Alternation of natural zones in the mountains. The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called. Features of mountain Natural areas
How do air temperature and atmospheric pressure change with altitude?
With altitude, the air temperature drops and atmospheric pressure decreases.
How does the sequence of zones in the mountains change?
The sequence of natural zones in the mountains is the same as on the plains. The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. So, if the mountain is located in the taiga zone, then when climbing to its peak you will find the following altitude zones: taiga, mountain tundra, eternal snow. If you have to climb the Andes near the equator, then you will start your journey from the belt (zone) equatorial forests. The pattern is this: the higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more altitude zones there are and the more diverse they are. In contrast to zonality on the plains, the alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zonation or altitudinal zonation.
Where do mountain desert and forest landscapes prevail?
The mountain-desert landscape is characteristic of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Arctic islands.
Mountain-forest landscapes are typical for Transbaikalia, Southern Siberia, Altai, Sikhote-Alin.
Where in Russia are altitudinal zones most fully represented?
In the mountains located near sea coasts, mountain-forest landscapes predominate. For the mountains in central regions The mainland is characterized by treeless landscapes. The most complete mountain belts are represented in the North Caucasus.
questions and assignments
1. What is altitudinal zonation?
Altitudinal zonation is a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones, and landscapes in the mountains.
2. Do you think altitudinal zonation is a deviation from the norm or a confirmation of the law of latitudinal zonation?
Altitudinal zonation rather confirms the laws of latitudinal zonation, since in the mountains there is also a change in natural zones - the result of changes climatic conditions.
3. Why does the change in natural conditions in the mountains occur vertically and manifest itself more sharply than on the plains?
The change in natural zones in the mountains occurs more sharply, since pressure, temperature, and humidity change more sharply with altitude.
4. What altitude zones predominate in the Russian mountains? What areas of the world can they be compared to?
High altitude zones predominate in the northern regions coniferous forests and tundras, mountain deserts. They are similar to the mountains of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
In the southern and central regions of the country, mountain-steppe and mountain-desert landscapes are expressed, which are also characteristic of other mountains of Central Asia.
5. What determines the set of altitude zones?
The set of altitude zones depends on the latitude of the area in which the mountains are located and the height of the mountains.
6. If in the north of the Russian Plain there were mountains higher than the Caucasus, would they be richer in the number of altitudinal zones?
The mountains in the north of the Russian Plain would not be richer in the number of altitudinal zones of the Caucasus. The Caucasus is further south. And the further south the mountains, the more quantity high altitude zones.
7. How do mountains affect human life and health?
Life in the mountains affects human health. In mountain conditions, with less oxygen, many body systems change. The work of the chest and lungs increases, the person begins to breathe more often, and accordingly the ventilation of the lungs and the delivery of oxygen to the blood improves. The heart rate increases, which increases blood circulation and oxygen reaches the tissues faster. This is also facilitated by the release of new red blood cells into the blood, and therefore the hemoglobin they contain. This explains the beneficial effect of mountain air on a person’s vitality. When coming to mountain resorts, many people notice that their mood improves, vitality are activated. Especially if a vacation in the mountains is combined with a vacation at sea. However, it should be noted that a resident of the plains will feel unwell with a rapid ascent already at an altitude of 3000 m. He will be tormented by altitude sickness.
Life in the mountains also has its downsides. Firstly, mountain residents will receive more ultraviolet radiation, which has a negative impact on health. There are difficulties in driving in the mountains economic activity, construction of housing and roads. Often, transport connections may be absent for one reason or another. In the mountains there is a higher probability of natural phenomena occurring.
1. The main components of the natural complex are relief and rocks, climate, water.
2. Natural complexes which are called anthropogenic - gardens and reservoirs.
3. The main reason for the change in natural complexes to earth's surface– climate change depending on geographic latitude and movement of air masses.
4. A large natural complex with commonality temperature conditions and moistening of soils, plants and fauna - a natural area.
5. The formation of natural zones on land is determined by climate, that is, the ratio of heat and moisture.
6. The most vulnerable natural component is soil.
7. The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zonation.
8. The largest natural complex is the geographical envelope.
9. The small natural complex is a ravine.
10. A natural area where the temperature is uniform at night above +10⁰, precipitation falls regularly and fever is common - the equatorial forest.
11. “complex” translated from Latin means “plexus”. The meaning of the phrase “natural complex of an area” is the interconnection of all natural components of the area.
12. The shell of life is the biosphere.
13. The alternation of natural zones on the plains is called - latitudinal zonality.
14. The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zonation.
15. The natural zone where the increase in climate severity as you move from west to east is most clearly visible is the taiga.
16. An area with fertile soil is the steppe.
17. Titles natural areas sushi was obtained according to the nature of the vegetation.
18. The most low temperature which was registered in the village of Oymyakon. – 71⁰s.
19. The pattern when natural zones are distributed depending on the amount of solar heat and moisture is latitudinal zoning.
20. The natural area in which shagyls (dunes) are found is desert.
21. The most complete version of the components of natural complexes - rocks, moisture, soil, biocomponents.
22. The scientist who established the law on geographic zoning is V.V. Dokuchaev.
23. The largest natural area in terms of area is the desert.
24. The Arctic desert differs from other natural zones in its harsh climatic conditions.
25. The reasons why the snow line in the Himalayas runs at an altitude of 4300 - 4600 m, and in the Alps 2500 - 2900 m is their geographical location.
26. Territories developed by man for several millennia - Mesopotamia, the Indus-Gangetic lowland, the Mediterranean coast, the great Chinese plain.
27. The main type of vegetation in the forest zone of the north is evergreen coniferous forests.
28. A natural area where the change of seasons is not clearly expressed is the equatorial forest.
29. The zone most developed by man is the steppe.
30. The natural zone in which the height of the forest does not exceed 50 cm is the tundra.
31. The polar night in the circumpolar regions lasts 6 months.
32. Monsoons Indian Ocean Precipitation regime prevents from influencing the climate.
33. The local name for the natural territorial complex located at the foot of the southwestern slopes of the Himalayas to an altitude of 400-600 m is terai.
34. The slopes of the Tien Shan, which are more humidified, are the northern ones.
35. The anthropogenic natural complex is ponds and parks.
36. Over the years, the position of natural areas on certain territory– changes but very slowly.
37. The season of the year in Eastern China that is very humid is summer.
38. The transitional natural zone is forest-tundra.
39. Natural area which is located in the main area temperate climate The vegetation cover is dominated by conifers, typical large predators, as well as artiodactyls - taiga.
40. The type of soil with the maximum humus content (fertility) is chestnut soil.
41. The relationship of components in a natural complex is determined primarily by the exchange of substances and energy between them.
42. The ocean that has the greatest impact on the climate of the Arabian Peninsula is the ocean that has a negligible effect on the climate of the Arabian Peninsula.
43. Geographic zoning consists in a natural change in all natural components and the geographical envelope from the equator to the poles.
Altitudinal zone
Altitudinal zonality or altitudinal zonality is a natural change in natural conditions and landscapes in the mountains as the absolute height increases.
Accompanied by changes in geomorphological, hydrological, soil-forming processes, composition of vegetation and fauna.
Altitudinal zonation - alternation of natural zones in the mountains
Many features of altitudinal zones are determined by the location of the slopes in relation to the cardinal points that dominate air masses and distance from the oceans.
The number of belts usually increases in high mountains oh and approaching the equator.
Altitudinal zonality is determined by changes in density, pressure, temperature, moisture and dust content of air with altitude. Atmospheric pressure decreases in the troposphere by 1 mm Hg. Art. for every 11-15 m of height. Half of all water vapor is concentrated below 1500 - 2000 m, quickly decreasing with increasing altitude and dust content. For these reasons the intensity solar radiation in the mountains, it increases with height, and the return of long-wave (or thermal) radiation from the surface of mountain slopes into the atmosphere and the influx of counter thermal radiation from the atmosphere decrease.
This leads to a decrease in air temperature within the troposphere by an average of 5-6°C for every kilometer of altitude. The conditions for condensation of water vapor are such that the number of clouds, concentrated mainly in the lower layers of the troposphere, increases to a certain height.
This leads to the existence of a belt of maximum precipitation and to its decrease at higher altitudes.
The set of altitudinal zones of a mountain system or a specific slope is usually called the spectrum of zones. In each spectrum, the basic landscape is the foothills of the mountains, close to the conditions of the horizontal natural zone in which the given mountain system is located.
There is an analogy in the change of altitudinal zones within the spectrum of any mountainous country, on the one hand, and horizontal geographical zones from low to high latitudes - on the other hand.
However, there is no complete identity between them. For example, the tundra of Arctic latitudes is characterized by polar day and polar night, and with them a special rhythm of hydroclimatic and soil-biological processes. The high-mountain analogues of the tundra in lower latitudes and alpine meadows lack such features. The high-mountain regions of equatorial latitudes are characterized by special landscapes - paramos (Andes of Ecuador, Kilimanjaro), which have little in common with the belt of alpine meadows.
The most complete spectra of altitudinal zones can be observed in the high mountains of the equatorial and tropical latitudes(Andes, Himalayas). Toward the poles, the levels of altitudinal belts decrease, and the lower belts at certain latitudes wedge out. This is especially well expressed on the slopes of meridionally elongated mountain systems (Andes, Cordillera, Ural). At the same time, the altitudinal spectra of the external and internal mountain slopes are often different.
The composition of the altitudinal spectra also changes greatly with distance from the seas inland.
Oceanic regions are usually characterized by a predominance of mountain-forest landscapes, while continental regions are characterized by treeless ones.
The composition of altitudinal spectra also depends on many local conditions - features of the geological structure, slope exposure in relation to the sides of the horizon and prevailing winds.
For example, in the Tien Shan mountains, high-altitude belts of mountain forests and forest-steppe are characteristic primarily of the northern, i.e., shady and more humid, slopes of the ridges. The southern slopes of the Tien Shan at the same levels are characterized by mountain steppes.
Altitudinal zones create a variety of impressions and, as a result of the contrast of the zones, their special acuteness when traveling and climbing in the mountains.
Within one day, the traveler manages to visit different belts- from the waist deciduous forests, to alpine meadows and eternal snow.
In Russia, a particularly complete range of altitudinal zones is observed in the Western Caucasus in the Fisht or Krasnaya Polyana region.
Here on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian ridge Rising, for example, from the Mzymta valley (500 m above sea level) to the Pseashkho peak (3256 m), one can observe a change in numerous altitudinal belts. Oak forests, alder forests and subtropical Colchis forests of the foothills give way higher up to beech forests with the participation of hornbeam and chestnut forests.
The upper belts of vegetation are formed by dark coniferous fir and spruce forests, light pine forests, and park maple forests. This is followed by crooked forests, subalpine and alpine meadows.
The top of the pyramid at altitudes above 3000 m is closed by the subnival and nival-glacial belts.
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Altitudinal zone
A change in natural zones, as is known, occurs not only on the plains, but also in the mountains - from the foot to their peaks. With altitude, temperature and pressure decrease, up to a certain altitude the amount of precipitation increases, and lighting conditions change. Due to changes in climatic conditions, natural zones are changing. But unlike the plains, in the mountains this change occurs from the foot to the top. The successive zones seem to encircle mountains at different altitudes, which is why they are called altitudinal zones.
The change in altitudinal zones in the mountains occurs much faster than the change in zones on the plains.
The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. For example: The Subpolar Urals are located in the taiga zone.
At its foot, the first belt will be mountain taiga, and as we climb to the top we will discover the following altitudinal zones - forest-tundra, mountain tundra, arctic deserts.
The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zonation or altitudinal zonation.
The change of day and night depends on geographic latitude, seasonal changes. If the mountain is located near the pole, there is a polar day and a polar night, a long winter and a short cold summer.
In the mountains near the equator it is always day equal to night, no seasonal changes.
Natural areas of mountainous areas (grade 4)
Why do changes occur in natural areas in the mountains? At altitude, temperature and pressure decrease, humidity and lighting change. Click on the slide.
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ALTITUDE ZONE (altitudinal zonality, vertical zonality), the main geographical pattern of changes in natural conditions and landscapes with altitude in the mountains. It is caused mainly by changes in the conditions of heat supply and humidification with increasing absolute altitude.
The reasons, intensity and direction of these changes differ significantly from the corresponding changes in geographic latitude. When decreasing atmospheric pressure with height, due to a decrease in air density, a decrease in the content of water vapor and dust in it, the intensity of direct solar radiation increases, but the own radiation of the earth's surface increases faster, resulting in a sharp decrease in air temperature with height (on average 0.5-0.65 °C for every 100 m of ascent).
Due to the barrier effect of mountains, precipitation increases up to a certain altitude (usually higher in dry areas) and then decreases. The rapid change in climatic conditions with altitude corresponds to a change in soils, vegetation, runoff conditions, the set and intensity of modern exogenous processes, relief forms and, in general, the entire natural complex.
This leads to the formation of high-altitude zones, distinguished by the predominant type of landscape (mountain forest, mountain steppe). Within them, according to the dominance of a certain subtype of landscape, altitudinal belts, or altitudinal subzones, are distinguished (for example, belts of mixed, broad-leaved or dark-coniferous forests of the mountain forest zone). High-altitude zones and belts are named according to the type of prevailing vegetation - the most obvious component of landscapes and an indicator of other natural conditions.
From latitudinal landscape zones and subzones, high-altitude zones and belts differ in their smaller extent, the manifestation of specific exogenous processes in conditions of highly dissected and steeply sloping terrain that are not characteristic of flat landscapes (landslides, mudflows, avalanches, etc.); gravelly and thin soils, etc. Some high-altitude zones and belts have no plain analogues (for example, a mountain-meadow zone with subnival, alpine and subalpine belts).
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For the first time, M. wrote about the differences in climate and nature of mountains depending on the proximity of the earth’s surface to the “frozen layer of the atmosphere.”
V. Lomonosov. Generalizations of the patterns of altitudinal zonation belong to A. Humboldt, who identified the relationship between climate change and vegetation in the mountains. The doctrine of vertical zonation of soils, as well as climate, flora and fauna as the main soil-forming factors was created by V.
V. Dokuchaev, who pointed out the identity of vertical zonality in the mountains and latitudinal zonation on the plains. Subsequently, in order to emphasize the identified differences in the genesis of altitudinal (vertical) zonality from latitudinal one, in Russian landscape science it was proposed to use the term “altitudinal zonation” (A.
G. Isachenko, V. I. Prokaev, etc.), widely used in geobotany and soil science. To avoid confusion in terminology, some Russian physical geographers (N. A. Gvozdetsky, A. M. Ryabchikov, etc.) believe that the pattern of distribution of vegetation with height is better called altitudinal zonation, and in relation to changes in natural complexes the term “altitudinal landscape zonation” should be used. , or “altitudinal zonation”.
The term “vertical zonation” is sometimes used in modern geography to describe the deep zonation of the nature of the oceans.
The structure of altitudinal zones is characterized by a spectrum (set) of altitudinal zones and belts, their number, sequence of location and loss, vertical width, and altitudinal position of boundaries. The type of altitudinal zonation of landscapes is determined by a natural combination of vertically alternating altitudinal zones and belts, characteristic of territories with a certain zonal-sectoral association (see Zoning).
The influence of orographic features of mountain systems (stretch, absolute and relative height of mountains, slope exposure, etc.) is manifested in a variety of spectra, reflecting various subtypes and variants of structures within a specific type of altitudinal zone. The lower altitude zone in a mountain system, as a rule, corresponds to the latitudinal zone in which this system is located.
IN southern mountains the structure of altitudinal zones becomes more complex, and the boundaries of the zones shift upward. In the longitudinal sectors of one geographic zone, the structures of altitudinal zonation often differ not in the number of altitudinal zones, but in their internal features: mountains in the oceanic sectors are characterized by a large vertical width of altitudinal zones, the unclear nature of their boundaries, the formation transition zones and etc.; in the mountains of continental sectors, zone changes occur more quickly, and the boundaries are usually more clearly defined.
In mountains of meridional and submeridional extent, the latitudinal zonality is more clearly manifested in the spectra of altitudinal zonation. In latitudinal and sublatitudinal mountain systems, the influence of longitudinal differentiation on the spectra of altitudinal zonality is more clearly expressed. Such mountain systems also emphasize and enhance zonal contrasts due to exposure effects, often serve as climate divides, and their ridges form boundaries between latitudinal landscape zones and geographic zones. For example, for Greater Caucasus allocate Various types structures of altitudinal zones characteristic of the northern and southern slopes in its western and eastern parts(picture 1).
Depending on the features of the relief, full and shortened spectra of altitudinal zones are distinguished.
A simplification of the structure of altitudinal zonation occurs both due to the insignificant height of the ridges (loss of upper zones in low and medium-altitude mountains) and with an increase in the absolute height of the foothills and bottoms of valleys (loss of lower zones).
The greatest diversity of altitudinal zones and zones is characterized by low and middle mountains. In the upper tiers, the structure of altitudinal zones is quite homogeneous due to the uniformity of the climate of the peaks.
For example, in the Urals, when different latitudinal zones intersect in the lower parts of the slopes, landscapes corresponding to these zones are formed, and in upper parts mountain tundra and char are predominant, found both in the north and south (Figure 2). At the same time, the width of the bald zone narrows to the south, and its border rises. At long distance In the Urals from north to south (over 2000 km), fluctuations in the boundary of the goltsy zone are insignificant - from 750 m in the north to 1050 m in the south.
The exposure of the slopes is associated with the asymmetry of altitudinal zonation, that is, the difference in spectra on slopes of different insolation (relative to the Sun) and circulation (relative to the direction of movement of moist air masses) exposures.
The asymmetry of altitudinal zonation is manifested in an increase in the boundaries of altitudinal zones on the southern slopes and a decrease in the width of individual zones - up to their complete pinching out. For example, on the northern slope of the Western Sayan, the upper boundary of the taiga is located at an altitude of 1300-1350 m, on the southern slope - 1450-1550 m. Exposure differences are more clearly manifested in mountain systems with continental climate, especially if they are located at the junction of latitudinal landscape zones. Circulation exposure enhances the effect of insolation exposure, which is typical for latitudinal and sublatitudinal ranges.
On the other hand, different orientations of slopes in relation to the main transport routes of moisture-bearing air masses lead to the formation of unequal spectra of altitudinal zonation. In the region of western transport of moist air masses, precipitation falls mainly on the western slopes, in the region of monsoon climate - on the eastern.
The windward slopes of the ridges are characterized by humid landscapes, while the leeward slopes are characterized by arid ones. In dry climates, exposure contrasts appear brighter, especially in mid-mountains - at altitudes where the maximum amount of precipitation falls.
Inversion of altitudinal zones, that is, the reverse sequence of their change with height, is observed on the slopes framing intermountain basins and large valleys.
In areas of heat deficiency and increased moisture, mountain slopes are usually occupied by more southern types of landscapes compared to the bottoms of basins (for example, in the Polar Urals, tundras at the bottoms of basins are replaced by forest-tundras on the slopes). In areas of sufficient heat and lack of moisture, more southern types of landscapes are typical for valleys and basins (for example, in the mountains of Transbaikalia, steppe basins are found among forested lowlands).
The structure of the altitudinal zonation of landscapes is one of the criteria for the physical-geographical zoning of mountainous countries.
Lit.: Dokuchaev V.
B. To the doctrine of natural zones. Horizontal and vertical soil zones. St. Petersburg, 1899; Shchukin I. S., Shchukina O. E. Life of the mountains. M., 1959; Ryabchikov A.M. Structure of altitudinal zonation of land landscapes // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. Geography.
Lecture: Regularities of the geographical envelope
1968. No. 6; Stanyukovich K.V. Vegetation of the mountains of the USSR. Shower, 1973; Grebenshchikov O.S. On the zonality of vegetation cover in the mountains of the Mediterranean in the latitudinal band of 35-40 degrees latitude // Problems of botany. L., 1974. T. 12; Gorchakovsky P. L. Vegetable world high mountain Urals. M., 1975; Gvozdetskikh N. A., Golubchikov Yu. N. Mountains. M., 1987; Isachenko A. G. Landscape science and physical-geographical zoning. M., 1991; Avssalamova I. A., Petrushina M. N., Khoroshev A. V. Mountain landscapes: structure and dynamics.
M. N. Petrushina.
Accompanied by changes in geomorphological, hydrological, soil-forming processes, the composition of vegetation and fauna, which leads to the formation of altitudinal zones.
The number of altitudinal zones, as a rule, increases with the height of the mountains and as one approaches the equator.
The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called:
For high zonality equatorial latitudes are characterized by a natural change from the belt of humid equatorial forests to belts of savannas and open forests, mountain variable-humid forests, mountain tropical vegetation (paramos), mountain tall grasses and shrubs (subalpine), mountain meadows (alpine) and eternal snow and ice (nival).
Many features of altitudinal zonation are determined by the exposure of the slopes, their location in relation to the prevailing air masses and distance from the oceans.
Altitudinal zonality has a number of similar features to latitudinal zonality, but in the mountains the change of natural territorial complexes occurs more abruptly (at intervals of several km compared to hundreds and thousands of km on the plains). Opening general patterns altitudinal zone belongs to A. Humboldt.
Traveling from north to south, you can notice how the nature around changes: spruce trees are replaced by birches and oaks, forests are replaced by fields, since the Earth has many different natural zones. But the same changes can be noticed when climbing the mountains. Let's take a closer look at what natural areas there are. mountain areas(4th grade).
Why does temperature decrease with height?
It seems that the higher you go, the closer you are to the sun, the warmer it should be. But in fact, it's the other way around. The sun does not warm the air, but the surface of the Earth. And heat is transferred from the ground to the surrounding space. And the closer, the hotter it gets. Therefore, the temperature decreases with height.
As you rise to altitude, the temperature of the mountains decreases. Every hundred meters it drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius. If at the foot (at sea level) it is +40° Celsius, then let’s calculate how many degrees at the top of 6000 meters? Only +4° Celsius. This means that there will no longer be tropical heat and lush vegetation here. At an altitude of 6000 there is eternal snow.
Rice. 1. Symbols of mountains on the map
On the map, each natural zone is marked with its own color. Only at the very top, looking down, can you see how nature changes. At the very bottom it will be viewed deciduous forest, a little higher - spruce, behind it the tundra with low bushes will begin, and it will be replaced alpine meadows, turning into a stone area. This alternation is called altitudinal levels.
Consider the table
Table “Natural zones of mountain areas”
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Features of mountain Natural areas
Almost all natural areas of the mountains can be found on flat terrain. But there are special ecosystems characteristic only of heights. For example, alpine meadows. They are formed in the spring-summer period, when meltwater from glaciers flows down. The mountain tundra turns into incredibly beautiful meadows. Cows and sheep graze on it. The most beautiful plants This zone has amazing flowers: crocuses, edelweiss.
The edelweiss flower is called the “Alpine star”. It grows so high that only the most resilient and strong travelers can see it.
Rice. 2. Edelweiss
Another atypical mountain belt is the zone of eternal snow and ice. If the mountains are not high, in the summer the snow may completely melt, and the ground will be covered with short grass. In high mountains, over 4000 m, snow never melts. Of particular danger to travelers are snow avalanches- this is a gathering large masses snow and ice rushing down from high speed. At such a height there are practically no plants, only moss and lonely lichens.
Animals
In the mountains you can find many different animals. Most of them are the same as in our forests. It is not difficult for them to overwinter: they can at any time go down lower, where it is warmer. There are bears and wolves in the forests. IN steppe zone: hares, gophers. A little higher you can find rare birds. But the most prominent representatives are mountain goats. They jump between the stones so briskly and quickly that it seems they are about to fall off.
Other countries also have extraordinary mountain animals. In South America, this is a llama - special kind mountain camel. A nimble predator lives on the peaks of North America - Snow Leopard, a relative of cats.
Rice. 3. Snow leopard
What have we learned?
The air from the ground warms up unevenly. The closer to the surface, the warmer it is. Therefore, it gets colder with height. This affects plant and animal world. The change of zones is called altitudinal zonation. The lowest zone is the steppe. Behind it comes the forest, and even higher - the tundra. The most beautiful mountain belt is the Alpine. Rare herbs and unusual flowers are found here. The tops of the high mountains are covered eternal ice and snow that does not melt even in summer.
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181. The cycle of substances is characteristic of:
A) Hydrospheres.
B) Hydrospheres and lithospheres,
C) All geospheres.
D) The upper layer of the atmosphere.
E) The inner layer of the Earth.
182. In which sea more water: in Black or Baltic?
A) In Black.
B) In Baltic.
C) Same.
D) It's hard to say.
E) In spring - in Chernoye, in autumn - in Baltiysky.
183. Temperature of rocks with depth:
A) Increases.
B) Decreases.
C) Does not change.
D) Changes at a certain depth.
E) Depends on the time of year.
184. White buoys on the river show:
A) Left bank.
B) Right bank.
D) Turn of the river.
E) The depth of the river.
185. More than 80% of all swamps in Russia are located:
A) In the tundra.
B) In the forest-tundra
C) In the taiga.
D) In the steppe.
E) In the mountains.
186. Do the average levels of oceans and seas coincide?
A) They match.
B) They do not match.
C) The level is low.
D) The level is high.
E) All answers are correct.
187. The largest natural complex:
A) Continents.
B) Oceans.
C) Geographical envelope.
D) Taiga and mixed forest zone.
E) Ravine, lake, sea bay.
188. A small natural complex is -
B) Continents and oceans.
C) Sea Bay.
E) Ravine.
189. A large natural complex that has common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and fauna is called:
A) Geographical envelope.
B) Natural area.
C) Climatic zone.
D) Continents.
190. An anthropogenic natural complex is
A) Lakes and swamps.
B) River valleys.
C) Ponds and parks.
E) Deserts.
191. Natural land areas are named after:
A) The nature of the vegetation.
B) Geographical location.
C) The separation of land and ocean.
D) The nature of the relief.
E) The spread of swamps.
192. The alternation of natural zones on the plains is called:
A) Altitudinal zonation.
B) Latitudinal zoning.
C) Landscape.
D) Geographical envelope.
E) Anthropogenic complex.
193. The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called:
A) Altitudinal zone.
B) Latitudinal zoning.
C) Natural complex.
D) Climatic zone.
E) Plant community.
194. Which cape is further south?
A) Southern Cape of Africa - Agulhas.
B) Southern Cape of Australia - South - Eastern.
C) Southern Cape of Eurasia - Piai.
D) Southern Cape South America— Froward.
E) Southern Cape of Hindustan - Kumari.
195. What natural area is being described here? The temperature is uniform, above +10° at night, precipitation falls regularly, and fever is common.
A) Tundra.
B) Mixed forest.
C) Equatorial forest.
E) Altitudinal zone.
196. In which zone is the soil fertile?
A) Steppe.
B) Tundra.
D) Tropical forest.
E) Semi-desert.
197. Main causes of soil pollution.
A) Industrial waste.
B) City landfills .
C) Fertilizers and pesticides, radioactive substances.
D) Construction.
E) Gardens, vegetable gardens.
198. What reasons affect human health?
A) Cleanliness of air, water, soil.
B) Intensity of traffic flows.
C) Development of hazardous industries.
D) Availability of forests and parks
E) All answers are correct.
199. Is the world ocean a natural complex?
C) Only its individual parts.
D) Only inland seas.
E) Only islands.
200. Which of the Earth's spheres includes parts of all other shells?
A) Hydrosphere.
B) Atmosphere
C) Biosphere.
D) Lithosphere.
E) Troposphere.
201. Which natural zone has more fertile soils?
A) In equatorial forests
B) In the steppes.
C) In deserts.
D) In the tundra.
E) In forest-tundra.
202. “Complex” translated from Latin means “plexus”. What is the meaning of the phrase “natural complex of the area”?
A) The relationship of soil with flora and fauna
C) The interrelation of all natural components of the area.
C) Communication climatic features the area with its relief,
D) The connection of all natural components of the area with human activities.
E) The relationship between rocks and relief.
203. In which natural zone does the forest height not exceed 50 cm?
A) In the Arctic deserts.
B) In a tropical forest.
C) In the tundra.
D) In the forest tundra.
E) In the savannah.
204. Where do trees that lack annual rings grow?
A) Forest zones of the temperate zone.
B) In the taiga.
C) In the tundra.
D) In the equatorial forest.
E) In the forest tundra.
205. Why is a flower that grows on the top of a volcano up to 3 thousand meters high called the “flower of death” by the residents of Java?
A) The appearance of this flower at such a height - sure sign imminent volcanic eruption.
C) The flower contains toxic substances.
C) Poisonous snakes like to hide in the thickets of these flowers.
D) Negatively affects the human body.
E) All answers are correct.
206. What is this pattern called when natural zones are distributed depending on the amount of solar heat and moisture?
A) Latitudinal zoning.
B) Altitudinal zone.
C) Polar zoning.
D) Azonality.
E) Oceanic zonality.
207. What is the most complete version of the components of natural complexes?
A) Rocks, temperature, moisture.
B) Soil, forest, food .
C) Rocks, moisture, soil, biocomponents.
D) Swamps, mountains, rivers.
E) Only flora and fauna.
208. Which scientist established the law on geographical zoning:
A) L.S. Berg.
B) G.D. Richter.
C) N.N. Przhevalsky
D) V.V. Dokuchaev.
E) B.B. Polynov.
209. The largest natural area by area:
B) Tundra.
C) Desert.
210. What is the difference arctic desert from other natural areas?
A) The amount of ice and snow in all seasons of the year.
B) Geological structure,
C) Harsh climatic conditions.
D) Frequently blowing strong winds.
The geographical envelope is not tripled equally everywhere; it has a “mosaic” structure and consists of individual natural complexes (landscapes). Natural complex – this is a part of the earth's surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, relief, soils, waters, flora and fauna.
Each natural complex consists of components between which there are close, historically established relationships, and a change in one of the components sooner or later leads to a change in the others.
The largest, planetary natural complex is the geographic envelope; it is divided into natural complexes of a smaller rank. Separation geographic shell on natural complexes is due to two reasons: on the one hand, differences in the structure of the earth’s crust and the heterogeneity of the earth’s surface, and on the other, the unequal amount of solar heat received by its different areas. In accordance with this, zonal and azonal natural complexes are distinguished.
The largest azonal natural complexes are continents and oceans. Smaller - mountainous and flat areas within the continents ( West Siberian Plain, Caucasus, Andes, Amazonian lowland). The latter are divided into even smaller natural complexes (Northern, Central, Southern Andes). Natural complexes of the lowest rank include individual hills, river valleys, their slopes, etc.
The largest of the zonal natural complexes are geographical zones. They coincide with climatic zones and have the same names (equatorial, tropical, etc.). In turn, geographical zones consist of natural zones, which are distinguished by the ratio of heat and moisture.
Natural area is a large area of land with similar natural components - soils, vegetation, wildlife, which are formed depending on the combination of heat and moisture.
The main component of a natural area is climate, since all other components depend on it. Vegetation has big influence on the formation of soils and fauna and itself depends on the soils. Natural zones are named according to the nature of their vegetation, since it most obviously reflects other features of nature.
The climate naturally changes as it moves from the equator to the poles. Soil, vegetation and fauna are determined by climate. This means that these components should change latitudinally, following climate change. The natural change of natural zones when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zonality. At the equator there are humid equatorial forests, and at the poles there are icy arctic deserts. Between them are other types of forests, savannas, deserts, and tundra. Forest zones, as a rule, are located in areas where the ratio of heat and moisture is balanced (equatorial and most of temperate zone, east coasts continents in the tropical and subtropical zones). Treeless zones form where there is a lack of heat (tundra) or moisture (steppes, deserts). These are the continental regions of the tropical and temperate zones, as well as the subarctic climate zone.
The climate changes not only in latitude, but also due to changes in altitude. As you go up the mountains, the temperature drops. Up to an altitude of 2000-3000 m, the amount of precipitation increases. A change in the ratio of heat and moisture causes a change in soil and vegetation cover. Thus, different natural zones are located in the mountains at different altitudes. This pattern is called altitudinal zone.
The change in altitudinal zones in the mountains occurs in approximately the same sequence as on the plains, when moving from the equator to the poles. At the foot of the mountains there is a natural area in which they are located. The number of altitudinal zones is determined by the height of the mountains and their geographical location. The higher the mountains, and the closer they are located to the equator, the more diverse the set of altitudinal zones. Vertical zonality is most fully expressed in the Northern Andes. In the foothills there are moist equatorial forests, then there is a belt of mountain forests, and even higher - thickets of bamboo and tree ferns. With increasing altitude and decreasing average annual temperatures appear coniferous forests, which give way to mountain meadows, often turning, in turn, into rocky placers covered with moss and lichens. The peaks of the mountains are crowned with snow and glaciers.
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