Military aviation, modern combat aviation equipment - planes, helicopters and air bases. The life of pilots and stewardesses on board the aircraft: how the crew rests during the flight The main requirements for the location of airfields

After all, they also need to sleep and rest during 18-hour flights. Passengers are not allowed there, and many do not even suspect the existence of such secret cabins. But now we have the opportunity to look into it.

1. This is the official presentation of the Boeing 777 stewardess bedroom.

2. On this "diagram" you can see that the secret bedrooms are located in a small area above the main cabin.

3. It's pretty cozy here, according to the official photos provided by Boeing.

4. Passengers are not allowed here. This tiny door leads to the main compartment of the plane.

5. Behind the door is a secret staircase.

6. On the 787 plane, this staircase leads to such a hatch ...

7. Having passed the hatch, you find yourself in such bedrooms.

8. This is what the bedrooms look like in the tail section of the Boeing 787.

9. Boeing does not allow more than one person per bed.

10. The Boeing 777 has a long narrow corridor with bunks on either side.

11. It is unrealistic to straighten up in the corridor to your full height.

12. There are no portholes here either.

13. As you can see, because of this, it is a bit gloomy here. Three stewardesses are seated at the back of the corridor.

14. It's pretty dark in here.

15. Each compartment is approximately 1.8 m long and only 60 cm wide. Upstairs there is a reading light.

16. Comfortable pillows. And in case of turbulence, you have to sleep with a fastened seat belt.

17. View from the stairs.

18. All this is on top of the Boeing 777 and 787 aircraft.

The latest best military aircraft of the Air Force of Russia and the world photos, pictures, videos about the value of a fighter aircraft as a combat weapon capable of providing "air supremacy" was recognized by the military circles of all states by the spring of 1916. This required the creation of a special combat aircraft that surpasses all others in terms of speed, maneuverability, altitude and the use of offensive small arms. In November 1915, Nieuport II Webe biplanes arrived at the front. This is the first aircraft built in France, which was intended for air combat.

The most modern domestic military aircraft in Russia and the world owe their appearance to the popularization and development of aviation in Russia, which was facilitated by the flights of Russian pilots M. Efimov, N. Popov, G. Alekhnovich, A. Shiukov, B. Rossiysky, S. Utochkin. The first domestic machines of designers J. Gakkel, I. Sikorsky, D. Grigorovich, V. Slesarev, I. Steglau began to appear. In 1913, the heavy aircraft "Russian Knight" made its first flight. But one cannot fail to recall the first aircraft creator in the world - Captain 1st Rank Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky.

Soviet military aircraft of the USSR of the Great Patriotic War sought to hit the enemy troops, his communications and other objects in the rear with air strikes, which led to the creation of bomber aircraft capable of carrying a large bomb load over considerable distances. The variety of combat missions for bombing enemy forces in the tactical and operational depth of the fronts led to the understanding of the fact that their performance should be commensurate with the tactical and technical capabilities of a particular aircraft. Therefore, the design teams had to resolve the issue of specialization of bomber aircraft, which led to the emergence of several classes of these machines.

Types and classification, the latest models of military aircraft in Russia and the world. It was obvious that it would take time to create a specialized fighter aircraft, so the first step in this direction was to try to equip existing aircraft with small arms offensive weapons. Mobile machine-gun mounts, which began to equip the aircraft, required excessive efforts from the pilots, since the control of the machine in a maneuverable battle and the simultaneous firing of an unstable weapon reduced the effectiveness of firing. The use of a two-seat aircraft as a fighter, where one of the crew members played the role of a gunner, also created certain problems, because an increase in the weight and drag of the machine led to a decrease in its flight qualities.

What are the planes. In our years, aviation has made a big qualitative leap, expressed in a significant increase in flight speed. This was facilitated by progress in the field of aerodynamics, the creation of new more powerful engines, structural materials, and electronic equipment. computerization of calculation methods, etc. Supersonic speeds have become the main modes of fighter flight. However, the race for speed also had its negative sides - the takeoff and landing characteristics and the maneuverability of aircraft deteriorated sharply. During these years, the level of aircraft construction reached such a level that it was possible to start creating aircraft with a variable sweep wing.

In order to further increase the flight speeds of jet fighters exceeding the speed of sound, Russian combat aircraft required an increase in their power-to-weight ratio, an increase in the specific characteristics of turbojet engines, and also an improvement in the aerodynamic shape of the aircraft. For this purpose, engines with an axial compressor were developed, which had smaller frontal dimensions, higher efficiency and better weight characteristics. For a significant increase in thrust, and hence the flight speed, afterburners were introduced into the engine design. The improvement of the aerodynamic forms of aircraft consisted in the use of wings and empennage with large sweep angles (in the transition to thin delta wings), as well as supersonic air intakes.

The military-industrial complex of Russia is one of the most modern in the world, so the Russian military aviation is also one of the most modern on the planet.

The Russian military-industrial complex is capable of producing almost any type of modern military aircraft, including fifth-generation fighters.

Russian military aviation consists of:

• Bombers of Russia
• Russian fighters
• Stormtroopers of Russia
• AWACS aircraft of Russia
• Flying tankers (refuelers) of Russia
• Military transport aircraft of Russia
• Russian military transport helicopters
• Russian attack helicopters

The main manufacturers of military aircraft in Russia are PJSC Sukhoi Company, JSC RAC MiG, the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M. L. Mil, OJSC Kamov and others.

You can see photos and descriptions of the products of some companies at the links:

Let's look at each class of military aircraft with descriptions and photographs.

Bombers of Russia

Wikipedia will explain what a bomber is to us very accurately: A bomber is a military aircraft designed to destroy ground, underground, surface, underwater objects with bomb and / or missile weapons. .

Russian long-range bombers

Long-range bombers in Russia are developed and produced by the Tupolev Design Bureau.

Long-range bomber Tu-160

The Tu-160, unofficially called the White Swan, is the fastest and heaviest long-range bomber in the world. Tu-160 "White Swan" is capable of developing supersonic speed, not every fighter is able to keep up with him.

Long-range bomber Tu-95

Tu-95 is a veteran of Russian long-range aviation. Developed back in 1955, having gone through many upgrades, the Tu-95 is still Russia's main long-range bomber.

Long-range bomber Tu-22M

Tu-22M is another long-range bomber of the Russian Aerospace Forces. It has variable sweep wings, like the Tu-160, but its dimensions are smaller.

Front-line bombers of Russia

Front-line bombers in Russia are developed and produced by PJSC Sukhoi Company.

Front-line bomber Su-34

The Su-34 is a 4++ generation combat aircraft, a fighter-bomber, although it would be more accurate to call it a front-line bomber.

Front-line bomber Su-24

Su-24 is a front-line bomber, the development of which began in the USSR in the early 60s of the last century. Currently, he is being replaced by the Su-34.

Russian fighters

Fighters in Russia are developed and manufactured by two companies: PJSC Sukhoi Company and JSC RAC MiG.

Su Fighters

PJSC "Company" Sukhoi "delivers to the troops such modern combat vehicles as the fifth generation fighter Su-50 (PAK FA), Su-35, front-line bomber Su-34, carrier-based fighter Su-33, Su-30, heavy fighter Su- 27, Su-25 attack aircraft, Su-24M3 front-line bomber.

Fighter of the fifth generation PAK FA (T-50)

PAK FA (T-50 or Su-50) is a fifth-generation fighter developed by Sukhoi Company PJSC for the Russian Aerospace Forces since 2002. As of the end of 2016, tests are being completed and the aircraft is being prepared for transfer to regular units.

Photo by PAK FA (T-50).

Su-35 is a 4++ generation fighter.

Photo Su-35.

Su-33 carrier-based fighter

Su-33 is a 4++ generation carrier-based fighter. Several of these aircraft are in service with the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Fighter Su-27

Su-27 is the main combat fighter of the Russian Aerospace Forces. Based on it, the Su-34, Su-35, Su-33 and several other fighters were developed.

Su-27 in flight

MiG fighters

JSC "RSK" MiG "" today supplies the troops with the MiG-31 fighter-interceptor and the MiG-29 fighter.

Fighter-interceptor MiG-31

The MiG-31 is a fighter-interceptor designed to perform tasks at any time of the day and in any weather. The MiG-31 is a very fast aircraft.

Fighter MiG-29

MiG-29 - is one of the main combat fighters of the Russian Aerospace Forces. There is a deck version - MiG-29K.

Stormtroopers

The only attack aircraft in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces is the Su-25 attack aircraft.

Attack aircraft Su-25

Su-25 - armored subsonic attack aircraft. The machine made its first flight in 1975 since then, having undergone many upgrades, it has been reliably fulfilling its tasks.

Russian military helicopters

Helicopters for the army are produced by the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M.L. Mil and OJSC Kamov.

Kamov helicopters

JSC "Kamov" specializes in the production of coaxial helicopters.

Helicopter Ka-52

The Ka-52 "Alligator" is a two-seat helicopter capable of performing both attack and reconnaissance functions.

Deck helicopter Ka-31

The Ka-31 is a carrier-based helicopter equipped with a long-range radio detection and guidance system, which is in service with the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

Deck helicopter Ka-27

Ka-27 is a multi-purpose carrier-based helicopter. The main modifications are anti-submarine and rescue.

Photo Ka-27PL Russian Navy

Mil helicopters

Mi helicopters are being developed by the Moscow Mil Helicopter Plant.

Mi-28 helicopter

The Mi-28 is a Soviet-designed attack helicopter used by the Russian army.

Mi-24 helicopter

Mi-24 is a world-famous attack helicopter, created in the 1970s in the USSR.

Mi-26 helicopter

The Mi-24 is a heavy transport helicopter, also developed back in Soviet times. At the moment it is the largest helicopter in the world.

One of the most essential conditions for the successful combat work of aviation is a well-developed network of field airfields.

In wartime, temporary airfields are organized in the area of ​​combat operations to conduct flight work.

Temporary airfields do not have any specially erected structures.

Airfields are called active if aviation units are located on them. Otherwise, they are inactive or spare.

Aerodrome; allowing for its size only episodic flight work of single aircraft or. regardless of size, used only for occasional landings and takeoffs of single aircraft, is called a landing area.

Depending on the nature of combat use, airfields (sites) are divided into forward and rear.

Airfields (sites) are called advanced airfields from which combat sorties of aviation are directly carried out. They are located as close as possible to the front, depending on the situation (the type and type of aviation, its combat missions, the nature of the terrain, the availability of communication lines, communications, etc.).

Advanced airfields, depending on their significance, are divided into main and auxiliary.

The main airfield is the technical base for the flight operations of a unit or formation. At this airfield, the headquarters of the unit and all services are usually located.

Auxiliary airfields, to one degree or another, contribute to the combat work of aviation.

Auxiliary aerodromes include: a) alternate aerodromes, where preparatory work is carried out in case of transfer of air units from the main airfields in case of danger of air attacks (when the enemy establishes the location of this unit), as well as in the destruction of combat airfields; b) false, organized to mask the true; false airfields can often serve as alternates.

Rear airfields (sites) are called airfields intended for aviation rest in the period between flight and combat work, for viewing and repairing materiel.

The rear airfields are located at a distance that provides them with a raid by enemy fighter aircraft.

Several airfields occupied by an aviation unit or formation, false and alternate airfields, flying sites (for rapid dispersal in the event of a bombing and chemical attack), a communications and surveillance system, checkpoints, lighting equipment for night operations and air defense systems form an airfield hub.

The distance of airfields from each other should not be less than 10 km.

Basic requirements for the location of airfields

1. Military aviation. According to their location, airfields of military aviation must meet the following conditions:

a) be out of range of enemy artillery fire;

b) to have the shortest possible lines of communication with serviced military units, and even better - to allow personal communication between military and aviation commanders and their headquarters;

c) provide the best conditions for the placement of the material part and the production of minor repairs;

d) have good ways to bring everything you need;

e) provide the most favorable conditions for recreation to personnel;

f) have good disguise;

g) give the opportunity to organize direct defense against both air and ground enemies.

The commander and headquarters are located at the airfield from where combat work is being carried out. Landing pads at the headquarters of divisions are designed in case of need for personal communication between the crew and the division commander or his head

headquarters. Near the headquarters of the units for direct communication with them, landing sites are equipped, designed to receive and operate single aircraft.

Communication between airfields and the combined arms headquarters serviced by the aviation unit is carried out by means of the latter.

The main airfield and the headquarters of the military unit are connected by wire communication.

2. Army reconnaissance aircraft. The working conditions of the army reconnaissance aviation do not impose special requirements on airfields. In the event of a rapid movement of the field headquarters of a serviced operational formation, it will often be necessary to resort to work from a forward airfield, which may be the airfield of some part of military aviation.

3. Fighter aircraft. Army fighter aviation, in addition to its main airfields, must make extensive use of the entire network of airfields and sites in the army area. This ensures a successful struggle for air supremacy, allowing the fighters to quickly concentrate on various sectors of the front.

The use of fighter aviation requires, first of all, well-established communications, which is why all fighter aviation airfields must have direct wire or radio communications with the command at whose disposal they are, as well as with the headquarters (airfields) of aviation for other purposes, with air defense points and near the main air posts located communications and surveillance.

4. Assault and bomber aircraft are deployed at airfields in accordance with the general tactical situation.

The need for frequent re-sorties requires forward airfields to approach the front line with a wide dispersal of squadrons (detachments) over individual airfields.

5. Area of ​​airfields for military and light combat aviation. The zone of airfields of military aviation covers a strip, the front edge of which is 10-20 km away from the line of contact with the enemy, and the rear edge is 30-50 km away. Usually the main airfields of military aviation units are located at a depth of 1-1% of transitions from the enemy, and landing sites are moved forward, as far as possible closer to the parking area of ​​corps and division headquarters.

The forward edge of the zone of airfields for light combat aviation is 100 km from the line of contact with the enemy. With forward basing, the location of airfields for combat light aviation will be in the band from 100 to 200 meters per meter in depth, and when located on rear airfields, from 200 km and deeper.

Defense of the airfield from the ground enemy

The airfield may be threatened by the following enemy ground troops: a) motorized units; b) cavalry; c) airborne troops; d) sabotage groups.

Taking into account that the actions of large enemy forces equally threaten both airfields and the entire tactical and operational rear of troops, the defense of airfields cannot be considered in isolation from the general defense of the entire rear area.

Responsible for organizing the defense of a military rear area is the commander of the formation to which the given rear area belongs; the organization of defense within the army rear, according to its division, is directly in charge of the army headquarters or the heads of the corresponding rear bodies located in the given area.

When organizing the defense of the rear, one proceeds from the importance of one or another object, and the defense is organized in directions leading to one or another object or group of them. At the same time, the topographic conditions of the area are widely used and it is practiced to strengthen them with engineering, and sometimes chemical means of control (developing blockages, notches, gouges, trenches, minefields and preparing for chemical contamination) using local improvised means and labor.

Air formations and rear units located in a given area receive certain sections and areas for defense, indicated by the appropriate order or order of the chief organizing general defense, and organize defense in accordance with the regulations, and aviation must also be ready for action from the air.

Organization of airfield air defense

In the struggle for air supremacy, the Air Force will seek to destroy enemy aircraft at its airfields during preparation for a combat sortie, rest or arrival after completing a mission, inflict the greatest defeat on personnel and render the airfield unusable.

The relative vastness of the target makes it possible to use any type of aircraft from various heights for an attack.

Ground attack aviation can fulfill all three tasks, using: a) machine-gun fire, fragmentation and incendiary bombs to destroy materiel; b) large-caliber high-explosive bombs with retarders from tenths of a second to several hours to destroy the airfield; c) machine-gun fire, small fragmentation bombs and explosive agents to destroy personnel.

Bomber aviation operates over the entire area of ​​the airfield, destroying the airfield and hitting everything on the airfield. Its main means are bombs of all types and calibers.

The possibility of attacking airfields by various types of aircraft operating at various altitudes and using various means of destruction makes it necessary to use all the means of anti-aircraft defense for defense.

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Aviation. In order to cover the location of a large formation of various types of aviation at the airfield hub, protection of the aviation formation by its own means is organized, and a fighter unit can also be allocated. In the latter case, the airfields of the aviation formation are connected with the airfield of the fighter unit.

Flak. The defense of airfields from enemy aircraft attacking from high altitudes (more than 1,000) can be carried out with the help of anti-aircraft artillery.

For the successful defense of the airfield, the allocation of at least one anti-aircraft artillery battalion (3-4 batteries) is required. The idea of ​​​​defense is that enemy aircraft approaching the target, entering the zone of fire of anti-aircraft artillery, immediately fall on probable approaches under two-layer fire (fire of 2 batteries), and approaching the center, fired at three-, four-layer fire (3-4 batteries).

In case of insufficiency of anti-aircraft artillery and the impossibility of covering the entire airfield hub, the main airfield is covered in the first place.

Anti-aircraft guns. When defending an airfield, anti-aircraft machine guns are placed in groups of at least two machine guns. Machine-gun defense pursues the following tasks: a) prevent aircraft from approaching the vulnerable part of the airfield and b) prevent shelling or bombarding the target with impunity.

Enemy aircraft can approach the target from any direction, but their approach is most likely from closed or rough terrain. Therefore, machine-gun groups are positioned in such a way as to fire on enemy aircraft, from whichever side they appear; on the most probable directions, the fire of machine-gun groups should be condensed through the interaction of at least two groups; over the target itself (vulnerable area) the fire of machine gun groups should be the most dense, since here the machine guns will have the greatest possibility of defeat.

It is most expedient to place machine guns on high places (buildings, trees), eliminating the dead spaces that are inevitable when they are installed directly on the ground. For the installation of machine guns on buildings and trees, appropriate sites are being prepared to allow circular firing.

Temporarily inactive aircraft turret machine guns can be brought in to fight the enemy, and the defense of the airfield itself is entrusted to them.

Air communication and observation posts. Timely warning of airfields about an attack by an air enemy is provided by a network of air communication and observation posts of combined arms formations and rear services located along the outer ring from airfields at a distance of 15-20 km.

The posts of aviation units and formations are included in the general air defense system of the given area and serve on a common basis.

In the presence of anti-aircraft artillery covering the airfield, the service of air communication posts can be assigned to the observation posts of anti-aircraft batteries. Each battery allocates three observation posts that continuously monitor the air situation. To warn the airfield, the command post of the battalion commander, and, if possible, each battery must have a connection with the central post of the airfield.

Airfield warning is also carried out with the help of shots from batteries.

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Disguise. The camouflage of airfields breaks down into camouflage: a) the airfield; b) the material part; c) personnel; d) signs of airfield life.

The camouflage of existing airfields is supplemented by the construction of false airfields.

The following are widely used to mask the airfield of an airfield: field decoration and paint-camouflage - these tools make it possible to give the existing airfield the appearance of a site that is completely unsuitable for flights (pitted with ditches, pits, with sham, easily portable buildings: haystacks, shocks, stumps, etc. .); in winter - covering up traces left by aircraft skis.

Camouflage of the material part (aircraft) can be achieved by using natural shelters (trees, bushes, terrain), camouflage coloring of aircraft, protective painting to match the tone of the terrain (green in the meadow, yellow in the sand, white in winter, etc.) and, finally, by special coatings (massets). It is especially important to cover the shiny parts that give away the aircraft the most.

The camouflage of personnel outside the airfield does not present any particular difficulties, since it is easy to find some natural coverings near the airfield. It is much more difficult to disguise personnel at the airfield. To do this, it is necessary to allocate to each unit a prefabricated place, if possible covered (with trees, bushes, etc.). If such shelters are not available, they are created artificially.

In order to mask the signs of life of an aerodrome, it is necessary to give it the appearance of an unusable site, as indicated above. It is especially important to eliminate traces of crutches at the airfield and mask the access roads to the airfield.

Similarly, it is necessary to mask air defense firing points, personnel quarters outside the airfield and rear facilities. airfield (stocks of fuel, lubricants, bombs, vehicles, etc.). Masking these objects does not present great difficulties, since they are relatively small?! they can always be placed in sheltered places.

Selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites

The selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites for military and light army combat aviation in most cases of interaction between aviation and ground forces is the responsibility of the command of these troops.

The responsible executor for the selection of advanced airfields and landing sites will be the headquarters of the combined arms formation, in cooperation with which or as part of which aviation operates.

The technical executor will be one of the headquarters commanders or the commander of the engineering troops of the given formation.

The preparation of field airfields is carried out by sapper units of a given formation using military and working units or local residents as labor force.

Places for airfields are selected in advance according to military-geographical and aerographic descriptions of the given area and large-scale maps. Then, map data and aerographic descriptions are refined by reconnaissance from aircraft, and special reconnaissance teams are sent to make a final decision on the suitability of a given area of ​​terrain under the airfield.

Airfield Requirements

The general requirements for an aerodrome are:

a) sufficient size;

b) adequate preparation of the aerodrome surface;

c) the presence of free approaches from the air in the direction of landing or take-off, i.e. the absence of any vertical obstacles (houses, trees, high factory chimneys, etc.) in the path of an aircraft landing or taking off.

The direction of takeoff and landing of an aircraft depends on the direction of the wind. For each locality there are prevailing winds (repeating in direction), which must be taken into account when choosing an aerodrome.

Linear dimensions of airfields. The linear dimensions of airfields depend on the number and type of aircraft and the nature of the flight operation of aircraft and units using a given airfield or landing site.

Relief. The surface of the aerodrome should be as level as possible. Slopes of 0.01-0.02 with a length of at least 100 m are allowed smoothly passing, without steps and springboards; more frequent and abrupt surface changes are dangerous at high aircraft run speeds.

Local obstacles (bumps, hollows, ditches, borders, furrows, bumps, pits, individual stones, bushes, stumps, pillars) must be eliminated.

It is advisable to avoid lowlands and hollows for. location of the airfield (subsoil waters).

Soil and vegetation cover. The soil should be dense, but elastic and absorb moisture well.

Unsuitable: swampy and very rocky.

Undesirable: sandy and clay.

Desirable: meadow areas with sandy loamy and podzolic soil, with a grassy, ​​rooty vegetation cover that protects against erosion, liquefaction and dust formation, but does not interfere with the operation of aircraft with its density and height. It is possible to use grain fields, provided that grains that have reached a height of 30 cm are removed, and with an appropriate soil density.

Aerodrome rules

The airfield should not be flooded with water and swamp (atmospheric and groundwater). The general condition of the cover is<5очей площади полевого аэродрома должно допускать продвижение груженого полуторатонного автомобиля со скоростью 30- 40 км в час. Гусеничный трактор должен проходить без осадки почвы.

In winter, the airfield must have a flat surface, with a slight snow cover for take-off and landing on wheels, or a thicker and even snow cover without snowdrifts for skiing aircraft. In winter, they can also be used to base aircraft on ski lakes or rivers. In the latter cases, the time allowing such basing is taken into account.

Water sources. Each airfield needs water for various needs (water for radiators, for washing aircraft, for household needs, for extinguishing a fire). Desirable water supply, well or reservoir. For the landing site, you can limit yourself to a water source at a distance of no more than 1% of km from the aircraft parking area.

The quality of water should be close to rain or boiled (no precipitation and heavy salts).

Access roads and communications. The transportation of air cargo by road requires good access roads from the nearest railway stations, settlements and marinas. The conditions for basing aviation units at an airfield hub, combat work in cooperation with troops, the need for constant information about the weather, the timely delivery of the necessary cargo - all this requires a well-developed communication network (telephone, telegraph and radio), which should be taken into account when choosing an airfield.

Placement of materiel, stocks, material and technical means and personnel. Materiel, stocks of combat and logistical equipment and maintenance facilities at field airfields are dispersed using the surrounding terrain, lighting conditions and camouflage. Aircraft are located dispersed along the border of the airfield using adjacent forest groups or bushes at a distance of 150-200 m from each other. Stockpiles of ammunition and fuel are located hidden outside the airfield. The flight and technical staff are located from the airfield at a distance of 3-6 km. Transport, which is mainly intended for internal transportation at the aerodrome, is located in the aerodrome storage area. During flights at the airport there is an on-duty car with a service staff, the sanitary unit itself is located in the area where the personnel are located.

Breakdown of the airfield. The airfield (working area) for the takeoff and landing of an aircraft must correspond in size to the needs of this type of aviation.

The strip of approaches surrounding the airfield from all sides, or in any case from at least two sides (in the direction of the prevailing winds), must be of the appropriate width.

Preparation of the working area of ​​the airfield

Without preparation of the surface of the airfield, the operation of the airfield and the landing site is impossible.

Preparation consists in planning (eliminating irregularities) and surface treatment as necessary (plowing, harrowing, seeding, rolling and other work).

Large irregularities are cut off, hollows are filled up, small irregularities are leveled, sometimes the entire surface is somewhat loosened, bushes, stumps and individual trees are uprooted, stones are removed, and the entire area is often rolled, and if there is time and need, then it is sown and strengthened with grass cover.

In addition, some airfields will require drainage to deal with groundwater.

Site description. When surveying airfields, you need to answer the following questions:

1) the name of the nearest settlement (distance in kilometers);

2) the nearest railway station or pier (in which direction in relation to the cardinal points, how many kilometers, on which road or river);

3) communication routes leading to the railway station (or wharf) and the nearest settlement; their condition;

4) the dimensions of the site and its outline (linear dimensions - in meters, areal dimensions - in hectares);

6) the nature of the surface (soil, hilly);

7) obstacles on the territory of the site and approaches to it (trees, bushes, stones, stumps, ditches, bumps, buildings, telegraph poles, etc.);

8) the presence of reservoirs (natural and artificial), the quality and quantity of water in them;

9) the nature of the surrounding area (vegetation, surface features, water spaces);

10) availability and capacity of the nearest settlements for the needs of the Air Force;

11) dependence of the site on rains, river floods and snowmelt and for what period;

12) constant communication (radio, post and telegraph office, railway, telegraph, telephone); distance from the site to the nearest communication point;

13) the presence of enterprises and workshops in the area of ​​the site (within a radius of up to 5 km);

14) availability of labor and building materials in the surrounding area;

15) availability and condition of vehicles of the local population;

16) local medical and veterinary points;

17) a list of works necessary to adapt the site for the airfield;

18) other information (political, sanitary).

Military aviation has always attracted a lot of public attention. And, if at the time of its inception it delighted with its efficiency, today it surprises with the possibilities and the presence of a mass of high-tech solutions. We live in a very unstable world, in which local conflicts occur every now and then, but perhaps the only plus of this is the opportunity to watch the best works of engineering art in action. We have ranked them the best military fighters in the world, which can not only surprise you with the technical progress of the defense industry, but also make you proud of your own country, because most of the leading positions belong to Russian aircraft. As the saying goes, “Airplanes first…”

10. Dassault "Mirage" 2000 (France)

French aviation has noticeably improved since the Second World War, when it was completely destroyed by the German army. Attempts to conduct an independent foreign policy required a strong army, so 30 years ago the Mirage military aircraft appeared, which immediately became the main fighter of the French Air Force and did not give up this position for two decades, because it proved to be excellent in peacekeeping operations in North Africa, as a result of which began to be massively purchased by India. It was in this region that he found himself: the successful destruction of enemy aircraft and headquarters, as well as attacks with guided missiles, broke the resistance of the rebels in a couple of days. According to some reports, despite being discontinued in 2006, Dassault 2000 participated in the Libyan war, where it caused stunning damage to the military equipment of Gaddafi's army.

9.

A couple of years ago, Falcon, located on the ninth line in the ranking of the best fighters in the world, was the most common combat aircraft in the world. The low cost and quality indicators made it the main export product of the US Air Force. As of today, there are 4,750 F-16 fighters worldwide. The upgraded version will be produced at least until the end of 2017. Pictures of this aircraft repeatedly fell into the lenses of the cameras of military reporters, he managed to take part in 100 conflicts, the most famous of which are the NATO Operation against Yugoslav troops and the Iraq war. In the Israeli army, the F-16 Fighting Falcon is the most effective combat fighter. According to official data, they have forty air victories.

8.

Although prototypes have not yet taken part in hostilities, and its commissioning is planned for 2018, it has already incorporated the leading developments of domestic engineers. Compared to its predecessor, it will become more economical in terms of fuel consumption, but at the same time, it will create more conditions for pilot comfort: from automated flight control during aiming to an increased volume of air created by an autonomous oxygen station. The only fly in the ointment, in our opinion, is the too early attempts of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation to attract him to participate in international tenders, because the radar and some equipment are still not brought to an ideal state. A positive feature of this model is the cost of production, for example, the French manufacture aircraft with similar characteristics two to three times more expensive.

7.

The most successful American project of the last forty years is ranked seventh in the top ten best combat fighters in the world. The F-15 Eagle is guaranteed to remain in service until 2025, which means it will have time to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. It's amazing, but the "Eagle" for such a long period was defeated in an air battle only once, while destroying about a hundred enemy aircraft. This fighter is associated with the story of an Israeli Air Force pilot named Peled, who during the military conflict in Syria was able to destroy six enemy aircraft and cause significant damage to four more. Now there are six hundred F-15s in service with various countries, and they are not going to be written off, because on average problems occur only once in 50 thousand flight hours.

6.

The crown of thought of French aircraft designers in the context of fourth-generation fighters. The only drawback is the high cost of production, which requires the involvement of a mass of precision engineering objects. Having started its journey with the war in Afghanistan 15 years ago, the Rafal proved its effectiveness in the fight against the Libyan army. It is worth noting that the “victims” of the Rafal were most often domestic fighters and helicopters that were in service with the Libyan Air Force. Speaking of modern times, Dassault is most often involved in the exercises and only a few times struck the forces of the Islamic State in Iraq. It is also associated with a lot of incidents when the plane crashed or exploded in the air, but the manufacturer proved that the cause of such situations is most often the human factor.

5.

The most reliable domestic aircraft is located at the equator of the ranking of the best military fighters in the world. He repeatedly proved his superiority during the exercises. Making up the backbone of the Indian Air Force Su-30, in training battles he defeated American and British competitors, and in most cases in a dry one. Also, it was Sukhoi that ensured the success of the operation of the Russian military space forces in Syria, and played a decisive role in the liberation of Palmyra. For a quarter of a century, only 9 incidents have been recorded, most of which were caused by engine fire or insufficient fuel, fortunately, there were no casualties among the military, with the exception of the fall of the Vietnamese Air Force aircraft into the sea.

4.

The only fighter created by the joint efforts of the countries of the European Union and proved its effectiveness during real hostilities (coalition operation in Syria and Iraq). Its undoubted advantage is the ability to interfere with enemy radars and, thereby, correct the direction of the flight of guided missiles, so the absence of losses should not be a surprise. Another plus is the maximum firing range, according to this indicator, the Typhoon outperforms its closest competitors by as much as one hundred kilometers. Today, about half a thousand fighters are in service with the countries of Europe and the Middle East, each of which has a unique modification and production technology.

3.

The aircraft, which opens the top three among the best military fighters in the world, requires special attention, because it will be the backbone of the aviation wing of our country's permanent military base in Syria. The secrecy of production for a long time made potential buyers avoid investing in a risky project, but participation in hostilities, where the Su-35 covered the main attacking forces of the Russian Aerospace Forces, attracted a lot of attention to it. Given that the aircraft is an extremely thorough modernization of the Su-27 (an identical airframe speaks of this), the fighter serves as proof of the durability of domestic military equipment, and also speaks of following traditions in aviation. Unfortunately, data on participation in exercises or skirmishes with the enemy were not made available to the public.

2.

Multifunctional, economical, efficient - in general, before you is the best fighter aircraft made in the United States. From 2014 to this day, he has been the backbone of the Air Force in Syria, where, having begun the fight against radical Islamists, he continues to create significant problems for the ISIS troops. A noteworthy case is when a pilot, in one sortie, not only completed a combat mission, but also remained in a certain area for another six hours, while he was not noticed by enemy forces and transmitted the coordinates of the positions of the enemy who was trying to evacuate the base. Over the past two years, the F-22 has successfully completed about 210 combat missions. The entire period of operation includes only two cases of loss during the conflict, which indicates the high quality and reliability of the Raptor.

1. Dry T-50 (Russia)

Palm in the ranking and title the best military fighter in the world receives the Sukhoi T-50, the first domestic fifth-generation aircraft capable of simultaneously combating several opponents located both in the sky and on the ground. This was made possible thanks to increased maneuverability and advanced technology. Even Western experts highly appreciated the first steps of Russian engineers in creating fighters with stealth reduction technology, but it is not necessary to draw any solid conclusions in practice: all tests are carried out behind closed doors, and the last configuration of the prototype will be presented only in a year and a half.

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We could not ignore the best Soviet fighter, which is still in service both in the post-Soviet countries and among the allies in the communist camp, because. he is in the top ten. It is noteworthy that the Su 27 becomes a member of any computer flight simulator. Also, this aircraft is the only domestically produced fighter that participated in hostilities in Central Africa, where it neutralized 3 enemy aircraft without losses, and the only identified disadvantage is the rather high fuel consumption during afterburner.