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Lesson the current state and protection of vegetation. Outline of the lesson on the topic: “The current state and protection of vegetation. What role do forests play in nature?

Rational use and protection of vegetation.

It is impossible to imagine the world around us without plants - our faithful and silent green friends. Every breath of air, every crumb of food is given to us by plants, they help us feel the joy of communicating with nature, its charm and beauty. Caring for silent and beautiful plants, a person himself becomes cleaner and kinder.

Green plants create conditions on Earth for the existence of all living organisms. They release oxygen, which is necessary for respiration, and serve as the main source of food for all animals. Even the most bloodthirsty predator depends on the plants that feed on its prey.

Covering the Earth with a green carpet, plants protect and preserve it. Thickets of plants create their own climate, softer and more humid, because the foliage resists the withering action of the sun's rays. Plant roots hold and hold the soil together. Where the forest has been preserved, the surface of the Earth is not disfigured by ravines.

Plants are the primary source of existence, prosperity and development of life on Earth, and primarily due to their ability to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place almost everywhere on our planet, and therefore its total effect is colossal. In the process of photosynthesis, green plants create organic substances from carbon dioxide and water and serve as a source of valuable food (grains, vegetables, fruits, etc.), raw materials for industry and construction.

Formation of the gas composition of atmospheric air, as is known, is also directly dependent on plants. Green plants in the process of photosynthesis release about 510 tons of free oxygen per year.

Plants are involved in the formation of humus, which is the most essential part of the soil, ensures its high fertility. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the molecules of many organic substances include atoms of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and often other elements (iron, cobalt, magnesium, copper). All of them are extracted by plants from the soil or the aquatic environment in the form of salt ions, mainly in the oxidized form. Mineral salts are not washed out of the surface layers of the soil, since the vegetation constantly absorbs part of the mineral substances from the soil and transfers them to animals for food. Animals, like plants, after dying, transfer minerals back to the soil, from where they are again absorbed by plants.

Vegetation has a great influence on the climate, water bodies, wildlife and other elements of the biosphere, with which it is closely interconnected.

The importance of vegetation in human life is great. First of all, vegetation represents the necessary environment for human life. Wild flora is an invaluable genetic fund in breeding work when creating new varieties of agricultural crops. Most of the plants that provide about 90% of the world's food today came about through domestication of wild plants.

For many centuries, people have been extracting from plants a variety of medicinal substances that are so necessary in medical and veterinary practice. Over 1000 species of medicinal plants are in circulation on the modern world market. Among them are preparations from the root of life - ginseng, eleutherococcus, lily of the valley, spring adonis.

Plants serve as the main food base for domestic and many wild animals. They participate in the formation of minerals, protect the surface of the Earth from destruction by water flows and wind, and from falling asleep with sands of fertile land.

Plants detoxify harmful substances in different ways. Some of the harmful substances are bound by the cytoplasm of plant cells and become inactive, while others undergo transformations in plants to non-toxic products and participate in metabolism.

To combat harmful microorganisms, plants have developed a number of substances that can suppress their activity. These include antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, etc.) and phytoncides. Onion and garlic have strong bactericidal properties. In this regard, they have long been used as therapeutic agents. One juniper plant emits 30 g of volatile substances per day, and one hectare - such an amount of phytoncides that is enough to clean all the streets of a big city from microbes. Vegetation for a person is also a source of aesthetic pleasure, which has a psychological impact on him.

Of all the plant resources of the planet, the most important in the life of nature and man is forests. They suffered the most from economic activity and were the first to become objects of protection.

The forest is a wealth of nature, the importance of which is difficult to overestimate. In addition to its enormous and diverse economic importance, the forest acts as an extremely important geographical factor that has a great influence on other types of landscapes and on the biosphere as a whole.

The forest is called green gold, referring to its special value and universal economic importance. It is a source of wood, food, technical and medicinal raw materials.

The ecological role of the forest is exceptionally high. It is one of the most important regulators of the moisture cycle on Earth, prevents water and wind erosion, maintains soil fertility, preventing flushing and the formation of ravines, restrains the movement of sands, and alleviates the effects of droughts. Forests affect the gas balance and composition of the atmosphere, the water and thermal regime of the earth's surface, and regulate the abundance and diversity of the animal world. The forest cover is interconnected with the climate: it reduces the strength of the wind, softens high and low temperatures, and accumulates moisture. Equally important is the water protection role of forests. It contributes to the transfer of precipitation into soil and groundwater, thereby regulating the hydrological regime of rivers. Today, the forest is considered as the leading factor in energy and mass transfer on Earth. The forest cover of the planet is a single global system of the world's forest, which is the most important component of the biosphere as a whole.

Their rational use is based on the ecological laws of conservation, restoration and change of plant communities.

The forest is used in various sectors of the national economy; it serves as a source of chemicals obtained during the processing of wood, bark, needles. The forest supplies raw materials for over 20 thousand articles and products. Almost half of the wood produced in the world is used for fuel, and a third goes to the production of building materials. Lack of wood is acutely felt in all industrialized countries.

Recently, great importance has been given to the sanitary-hygienic, balneological and recreational role of forests. In Russia, as well as in some other regions of the world, "non-resource" possibilities of green spaces have become widely used: these are green areas of cities, natural or national parks, resort areas.

The beneficial effect of pine forests on tuberculosis patients, caused by the disinfecting properties of terpenes, is well known. Many coniferous trees emit special substances - phytoncides that kill pathogens. Tree plantations purify the air of cities and towns from dust, harmful gases, soot, protect residents from noise. The dust content on a green street is 3 times less than on a street without trees.

Some rare and valuable tree species are threatened with complete extinction. All this threatens with exceptionally dangerous economic and environmental consequences.

The sharp reduction of forests on the planet has led not only to the depletion of forest capital. It caused severe consequences for people, such as shallowing of rivers and lakes, destructive floods, mudflows, soil erosion, and climate change.

The forest is an excellent accumulator of moisture, delays snowmelt, blocks the way for external and rain water, contributing to the replenishment of groundwater and the normal flow regime of lowland and mountain rivers. With the destruction of forests, destructive spring floods and summer floods of rivers arise. Spring and rain waters, without encountering obstacles in the form of forests, quickly flow down ravines into rivers and then into the seas. As a result, groundwater is replenished weakly, their level drops so much that they can no longer make up for the loss of water in rivers and lakes, which occurs due to evaporation in the summer. As a result, reservoirs begin to shallow, many rivers become unnavigable.

Floods, the origin of which is associated with the destruction of forests, are widespread in many parts of the world and bring innumerable disasters.

A particularly devastating consequence of deforestation is soil erosion, which has spread widely throughout the globe and has become a scourge of agriculture.

Finally, the destruction of forests over vast areas worsens the climate, makes it drier and more continental, contributes to increased winds and the spread of dry winds, the appearance of droughts, etc., which adversely affects agriculture.

Russia is a country of forests. Russia's forests account for 22% of the world's forests. The total area of the forest fund lands of the Russian Federation, as of 01.01.98, was 1,172.9 million hectares, or 69% of the territory of Russia.

For the purposes of proper forest management, forests of national importance are divided into three groups.

To the woods first group forests, the main purpose of which is the performance of water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic, health and other functions, as well as specially protected natural areas

To the woods second group include forests in regions with a high population density and a developed network of land transport routes; forests that perform water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic, recreational and other functions of limited operational significance, as well as forests in regions with insufficient forest resources, the conservation of which requires restriction of the forest management regime.

To the woods third group include forests of densely forested areas, which are primarily of operational importance.

The forest has always attracted a large number of hunters, pickers of mushrooms and berries, as well as those who just want to relax. Recently, with the development of mass tourism in our country, the army of forest visitors has grown so much that it has become a factor that cannot be ignored when protecting the forest.

Many millions of people travel to suburban forests during the summer to spend their weekends or vacations in nature; many thousands of tourists make trips along the same routes. In some places in the suburban forests you can find entire tent cities with a large population.

A huge army of visitors to the forest makes major changes in his life. To set up tents, a large number of young trees are cut down, not only dry wood is used for fires, but also growing healthy trees.

Not all tents are set up in a clean place, very often undergrowth is cut down at the site of their installation, removed, broken and ruined by young growth. The latter perishes under axes, bonfires, and simply under the feet of numerous visitors to the forest.

Forests frequented by tourists are littered so thoroughly with tin cans, bottles, rags, paper, etc. that this has a negative effect on natural reforestation. The latter has become completely impossible over the past few years in the places of bonfires and in densely trampled areas around them, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich in the forest is very significant.

Finally, forest visitors often cause harm to the trees themselves. Many trees (especially near the tents) bear traces of large and small wounds filled with resin. On some of them, the resin is burned out, and a significant part of the trunk is scorched by fire. These trees are candidates for desiccation.

These actions of organized and unorganized tourists and other forest visitors cause great harm to forest resources, and especially to forests located around cities and industrial centers. The negative impact of tourists on forests and areas farther from the cities, where the number of tourists is increasing every year, is increasingly felt.

The presence in the forests of a large number of people making fires, smoking, setting fire to tar on the trunks of coniferous trees, etc. is dangerous in terms of fire.

The use of the forest fund for cultural, recreational, tourist and sports purposes is organized in specially allocated green areas in the forest, including in the forest park parts of green areas. For these purposes, national and natural parks, sanitary protection zones of resorts, natural monuments, as well as special especially protective forest areas are being created.

The recreational value of forests located in places with developed industry, near large cities, is growing rapidly. The recreational value of forests sometimes exceeds the value of the timber obtained from them. The forest has always attracted hunters, mushroom pickers, berry pickers, and tourists. With the accumulation of vacationers in the forests, a recreational load arises. This has a bad effect on the continuation of the natural development and normal existence of forests, biogeocenoses. If a forest area is badly damaged by soil trampling, it must be excluded from use for 3-5 years or more.

One of the important forms of struggle for the protection of recreational forests is the widespread environmental propaganda among tourists and the population. All fire safety regulations must be followed carefully. Walking, resting and picking mushrooms and berries in young forest stands are strictly prohibited. A large role in organizing and coordinating this work belongs to the rural, district and city administrations. In addition to tourism organizations, regional and district councils of voluntary nature protection societies, as well as schools, should take part in this work. It is necessary to achieve such a situation that all visitors to the forest not only know the rules of behavior in the forest, but also strictly observe them. Forests are people's wealth, which everyone is obliged to treat with care, like any other socialist property.

With the development of urbanization, green spaces in cities are of great importance. Green plantations - trees and shrubs, flowers and herbaceous vegetation, elements of improvement of green areas - are an effective means of environmental protection of the city. Any form of economic activity that causes irreparable harm to the green fund of the city is unacceptable.

Forest protection implies, first of all, their rational use and reproduction, which is the main task of our forestry. The main measures taken by forestry for the rational use of forests include the use of scientifically based calculation and distribution of the logging fund, the economical and full use of the resulting wood, the protection of forests from fires, pests and other adverse natural factors.
Reforestation is carried out by applying measures for reforestation and increasing the productivity of forest plantations.

Scientifically substantiated calculation and distribution of the logging fund are of paramount importance in the protection of forests.

Of no small importance in the conservation of the forest is its careful use. Unfortunately, the loss of wood during its harvesting, transportation and use reaches such proportions that no other industry, except for the forest industry, allows for its raw materials.

One of the most important conditions for the reproduction of forest resources is reforestation. Reforestation measures, together with scientifically substantiated calculation and placement of the logging fund, form the basis of forest protection.

In addition to the restoration of forests, increasing their productivity is of great importance in the matter of protection. At high productivity, smaller forest areas can be allocated for felling than at low productivity.

The productivity of forests largely depends on the efficiency of reforestation. In addition, the increase in productivity is achieved by caring for the forest, replacing tree plantations with more productive species, and draining swamps.

The main form of forest care is the so-called thinning.

Carrying out thinnings sets the following tasks: to provide the desired composition of species in the forest, to form a forest from trees of a higher quality, to accelerate growth and increase the productivity of the forest, to obtain additional wood. Along with this, thinning can improve the sanitary condition of the forest by removing infected trees and prevent snowfall and snowfall of trees in young stands.

In addition, thinning enhances the water-protective, water-regulating, and soil-protective properties of the forest.

Work on the reconstruction of forests through the introduction of highly productive tree species into them is taking on an increasing scale in our country. The replacement of low-value soft-leaved forests with more valuable coniferous forests is being especially intensively carried out.

The productivity of forests and the quality of wood increase sharply as a result of the drainage of marshes. The forests of many, especially the northern, regions of the country are swamped over large areas. Wet forests give low growth and poor wood quality. Draining wetland forests results in increased growth rates and improved forest quality.

Forest fires, as noted above, cause enormous damage to forest resources. In addition to the loss of a large amount of timber, forest animals and useful plants, fires also cause damage by the fact that the forests that regenerate after them acquire a different character and are usually less valuable. Most often, coniferous forests are burning, which are of the greatest value.

Fighting forest fires in our country is of great national importance. A whole system of measures has been developed, which are divided into three groups: preventive, sentinel guard service and fire fighting.

Preventive measures are of particular importance. These include fire-fighting technical propaganda among the population, cleaning cutting areas and the fight against clutter in the forest, fire-fighting forests.

The patrol guard service has the task of timely detection of fires. This service consists of regular walks around the forest, observation of the latter from fire towers, and air patrols.

Direct fire fighting is carried out by various methods. The effectiveness of this struggle has increased significantly due to the use of modern technology.

The damage caused to the forest by various pests and diseases is great. The economic damage from fungal diseases is great, in some cases it exceeds the damage caused by harmful insects.

Therefore, we attach great importance to the fight against pests and diseases. This struggle is carried out by various methods and technical means. But, no method is universal. The struggle can be successful only when it is carried out systematically by all available methods and means.

The main methods of pest and disease control include forestry activities, mechanical, chemical and biological.

Forestry activities are aimed at maintaining forest plantations in a healthy state by timely removal of weakened, infected and diseased trees, harvesting windbreak, rags and logging residues, observing the rules for storing harvested wood in the forest, choosing the right felling method, etc.

mechanical method includes measures of direct extermination of insects using the simplest mechanical devices or manually.

chemical method pest control is the most widespread due to its ease of use, efficiency, relative cheapness and the ability to use it over vast areas.

biological method control is based on the use of natural enemies of pests that regulate the number of the latter in nature.

Recently, intensive and successful development microbiological method forest pest control by using entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses that cause disease and death of pests.

Work on the protection of forests and other vegetation from chemical and radioactive contamination is still being carried out on an insufficient scale and mainly in relation to the green areas of large industrial centers. It needs to be expanded and strengthened.

Meadows and pastures are of great importance in providing fodder for farm animals. Herbs of natural meadows are the most complete food, rich in vitamins, microelements and mineral salts. Meadows and pastures occupy a significant place among other agricultural lands ...

About 60% of plant species grow in meadows and pastures. However, in a number of cases, these lands are still not used rationally enough and require radical improvement to increase hayfields and pastures.

Floodplain meadows are often filled with silt, sand, and debris during floods; like the upland ones, they are covered with tussocks, shrubs, in places they have excessive moisture. The productivity of meadows also falls as a result of their too intensive use for pastures.

1) Clearing and leveling the surface (cleaning of shrubs, stones, debris, deadwood, destruction of bumps);

2) Improvement and regulation of the water regime of soils;

3) Preservation (and, if necessary, creation) of coastal shrub strips in the floodplains of large rivers, as a means of preventing floodplain meadows from being covered with sand;

4) Fight against poisonous plants;

5) Surface application of organic and mineral fertilizers;

6) Sometimes sowing seeds.

In increasing the productivity of meadows, the best results are obtained by alternate hay-pasture use. However, early spring grazing followed by haying reduces the yield of meadows by half.

Pastures are the most affected by overgrazing.

Lichen pastures (reindeer moss) are of great importance for reindeer husbandry. Lichens are a necessary plant component for the maintenance of natural tundra biocenoses. The impoverishment of the tundra as a result of overgrazing of animals changes the nature of vegetation and worsens the quality of pastures.

In some cases, a certain amount of damage to the herbage is caused by strongly multiplied rodents, especially mouse-like ones.

The protection of pastures is, first of all, the prevention of overgrazing in combination with some agricultural measures to improve the herbage.

The protection and rational use of economically valuable plants consists in their properly organized collection, in which the natural reserves of plants should not be depleted. This is especially important for those species in which underground parts go into production. Currently, the procurement of raw materials is carried out by many organizations without proper control. It is necessary to establish control over the quantitative and qualitative use of stocks of economically valuable plant species.

In the CIS, too, many plant species have become rare. These include water chestnut, lotus (preserved only in the Volga delta in the form of several clumps in Azerbaijan and on Lake Khanka), aldrovandus (insectivorous plant), iron tree, silk acacia, chestnut-leaved oak, Hyrcanian boxwood, Aldar pine, palmate sycamore, turanga , pistachio, yew, holly, etc.

Rare and endangered species are protected in several ways.

The first way is the issuance of appropriate legal provisions prohibiting the use of these species. It is important that the ban covers all rare species, and that this ban is practically implemented.

The second is the protection of rare species in nature reserves and sanctuaries.

The third is the creation of collection sites and reserves in the network of botanical gardens and other scientific institutions. Transferred to collection beds, plants can be maintained in culture indefinitely for a long time and be a necessary reserve for various purposes.

The success of vegetation protection largely depends on the participation of the general population in this matter. Environmental education among the population, in particular the promotion of scientific knowledge about the flora and its significance for humans, is becoming important.

Of fundamental importance for the protection of forests is their division into categories and groups according to the degree of protection.

The forests of the first group include:

Forbidden strips along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies; forbidden strips of forests that protect the spawning grounds of valuable commercial fish;

Anti-erosion forests; protective forest belts along railways and highways;

Forests of green zones of cities, other settlements and economic objects; forests of the first and second belts of zones of sanitary protection of water supply sources; forests of the first, second and third zones of districts of sanitary protection of resorts;

Particularly valuable forest areas; forests of scientific or historical importance; walnut-commercial zones, forest-fruit plantations, etc.;

Forests of reserves, national and natural parks, protected forest areas, etc.

In addition, special protective areas with a limited forest use regime can be identified in forests of all groups, including coastal and soil-protective forest areas along the banks of water bodies, slopes of ravines and gullies, habitats of rare and endangered wild animals and plants, etc.

Plants play a vital role in nature. Thanks to photosynthesis they provide existence life on the ground. how producers Plants form organic matter from inorganic matter. Photosynthesis in plants on Earth occurs everywhere, so its total effect is colossal. According to rough estimates, land vegetation annually assimilates 20–30 billion tons of carbon, about the same amount consumes the phytoplankton of the oceans. For 300 years, the plants of our planet absorb as much carbon as the total amount of it contained in atmosphere and in the water. At the same time, plants form about 177 billion tons annually. organic matter, and the annual chemical energy of photosynthesis products is 100 times greater than the energy production of all power plants in the world. All atmospheric oxygen passes through living organisms in about 2000 years, and plants use and decompose all the water of our planet in about 2 million years.

Of all vegetable resources Forests are the most important in nature and human life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.

Forests, including those planted by people, occupy an area of about 40 million km2, or about 1/3 of the land surface. The planet has 30% coniferous and 70% deciduous forests. Forests affect all components biosphere, play a huge environment-forming role (Fig. 1).

Rice. one. The role of the forest in nature: purifies the air (center);
top row from left to right - creates habitats for animals, protects soil from erosion, reduces surface water runoff;
bottom row from left to right - creates a favorable microclimate for agricultural plants, fixes sands, prevents water pollution

The forest is used in various sectors of the national economy. It serves as a source of chemicals obtained during the processing of wood, bark, needles. The forest supplies raw materials for over 20 thousand articles and products. Almost half of the wood produced in the world is used for fuel, and a third goes to the production of building materials. Lack of wood is acutely felt in all industrialized countries. In recent decades, the forests of recreational and sanitary-resort areas have acquired great importance. The use of wood is shown in more detail in Figure 2.

1. Explain why on the rivers along which the forest is cut down, the water level is not constant: if there is little precipitation, the level drops significantly; Why are floods rare in forest rivers?

(Answer: forest vegetation reduces the speed of water passage from the catchment area into the rivers hundreds of times. As a result, water (through underground and surface flows) enters the rivers evenly, which excludes floods or shallowing of water flows.)

2. Mudflow is a dangerous natural phenomenon, which is a turbulent mud flow in the mountains, caused by snowmelt or heavy rains. Mudflows carry with them a lot of stones and boulders of enormous size and can produce enormous destruction with human casualties. Why mudflows are practically absent in places where the population is low? Why is the likelihood of mudflows very high in places where forests are cut down in the mountains and (or) domestic animals are grazed?

(Answer: modern human activity in the mountains is associated with deforestation and intensive destruction of vegetation (grazing, construction of roads and structures, etc.). Bare and unprotected soil is easily washed away during heavy floods or heavy rains, which leads to the formation of mudflows. The more intense and uncontrolled human activity in the mountains, the higher the likelihood of mudflows.)

3. Why does it take longer for the snow to melt in the forest than in the field? What does this mean for plants; for the hydro regime of fields, forests, rivers?

(Answer: there is more shade in the forest, so it is cooler. Longer melting of spring snow in the forest allows the soil to accumulate more moisture. The microclimate of the forest contributes to less evaporation - as a result, more water remains in the soil. Prolonged snowmelt does not contribute to the rapid washing of soil and litter, which is observed in the fields.)

4. The Red Book of Russia contains:

a) blue cornflower;
b) May lily of the valley;
c) lady's slipper;
d) medicinal chamomile;
e) Hypericum perforatum.

(Answer: in . )

5. Are the statements correct (yes or no):

a) over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of the forests on the planet have been destroyed by man;
b) now the area of felling significantly exceeds the area of planting trees;
c) cut areas of tropical rainforests are quickly restored to their original composition;
d) desertification cannot occur as a result of deforestation;
e) the greatest number of fires occurs due to natural causes;
f) biological control measures are the most ineffective, do not last long;
g) the most effective protection of rare plants in parks and resort areas;
h) listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of a danger that threatens its existence;
i) vegetation, including forests, are non-renewable natural resources;
j) the economic damage caused to the forest by fires exceeds the damage from pests and diseases.

...

(Answer: "yes" - a, b, h, k; "no" - c, d, e, f, f, i.)

6*. Ecologists believe that in the northern regions, the forest can be cut down and taken out only in winter through deep snow. Why?

(Answer: in this case, the soil cover is much less disturbed - the litter and the grassy layer of plants are not destroyed, potholes, ruts are not formed that change the hydrological regime and contribute to soil erosion. In the northern regions, where the soil layer is formed for a long time and does not reach a significant thickness, compliance with these conditions is of particular importance.)

...

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The current state and protection of vegetation Prepared by a student of grade 11 Kirilenko Oksana

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The existence of the animal world, including man, would be impossible without plants, which determines their special role in the life of our planet. Of all organisms, only plants and photosynthetic bacteria are capable of accumulating the energy of the Sun, creating through it organic substances from inorganic substances; while plants extract CO2 from the atmosphere and emit O2. It is the activity of plants that created an atmosphere containing O2, and by their existence it is maintained in a state suitable for breathing.

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Plants are the main, determining link in the complex food chain of all heterotrophic organisms, including humans. Terrestrial plants form steppes, meadows, forests and other plant groups, creating the landscape diversity of the Earth and an endless variety of ecological niches for the life of organisms of all kingdoms. Finally, with the direct participation of plants, soil arose and is being formed.

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As of the beginning of 2010, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), about 320 thousand species of plants were described, of which about 280 thousand species of flowering plants, 1 thousand species of gymnosperms, about 16 thousand bryophytes, about 12 thousand species of higher spore plants (Lycopterous, Papor-otnik-like, Horse-tailed). However, this number is increasing as new species are constantly being discovered.

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Forest Of all the plant resources of the Earth, forests are the most important in nature and human life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.

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Forests, including those planted by people, occupy an area of about 40 million km2, or about 1/3 of the land surface. The planet has 30% coniferous and 70% deciduous forests. Forests have an impact on all components of the biosphere and play a huge environmental role.

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Deforestation Deforestation began at the dawn of human society and increased as society developed, as the need for timber and other forest products increased rapidly. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of forests have been reduced on Earth. Over historical time, about 500 million hectares have turned from forests into barren deserts. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the areas of clearings significantly exceed the areas of planting trees. To date, about 1/2 of their original area has been reduced in the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests, in the Mediterranean subtropics - 80%, in the zones of monsoon rains - 90%.

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On the Great Chinese and Indo-Gangetic plains, forests have survived only on 5% of their former distribution. Tropical rainforests are being cut down and shrinking at a rate of about 26 hectares per minute, and there are fears that they will disappear in 25 years. The cut areas of the tropical rainforest are not restored, and in their place unproductive shrub formations are formed, and with severe soil erosion, desertification occurs. In connection with deforestation, the water content of rivers is reduced, lakes dry up, the level of groundwater decreases, soil erosion increases, the climate becomes more arid and continental, droughts and dust storms often occur.

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Protection of vegetation Protection and restoration of forests. The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase the productivity of forests, protect them from fires and pests.

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1. With proper forest management, felling in some areas should be repeated after 80-100 years, when the forest reaches full maturity. In many central regions of European Russia, they are forced to return to re-cutting much earlier. Exceeding the felling norms has led to the fact that in many areas the forests have lost their climate-forming and water-regulating value. The proportion of small-leaved forests has increased significantly.

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2. Part of the wood is lost during timber rafting. In some years, so many logs are carried into the northern seas by the rivers that in the Scandinavian countries there are special ships for catching them and industries for processing them. At present, the irrational alloying of logs without combining them into rafts is prohibited on large rivers. Near the enterprises of the woodworking industry, factories for the production of furniture from fibreboard are being built.

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3. The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down annually in Russia are restored naturally, the rest require special measures for their renewal. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are sufficient, on the other, sowing and planting trees are necessary. Weak reforestation is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, the destruction of undergrowth, soil destruction during logging and timber transportation. Clearing them of plant rags, branches, bark, needles remaining after felling has a positive effect on the restoration of forests.

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4. Drainage reclamation plays an important role in reforestation: planting trees, shrubs and grasses that improve the soil. This contributes to the rapid growth of trees and improves the quality of wood. Forest productivity is increased by sowing perennial lupine between rows of pine, spruce, and oak plantations.

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6. Among forest protection measures, fire fighting is of great importance. The fire completely or partially destroys the forest biocenosis. A different type of vegetation develops in the forest fires, and the animal population changes completely. Fires cause great damage, destroying plants, game animals, other forest products: mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants. The main cause of fires is the careless handling of fire by a person: unextinguished fires, matches, cigarette butts.

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7. The protection of economically valuable and rare species of plants consists in a rational, standardized collection that excludes their depletion. Under the direct and indirect influence of man, many plant species have become rare, many are threatened with extinction. Such species are listed in the Red Books. The Red Book of the Russian Federation (1983) contains 533 species. Among them are the following: water chestnut, lotus, toothed oak, Colchis boxwood, Pitsundekaya pine, mainland aralia, yew berry, holly, ginseng, zamaniha. All of them need strict protection, it is forbidden to collect them, cause any other damage (trampling, grazing, etc.).

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Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of a danger that threatens its existence. The Red Book is the most important document containing a description of the current state of rare species, the reasons for their plight and the main measures to save them.

The existence of the animal world, including man, would be impossible without plants, which determines their special role in the life of our planet. Of all organisms, only plants and photosynthetic bacteria are capable of accumulating the energy of the Sun, creating through it organic substances from inorganic substances; in this case, plants extract CO 2 from the atmosphere and emit O 2. It is the activity of plants that created an atmosphere containing O 2, and by their existence it is maintained in a state suitable for breathing.

As of the beginning of 2010, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), about 320 thousand species of plants were described, of which about 280 thousand species of flowering plants, 1 thousand species of gymnosperms, about 16 thousand bryophytes, about 12 thousand species of higher spore plants (Lycopterous, Fern-like, Horsetail). However, this number is increasing as new species are constantly being discovered.

1. With proper forest management, felling in some areas should be repeated after years, when the forest reaches full maturity. In many central regions of European Russia, they are forced to return to re-cutting much earlier. Exceeding the felling norms has led to the fact that in many areas the forests have lost their climate-forming and water-regulating value. The proportion of small-leaved forests has increased significantly.