preferable when processing a constant stream of waste (effluent from livestock farms, plant waste, etc.). Profitability lies in free raw materials (waste), low-cost organization and management of their supply. The production of biogas is especially effective in agro-industrial complexes, where there is the possibility of a complete ecological cycle.
Obtaining biogas from organic waste has positive features:
1. Biogas can be used to generate heat and electricity with high efficiency;
2. Anaerobic processing of animal waste, crop production and activated sludge makes it possible to obtain ready-to-use mineral fertilizers with a high content of nitrogen and phosphorus components (in contrast to traditional methods of preparing organic fertilizers by composting methods, in which up to 30-40% of nitrogen is lost);
3. The residue is decontaminated and pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated, the waste after anaerobic processing meets the requirements of environmental authorities;
4. Biogas plants can be located in any region of the country and do not require the construction of expensive gas pipelines and complex infrastructure;
5. Biogas plants can partially or completely replace small outdated boiler houses and provide electricity and heat to nearby villages and settlements.
Neutralization of municipal solid waste
At present, the main technological process for the neutralization of municipal solid waste is their incineration in devices of various types. The first enterprise in Russia to implement a four-stage gas cleaning system that meets the requirements of European standards for emissions of harmful substances with flue gases from solid waste incinerators was the Moscow waste incineration plant No. 2 (MSZ No. 2). In the first stage of purification, high-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides to elemental nitrogen is carried out. In the second stage, the content of dioxins in flue gases is reduced. In the third stage, the process of neutralization of acid gases (HCl, HF) takes place. In the fourth stage, flue gases are cleaned of dust.
Rice. 3. Scheme of the technological line MSZ No. 2
On the rice. 3 the scheme of the waste treatment line is given. Solid household waste is fed through the bunker to the grate of the incineration boiler. Slag and ash formed during combustion are transferred to the slag processing shop. Flue gases from the combustion zone enter the afterburning chamber, where the products of incomplete combustion are additionally oxidized and organochlorine polycyclic compounds are decomposed. The steam generated by waste incineration boilers with parameters of 15kgf/cm2 and 2400C goes to the plant's own needs and is sent to a heat-insulating power plant (TUES).
Tab. 1. Main parameters of operation of waste incineration boilers installed at MSZ No. 2.
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Flue gas consumption, m 3 / h |
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Rice. 4. Technological scheme of the flue gas cleaning system from nitrogen oxides.
The developed control system performs the functions of automatic control and automated program-logical control of the process. The solution of these problems is carried out by an intelligent control device - a microprocessor controller. Operating experience of the flue gas cleaning system has shown that this system makes it possible to completely solve the problem and ensure that the concentration of NO in flue gases after cleaning is maintained in the range from 30 to 70 mg/m3.
Recycling of radioactive waste
As another example, it should be said about the processing of production waste, namely radioactive waste.
Russia has developed a technology for plasma-thermal processing of radioactive waste, which is proposed for use in countries where there is a need for the disposal of radioactive waste of low and medium levels of radioactivity. Satisfaction of this need can be demonstrated by the example of Bulgaria. In this country, there are 2 main enterprises that accumulate radioactive and hazardous waste of various origins: the Kozloduy nuclear power plant and the Novi Khan storage facility. At these enterprises, the technology proposed by the Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" has been implemented.
The process of plasma processing of waste consists in the use of plasma arc heaters (plasma torches) to ensure the gasification of organic components, followed by the combustion of the resulting pyrogas, purification of combustion products and the release of neutralized gaseous products into the atmosphere.
Advantages:
high degree of primary waste reduction;
environmental safety of the process;
a small fraction of the radioactivity leaving the reactor in the gas cleaning system;
controllability of the level of radioactivity of the resulting slag.
SAFE PRODUCTION CONCEPT
Due to the constant growth of waste accumulation in the 1980s. the concept of non-waste production appeared. Many institutes were involved in the development of such technologies, but it became clear that the concept is applicable only to a very limited group of industries. In particular, oil refining and petrochemistry cannot be waste-free.
Since all approaches could not radically resolve the escalating ecological situation, at the end of the 20th century. the world community has put forward a completely new concept - a preventive policy. It consists in finding ways to prevent or reduce the generation of waste. This policy is called "Cleaner Production" (CP) and is now accepted worldwide as an innovative concept that can solve the environmental problems of enterprises.
The concept of CP is universal. It is clear that in order to ensure the operation of an enterprise with the least waste and emissions, with low energy costs and high quality of products, a mechanism is needed for the coordinated work of all parts of production. But, as practice shows, in many enterprises each division solves its tasks in isolation.
The essence of CP is the analysis of production efficiency by a working group of employees of the enterprise. The work is carried out in accordance with the methodology developed by the global environmental community in order to identify the causes of significant waste and emissions, poor product quality, as well as to find solutions to improve the operation of the enterprise.
The program usually lasts about a year, as it is necessary not only to identify the causes of problems, but also, with the help of experts, to find the best solution.
It is advisable to dwell in detail on several technologies recommended for implementation.
Two sludge processing technologies are interesting in that one of them is suitable for processing various types of sludge, including old highly stable ones. The technology is a combination of several stages, such as separation, settling, flotation, degassing, conditioning, dehydration, lime addition, compaction, drying. The resulting products are proposed to be burned, extract useful components and used in agriculture, which is not always allowed due to the danger of pollutant migration.
Another technology, developed and used in the USA, uses the cavitation method of separating emulsions with the help of enzymes.
The equipment can be in stationary and mobile forms and is reliable. And although the cost is quite high, the installations are already operating in several places and provide a very high level of water and solid fraction (sand) treatment.
Technologies that use the tornado principle deserve special attention. Firstly, this is a hydrotransport technology that allows pumping sludge, sand, etc. long distances. The installation is small and can be mounted both in a mobile version and in a stationary one.
The second technology allows you to quickly separate a mixture of oil and water using centrifugal force and may be indispensable in the fields. It is already in demand in China, and it is planned to introduce it in Russia.
Possibilities of using industrial waste
In principle, it is possible to use industrial waste in the following main areas:
1. Landscape reclamation, territory planning, backfilling of roads, dams, etc., for which rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, blast-furnace slag and other types of solid industrial waste are used.
The implementation of this economically profitable area of waste disposal, however, is insignificant - in total, approximately 10% of the volume of available waste is used for these purposes.
2. Use of waste as a raw material in the production of building materials:
1) as porous aggregates for concrete, building ceramics, masonry mortars (waste rock, gravel, sand);
2) as a raw material for the production of white cement, building lime and glass (rocks containing CaCO3 chalk), Portland cement (shale), expanded clay (plastic clay), silicate and building bricks (ash and slag waste from thermal power plants and metallurgical plants), etc.
The building materials industry is the only industry that uses large-tonnage production waste on a significant scale.
3. Recycling of waste as a feedstock, since some wastes are close in their properties to natural raw materials for obtaining a certain substance or raw materials for obtaining new types of products.
In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is implemented, for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the resulting graphite soot.
WASTE PROCESSING IN SARATOV REGION
In the Volga Federal District, the problem of ensuring environmental safety in the handling of industrial and household waste requires an immediate solution. The pace of implementation of sites and technologies for the processing and reuse of the most common waste is very slow, as is the pace of construction of waste disposal facilities, including municipal solid waste landfills in many regions.
Practically for all subjects of the federation of the Volga region, it is important to resolve issues with solid waste, sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants, banned and unusable pesticides and pesticides.
One of the main ways to solve the problem of waste use is the organization of their collection and processing to obtain marketable products.
The Bulgarian consortium "EcoEnergo" proposes to consider the possibility of cooperation in waste processing in the Saratov region. According to Mikhail Mikhov, the plans of the EcoEnergo consortium include the implementation of projects in Russia for the placement of waste processing complexes with a full production cycle and the creation of a site for deep processing. Saratov is considered as one of the cities where it is possible to place a waste processing complex.
During the presentation, the President of the EcoEnergo Consortium noted that the production process at the company's waste processing complexes is built as follows: at the first stage of production, the incoming waste is sorted, then some of the components (glass, waste paper, plastic bottles, polyethylene, construction waste, etc.) recycled for recycling. The part of MSW that cannot be reused is subject to disposal.
Investors from Foggy Albion intend to build three complexes in Saratov and Engels. The cost of one plant is estimated at about 25 million euros. Two factories in Saratov will practically close all the problems of the city (the third will be in Engels - "SOG"), the management is sure.
The British plan to introduce highly efficient processing technologies - up to 90 percent of the total mass. Although, apparently, this is not the limit - the company intends to process biological waste into alcohol. To do this, the entire "bios" after packaging in polyethylene will be exported outside of Russia. According to the Minister - Chairman Chopin, investors are ready to invest in the project, provided that the city authorities will provide the factories with raw materials for the next 20 years. Actually, this stuff we have, as they say, heaps.
According to the Saratov inter-district environmental prosecutor Alexander Gonchar, in the whole country over the past 5 years, the amount of household waste has increased by 1.5 times. This problem, according to the environmental prosecutor, is also relevant for the Saratov region ( of course, first of all for the regional center with its almost one million inhabitants).
It should only be noted that the "garbage business" has already come to Balakovo and Volsk, where the first sorting complexes in the region have been launched. Moreover, in Balakovo, the plant is the best in the Volga region.
CONCLUSION
The problem of waste recycling has been at the forefront of attention for several years now.
It is no secret that the capacity of landfills for waste disposal is running out. This forces the state to intensify the search for a way out of this situation. However, so far these attempts have not been successful.
As a result, it is worth saying that the main problems in the field of production and consumption waste management are reduced to:
the absence of a unified system of normative acts on the issues of waste management, primarily on their classification and certification;
the creation of specialized industries and the promotion of new technologies is hampered by the lack of legislative mechanisms for economic incentives for enterprises that collect, transport and process waste.
Elementary mechanisms for economic incentives for enterprises in the field of waste management could be:
property tax benefits for facilities used for environmental protection;
a special taxation regime for land tax, VAT and income tax;
application of accelerated depreciation of fixed production assets associated with the implementation of environmental activities.
In view of the foregoing, it seems appropriate:
1. Ensure the creation of a unified system of federal regulations on waste management issues.
2. Develop and adopt a regulatory framework for the creation and implementation of the state waste cadastre as a federal information system in the field of waste management.
3. Prepare regulations on procedures for identifying the best technologies in the field of waste management.
4. Develop economic mechanisms to stimulate waste recycling.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SARATOV STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY
THEM. N.I. VAVILOVA
LIFE SAFETY
Head of Department:
Teacher:
Modern processing technologies
(by type of waste)
Completed:
4th year student,
faculty
veterinary medicine and
biotechnology
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