Stylistic use of polysemy of words. Stylistic use of polysemantic words and homonyms. Polysemantic words and their stylistic functions

Lexical style.

He studies the stylistic properties and possibilities of various layers of vocabulary, functional - stylistic and emotionally expressive coloring of words, as well as the appropriate use of lexical means of the language.

Range of questions of lexical stylistics:

Polysemy (polysemy), synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, neologisms, obsolete vocabulary, foreign vocabulary, jargon, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, book vocabulary, terms and professionalisms, clericalisms, speech stamp, lexical compatibility, lexical redundancy, lexical insufficiency, phraseological units .

Lexical stylistics pays special attention to the problem of word choice.

Word choice - the appropriate use of the word in the context, in terms of its semantics, stylistic coloring and stylistic affiliation. The choice of a word includes the problem of the motivated use of a specific synonym from a synonymic series, an antonym - from an antonymic pair, as well as a term, jargon, phraseological unit and other lexical means. The discrepancy between a specific lexical unit and a certain segment of speech leads to stylistic errors: river-river. At the lexico-semantic level, the wrong choice of a word is connected with:

1. Ignorance of the basic lexical meaning of the word, which is explained by its obsolescence or vice versa novelty.

2. Incorrect use of the word in a figurative sense, i.e. unmotivated metaphors or metonymy, as well as a violation of the metaphorical chain.

3. Mixing of paronyms (signature - painting)

At the stylistic level, the wrong choice of a word is the use of a stylistically marked word in a different style segment of speech: clericalisms outside the official business style, new words in the story of historical events, jargon in neutral contexts, parsism in official business or lowered contexts, dialectisms outside the dialects and outside the function of the speech characteristics of the characters, barbarisms, exoticisms that violate the stylistic unity of the text.

The problem of choosing a word closely intersects with the problem of choosing an appropriate, but expressive-semantic coloring and functional-stylistic belonging of a synonym from the synonymic series existing in the language. (Money - material assets, grandmas, greens, cabbage, babosy ...)

Polysemy. Stylistic use of polysemy of the word. (polysemy).

Polysemy of a word (polysemy) - is the property of a word to have 2 or more meanings. A polysemantic word has a direct and figurative meaning. The direct meaning is the main one, it is not determined by the context, and, as it is correct, it is stylistically neutral. (iron gates, water pours). The figurative meaning of the word secondarily depends on the context and is stylistically colored (iron character, words are pouring). The development of ambiguity usually occurs on the basis of the similarity or contiguity of objects or phenomena denoted by a given word. The consequence of this is the difference between the metaphorical and metonymic types of the figurative meaning of the word.

The polysemy of the word is used in various stylistic devices, for example, in puns and in irony. If the context does not clarify one of the meanings of a polysemantic word and ambiguity arises, polysemy is a stylistic error, because makes it difficult to read the text.

Polysemy or polysemy(from the Greek poly- a lot, sema- a sign) - means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time, indicating "different classes of objects, phenomena, actions, processes, signs and relationships." The phenomena of polysemy (or unambiguity) are in the center of attention of linguists.

Modern lexicology sees in the polysemy of words their ability to semantic variation, i.e. changing meaning depending on the context.

The study of polysemy allows us to single out the main (or primary) meanings in polysemantic words, which are characterized by the highest frequency and minimal dependence on the context; and non-primary (secondary) meanings, less frequent and always determined by the context.

Polysemy is realized in the appearance of polysemantic words, along with the main direct meaning, figurative figurative meanings. The development of figurative meanings in a word, as a rule, is associated with the likening of one phenomenon to another: names are transferred on the basis of the external similarity of objects (their shape, color, etc.), on the basis of the impressions produced.

The sources of polysemy can be metaphors, metonymy and other means. The figurative meanings of words often lose figurativeness: grape tendrils,clock chime, but can also retain metaphor: whirlwind of events, fly towards, bright mind, iron will etc.

General language metaphors are varieties of word meanings and are fixed in explanatory dictionaries. General language metaphors should be distinguished from individual author's metaphors, the meanings of which are born in a literary text and do not become the property of the language. For example: crescent moon, vault of heaven- general language metaphors, and " the sky is like a bell, month – language"(Yesenin) - individually author's.

Polysemy is important for stylistics, as it affects its stylistic coloring. For example, the neutral verb to give book, to give advice, to give concert etc., may turn out to be colloquial, for example, " I am those ladies. Shooter! shouted Mavra Kuzminichna, waving her hand at him."(L. Tolstoy).

A polysemantic word can have different lexical compatibility. For example, short- main meaning small in height"has a wide range of compatibility: low table, wood,house, fence, closet, heel etc., but speaking in the meanings of " bad" or " sneaky”, has narrower boundaries of compatibility. You can't say: low health, low knowledge, low response or low student. As part of polysemy, meanings opposite to the main one can develop. For example, the verb " depart" in meaning return to normal, feel better; and " depart" in meaning " die»: She was slowly recovering from a major operation.; Grandfather wasted a week and quietly walked away. This phenomenon is called intra-word antonymy.

Polysemantic words make up about half of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. They are the most used. And unambiguous words differ either in the extreme specificity of semantics, or in a narrow subject meaning: can, binoculars, syringe other.

Unambiguity is characteristic of neologisms, since their belonging to a vocabulary that is not yet widespread prevents the development of polysemy.

Polysemy testifies to the unlimited possibilities of the language, since the richness of the vocabulary of the language lies not only in the number of words, but also in the variety of their meanings. The development of new meanings in words gives scope for the creative use of the vocabulary of the language.

homonymy (from the Greek homos - the same, onima - name). Words that have the same sound and spelling but different meanings are called homonyms. Outwardly, homonyms often resemble polysemy. But with the ambiguity of words, different meanings are not isolated from each other, but are connected, systemic, while homonymy is outside the systemic connections of words in the language. In homonymy, completely different words collide, coinciding in sound and spelling, but having nothing in common in semantics. For example: marriage(marriage) is formed from the verb take with the suffix - to (cf. marry) and homonymous noun marriage, borrowed from the German language (Brack - a flaw from the verb brechen - to break).

True, there are cases when homonymy develops from polysemy, but then the difference in meanings is so great that the words lose any semantic similarity and act as independent lexical units. For example, " light"- sunrise, dawn: A little light is already on my feet, and I'm at your feet(Griboyedov) and " light"in the meaning of earth, world, universe: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel around a hundredth(Griboyedov).

The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in explanatory dictionaries: different meanings of polysemantic words are given in one dictionary entry, and the meanings of homonymous words are described in different dictionary entries. Of great scientific interest is the "Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language" by O.S. Akhmanova (M., 1974). In this dictionary, homonyms are given with translation into English, French and German.

It is customary to refer to homonymy and related phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech - homophony, homography and the coincidence of individual forms of different words - homoforms.

Homophones - These are words that sound the same but are spelled differently: onion - meadow, dock - dog, flu - mushroom, labor - tinder. These include the coincidence of words and phrases: dumb - not mine, skidding - by the nose, for days - with ducks other .

homoforms- these are words that coincide with their separate forms: saw- noun and saw- past tense verb, feminine; flying- from the verb fly and flying from the verb treat.

homographs- these are words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation, more often stress. This distinguishes them from homophones and lexical homonyms. To such words, modern researchers include over a thousand pairs of words like: iris (candy) and iris (threads);

– lexical homographs: atlas(geographic) and atlas(shiny fabric);

– lexico-grammatical: village(verb) and village(noun), run at (verb) and b e gu(from noun running - highlight b e gu more training time;

– grammatical homographs: addresses(I don't know the address) and addresses(plural) Houses and Houses;

– stylistic: compass - compass, prey - prey.

Homonyms are often used by poets and writers to create expression in works, to give them a humorous or satirical character, to create puns. For example: Peace to the world!; Whatever it is, but wants to eat(proverb). In children's poems by Yakov Kozlovsky:

Sitting in a taxi, U S.Ya. Marshak: Loved the students

Dachshund asked: he falls asleep,

- What is the fare? is evident because

And the driver: they loved to fall asleep

- Money from taxes on his lectures.

We do not take at all

That's it - with!

From the collection of V.Ya. Bryusov:

I am under the blue canopy

On the hill canopy.

Sometimes writers interpret words in a new way, thus creating their own individual author's homonyms. For example, P.A. Vyazemsky: I spent the whole winter in this region. I say that I settled down because I dug into steppe . The meaning of "to become sedate, restrained" is being rethought. Or another example: (about playing sportsloto) - How do you cross out sports?? – By the principle of contradiction. What kind of sport is disgusting to me, I cross it out(Lit. gas.).

On the 16th page of the Literary Gazette, jokes based on a language game are often published. They play on (rethink) the meanings of words. For example: hussar- poultry farmer, goose farm worker, sackcloth- Dentist, goner- winner in race walking, jovial- a rower in a rowboat take a sip- kiss, preinfarction state- a state acquired before a heart attack. However, both writers and people of other specialties need to monitor speech so as not to get into a ridiculous and uncomfortable position.

Inattention to the word is often noticed in colloquial speech. For example, at the checkout in a store: Blow my brains out. In the clinic: Remove the skull and make an appointment with the surgeon. From the report of the railway transportation service: In summer, the number of passengers on trains increases due to gardeners and sadists(from the noun garden). From the announcement: To the attention of homeowners of filthy houses. Odessgaz will be checked on May 16th.

Similar puns that create absurdity of the statement are observed in very short texts, for example, in advertisements, since the limited amount of information does not make it possible to correctly comprehend polysemantic words. For example, in ads: Starting June 1, the plane will fly with stops. The workshop does not accept orders for belts: the lower back hurts.

The cause of ambiguity may be intra-word homonymy: The doctor decided to leave this medicine(cancel or recommend). I listened to your report(listened or missed by ears).

Sometimes unexpected homophony is funny. For example, Lermontov: With wine in my chest, I lay motionless. Bryusov: And your step weighed down the earth. Or the phrase: Is it possible to be indifferent to evil.

POLYSEMINAL WORDS AND THEM
STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS

B.I.MATVEEV

Words are single-valued and polysemantic. Unambiguous name any one concept, phenomenon of reality, action, etc. Yes, nouns have only one meaning. nitrogen, concrete, trolleybus, adjective criminal, verb be angry etc. There are relatively few such words. Usually these terms are: cathode, incense, metaphor, metonymy, suffix.
Most words in Russian have several meanings. For example, in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, 35 meanings of the verb go, 20 - verb hold on.
The ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time is called polysemy (from the Greek poly- lot, sema- sign). The phenomenon of polysemy is due to the nature of the language itself and the laws of the process of cognition. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word reflects the complex process of cognition of the surrounding reality. Yes, the word satellite originally meant companion (my companion), as well as the one who makes his life path together with someone (life partner), and then acquired an additional meaning: "a celestial body moving around a planet, a star" (The Moon is the Earth's satellite).
In connection with the change of life, the former meanings of some words are lost and new ones appear. In particular, the noun foreman in the 18th century it denoted a military rank, intermediate between a colonel and a general, and now it is the head of a production group, brigade; word joke back in the days of A.S. Pushkin meant an extraordinary case, a small entertaining story, and now it is a small story of funny content with an unexpected sharp ending; Eugene Onegin's contemporaries acquired scrupulous goods, i.e. haberdashery, in our time, scrupulous is called a delicate person, scrupulously, observing the established rules of behavior to the smallest detail.
Former meanings, as a rule, are not completely clear to many students and need to be commented on. For example, in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy’s “Peter the Great” we read: “Many people were interrogated, others themselves brought tales and gave tales ...”, “Beetroots burst like cannons ...”, “Peter skillfully put a cap on gunpowder ...”, where are the words fairy tale, beetroot, cap used in meanings typical of the time of Peter the Great, but not typical now ( story- "official testimony about something", beetroot- "a cylindrical vessel made of birch bark with a wooden bottom and a lid", cap- "bag for artillery powder charge").
There is a relationship between the use of a word and the number of its meanings: the less often a word is used in a literary language, the fewer meanings it has. The most ambiguous words are characterized by the highest frequency coefficient.
Different types of words in the Russian language have polysemy developed to varying degrees. If we compare the degree of development of polysemy in different parts of speech, then verbs come first, then nouns and adjectives, followed by adverbs, interjections, numerals, conjunctions and particles.
Russian verbs, as a rule, have many meanings. Different in origin, they differ from each other in the number of meanings. native Russian verbs ( run, beat, do etc.) have the largest number of values. Borrowed verbs are most often unambiguous: accredit, activate, harmonize, hypertrophy and etc.
Like verbs, nouns, depending on the origin, are characterized by varying degrees of development of polysemy. The greatest number of meanings are native Russian nouns, naming vital objects: head, hand, tongue, house, fire, heat etc. Less developed polysemy in verbal nouns, in particular, with suffixes -anij(e), -enij(e): rebellion, admonition, trust, meeting etc.
The polysemy of the word is organically connected with the phenomena of antonymy and synonymy. A polysemantic word in different meanings can have different synonyms and antonyms. Yes, adjective old in the meaning of "reached old age" has an antonym young, and a synonym elderly; in the meaning of "old, existing from ancient times" – antonym new (old time - new time), synonym old (old time - old time). The organic connection of polysemy with antonymy and synonymy is evidence of the systemic nature of lexical units, their interdependence and interdependence.
Not all meanings of a polysemantic word are capable of entering into synonymous and antonymic relations. In some classes of words, in particular, in nouns, this property is less developed, in others, for example, in adjectives, it is stronger.
The main, original meaning of the word is called direct, other meanings of the same word are called figurative. So, the direct meaning of the adjective strong- “one that is difficult to break, break, tear, etc.” (hard nut), figurative - "reliable, faithful" (strong friendship).
Polysemy contains the possibilities of imagery of speech: the transfer of the name of one object to another gives the statement liveliness, originality, freshness. Therefore, polysemy is widely used in fiction as a means of representation. Many titles of works of art are built on polysemy, which gives them special significance: the novels “The Noble Nest”, “Smoke”, “Nov” by I.S. Turgenev, "Cliff" by I.A. Goncharov, the plays "Forest", "Thunderstorm", "Wolves and Sheep", "Abyss" by A.N. Ostrovsky, stories "Wall", "Abyss" by L. Andreev, "Nizhny Novgorod slope" by B. Pilnyak, comedies "Bug", "Bath" by V. Mayakovsky, etc.
We will try to show this in the title of M. Gorky's novel "The Artamonov Case". Noun case is a key word in the novel. It determines the development of the theme and idea of ​​the work. This is primarily an "enterprise" - a weaving factory, the founder of which was the former serf Ilya Artamonov.
At the same time in the word case from the very beginning of the novel, another meaning begins to emerge: "a document opened by an investigator in connection with a crime." Almost all the Artamonovs are criminals and murderers.
The problem of the Artamonovs' crime is not limited to their personal involvement in criminal acts. Gorky interprets the issue much broader and deeper. The very case of the Artamonovs turns out to be criminal: the factory spoiled, disfigured the environment and the spiritual world of people. The description of the factory invariably accompanies the red color, the color of blood, fire, something unkind.

Masters of fiction in their works reveal the semantic shades of polysemantic words, often invisible in everyday use. To see this, it suffices to trace at least the use of polysemantic words road, business, grab and others in the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" business, land in "Vasily Terkin" by A. Tvardovsky. So, in "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol only on one page word case uses in the meaning of "collection of documents", "administrative proceedings", "work" and as part of a phraseological unit meaning "everything is in order": “But the petitioner waits for a day, another, they don’t bring the case home, on the third too. He is in the office, the case did not begin; he to the precious diamond. “Ah, sorry! Chichikov said very politely, grabbing him by both hands, “we had so many things to do, but tomorrow everything will be done, tomorrow without fail, really, I’m even ashamed!”<...>Before, at least you knew what to do: you brought a red one to the ruler of affairs, and it’s all in the bag ... ”
The same technique is widely used in poetry to increase the expressiveness of the verse: “I don’t accept eternity, why did they bury me? I didn’t want to land from my beloved land so much ... "(M. Tsvetaeva). In the first case, the word Earth used here in the meaning of "soil", in the second - "the place of life and activity of people."

In order for a student to master the technique of using polysemantic words in speech, he must pay attention to their use in literary texts, as well as perform special exercises on the selection of antonyms, synonyms, phraseological units for different meanings of the same word, etc.
First of all, it is necessary to teach students to distinguish single-valued words from polysemantic ones, to find its main meaning in a polysemantic word. This purpose is served
exercises like this:

Exercises to study the semantics of a word

1. Indicate single-valued and polysemantic words:

accordion, anapaest, audience, dish, take, trolleybus, trochee, report, delay.

2. Write in two columns single-valued and multi-valued verbs. With one of the multi-valued verbs, make three sentences using the verb in different meanings:

automate, fight, barricade, lead, vaccinate, talk, cook, debut, diagnose, hold.

3. Determine the sign that formed the basis for the names of the days of the week:

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday.

4. Name the sign that underlies the surnames of the characters in literary works:

Prostakov, Tugoukhovsky, Kabanikha, Grim-Burcheev, Obolt-Obolduev, Snegina.

For the disclosure of polysemy, exercises at the level of phrases are important, because it is compatibility that determines the meaning of the word. Wed: Bring the car to action. Plan action. Place actions. Harmful action. In each of the following sentences, the noun action appears in different meanings.

Exercises to differentiate the meanings of a word

1. Determine the meanings of the underlined nouns in these phrases.

Sample: travel card ticket- a document certifying the right to use something; examination ticket- A list of questions to be answered.

1. Sew on hanger, hanger on the first floor. 2. Time lunch, in our time. 3. Homemade the address, warm the address. 4. Cold evening, solemn evening. 5. Pave road, to give road. 6. Idea novel, carry out idea.

Keys: 1. Loop sewn to the dress, for which it is hung. Razg. A room equipped for storing outerwear, a wardrobe. 2. A certain moment in which something happens. Period, era in the life of mankind, state, society. 3. The inscription on the mail envelope indicating the destination and recipient. Written greeting. 4. Time of day. An evening meeting dedicated to something. 5. A strip of land used for driving and walking. Place for passage, passage. 6. Main, main idea. Intention, plan.

2. Write out phrases in which adjectives are first used in the direct meaning, and then in the figurative.

Iron bars, iron discipline; deep river, deep feeling; rainy day, black pencil; sour apple, sour kind; crimson color, crimson ringing.

3. Determine the meanings of the verbs.

Sample: time running(passes quickly) run tears (flowing, pouring).

1. carry things to him lucky. 2. Live for a long time , live in the village. 3. quit ticket, quit smoke, quit troops into battle . 4.To give book , to give exercise. 5. Carry suitcase, carry responsibility.

Keys A: 1. Deliver using vehicles. For luck in anything. 2. To exist, to be in the process of life. To live, to live somewhere.
3. Throw away. Stop. Send. 4. Hand over. Order to do something. 5. Picking up or loading on yourself, move, deliver somewhere. Responsible for anything.

4. Replace the underlined words with opposite meanings. Make up 4 sentences with these phrases.

Sample: close distance - far distance. For good friends, long distance is not an obstacle.

1. Lung an exercise, easy work. 2. Small rain, shallow river. 3. Full Human, full cup. 4. Fresh newspaper, fresh bread.

Keys: 1. Difficult, heavy. 2. Large, deep. 3. Thin, empty. 4. Old, callous.

5. Replace verbs with similar meanings.

1. Get it briefcase notebook, get theater tickets. 2. Start motor, start dog. 3. Goes bus, go to work. 4. Open a door, open meeting.
5. Hand over letter, hand over the content of the story.

Keys: 1. Take out, buy. 2. Set in motion, acquire. 3. Moves, moves; go.
4. Unlock, start. 5. Hand over, state.

6. Replace these phraseological units with synonyms.

Sample: hands do not reach - once.

1. Sit back. 2. Fasten to the wall. 3. First things first. 4. Actually. 5. Every now and then. 6. My side business.

Keys: 1. Mess around. 2. Expose. 3. First of all. 4. Really. 5. Continuously. 6. This does not concern me.

The word acquires its specific meaning only in a certain context - a sentence, a paragraph, where some aspects of its semantics are neutralized and, conversely, others are activated. Therefore, exercises at the level of sentences and connected texts are especially important, in which the phenomenon of polysemy and the visual possibilities of the word associated with it are most clearly revealed. Here are some of these exercises.

Exercises to study polysemy in context

1. Determine the meaning of the word road in "Provincial Essays" by Saltykov-Shchedrin.

“And here again the road is in front of me - the road with its birch alleys, with its plains spread out on the sides, God knows where stretching.”
“... and I’m so tired already, so broken by life, like a mail horse is broken by hourly riding on a stony, hard road!”

Keys: landscape; a strip of land intended for movement.

2. Explain the meaning of the words historical, history uses N.V. Gogol to create a comic effect in the poem "Dead Souls".

“Nozdryov was in some respects a historical person. Not a single meeting he attended was without a story. Some kind of story was bound to happen: either the gendarmes would take him by the arms out of the gendarme hall, or they would be forced to push out their own friends.

Keys: historical- important for history, included in history; story- scandal, trouble; incident.

3. red in the works of N.V. Gogol.

1. A strange incident happened at the fair: everything was filled with a rumor that a red scroll had appeared somewhere between the goods (“Sorochinsky Fair”). 2. Laughter rose from all sides; but such a greeting did not seem too much to the discharged cohabitant of her slowly speaking spouse: her red cheeks turned into fiery ones, and the crackle of choice words fell on the head of a riotous lad ... (ibid.) 3. Kovalev guessed and, grabbing a red banknote from the table, put it in his hands to the overseer, who, shuffling, went out the door ... ("The Nose"). 4. Why is your life not red? - said the chairman ("Dead Souls"). 5. Following the suitcase was brought in a small mahogany chest with piece layouts made of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and a fried chicken wrapped in blue paper (ibid.). 6. He does not have enough land - well, he seized someone else's wasteland, that is, he hoped that it was not needed and the owners forgot about it, and here, as if on purpose, from time immemorial, peasants have been going to celebrate the Red Hill there (ibid.) . 7. It is true that the red girls thought a little while accepting gifts: God knows, maybe they really passed through unclean hands (“Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”).

Keys: 1. Colors of blood. 2. Reddened from a rush of blood to the skin. 3. 10-ruble note. 4. Good. 5. Wood, going to fine carpentry crafts. 6. The first week after Easter, the time of weddings in the old days. 7. Handsome.

4. Determine the meaning of the adjective black in the works of A.S. Pushkin.

1. I look, like a madman, at a black shawl, / And sadness torments my cold soul (“Black shawl”). 2. The flying ridge is thinning clouds. / A sad star, an evening star! / Your beam has silvered the withered plains, / And the slumbering bay, and the black rocks of the peaks (“The flying ridge is thinning clouds ...”). 3. Listen, brother Salieri, / As black thoughts come to you, / Uncork a bottle of champagne / Or reread The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart and Salieri). 4. There is nothing to do. She, / Black is full of envy, / Throwing a mirror under the bench, / Called Chernavka to her ... (“The Tale of the Dead Princess ...”) 5. All the black people were for Pugachev (“The History of Pugachev”).

Keys: 1. Soot colors. 2. Dark, characterized by a relatively dark color. 3. Gloomy, bleak. 4. Evil, criminal. 5. Belonging to the lower strata of the population.

5. Determine the meaning of the highlighted words.

1. A humble sinner, Dmitry Larin, / The Lord's servant and foreman, / Sim eats the world under a stone (A. Pushkin). In winter, he was sent from the collective farm to logging foreman for removal (V.Tendryakov). 2. Joke about three cards had a strong effect on his imagination (A. Pushkin). Turkin knew a lot jokes, charade, saying, loved to joke and make jokes (A. Chekhov). 3. Everything for a plentiful whim / Trades London scrupulous/ And along the Baltic waves / Carries us for timber and fat ... (A. Pushkin) Taras Petrovich was very scrupulous in everything that concerned the execution of orders from senior commanders (E. Kazakevich). 4. But meanwhile what a shame/ Is Kyiv besieged? (A. Pushkin) Fear of disgrace, with which he would cover himself if everyone here, in the courtroom, recognized his act, drowned out the inner work that took place in him (L. Tolstoy). 5. Instantly puffed into his throat toad, and he got home, unable to say a single word; all swollen and went to bed (N. Gogol). On the damp ground, as if stuck to it with a flat belly, sat a rather fat old woman. toad(V. Garshin). 6. In the teeth - cigraca, crushed cap, / On the back you need an ace of diamonds! (A. Blok) He (tobacco. - B.M.) was in different forms: in caps, and in the tabashnik, and, finally, it was poured just in a heap on the table (N. Gogol).

Keys: 1. Military rank, middle between colonel and general. Production team leader. 2. History, an incident of an extraordinary nature. A short story of funny content with an unexpected sharp ending. 3. Haberdashery and perfumery. Strictly, to the smallest detail, principled in relations with someone or in relation to something. 4. Spectacle. dishonor. 5. Angina. A frog-like tailless amphibian with warty skin. 6. Men's headdress with a hard visor. Thick paper bag.

6. Replace the underlined phrases in the text with synonyms. Use the text when talking about the painting by F. Reshetnikov "Again deuce."

Petya is a fourth grade student. He studies badly Often gets two. The main thing for him is games. Coming home from school, he primarily throws his briefcase anywhere and runs out into the street to skate, to mess with the dog. Lessons doing somehow and does not work with his younger brother.
His sister behaves differently. She is used to working: she helps her mother with the housework, every day she diligently does her homework. She won't say: It doesn't concern me", when he sees how his mother cleans the apartment, and willingly helps her. Zina very worried when a brother gets deuces, realizing that on merit.

Keys: every now and then, first thing, after the sleeves, my side business, beside myself, for the cause.

7. Edit the text to avoid repeating the same words.

Why didn't I become an artist?

When I was 7 years old, my mother decided that I should become an artist. She liked ballet. She often attended performances, at concerts where ballet dancers performed. One day Mom said: "You will study at the ballet school." to me liked dance, so I gladly began to study at this school.
The first words of the dance teacher were: “Hello, children! Listen carefully to the music and follow my movements. Did you understand me? Get started."
I'm all right understood and started dance. I thought I was a great dancer and really wanted to be an artist. But the teacher often said that I don't listen to music when I dance. And I thought that it doesn't matter if I listen to music or not.
One day my mother came to school. The teacher is with her for a long time about something spoke. A few days later, my mother said that it would be better if I did not study at a ballet school, but at a regular school.

Keys: once - somehow, I liked - I loved; understood - learned, began - became, accepted, thought - considered, spoke - talked.

Working on polysemantic words expands and deepens students' understanding of the semantics and scope of the studied vocabulary, improves their oral and written speech.

Polysemy or polysemy(from the Greek poly- a lot, sema- a sign) - means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time, indicating "different classes of objects, phenomena, actions, processes, signs and relationships." The phenomena of polysemy (or unambiguity) are in the center of attention of linguists.

Modern lexicology sees in the polysemy of words their ability to semantic variation, i.e. changing meaning depending on the context.

The study of polysemy allows us to single out the main (or primary) meanings in polysemantic words, which are characterized by the highest frequency and minimal dependence on the context; and non-primary (secondary) meanings, less frequent and always determined by the context.

Polysemy is realized in the appearance of polysemantic words, along with the main direct meaning, figurative figurative meanings. The development of figurative meanings in a word, as a rule, is associated with the likening of one phenomenon to another: names are transferred on the basis of the external similarity of objects (their shape, color, etc.), on the basis of the impressions produced.

The sources of polysemy can be metaphors, metonymy and other means. The figurative meanings of words often lose figurativeness: grape tendrils,clock chime, but can also retain metaphor: whirlwind of events, fly towards, bright mind, iron will etc.

General language metaphors are varieties of word meanings and are fixed in explanatory dictionaries. General language metaphors should be distinguished from individual author's metaphors, the meanings of which are born in a literary text and do not become the property of the language. For example: crescent moon, vault of heaven- general language metaphors, and " the sky is like a bell, month – language"(Yesenin) - individually author's.

Polysemy is important for stylistics, as it affects its stylistic coloring. For example, the neutral verb to give book, to give advice, to give concert etc., may turn out to be colloquial, for example, " I am those ladies. Shooter! shouted Mavra Kuzminichna, waving her hand at him."(L. Tolstoy).

A polysemantic word can have different lexical compatibility. For example, short- main meaning small in height"has a wide range of compatibility: low table, wood,house, fence, closet, heel etc., but speaking in the meanings of " bad" or " sneaky”, has narrower boundaries of compatibility. You can't say: low health, low knowledge, low response or low student. As part of polysemy, meanings opposite to the main one can develop. For example, the verb " depart" in meaning return to normal, feel better; and " depart" in meaning " die»: She was slowly recovering from a major operation.; Grandfather wasted a week and quietly walked away. This phenomenon is called intra-word antonymy.

Polysemantic words make up about half of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. They are the most used. And unambiguous words differ either in the extreme specificity of semantics, or in a narrow subject meaning: can, binoculars, syringe other.

Unambiguity is characteristic of neologisms, since their belonging to a vocabulary that is not yet widespread prevents the development of polysemy.

Polysemy testifies to the unlimited possibilities of the language, since the richness of the vocabulary of the language lies not only in the number of words, but also in the variety of their meanings. The development of new meanings in words gives scope for the creative use of the vocabulary of the language.

homonymy (from the Greek homos - the same, onima - name). Words that have the same sound and spelling but different meanings are called homonyms. Outwardly, homonyms often resemble polysemy. But with the ambiguity of words, different meanings are not isolated from each other, but are connected, systemic, while homonymy is outside the systemic connections of words in the language. In homonymy, completely different words collide, coinciding in sound and spelling, but having nothing in common in semantics. For example: marriage(marriage) is formed from the verb take with the suffix - to (cf. marry) and homonymous noun marriage, borrowed from the German language (Brack - a flaw from the verb brechen - to break).

True, there are cases when homonymy develops from polysemy, but then the difference in meanings is so great that the words lose any semantic similarity and act as independent lexical units. For example, " light"- sunrise, dawn: A little light is already on my feet, and I'm at your feet(Griboyedov) and " light"in the meaning of earth, world, universe: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel around a hundredth(Griboyedov).

The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in explanatory dictionaries: different meanings of polysemantic words are given in one dictionary entry, and the meanings of homonymous words are described in different dictionary entries. Of great scientific interest is the "Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language" by O.S. Akhmanova (M., 1974). In this dictionary, homonyms are given with translation into English, French and German.

It is customary to refer to homonymy and related phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech - homophony, homography and the coincidence of individual forms of different words - homoforms.

Homophones - These are words that sound the same but are spelled differently: onion - meadow, dock - dog, flu - mushroom, labor - tinder. These include the coincidence of words and phrases: dumb - not mine, skidding - by the nose, for days - with ducks other .

homoforms- these are words that coincide with their separate forms: saw- noun and saw- past tense verb, feminine; flying- from the verb fly and flying from the verb treat.

homographs- these are words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation, more often stress. This distinguishes them from homophones and lexical homonyms. To such words, modern researchers include over a thousand pairs of words like: iris (candy) and iris (threads);

– lexical homographs: atlas(geographic) and atlas(shiny fabric);

– lexico-grammatical: village(verb) and village(noun), run at (verb) and b e gu(from noun running - highlight b e gu more training time;

– grammatical homographs: addresses(I don't know the address) and addresses(plural) Houses and Houses;

– stylistic: compass - compass, prey - prey.

Homonyms are often used by poets and writers to create expression in works, to give them a humorous or satirical character, to create puns. For example: Peace to the world!; Whatever it is, but wants to eat(proverb). In children's poems by Yakov Kozlovsky:

Sitting in a taxi, U S.Ya. Marshak: Loved the students

Dachshund asked: he falls asleep,

- What is the fare? is evident because

And the driver: they loved to fall asleep

- Money from taxes on his lectures.

We do not take at all

That's it - with!

From the collection of V.Ya. Bryusov:

I am under the blue canopy

On the hill canopy.

Sometimes writers interpret words in a new way, thus creating their own individual author's homonyms. For example, P.A. Vyazemsky: I spent the whole winter in this region. I say that I settled down because I dug into steppe . The meaning of "to become sedate, restrained" is being rethought. Or another example: (about playing sportsloto) - How do you cross out sports?? – By the principle of contradiction. What kind of sport is disgusting to me, I cross it out(Lit. gas.).

On the 16th page of the Literary Gazette, jokes based on a language game are often published. They play on (rethink) the meanings of words. For example: hussar- poultry farmer, goose farm worker, sackcloth- Dentist, goner- winner in race walking, jovial- a rower in a rowboat take a sip- kiss, preinfarction state- a state acquired before a heart attack. However, both writers and people of other specialties need to monitor speech so as not to get into a ridiculous and uncomfortable position.

Inattention to the word is often noticed in colloquial speech. For example, at the checkout in a store: Blow my brains out. In the clinic: Remove the skull and make an appointment with the surgeon. From the report of the railway transportation service: In summer, the number of passengers on trains increases due to gardeners and sadists(from the noun garden). From the announcement: To the attention of homeowners of filthy houses. Odessgaz will be checked on May 16th.

Similar puns that create absurdity of the statement are observed in very short texts, for example, in advertisements, since the limited amount of information does not make it possible to correctly comprehend polysemantic words. For example, in ads: Starting June 1, the plane will fly with stops. The workshop does not accept orders for belts: the lower back hurts.

The cause of ambiguity may be intra-word homonymy: The doctor decided to leave this medicine(cancel or recommend). I listened to your report(listened or missed by ears).

Sometimes unexpected homophony is funny. For example, Lermontov: With wine in my chest, I lay motionless. Bryusov: And your step weighed down the earth. Or the phrase: Is it possible to be indifferent to evil.

Introduction

All living languages ​​fulfill their most important purpose - they serve as a means of communication. Language is the expression and repository of human thought. It connects times, traces the evolution of the human race, cements the continuity of generations of various ethnic groups. The great Russian reformer of the school, the founder of scientific pedagogy in Russia, K. D. Ushinsky, said it well: “The language of the people is the best, never fading and ever again blooming color of its entire spiritual life, which begins far beyond the borders of history.”

The language system of any nation is strong with traditions and the presence of norms supported by the school, print, radio, television and other media. However, language changes happen all the time. This cannot but affect the enrichment of the language with a variety of stylistic imagery and figurativeness to express the thoughts and feelings of the speaker. In Russian, words with single-valued and multi-valued meanings make up a proportion of 20% to 80%, respectively.

The expressiveness of the ambiguity of a word in Russian creates unlimited possibilities for its use (depending on the context) and careful use in speech. The writer, working on the language of his works, attaches particular importance to expressive means that make his language accurate in style and bright in emotional coloring. And the Russian-speaking writer in particular, because he speaks the “great and mighty” language of a great people. As Academician V. V. Vinogradov said, “the individual verbal and artistic creativity of the writer grows on the basis of the verbal and artistic creativity of the whole people.”

In this study, we will try to determine to what extent the stylistic use of the polysemy of the word in the expressive means of the Russian language used in modern conditions contributes to the development of beautiful and correct speech, which is necessary for the owner of the profession - a journalist. Unfortunately, in our time, the problem of speech literacy in society is the most acute, so it is necessary to constantly correct these shortcomings by the ability of professionals from journalism, who have knowledge of the laws of linguistics and philology, to use the rich Russian language.

For this reason, in this work relevantthe article presents a study of the stylistic use of polysemantic words and the identification of their features in the journal text.

NoveltyThis study consists in an attempt to present in as much detail as possible aspects of the polysemy of words on a specific example, because knowledge of the stylistic features of the use of polysemy of words positively affects the improvement of the speech culture of the individual.

objectresearch is the journal "Journalist", No. 3 / 2011.

Subjectresearch is the stylistic use of polysemy words.

Objective- an attempt to present a more complete and vivid picture of the use of ambiguous words and explain some features of the use of ambiguous words using a specific example. The purpose of the work led to the formulation and solution of the following tasks:

) characterization of the theoretical foundations of the polysemy of words;

) analysis of the stylistic use of polysemy of words in journal texts of specific authors.

theoretical basisThis work was served by the works of such researchers as D.E. Rosenthal, V.I. Maksimov, G.O. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, L. B. Shcherba, D. I. Latyshina E.I. Dibrova, A.A. Reformatsky, N.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, A.I. Smirnitsky, M.I. Fomina, A.I. Gorshkov, E.A. Zemskaya and others.

StructureThis work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

In the introductionthe substantiation of the choice of the topic is given, its relevance is revealed, the purpose, the main tasks of the work, the subject and object of the study, the structure of the work are determined.

In the first chaptercharacterization of the stylistic use of language means in different genres is given, and the stylistic functions of polysemy are considered.

In the secondThe chapter analyzes polysemantic means for creating imagery in a journalistic text on the example of specific authors chosen by us.

In custodythe results of this study are summed up and conclusions are drawn on all the material presented.

Chapter I. Stylistic use of linguistic means in different genres of journalism

The choice of stylistically colored words, phraseological phrases, individual forms and structures should be made taking into account their more or less strong attachment to functional styles. “First of all, when characterizing language means, it is important to contrast “book speech - colloquial speech”. In practice, there are three types of styles: book-written (scientific, professional-technical, official-business, public-journalistic, epistolary); oral-colloquial (literary-colloquial, everyday-everyday, colloquial); fiction, where elements are used and bookish, and colloquial, and non-literary (colloquial, dialect, etc.)”.

Words and phraseological units name objects, phenomena, signs and actions of the surrounding world. The more a person knows the world and himself, the more he discovers the new. The Russian language is one of the richest in the world in terms of vocabulary and phraseological units. “For everything,” wrote K. Paustovsky, “the Russian language has a great many good words. There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts, complex and simple, for which there would be no exact expression in our language. In the Russian language, according to A. I. Herzen, “abstract thoughts, inner lyrical feelings, a cry of indignation, a sparkling prank” are easily expressed.

The central place for stylistics in general and for practical stylistics in particular is given to the problems of synonymy. The basis for this statement is the fact that "a developed literary language is a complex system of more or less synonymous means of expression, one way or another correlated with each other."

Using synonyms helps writers avoid repetition. At the same time, synonyms not only diversify speech, but also introduce subtle semantic and stylistic shades into the design of the statement.

As a result of the ambiguity of words, such expressive means of the language are formed as:

) epithet(with gr. - application) - a definition that gives the expression figurativeness and emotionality, emphasizing one of the signs of the object or one of the impressions about the object (“The grove dissuaded golden birch cheerful language");

) metaphor(from gr. - transfer) - a figurative meaning of a word based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast. The likening of a living being is called personification(“streams ran from the mountains” - N. Nekrasov), the subject - reification(“Nails would be made from these people: There would be no stronger nails in the world” - N. Tikhonov);

) metonymy(from gr. - rename) - a type of trail in which a phenomenon or object is indicated using other words and concepts (“a steel speaker dozing in a cabure” by V. Mayakovsky - about a revolver);

) synecdoche- one of the tropes, a kind of metonymy, transferring the meaning of one word to another based on the replacement of quantitative relations: a part instead of a whole (“A lonely sail turns white” by M. Lermontov - instead of a boat - a sail); singular instead of plural (“And the slave blessed fate” - “Eugene Onegin” by A. Pushkin; the whole is taken instead of the part: “He was buried in the globe of the earth, but he was only a soldier” - S. Orlov);

) hyperbola(from gr. - exaggeration) - a means of artistic representation based on exaggeration (“the sea is knee-deep”, “tears in three streams”);

) allegory(from gr. - to speak in a different way) - the image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a specific image (heart - A. love; two crossing guns - A. artillery, etc.), etc.

To write articles on various topics, journalists, like writers, use all the possibilities of using polysemantic words, not only in the direct, but also in the figurative sense. From the point of view of stylistic characteristics, vocabulary is considered in two aspects: its functional attachment to a particular style and emotionally expressive coloring.

From a stylistic point of view, all the words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

· stylistically neutral or common (can be used in all styles of speech without restriction);

· stylistically colored.

The main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language is made up of commonly used words, that is, words that all Russian people use, regardless of profession and place of residence. For example: nouns father, mother, son, daughter...; adjectives good, beautiful, long...; numerals one, two, three...; pronouns I, you, he...; verbs to speak, walk, write.

Such words can be used in any style of speech, both when we speak and when we write. Special words denoting scientific concepts are called terms. Some terms are used only by specialists in one area (doctors, physicists, etc.). There are also commonly understood terms that have entered the literary language (sum, horizon, start, etc.). In works of art, professionalisms are used to describe people's occupations, and their stylistic use depends on the context, just like any other means of expressing thought.

As we have already said, stylistically colored polysemantic words belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish, scientific, official business, journalistic or colloquial. Their use "not in their style" violates the correctness, purity of speech. For example, the word hindrance refers to the conversational style, and the word banish refers to the book style. And if you use the first word in a bookish style, and the second - in a colloquial one, then you get a stylistic inconsistency with the correct use of words and understanding of the whole context.

It is impossible to name the exact number of words that the national Russian language has, because some words are constantly created in it, while others go out of use. There is a huge number of dialect and vernacular words used by native speakers of the dialect language and urban vernacular.

But not only the number of words available in the Russian language testifies to its richness. The vocabulary is constantly evolving, replenished with new meanings of already existing words due to their stylistic use in certain contexts.

“Once again, it must be emphasized that the Russian language has a large stock of polysemantic words that allow it not to expand indefinitely, that is, polysemy is a means of saving the Russian language. Polysemantic words make up, as we have already said, a much larger part of the entire vocabulary of the most commonly used words in the Russian literary language. Potentially, many single-valued words can become ambiguous.

In the lexical system of the Russian language there are also words that sound the same but have different meanings, that is, they are not semantically related to each other. Such words are called homonyms.

Homonymy (from gr. homos - the same, ó nyma - name) is a coincidence in the sound and spelling of words that are different in meaning, outwardly resembling polysemy. For example: a key - a spring, a source of water (cold key) and a key - a metal rod of a special shape for unlocking and locking a lock (steel key) .

Unlike polysemantic words, in which different meanings are not isolated from one another, but are connected, systemic, homonyms are outside the systemic connections of words in the language and already act as independent lexical units. For example: light - sunrise, dawn "A little light is already on my feet, and I am at your feet." - Gr. and light - earth, world, universe "I wanted to go around the whole world, but did not go around a hundredth." - Gr..

Together with homonymy, phenomena related to it are usually considered related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech: homoforms - words that match only in some grammatical form three (friend) - three (carrot on a grater), homophones - words that are spelled the same, but they are written differently meadow - onion, and homographs - words that match only in writing, but differ in pronunciation and usually have an accent on different syllables. circles - circles, hit - hit, forty - forty, etc. There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in the modern language, some of them have different stylistic coloring: prey (general) - prey (prof.). Cases are close to the phenomenon of homophony when words or parts of a word or several words coincide during pronunciation: “Not you, but Sima, suffered unbearably, is carried by the water of the Neva”.

The Russian language is rich in words and phraseological units, with the help of which we express our positive or negative attitude towards someone (something) - for example: nag, hang out (walk around), Kazan orphan. Among them, a significant place is occupied by words with diminutive, petting, magnifying suffixes: little hand, paw. In the Russian language there are groups of words and phraseological units that express both high, solemn, and reduced assessments of the subject of thought: eyes and eyes.

Here is what A. I. Gorshkov’s electronic textbook says: “In the article “On the Tasks of the History of Language,” published in 1941, G. O. Vinokur defined stylistics as a science that studies the use of language, and indicated that, because of this, it is not located on a par with the disciplines that study the structure of the language - phonetics, grammar and semasiology. This was a very precise and important definition, but it did not lead to concretization and stabilization of ideas about stylistics. The range of opinions and judgments here is very large. If V. V. Vinogradov believed that, by studying the expressive qualities (expression) of expressive means, establishing synonymic equivalents and variants that exist in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, parts of speech and synonymic constructions, stylistics is a kind of pinnacle of language research, the theoretical basis for the development of a national speech culture, there were also scientists to whom the very right of stylistics to exist as the main branch of science seemed doubtful" .

As for the subject and tasks of stylistics, there are almost as many approaches and solutions as there are authors of published works (including textbooks).

“Given all that has been said above about philology, about linguistics, literary criticism and philology, about the structure of the language, it is possible to concretize the definition of stylistics as a discipline that studies the use of language. Stylistics is a philological discipline that studies the principles of choice and methods of organizing language units into a single semantic and compositional whole (text), which are not the same for different conditions of linguistic communication, as well as the varieties of language use (styles) and their system determined by differences in these principles and methods.

1.1 Polysemy. Polysemantics and their stylistic functions

polysemy word stylistic magazine

As we learned from textbooks, the most stable is the syntactic structure of the language, the most changeable is its lexical composition. Some words in Russian have an unambiguous meaning, which is called monosemy. And others, and most of them, have not one, but several meanings. This ability of the word is called polysemy, or polysemy.

Polysemy(from gr. poly - many, sema - sign) means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time. The phenomenon of polysemy, or ambiguity, is one of the most important problems of semasiology and is constantly in the center of attention of linguists.

Modern lexicology sees in the ambiguity of words their ability to semantic variation, that is, a change in meaning depending on the context. For example, the word go has up to 50 meanings, but we do not perceive them out of context.

Out of connection with other words, the verb to go is perceived with only one main meaning - “to walk”. The use of this word in speech reveals all the richness of its meanings. For example, in the explanatory dictionary this word has many meanings: go - 1. Move by stepping with your feet. I. walk. I. home. The horse is walking. 2. Move, move. The train is coming. The ice is on the way. There is an avalanche. The clouds are moving slowly. 3. To go, go ku-da-n. I'm going for a walk. I. to war. I. into battle. The train leaves in an hour. 4. what. Act in some way. way or be prepared for some. actions. I. against the will of the parents. To enter somewhere, to start something. actions. Decided. study to be an engineer. Young people go into science. 5. (1 and 2 liters not used). To move, to be in motion, being directed somewhere, from some. purpose, to be delivered from sb., to sth. Letters go fast. 6. (1 and 2 liters not used). Approach, appear, advance. There is a storm. Sleep does not go, Nothing goes to the head (it is impossible or one does not want to think about anything, concentrate on anything; colloquial). 7. (1 and 2 liters not used). About the mechanism: to be in action, to act. The clock is running well. 8. (1 and 2 liters not used). To be, to happen, to flow. Life is going. Time passes quickly. The work is going well. 9. goes, particle. Okay, I agree (simple). Shall we have a bite? - It's coming! * Gospots - on the face, body: blush with excitement. Go you! (simple) - get out, get out, go to hell, etc.

The study of polysemy allows us to single out the main, or primary, meanings in polysemantic words, which are characterized by the highest frequency and minimal dependence on the context; and non-primary, secondary, meanings, less frequent and always conditioned by the context. On the other hand, polysemy is realized in the appearance of polysemantic words, along with their basic, direct meaning, figurative, figurative, meanings, for example: Both tanks were hit by grenades, but one managed to ironseveral cells (Shol.); tanks combed throughthe entire area (O. Gonchar).

“It should also be borne in mind that some words can be used with different meanings in different styles of speech. So, the word re-elect in book speech is used with the meaning "elect a second time, again", and in colloquial speech - with the meaning "replace someone, elect another in his place."

At the moment of occurrence, the word is always unambiguous. The new meaning is the result of the figurative use of the word, when the name of one phenomenon is used as the name of another. A prerequisite for using a word in a figurative sense is the similarity of phenomena or their contiguity, as a result of which all the meanings of a polysemantic word are interconnected. "Despite the ambiguity, the word is a semantic unity, which is called the semantic structure of the word."

There are two main types of figurative meaning of a word - metaphorical transfer and metonymic transfer. At the core metaphorical transferlies the similarity of objects, phenomena in the broad sense of the word; consequently, metaphorical transfer is associated with the comparison and comparison of phenomena, and the new meaning of the word is the result of associative links. Such a transfer can be carried out on the basis of the similarity of external features: in shape, location of objects, color, taste, as well as in the similarity of the functions of objects, etc. For example: loud - louder. 1. Strong sounding, well audible. G. voice. Loudly (adv.) shouting. 2. trans., full, f. Received wide popularity, publicity. G. process. G. scandal. 3. trans. Pompous, falsely solemn. Loud phrases. Loud words; needle (needle). 1. A pointed metal rod with a threading eye used for sewing; 2. Leaf of coniferous trees; 3. Hard, prickly formations on the body of some animals (in hedgehogs, ruffs).

metonymic transfer- this is the transfer of the name according to the adjacency of phenomena, their relationship (spatial, temporal, etc.): model, - 1. Sample of some kind. products or a sample for the manufacture of something, as well as the object from which the image is reproduced. New m. dresses. M. for casting. Models for sculptures. 2. Reduced (or life-size) reproduction or mock-up of something. M. ship. Flying aircraft m. 3. Type, design brand. New car m. 4. Scheme of some. physical object or phenomenon (spec.). M. atom. M. artificial language. 5. Mannequin or fashion model, as well as (obsolete) model or models, etc.

Most often, metonymic transfer is observed in verbal nouns. As a result of metonymic transfer, the ambiguity of terms develops:

word formation - 1) the process of forming new words; 2) a section of the science of language that studies the processes of word formation;

phraseology - 1) a set of stable phrases; 2) a section of the science of language that studies set phrases.

A kind of metonymy is synecdoche - such a transfer of meaning when the name of the whole is used to name a part of the whole, and vice versa. Often such a transfer of meaning is observed in somatisms- words denoting parts of the human body (head, hand, etc.): the head is an intelligent person, the hand is the one who provides support.

From general language metaphors, metonymy, synecdoche, one should distinguish between individual, or individual-author's figurative and expressive means of language. They arise in a certain context in order to give speech more figurativeness.

To summarize what was said in the first chapter: stylistically colored polysemantic words belong to one of the styles of speech - bookish, scientific, official business, journalistic or colloquial. Their use "not in their style" violates the correctness and purity of speech. For example, the word hindrance refers to the conversational style, and the word banish refers to the book style. And if you use the first word in a bookish style, and the second - in a colloquial one, then you get a stylistic inconsistency with the correct use of words and understanding of the whole context.

Chapter II. Stylistic use of polysemy of the word on the example of the magazine "Journalist", No. 03/2011

The normative nature of practical stylistics brings it closer to that broad section of philological science, which is called the "culture of speech". As we have already said, first of all, when characterizing language means, it is important to contrast "book speech - colloquial speech".

The stylistic structure of the modern Russian literary language is distinguished by a wealth of means and flexibility in the transmission of thought. Let us clarify once again that among the wide variety of speech contexts in which the corresponding stylistic coloring is formed and which make up the styles of the Russian language, five main ones can be distinguished: colloquial, scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic.

“Colloquial speech is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. This style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, sometimes some familiarity of tone.

"Characteristic features of the scientific style: direct word order, stingy vocabulary, direct lexical meaning of words and terms, the presence of complex sentences and isolated definitions."

“The main features of the official business style are: conciseness and compactness of the material presented, the obligatory form of the document, the economical use of linguistic means, the concreteness and impassivity of the presentation, as well as the presence of special turns of speech (stamps) and the absence of emotional and expressive means of speech.”

“Newspaper-journalistic style “serves” the sphere of politics; its main functional purpose is to influence public opinion, to shape it. Along with and together with expressive-emotional speech means in a journalistic style, standardized means of expression are used: a variety of clichés, phrasal speeches, signal words. In journalistic prose, this combination forms two genres: problematic (cognitive)-analytical and artistic-journalistic.

“The literary and artistic style is distinguished by the presence of homogeneous sentence members, complex sentences, vivid epithets, comparisons, and rich vocabulary. The function of the message is connected with the function of aesthetic influence through figurative expressions, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general language and individual author's.

A.N. Tolstoy wrote: "To select exact, well-aimed words that correspond to the meaning of the concept they define is the task of the writer." Strengthening the expressiveness of speech is achieved by various means, first of all, by the use of tropes - turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. As a result of the ambiguity of words, as we have already said, such expressive means of the language as epithets, metaphors, metonymies, synecdoches, hyperbole, allegory, etc. are formed. To write articles on various topics, journalists, like writers, use all the possibilities of using ambiguous words not only literally, but also figuratively. From the point of view of stylistic characteristics, vocabulary is considered in two aspects: its functional attachment to a particular style and emotionally expressive coloring.

2.1 Use of word ambiguity in titles

Let's analyze the stylistic use of polysemy of the word by journalists on a specific example of the weekly magazine "Journalist" No. 03/2011:

Editor's Diary

G. MALTSEV. See Cairo and not die<#"justify">2.2 Use of polysemy of the word in some articles of this journal

In an article by editor-in-chief Gennady Maltsev "See Cairo and not die"we will analyze the stylistic use of polysemy of words and determine their meanings. It says that "the price for the courage of journalists covering events in Arab countries turned out to be unnecessarily high - more than 30 colleagues were attacked, more than 20 were arrested and kidnapped, one was killed, three were missing, one was in a coma" .

In the context of "American authorities are openly trying to "saddle"the process that has begun” the word saddle has several meanings: 1. saddle. 2. trans., someone. To sit on someone's back. (colloquial) Oh. chair.. 3. trans. whom (what). Completely subjugate (colloquial disapproval). In this context, the word "saddle" has the figurative meaning of paragraph 3.

This word is in quotation marks because it metaphor(colloquial), which added to the context a peculiar coloring of expressive coloring, and even aggressiveness. Since it is not unknown that the American authorities are characterized by an aggressive model of behavior when making decisions about intervening in the affairs of other states, the use of the word saddle quite conveys the tense situation in the region where popular unrest occurs.

In the context: "On cyberspace, cyber security, cyber wars as a means of mass decompositionspoke openly,” let us take the word of disintegration. It has several meanings - to decompose: 1. Divide into its component parts, disintegrate. Break down into elements. 2. Be subject to decay, decay. The carrion disintegrated. 3. trans. Disorganize, demoralize, reach a complete moral falling….

In this context decomposition- This metaphor(newspaper-public.), which has the figurative meaning of paragraph 3 that we have highlighted. This metaphor expresses the attitude of the Egyptian authorities to the Internet as a dangerous phenomenon that can consolidate the masses of people dissatisfied with the authorities and organize them to participate in protest rallies. But the authorities do not see their mistakes and tend to believe that Twitter is to blame for the revolutionary moods, or demoralization of the mass consciousness, as they call the revolutionary processes organized by the opposition, and not the outdated political system of the country.

In the context: “In Russia, the Network is already livesown life”, the word lives means - 1. To exist, to be in the process of life, being. Lived for forty years. The flower cannot. without sun. J-to live (to live without grieving about anything; colloquial). 2. trans. About thoughts, feelings: to have, to be.The people are confident in victory. 3. Spend life in some. place, among someone, to dwell. Zh. in Moscow. J. with family….

Here the author used the word lives in the figurative meaning of paragraph 2 we have highlighted. This personification(book), emphasizing the special significance of such a phenomenon as the Internet. It means that the Network is a living organism that lives its own life, and this must be taken into account.

In the article Leonid Mlechin, writer-historian, TV presenter, told us about how the heads of special services and law enforcement agencies were in such a hurry to report on the disclosure of a terrorist attack at Domodedovo airport that even President Medvedev was embarrassed. The author gives his narrative an emotional coloring, using the style of polysemantic words. For example, in words such as: cut off has the meaning - cut something. 1. Tear off something around the circumference. at something; tear everything around, completely, pluck, pull. O. chamomile. O. the whole flower bed. O. apples from an apple tree.<…>4. trans., whom (what). A snappy general, a hunter to cut off a person. In the context of "Dmitry Medvedev publicly broke offthe victorious report of his subordinates "the ambiguous word broke off is used in the figurative meaning of paragraph 4., implying that the president deliberately aggressively harsh, or even rude emotional remark, wanted to silence the speaker in order, apparently, to make it clear that the situation does not tolerate any bravado (colloquial);

run in values ​​- run . 1. what and what to someone. Throw in a big way (colloquial). stone or stone in the window.<…> 3. Lost time, let something develop. (bad). In the context « The situation in the Caucasus launchedutterly,” the author uses the word “launched” in the sense of paragraph 3. This is a commonly used word in a figurative sense, which, due to the word, acquires an utterly expressive coloring, and the word “launched” itself is an expressive means of conveying an emotional assessment of what is happening in the Caucasus, where suicide bombers are still being prepared ( artistic); blinked - 1. blink. 2. miss, miss (vernacular). In the context of "The first conclusion: the guardians of the order again blinked» used synonymous polysemy(colloquial-household). The author preferred the colloquial word missed to the book synonym overlooked, and this rough shade of the whole context emphasizes his indignant attitude towards the sluggishness of the security services of the airport where the explosion occurred; volcano - a geological formation, a conical mountain with a crater on top, through which fire, lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments erupt from the bowels of the earth from time to time. Ground, underwater c. Operating in. Sleeping in. (quiet). Extinct in. To live (like) on a volcano (in constant anxiety, danger). In the context « The Caucasus is an active volcano, the fire in its vent burns and burns not only its neighbors "the word volcano has a figurative meaning and is used in a poetic device - comparison, which gives pictorial imagery to this expression (art.); the mighty of this world is a phraseological unit that means power, domineering, influential, strong. In the context « No jobs for youth powers that berush past in black limousines with armed guards ... "this phraseological unit is used in a figurative sense and represents paraphrase(artist). The author expressed a slight irony, in our opinion, indicating that the powerful of this world are protected by armed guards, and the weak, in this case, the youth, are not protected from the evil influence of extremists who recruit them to suicide bombers. The paraphrase gives the context expressive figurativeness.

Journalist, PR director at CPL Anton Khrekov in his article "On the benefits of prunes",the name of which we have already spoken about, demonstrates very skillful figurative thinking, actively using the expressive means of the Russian language in his speech. Let's analyze the stylistic use of several polysemantic words from this text:

prickly is used in Russian in several meanings - 1. Having thorns. K. shrub. Barbed wire. 2. Able to prick,

inflict injections. Prickly bristle. 3. trans. sarcastic, mockingly evil(colloquial). A prickly note. K. look. K. tongue;

round - 1. Having the shape of a circle or a ball. Round wheel. K. ball. Round face (not elongated, but also thick, full). Make round eyes (colloquial). 2. full f. Complete, perfect, l. ignoramus. K. is an orphan (without father and mother). K. is an excellent student.<…>4. full f. About the measure of time: all, whole. K. year. All day long.;

Komsomol - Komsomol - in short: the communist youth union. Komsomol organization. Komsomol building.

In the context of "... a tall, slender blond with pricklydidactic eyes, roundfives, impudent grin and Komsomolparting ... ”the commonly used words prickly and round are used in a figurative sense and represent metonymyenhancing the poetic expressiveness of the author's speech. The first word is used in the figurative meaning of paragraph 3, the second - in the figurative meaning of paragraph 2, and the third word is also used in a figurative meaning: a combination of words with a Komsomol parting expresses a certain hairstyle (artistic).

2.3 Stylistically unjustified use of polysemy of words

The author and editor should not forget about the possibility of a two-dimensional understanding of polysemantic words and words that have homonyms, although the context usually specifies their meaning. It is impossible to allow close proximity of polysemic words, since their collision generates inappropriate comedy. M. Gorky, editing the manuscripts of novice authors, paid special attention to the unsuccessful use of polysemantic words. So, about the sentence “A machine gun crumbled like shot,” the writer ironically remarked: “A simple-hearted reader may think, how is it that it shoots bullets, but crumbles with shot?”.

Abbreviations that have lexical homonyms can give humor and ambiguity to a statement. For example: VNOS (air surveillance, warning and communications), MNI, MUKHIN (names of institutions), etc. Some of them disappeared after the reorganization of the relevant institutions. Thus, the abbreviations OLYA (Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences), IVAN (Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences) disappeared. But ITAR-TASS, on the contrary, under the rule of B. N. Yeltsin was almost renamed RITA, but, fortunately, it was decided to leave the old abbreviation.

Let's return to the text of A. Khrekov "On the benefits of prunes." In our opinion, a not entirely correct way of stylistic application of the ambiguity of such a word as lousy . This word has a unique meaning. :

« scab - a fungal skin disease, as well as scabs that appear with this disease on the skin under the hair. To lousy, - (colloquial). Scab over, lousy, scab and scab. In the context «… The West, despite the reset, still treats Moscow lousy» The highlighted word, in our opinion, is eclectical in relation to the words of the direct meaning West and Moscow. Such a semantic simplification of the political situation in interstate relations expresses not only the negative emotional coloring of the author's opinion, but also gives a negative assessment of the entire state, which, of course, belittles the importance of Russia as a prominent player on the world stage. We believe that this style is more suitable for the "yellow press".

Conclusion

After completing this study, we came to the conclusion that stylistically colored polysemantic words are used for greater expressiveness of Russian speech. As we have already said, based on materials taken from the textbooks of various authors, polysemantic words belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish, scientific, official business, journalistic or colloquial. The purpose of the work was to try to present a more complete and vivid picture of the use of ambiguous words and to explain some features of the use of ambiguous words on a specific example, namely, in such articles of the Journalist magazine as "See Cairo and not die"Gennady Maltsev, “Forgot what country you live in?”Leonid Mlechin, "About the benefits of prunes"Anton Khrekov and others.

It became known to us that the stylistic structure of the modern Russian literary language is distinguished by a wealth of means and flexibility in the transfer of human thought, and that the choice of stylistically colored words, phraseological turns, individual forms and structures should be made taking into account their more or less strong attachment to functional styles. First of all, when characterizing language means, it is important to contrast "book speech - colloquial speech".

We also found out that the stylistically unjustified use of the polysemy of words by the author and the editor should not forget about the possibility of a two-dimensional comprehension of polysemantic words and words with homonyms, and the appearance of inappropriate comedy when polysemic words collide in their close proximity.

The main conclusion that can be drawn at the end of this study is that any object named by a word can turn out to be a link in different functional series, different aspects of reality, included in the general broad picture of life, and that expressive means help to comprehend and generalize these relationships, better understand the essence of the subject "Speech style".

At present, the Russian language, due to its wealth and social significance, has become one of the leading international languages. Many words of the Russian language are included in the vocabulary of foreign languages.

And the development of polysemy of the word is a long historical process.

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http://rusjaz.da.ru/

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.Magazine "Journalist", article "See Cairo and not die", author. Gennady Maltsev, editor-in-chief. c1.

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