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Buckwheat production technology. Processing of buckwheat into flour and flakes. An alternative use of buckwheat husks

The invention relates to the processing of cereal crops into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. The processing of grain is carried out without division into fractions, and after hydrothermal treatment during tempering, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Peeling is carried out with a centrifugal peeler at a speed of grain impact on a fixed barrier of 55-58 m/s. After separating the groats from the middlings, they are dried to a storage moisture content of 13%. The invention improves technological process and reduce energy consumption for heat treatment. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the processing of cereal crops into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. A known method for the production of cereals (see A.S. USSR N 652964, B 02 B 1/00), including the cleaning of grain from impurities, preliminary and final sorting into fractions, fractional peeling, sieve separation and separation of cereals from unshelled grain, the direction of the latter for repeated peeling, aspiration separation of cereals and grain sacking. Moreover, by aspiration separation, the groats are subjected to stratification into light and heavy fractions, the kernel is sorted from the latter, aimed at slaughtering, and the rest of the heavy and light fractions are separated according to elastic and fractional properties to isolate the rest of the kernel. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the processing process. A known method of processing buckwheat grain into cereals (see AS USSR N 852343, B 02 B 1/00), including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, drying and cooling of the grain. Moreover, before the hydrothermal treatment, the grain is subjected to heating by passing an air jet at a temperature of 73-85 o C for 12-18 minutes through a layer of grain, and the hydrothermal treatment of the grain is carried out with saturated steam at a pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa for 2, 8 - 4 min. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the processing process. The closest in technical essence is a method for the production of buckwheat (see A.S. USSR N 543405, B 02 B 1/00, including cleaning and peeling of unsorted grain into fractions, separation on cellular sorting tables after preliminary removal of the shell, flour and crushed grain, and to improve the quality and grade of cereals, sequential multiple peeling of grains not sorted by size is carried out, and in the zone following after peeling, the upper descents obtained after grain sorting fall, and the extraction of cereals is carried out sequentially in several stages by sorting the enriched mixture obtained from the lower descents after separating, while the upper descent obtained after sorting is sent for control, and the lower descent of the last stage for separating into the first sorting zone.The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the process and high energy consumption for processing. growth of the technological process and reduction of energy costs for processing. The set technical problem is solved as follows. A method for processing buckwheat grain into groats, including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, conditioning and drying of grain, peeling, separating groats, and to solve the set technical problem, grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during tempering, the grain is dried to 15, 5-18%, and peeling is carried out by centrifugal peeling at a speed of impact on a fixed barrier of 55-58 m/s. This technical solution provides peeling of grain without the use of emery wheels, the use of which contaminates the product with emery dust. In addition, when processing buckwheat, there is an increased consumption of emery wheels, which increases the cost of making buckwheat. The use of centrifugal peeling makes it possible to process grain without dividing it into fractions by size, which greatly simplifies the process of grain processing and reduces the amount of equipment in the production line. In order to ensure the process of centrifugal peeling, a certain speed of grain impact on a fixed barrier is necessary. The conducted studies have established: for a rational grain moisture content of 15.5-18%, the impact velocity should be in the range of 55-58 m/s, while achieving a rational degree of peeling, minimal injury to buckwheat grains. When groats are separated from the middlings, they are dried to a storage moisture content of 13%. This technical solution ensures, at minimal cost, the final drying of cereals to a moisture content that ensures the safety of the product and taste qualities. At the same time, all outputs of the peeling process are not subjected to the process of drying, which reduces the consumption of electricity for the production of buckwheat. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into groats is shown in circuit diagram (see drawing). The technological line includes a receiving hopper 1 for receiving raw materials, the first transport 2 for feeding raw materials into the hopper 3 above the seed cleaning machine 4 with a trier 5. The cleaned grain is fed by the second conveyor 6 to the hopper 7 of the hydrothermal treatment department, where units 8 and 9 are installed for steaming buckwheat. After steaming, the grain is subjected to softening and drying in the softener 10. The separated grain is fed by the third conveyor 11 to the centrifugal peeler 12. After peeling, the middlings are fed to the seed cleaning machine 13, where the husk is separated from the grain kernel. Grain kernels - groats are fed by the fourth conveyor 14 into the 15 groats hopper, then to the 16 and 17 vertical dryers, and the finished groats are packaged by the 18 grain packing unit. hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, flour is separated, which is discharged through the hopper 24. For dust separation, the production line is equipped with a fan 25, which has a pipeline 26 with dust separation equipment. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into groats. Raw buckwheat grain enters the receiving hopper 1 and is loaded into the hopper 3 by the first conveyor 2. The seed cleaning machine 4 with the trier 5 cleans the grain from dust, earth, weed seeds and stone by known technological operations. The cleaned grain is fed by the second conveyor 6 to the hopper 7 to the hydrothermal treatment department, where two units 8 and 9 of buckwheat steaming are installed. Steaming of buckwheat is carried out with water vapor using well-known technological methods. And to save steam, two units 8 and 9 are used and steaming is carried out in two stages. For example, steam from unit 8 after treatment for a certain time (according to hydrothermal treatment technology) is transferred to unit 9, using the remaining heat for the primary heating of the grain in unit 9. Then the grain in unit 9 is subjected to final processing with fresh steam (also according to the developed heat treatment technology). After processing the grain in unit 9, the spent primary steam is fed into unit 8, by this time filled with a new portion of grain. The grain processed in two stages from unit 9 is delivered to the softener 10. Unit 9 is loaded with a new portion of grain, and the double cycle of hydrothermal treatment is repeated. The above processes are known and are carried out by known techniques. Further processing of buckwheat grain is carried out according to the technology proposed technical solution tasks. When tempering the grain, it is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Humidity limits are determined experimentally. It has been established that with a grain moisture content of more than 18%, a large yield of unhulled grain is observed, while at the same time, with a grain moisture content of less than 15.5%, an increased yield of crushed grain is observed. The dried grain is sent to a centrifugal peeler, where the grain is accelerated by rotating disks to a speed of 55-58 m/s and sent to a fixed steel barrier. Upon impact, the shells of grains with the above moisture content are destroyed and, upon further movement through the channels, are separated. The use of a centrifugal peeler allows grain to be peeled without fractionation, which simplifies the grain processing process. The intermediate product obtained after peeling is fed into the 13 seed-cleaning machine, where the husk is separated from the kernel of grain-groats. The groats are fed by the fourth conveyor 14 into the 15 groats bunker, and then to the 16 and 17 vertical dryers. where the husk is separated, which is dispensed through the hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, flour is separated, which is dispensed through the hopper 24, and the resulting waste after the seed cleaning machine is not dried, which reduces energy consumption for the production of cereals.

Claim

A method for processing buckwheat grain into groats, including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, tempering and drying of grain, peeling, separating groats, characterized in that the processing of grain is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during tempering, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5 - 18%, and peeling is carried out with a centrifugal peeler at a speed of grain impact on a fixed barrier of 55 - 58 m / s, and after separating cereals from the middlings, it is dried to a storage moisture content of 13%.

Buckwheat groats are designed to prepare groats for sale to the end consumer. The demand for the product due to its unique properties makes buckwheat processing profitable. This is true for the main view economic activity, and accompanying.

Our company has developed a modular production line for cleaning and sorting buckwheat. First prototypes already put into operation. The practical results of the work confirmed the competitiveness of our development.

The composition of the technological line of the groats shop for processing buckwheat into groats

The line has several versions depending on the required performance, but the composition of the equipment remains unchanged. The composition includes 5 functional units directly related to the processing of buckwheat, and additional module boiler plant to provide steam for the hydrothermal process.

Grain fractionation calibration unit with pre-cleaning, consists of three independent modules:

Pre-cleaning section, in which the raw material from the receiving hopper enters the air separator. In the standard configuration, the feed is carried out using a scraper conveyor, it is possible to supply an auger or other conveying devices.
Mechanical cleaning area. From the aero-separator, the elevator feeds the cereal into the storage hopper. From there, the raw material enters the vibrating screen system. Simultaneously with screening, light fractions and dust are removed by means of a cyclone.
The calibrated groats are divided into storage bins for the corresponding fractions. The delivery set may include from 3 to 6 bunkers, depending on the number of accepted fractions

Hydrothermal unit

All components are combined into one design. Noria feeds raw materials into a dosing hopper located at the top of the structure. Below is a container for hydrothermy, to which steam is supplied from the boiler plant. A dryer and a receiving hopper are installed under the hydrothermal tank.

Buckwheat hulling unit

Caving unit designed for maximum yield finished product. In the basic configuration, grain hulling takes place in two rolling machines. It is possible to supply a centrifugal peeler, which operates in a more gentle mode, and therefore the exit of the injured core from it is minimal.
The hulling unit includes a system for returning unhulled grain.

Drying unit includes:

A dosing hopper into which raw materials are fed by a bucket elevator.
Direct drying with heater and fan.
Receiving bunker.

Packing and packaging unit combines:

Receiving hopper with dispenser.
Bag positioning and holding device with weighing module and suturing device.

The output is a packaged and completely ready-to-sell product. All bunkers built into the production line are equipped with paired upper and lower level sensors. The buckwheat processing line includes a boiler plant, which can be partially or completely fed with husks obtained during the processing of buckwheat.

Boiler plant is selected according to performance and completed based on the functions performed and the nature of operation. It includes:

Two solid fuel boilers with heat exchangers and auxiliary devices.
Boiler plant control and monitoring unit
Reservoir with prepared water.

Industrial technology for processing buckwheat into groats

On the buckwheat processing line, the traditional technology of producers of brown buckwheat groats, obtained by hydrothermal processing of the kernels, is implemented.

The technology of processing buckwheat into groats includes several mandatory stages. It is conditionally possible to distinguish four main stages:

preparation and cleaning;
hydrothermal treatment;
hulling and final drying of cereals;
packing and packing.

Depending on the configuration of the line, it is possible to change the order of some operations.

Preparatory stage

Conditional grain that meets the approved standards enters the groatshop. It is recommended to install a receiving hopper with a capacity of at least 28 hours of processing line operation in order to ensure round-the-clock productivity.

From the receiving hopper, with the help of a bucket elevator, the groats are fed into the storage hopper with a dispenser. From there, the raw material enters the screen system for separation. Fine litter and sand are screened out. At the same time, in the aspiration part of the installation, light impurities are separated and settled in a cyclone. Then the peeled groats are fed into the stone-separating machine. After the stone-separating machine, the groats are considered cleaned and go to the hydrothermal treatment.

When separating groats can be sorted into fractions. The basic configuration provides for the division into large, medium and small grains. Three storage bins are installed under them. If separation into six fractions is provided, then additional sieves and receiving hoppers are installed.

hydrothermal treatment

To improve the process of collapse and improve nutritional qualities, cereals undergo hydrothermal treatment. A batch steamer is built into the production line. The tank is preheated and then filled with a batch of cereals. Steam is passed through the steamer with cereals with the loading valve open for 5-10 minutes. Then the valve closes and the content of the steamer is held at a pressure of 4.0 - 5.0 kgf/cm for another 5 - 10 minutes. Exact time steaming is determined for each variety of buckwheat individually empirically. The steam parameters are selected so that the moisture content of the cereal at the outlet does not exceed 18%.

In order to reduce heat losses, the body of the steamer and the steam pipeline are additionally insulated. A sign of high-quality steaming is the dark brown color of the cereal.

Caving and final drying

In the basic configuration, buckwheat hulling is performed on a hulling and sorting machine SShS-400. Delivery of the equipment for carrying out centrifugal peeling is possible. The drum rotation speed is selected so that the grain hits a fixed barrier at a speed of 55 - 58 m/s. In this case, the maximum yield of hulled grain is observed.

The centrifugal peeling method is considered the most promising for several reasons. Firstly, with this method of peeling, there is no abrasive component of the impact. This has a positive effect on the integrity of the nucleus. Centrifugal peeling minimally injures the grain, so the yield of chopped cereals and flour is negligible. Secondly, in centrifugal peeling, the grain size does not play a fundamental role. The main factor is the speed of collisions. Therefore, grain separation can be carried out after peeling.

After peeling, the groats fall on the sorting sieves. Here it is divided into flour, kernel and unhulled grain. In the aspiration channel, the husk is separated by winnowing. Unshelled grains are returned for re-shelling.

The sorted groats undergo final drying. In the basic configuration, an electric drum dryer SEB-1 is used for this. Installation of steam heat exchange dryers is possible.

Packing and packaging

The cleaned and sorted grain enters the storage hopper. The packing unit includes weight and packing modules. For ease of maintenance, a device for holding and positioning the bag is installed on the packaging. After loading, the bag is sutured at the stitching site. Removal of the packed bag is carried out by means of a diverter drive. Farther finished products sent to the warehouse or immediately shipped for delivery to consumers.

The developed technological line for processing buckwheat into groats can be supplied in three versions for automation and six options for productivity. The most cost-effective fully automated line, which requires one person to operate. With partial automation, the service shift consists of 5 people. In the basic configuration, the line operates in manual mode and is serviced by 7 operators.

In all configurations, the aspiration system is made centralized. This made it possible to collect husks at all stages of production and form fuel briquettes from it. They are used for the operation of the boiler plant and can be sold separately as a by-product of production.

In terms of productivity, there are lines designed for small private industries or subsidiary farms, and are designed to process up to 5 tons of raw materials per shift. The highest capacity of the line in the maximum configuration is 50-60 tons per shift and is suitable for an industrial cereal workshop.

For additional information on the supply and installation of technological lines for processing buckwheat into groats, please contact the company's managers.

Two types of products are produced from buckwheat - unground and prodel. The core is a groats from a whole kernel that does not pass through a sieve with a hole size of 1.6x20 mm, it is done - a groats from a crushed kernel: the passage of a sieve is 1.6x20 mm and the sieve comes off No. 08.
Buckwheat products are of high nutritional and biological value. In terms of protein content, they occupy one of the first places among cereal products, and in terms of the degree of balance of essential amino acids, they occupy the first place. The fat content in buckwheat is quite high (up to 2.6%), and buckwheat lipids are rich in many biologically active substances. active substances especially tocopherols. According to the content of tocopherols, buckwheat lipids occupy a leading place among cereal crops. It is the high content of tocopherols, some forms of which are antioxidants, that explains the good stability of buckwheat during storage. Buckwheat contains many vitamins B1 B2 and PP, as well as a number of important mineral components - iron, calcium, phosphorus.
Buckwheat grain differs from other cereal crops in a peculiar trihedral shape. The grain is covered with rough fruit coats (16...25% of the grain mass), resembling flower films in structure. The kernel has thin seed coats and an aleurone layer, making up 1.5...2.0 and 4.0...5.0% of the grain mass, respectively. The buckwheat germ is large (10...15%), located inside the endosperm, has an S-shape (rarely another). The endosperm is mealy and very fragile. Buckwheat- practically the only one that is not subjected to grinding, which is explained by its shape, the structure of the endosperm and the location of the embryo.
Buckwheat has characteristic weeds - seeds of wild radish, vetch round. Wheat and Tatar buckwheat are especially difficult to isolate. The entire passage of the sieve with holes Ø 3 mm also belongs to the trash.
Special technological features of grain are its fineness and evenness. These features are very important for buckwheat due to the need to divide it into big number fractions - six. Large fractions of buckwheat contain fewer fruit shells and peel better. When peeling such a grain, a significantly less crushed kernel is formed than when peeling grains of fine fractions (Table XXVII-5).
The decrease in the yield of whole cereals is explained by the fact that in grains of small fractions, the difference in the size of hulled and non-hulled grains is less significant than in large grains, i.e., the films fit the core more tightly. As a rule, in buckwheat grain supplied to cereal factories, the grain content of fine fractions is small, but there are many different impurities, including those that are difficult to separate, especially Tatar buckwheat, wild radish and field peas.

In 1968 - 1975 VNIEKIprodmash proposed and implemented with the participation of the Mirgorod MIS new way(technology) for the production of buckwheat.

A new method for the production of buckwheat includes the cleaning and peeling of unsorted grain into fractions. Hulled grains are separated from non-hulled ones on cellular sorting tables after preliminary removal of shells, flour and crushing.

In order to improve the quality and grade of cereals, as well as increase its yield, unsorted grains are sequentially hulled four times on rubber rolls. After peeling, the upper gatherings obtained after sorting the grain are fed to the subsequent machines, and the grits are removed sequentially in several stages, sorting the enriched mixture on grits separators. At the same time, the upper descent obtained after sorting is sent for control, and the lower descent of the last stage of groats separation is sent to the first sorting zone. The multiplicity of peeling and, accordingly, the number of stages of segregation are four.

This method of producing buckwheat allows you to significantly reduce the intra-factory turnover of the product, increase the productivity and efficiency of the technological process of producing cereals.

The drawing shows a diagram for implementing the method (Fig. 1). The processed grain (buckwheat) goes to the 1st peeling system 1U, which includes machines with rubber-coated rolls of the ZRD type. From the 1st system, the peeling products are sent to sieving 2.

With sieves with holes f 4 mm sieving 2 after sifting on the aspirator 3 the product is sent to the sorting machine 4 with reciprocating movement of sieves to separate impurities and additional separation of hulled grain.

Rice. 1. New technological scheme for the production of buckwheat:

1, 5, 13, 19 - 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-th peeling systems, respectively; 2, 10, 16, 21 - sieving; 3, 11, 17 - aspirators with a closed air cycle; 4, 12, 18 - sorting machines; b, 7, 8, 14, 15, 20, 22 - grain separators

With sieves with holes Ø 4 mm of sorting machine 4, the product enters the 2nd peeling system 5. Departure from sieves with holes measuring 1.7 x 20 mm of sieving 2 and sorting machine 4, enriched with peeling products (kernel content 90 ... 95 %), obtained after a sieve with holes Ø 4 mm, is sent to grain separators 6 with cellular tables (stage I of the separation of the kernel), oscillating at a frequency of not more than 3.3 s-1 (200 rpm). The selected kernel is sent to the control grain separators 7, and the product obtained by the lower exit from the grain separators 6 is sent to the grain separators 8 (stage II of the separation of the kernel). The product of the upper exit of the 6 and 8 grain separators goes for additional control to the 9 sorting machine, from where the descent from the sieve with holes of 1.7 x 20 mm enters the 7 control grain separators. After the 2nd peeling system 5, the products are sent for sifting 10. Departure from the sieves with holes 0 4 mm sieving 10 after sieving on the aspirator 11 and sieving on the sorting machine 12 enters the 3rd peeling system 13. separating machines 14. After separating the product of the upper descent (ground kernel) enters the control systems of the 7 groat separating machines, and the lower descent - to the groat separating machines 15. After the 3rd peeling system 13, the products are sent for sieving 16. Descent from the sieve with holes of 4 mm 16 after sifting on an aspirator with a closed air cycle 17 and sifting on a sorting machine 18 enters the 4th peeling system 19. 1.7 x 20 mm sieving holes 16, together with the product coming from the 12 sorting machine, are sent to the 20 grain separators (III stage of grain separation). After separating the product of the upper descent (the unground kernel) enters the control sieving machines 7, and the lower descent - to the sifting machines 15 or 22. The peeling products of the machine 19 are sent to sieving 21. The descent from the sieve with holes Ø 4 mm sieving 21 returns to sieving 2. The descent from the sieve with holes measuring 1.7 x 2.0 mm sieving 21 enters the 22 grain separators. After the 22 grain separators, the product of the upper descent (ground kernel) is sent to the sifting, and the lower descent is sent to the sieving 2. The husk, weaned on the aspirators 3 , 11 and 17, is sent for control (not shown in the drawing). Flour and crushed grain sown on sifters 2, 10, 16 and 21 and sorting machines 4, 9, 12 and 18 are also subject to control.

Due to the fact that the sizes of buckwheat grains vary widely, the technological process of the buckwheat plant currently provides for mandatory sorting (preliminary and final) of buckwheat into six fractions using sieving or groat sorting machines, followed by peeling each fraction of buckwheat separately on rolling machines. The kernel is also isolated fractionally on sieving, which requires a developed technological process. This is the main features of the existing technological process for the production of buckwheat.

When preparing buckwheat grain for processing into groats, after cleaning, it is subjected to hydrothermal treatment, including the operations of steaming, drying, cooling.

Apparatus for steaming grain with automatic control A9-BPB is designed for steaming buckwheat, millet, oats, wheat, rice, etc.

The body of the apparatus serves as a vessel for steaming grain. Inside the case there is a coil for uniform distribution pair. The body is mounted on a frame. A loading gate is installed on the lid. The loading and unloading gates are equipped with independent drives. The electrical equipment of the apparatus consists of electric gate drives, limit switches that fix the rotation of the gate plugs by 90 °, a level indicator that controls the upper and lower levels of grain when loading and unloading the apparatus, two valves with electric drives for supplying and discharging steam, and a control panel.

The control panel is intended for remote automatic control of the main operations. The wiring diagram provides for two modes of controlling the operation of the device: manual and automatic. The manual mode is used to adjust the operation of the device, work out operations, refine the product in emergency situations and to control the operation of the device in case of failure of automation. The main mode of operation is automatic.

The grain is loaded into the vessel of the apparatus, steamed for 1 ... 6 minutes, depending on the type of grain, and unloaded through the discharge gate.

Acceptance tests of the A9-BPB apparatus were carried out in the hydrothermal department of the buckwheat shop of the Bryansk bakery plant. During the tests, the apparatus was set to the operating mode recommended based on the results of the first stage of testing: the steaming time was counted from the moment steam was released into the vessel of the apparatus. In addition, the duration of the cycle has been reduced due to a more rational combination of operations: opening the steam inlet valve and steaming; steaming and closing the steam inlet valve; steam release valve opening, steam release. The cycle time in this case was 492 s. Tests have shown that at a pressure in the steam pipeline of 6 105 Pa, the set pressure in the vessel is set in 1 min 45 s.

The quality of steaming at a given mode during testing of the A9-BPB apparatus was controlled both by the uniformity of heating and moistening of the grain, and by the color, taste and smell of the resulting cereal.

The tests carried out confirmed that the unevenness (deviation between the extreme values of the indicators) of the distribution of moisture in the grain varies within 0.3 ... 1.6%. The same indicator, according to the arithmetic mean, does not exceed 0.2 ... 0.3%. The humidity of buckwheat as a result of steaming increased on average by 3.7 ... 4.4% (range of fluctuations from 3.4 to 4.9%). Consequently, the moistening of the grain throughout the volume of the vessel of the apparatus occurs fairly evenly. The data obtained during the tests are shown in table 6.

Annual economic effect from the use of one A9-BPB apparatus instead of the G.S. Nerusha is 4 thousand rubles.

Another effective device in the scheme of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat is the A1-BS2-P steam dryer.

Steam dryer A1-BS2-P is designed for drying cereal crops that have undergone hydrothermal treatment. The dryer consists of the following main parts: a grain receiver, heating sections, an unloading section with a drive.

The grain receiver is used to evenly distribute the grain along the length of the dryer. It is a steel box measuring 198 x 376 x 650 mm. On the cover of the grain receiver there are two receiving pipes. To maintain a constant grain level, there are electronic level sensors.

The heating sections are used to dry the grain with the heat given off by steam through the heating surface. Each section consists of a collector having two chambers - steam and condensation, into which cylindrical and oval pipes are welded in a checkerboard pattern (21 pipes per section). Cylindrical seamless pipes passing inside the oval pipes are connected to the steam room, and the oval pipes are connected to the condensate chambers.

The collectors of the heating sections are interconnected by branch pipes, which supply steam and condensate from the upper sections to the lower. On both sides, inside the heating sections, there are inclined sloped planes that prevent the grain from spilling out of the dryer and at the same time form channels for air circulation.

For inspection, cleaning and repair of parts inside the dryer, doors are located in the sections on both sides. Each heating section has 60 openings Ø 20 mm on one side (15 on one door) for sucking outside air into the dryer, and opposite side- diffusers to remove humidified air from the dryer. The amount of exhausted air from each heating section is controlled by changing the size of the outlet slot. The unloading section serves as a base on which the heating sections are mounted.

The supporting structure of all ten heating sections are two supports located on the frame on both sides of the dryer. The unloading section has eight bunkers and a chain conveyor, which consists of two chains connected by scrapers. The upper branches of the conveyor move along the guides, and the lower ones - along the bottom, which is a sliding pallets. The chain conveyor is driven by an electric motor through a worm gearbox. The speeds of the chain conveyor are controlled by a variator by means of a handwheel.

After hydrothermal treatment, the grain enters the grain bin, from where, under the action of gravity, it falls down into the heating sections. To remove moisture from the grain in the dryer, the principle of contact drying is used, i.e. heat is transferred to the grain directly from the heated surface of the oval pipes between which it moves. The moisture evaporated from the grain is absorbed by the air and is removed from the dryer with it. After passing through the heating sections, the dried grain enters the hoppers of the unloading section and exits to the platforms, from which it is removed by the scrapers of the chain conveyor and transported by its lower branch to the outlet.

The productivity of the dryer and the exposure of grain drying depend on the speed of the chain conveyor, which is controlled by a V-belt variator.

Dry saturated steam is used to heat the pipes of the heating sections. The steam pressure in the pipes and its temperature are regulated by a pressure reducing valve. The steam pressure in the dryer is controlled by a manometer. Waste steam and condensate from the dryer are discharged through a steam trap.

Technical characteristics of the dryer A1-BS2-P

Productivity on grain with kind 570 g/l at 56...60

reduction of moisture content of steamed grain by 7...9%, t/day

Steam consumption per 1 t %, kg/h 5 5 0.. .65 0

Steam pressure, Pa Up to 3.43 105

Air consumption per 1 t%. moisture removal, m3 / h 200

Aerodynamic drag, Pa 137.2

The speed of the conveyor chain at the design 0.061 ... 0.067

productivity, m/s

Fan drive electric motor VCP No. 6:

power, kW 7.5

rotation speed, s-1 (rpm) 24.3 (1460)

Conveyor drive motor:

power, kW 1.1

rotation speed, s-1 (rpm) 15.5 (930)

Reducer:

type RFU-80

gear ratio 31

Dimensions, mm:

width 810

height 8100

Weight, kg 5760

A new method for the production of buckwheat was tested at the groats plant of the Bryansk flour mill of bakery products. The planned daily productivity of the plant during the testing period was 125 tons / day with a basic cereal yield of 66%.

During the tests, the kinematic parameters of the main technological equipment were characterized by the following values:

shelling machines with rubberized rolls А1-ЗРД (four systems) - peripheral speed of high-speed rolls 9 ... 12 m/s and ratio of peripheral speeds of high-speed rolls to low-speed ones 2.0 ... 2.25;

screenings of SRM (four systems) - vibration frequencies of sieve cases 2.3...2.6 s-1 (140...156 rpm) and radii of circular oscillations of the cases 25 mm;

sorting A1-BKG (three systems) - sieve body oscillation frequency 5.3...5.6 s-1 (320...340 rpm) and amplitude 9 mm;

grain separators A1-BKO-1.5 (six main systems and two control systems) - vibration frequency of sorting decks 2.8...3 s-1 (170...185 rpm) and amplitude 28 mm.

Technological indicators of the operation of A1-ZRD machines on buckwheat grain husking indicate that the hulling coefficient was not lower than that achieved in practice when buckwheat peeling on rolling machines. At the same time, the amount of crushed kernel in relation to the mass of the product entering the machine did not exceed 1.14% in all systems, which is significantly lower than that obtained in practice (2 ... 3%) and provided for by the Rules for the Organization and Conduct of the Technological Process cereal factories (1.5 ... 2.5%) when peeling buckwheat on rolling machines. The core integrity coefficient averaged 0.96.

The amount of product supplied to the A1-ZRD machines, when operating with a capacity of up to 3000 kg/h, has practically no effect on the peeling quality.

Peeling products after the A1-ZRD machine of each system are fed to sifters to isolate the kernel, the cut and the flour. In addition to these products, the screenings of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd systems received the bottom exits of the corresponding grain separators.

After sorting on sifters, passing through sieves with openings of 4.0 mm and descending from sieves with openings of 1.7 x 20 mm, a product with a low content of unshelled grain was obtained, which, after winnowing, was sent to separate the kernels to the A1-BK0 groat separators. The product obtained by passing from sieves with openings of 4.0 mm and containing a significant amount of non-husked grain, after winnowing and additional sifting on cereal sorting, where a certain amount of kernel was taken from it, was fed to the A1-ZRD machines of the subsequent peeling system.

The work of sifters for sorting buckwheat peeling products is characterized by the fact that 65.8 ... 74.9% of the product from total with the content in it of 26 ... 34.24% of the core. The product obtained by passing from sieves with holes measuring 1.7 x 20 mm consists mainly of a core with a content of non-husked grain in it up to 9.6%.

When sorting peeling products on sieving and groats sorting, the content of non-hulled grains and weed impurities increases as the product moves through the systems.

From the descent (sieves with apertures Ф4 mm) of screenings after preliminary winnowing, from 10 to 19.3% of the kernel was additionally isolated on grain sorting. The content of non-husked grains in this product, depending on the system, ranged from 5.36 to 7.68%. The descent of sieves with holes Ø 4 mm, received by the machines A1-ZRD, was 80...90% and contained 27.80...30.00% of the core, which indicates the possibility of further improvement of the process of sorting peeling products.

The kernel from the product obtained by descending from sieves with openings of 1.7 x 20 mm in sifters and passing through sieves Ø4.0 mm was removed by grain sorting using A1-BKO grain separators. At the same time, machines b, 14, 20, 8 and 15 worked on the preliminary extraction of the kernel, and machines 7 and 22 - on the final control of cereals.

Technological indicators characterizing the operation of grain separators at the preliminary extraction of the kernel and the final control of cereals show that 40.0 ... At the same time, the content of non-husked grains in the upper descent was in the range of 0.32 ... 0.52%.

An analysis of the operation of grain separating machines shows that there are certain reserves in improving the efficiency of their work. The grain separating machines that worked on the control of the upper descents ensured the production of buckwheat that meets the requirements of the first grade. At the same time, up to 51% of the groats were extracted from the total amount of the product supplied to these groats separators. It should be noted that during the operation of the A1-BKO grit separators at the preliminary and final control of cereals, a small amount of weed impurities entered the upper gathering, despite its high content in the original product. The main amount of weed impurities entered the lower gathering.

As a result of long-term technological tests and determination of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the operation of the main equipment, it has been established that the main advantage of the new method of producing cereals in comparison with the technology used is the reduction of crushing

kernels in the process of processing buckwheat into cereals and increasing its total yield.

This is also confirmed by comparing the yields of cereals (Table 2) obtained by processing buckwheat of similar quality (new method and existing technology).

The increased yield of cereals of the first grade and the overall yield of cereals with a new method of its production was obtained by reducing the crushing of the kernel.

Using data obtained from comparative tests of existing and new technologies production of buckwheat, you can determine the final difference of all types of cereals obtained from one ton of buckwheat (Table 3). It follows from the table that as a result of improving the grade of cereals and increasing its total yield, the cost of cereals with the new method increases by 16.75 rubles. (367.82 - 351.07). For a comparable annual volume of buckwheat processing in the compared options, 37,770 tons were taken.

The economic effect as a result of improving the grade and increasing the yield of cereals will be 37,770 16.75 0.692 = 437,792 rubles. in year. At the same time, operating costs as a result of replacing wear rubber-coated rolls on A1-ZRD peeling machines (based on the service life of one pair of rolls for only 70 hours) increase by 40,832 rubles. The overall economic effect from the use of a new method for the production of buckwheat at one groats plant with a capacity of 125 tons / day will be 396,960 rubles. (437792-40832).

Based on the tests of a new method for the production of buckwheat, Kharkov PZP developed a project for the reconstruction of a buckwheat plant with an increase in its productivity up to 160 tons / day and a groats yield of up to 70%, in which shelling machines with rubber-coated rolls A1-ZRD, groat separators A1-BKO , aspirators with a closed air cycle, sieving, grain sorting, etc.