Far Eastern toad without water. Far Eastern frog - Rana chensinensis. Distribution and habitat

Date: 2011-05-31

I. Khitrov, Moscow

Toads They have always been popular among terrarium enthusiasts, especially those that come from the tropics. For some reason, it is believed that equatorial aborigines are more exotic, brighter and more interesting, and therefore more preferable for keeping at home.
However, attractive animals are not only found in tropical countries. On Far East, north of the Amur River, lives an amazingly beautiful toad. Previously, it was considered a subspecies of the common toad, but in Lately All researchers agree that this is a completely independent species. At one time the animal was called the Asian toad, but in latest works Another designation was finally established - the Far Eastern toad (Bufo gargarizans).
This is a medium-sized animal, up to 10 cm long. The color is gray or brown with three brighter stripes on top. There are wide dark stripes on the sides; the abdomen is light. Males are noticeably smaller than females and brighter in color.

Photo of Far Eastern toad

In nature Far Eastern toads inhabit the forest zone with high humidity, preferring deciduous forests. Active at dusk and at night, although rainy weather They are also found during the day, especially young individuals. After wintering, they appear at the end of April - early May, and after 1-2 weeks they begin to reproduce. Spawning is spread out over time and can last until June. Eating various types invertebrates; their diet is dominated by slow-moving land animals, such as slugs.
Terrarium for keeping Far Eastern toads equipped as a “corner of the forest”. The area required for two individuals is 40x25 cm. The soil is leafy soil covered with a layer of sphagnum or forest moss. Availability of shelters is required; in their absence, amphibians bury themselves in the ground. To decorate the terrarium, you can use stones, pieces of bark, tree cuts and live ones. Temperature - from 12 to 28°C; humidity - about 80%. It is advisable to spray it daily with cool (15-18°C) water; in this case, a pond is not necessary. Lighting is moderate, using fluorescent lamps.

Photo of Far Eastern toad

Various invertebrates are used for feeding. It is highly advisable to introduce earthworms and slugs into the diet. Toads quickly produce conditioned reflexes- for example, “knock on glass” - feed. After 2-3 weeks, the animals will get used to this signal and will gather at the feeder. You can teach them to take food from tweezers or from your hand.
To stimulate reproduction, artificial wintering is used with a decrease in temperature to 4-6°C or warm sprinkling (water temperature 30-35°C); the use of hormonal injections is also widely practiced.
The breeders, ready for spawning, are transferred to an inclined aquarium, partially filled with water. Caviar in the amount of several thousand (from 2000 to 7000) pieces is deposited in the form of cords. The water temperature in the spawning area is 12-18°C. Tadpoles hatch in 4-15 days, depending on the temperature, and leave the pond after about two months. They are fed scalded nettles, lettuce and dry food for herbivorous fish. After metamorphosis, the toads eat tubifex, bloodworms and small insects.

Toad, or real toad, belongs to the class of amphibians, order of anurans, family of toads (Bufonidae). The families of toads and frogs are sometimes confused. There are even languages ​​that use one name to define these amphibians.

Toad - description and characteristics. What is the difference between a toad and a frog?

Toads have a slightly flattened body with a fairly large head and pronounced parotid glands. The upper jaw of the wide mouth is devoid of teeth. The eyes are large with horizontally located pupils. The toes of the fore and hind limbs, located on the sides of the body, are connected by swimming membranes. Some people ask the question why does a frog jump and a toad only walk?. The fact is that the hind limbs of toads are quite short, so they are slow, not as jumping as frogs, and swim poorly. But with a lightning-fast movement of their tongue, they grab insects flying by. Unlike toads, the frog's skin is smooth and needs to be moisturized, so the frog spends all its time in or near water. The skin of toads is drier, keratinized, does not require constant hydration and is completely covered with warts.

The toad's poison glands are located on its back. They secrete mucus that causes an unpleasant burning sensation but does not cause much harm to humans. The toad is an amphibian, colored in shades of gray, brown or black with spotted streaks, easily hiding from enemies. The bright color of the toad indicates its poisonousness.

The size of the toad ranges from 25 mm to 53 cm, and the weight of large individuals can be more than a kilogram. Their average duration life span is 25-35 years, some individuals live up to 40 years.

Types of toads, names and photos

The toad family includes 579 species, distributed into 40 genera, of which only a third live in Eurasia. In the CIS countries, 6 species of the genus Bufo are common:

• gray or common toad;
• green toad;
• Far Eastern toad;
• Caucasian toad;
• reed or stinking toad;
• Mongolian toad.

Below you will find more detailed description these toads.

• Common toad(gray toad) (Bufo bufo )

one of the largest representatives of the family. The wide, squat body of the common toad can be painted in a wide variety of colors - from gray and olive to dark terracotta and brown. The eyes of this toad species are bright orange, with horizontal pupils. The secretion secreted by the skin glands is absolutely not toxic to humans. The common toad lives in Russia, Europe, and also in the northwestern countries of Africa. The toad lives almost everywhere, preferring to settle in dry zones of forest-steppes and forests; it is often found in parks or recently plowed fields.

• (Bufo viridis)

This type of toad has a grayish-olive coloration, complemented by large spots of a dark green tone, bordered by a black stripe. This “camouflage” coloring is an excellent camouflage from enemies. The green toad's skin secretes a toxic substance that is dangerous to its enemies. The hind limbs are long, but rather poorly developed, so the toad rarely jumps, preferring to walk slowly. This species of toad lives in Southern and Central Europe, North Africa, Front, Middle and Central Asia, found in the Volga region. More southern view than the gray toad, in the north of Russia it reaches only Vologda and Kirov regions. For living, the green toad chooses open places - meadows, fields overgrown with short grass, river floodplains.

• (Bufo gargarizans)

Representatives of this species can have different body colors - from dark gray to olive with a brownish tint. There are small spines on the skin outgrowths of the Far Eastern toad, top part the body is decorated with spectacular longitudinal stripes, the abdomen is always lighter, usually without a pattern, less often - covered with small spots. The female Far Eastern toad is always larger than the male and has a wider head. The distribution area is quite wide: the toad of this species lives in China and Korea, inhabits the territory of the Far East and Sakhalin, and is found in Transbaikalia. Prefers to settle in damp places - in shady forests, water meadows, and river floodplains.

• Caucasian (Colchian) toad (Bufo verrucosissimus)

the largest amphibian found in Russia can reach 12.5 cm in length. The skin color is either dark gray or light Brown. Individuals that have not reached sexual maturity are pale orange in color. The toad's habitat covers only the regions of the Western Caucasus. The Colchis toad inhabits forested areas of mountains and foothills, and is less common in wet caves.

• Reed or stinking toad ( Bufo calamita)

a fairly large amphibian up to 8 cm in length, the body color varies from gray-olive to brown or brown-sand, with green spots, the abdomen is grayish-white. A narrow yellow stripe runs along the back of the reed toad. The skin is lumpy, but there are no spines on the growths. Males have a highly developed throat resonator. A representative of this species of toad lives in European countries: in its northern and eastern parts The distribution area includes the UK, the southern territories of Sweden, and the Baltic states. The reed toad is found in Belarus, western Ukraine, Kaliningrad region Russia. The toad chooses the banks of reservoirs, swampy lowlands, shady and damp thickets of bushes as its place of residence.

• (Bufo raddei)

The body of this toad is slightly flattened, with a round head, slightly pointed in the front, and can reach 9 cm in length. The eyes are strongly bulging. The skin of the Mongolian toad is covered with a huge number of warts; in females they are smooth, but in males they are often covered with prickly spines. The color of the species is varied: there are individuals of light gray, golden beige or rich brown. Specks of various geometries form a spectacular pattern on the back of the toad; in the middle part of the back there is a clearly defined light stripe. The abdomen is grayish or pale yellow, without spots. The Mongolian toad chooses the south of Siberia as its habitat (it is found on the coast of Lake Baikal, in the Chita region, in Buryatia), and inhabits the Far East, Korea, the foothills of Tibet, China, and Mongolia.

• Pineal-headed toad (Anaxyrus terrestris)

a species found only in the southeastern United States. In structure it is not very different from its relatives, the only thing characteristic feature The cone-headed toad are rather high ridges located longitudinally on the head and forming large swellings behind the eyes of the amphibian. Some individuals reach 11 cm in length; the color of the skin, covered with many warts, can range from dark brown and bright green to brown, grayish or yellow. By the way, the wart-like outgrowths are always either darker or lighter than the main color tone, so the coloring of the toad looks very variegated. The amphibian prefers to settle on light and dry sandstones with sparse plant cover. It often chooses semi-desert areas for habitat, and sometimes settles near human dwellings.

• Cricket toad (Anaxyrus debilis)

The body length of these amphibians reaches 3.5-3.7 cm, and females are always larger than males. The main color tone of the toad is green or slightly yellowish; brown-black spots are superimposed on top of the dominant color, the belly is cream-colored, the skin on the throat is black in males and whitish in individuals of the opposite sex. The toad's skin is covered with warts. The tadpoles of the cricket toad have a black lower body interspersed with golden sparkles. The cricket toad lives in Mexico and some US states - Texas, Arizona, Kansas and Colorado.

• Blomberg's toad (Bufo blombergi)

the most big toad in the world. She's bigger than the aga toad. The dimensions of Blomberg's toad are truly impressive: the body length of a mature individual often reaches 24-25 centimeters. Since the mid-20th century, the clumsy and completely harmless Blomberg's toad has, unfortunately, been almost on the verge of extinction. This “giant” lives in the tropics of Colombia and along the coast Pacific Ocean(in Colombia and Ecuador).

• Kihansi splashing toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis)

the smallest toad in the world. The size of the toad does not exceed the dimensions of a five ruble coin. The length of an adult female is 2.9 cm, the length of a male does not exceed 1.9 cm. Previously this type The toad was distributed in Tanzania on an area of ​​2 hectares at the foot of the Kihansi River waterfall. Today, the Kihansi toad is on the verge of complete extinction and is practically never found in its natural habitat. All this happened due to the construction of a dam on the river in 1999, which limited the flow of water into the river by 90%. natural environment habitats of these amphibians. Currently, Kihansi toads live only in zoos.

Species: Bufo gargarizans = Far Eastern (gray) toad

• Family: Bufonidae Gray, 1825 = (True) toads
• Genus: Bufo Laurenti, 1768 = Toads
• Species: Bufo gargarizans Cantor = Far Eastern (gray) toad

Order: Anura Rafinesque, 1815 = Tailless amphibians (amphibians)

Family: Ranidae Gray, 1825 = (True) frogs

Description and taxonomy. Body length 56-102 mm. very similar to B. Bufo; differs mainly in the presence of spines on the tubercles of the skin of the back and a wide stripe extending from the outer surface of the parotida to the side of the body. The eardrum is very small or covered with skin. The bumps on the skin of the back are large. Above, dark gray, olive-gray or olive-brown with three wide longitudinal stripes. Wide dark stripe passes from the inner surface of the parotida to the side of the body. This stripe in the rear is torn into large spots. The belly is grayish or yellowish, without a pattern or with small spots in the rear. Sex differences are the same as in B. bufo. In addition, the male's back is often greenish or olive; There may also be gray or brown spots on the back. The male is smaller than the female; the relative length of its hind legs is somewhat longer, and its head is somewhat narrower.
Taxonomy The Bufo bufo complex remains largely unclear. In Soviet literature, gray toads of the Russian Far East were considered a subspecies of B. bufo. Currently, they are considered an independent species. this conclusion is based on geographic isolation from others gray toads, differences in morphology, karyology and biochemistry. 2 subspecies are recognized. Bufo gargarizans gargarizans Cantor, 1842 lives in Russia.
Spreading. It lives in northeastern China, Korea and Russia. In Russia, inhabits the Far East to the north to the river valley. Amur. In this valley, the toad is distributed from west to northeast from the mouth of the river. Zeya (Amur region, environs of the city of Blagoveshchensk: 50o15" N, 127o34" E) to the mouth of the river. Amur in the Khabarovsk Territory (approx. 53o N, 140o E). Inhabits the entire island. Sakhalin and four islands in Peter the Great Bay: Popova, Putyatina, Russky and Skrebtsova. Gray toads are also known from the Baikal region (for example, Gumilevsky, 1932; Shkatulova, 1966). Populations from the Baikal region should belong to Bufo bufo, while individuals from Transbaikalia should belong to Bufo gargarizans (Kuzmin, 1999). Usually the south-eastern Transbaikalia (Chita region) is indicated as the area of ​​distribution, but several indications also apply to the western part (Buryatia, in particular, the vicinity of the city of Ulan-Ude). The last region deserves special attention in further research: specific points of findings have not been published; Some researchers suggest that references to "gray toads" in this region actually refer to the Mongolian toad (Bufo raddei), while gray toads are not found there. This is consistent with the absence of gray toads in the Red Book of Buryatia, although B. raddei, which should be much more numerous there, was listed in the Red Book of this republic. The zoogeographic relationships of these hypothetical populations with other parts of the range are unknown. Bufo gargarizans can penetrate into the lake basin. Baikal through the wooded part of Manchuria. In this case, these Transbaikalian populations should be related to populations Amur region Russia through the Chinese part of the species range. Special searches for gray toads in Transbaikalia are required.
Lifestyle. The Far Eastern toad inhabits the forest zone. Within its boundaries, the species lives in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests and on their edges, as well as in meadows. Although she prefers biotopes with high humidity, in shaded or waterlogged coniferous forests rare. At the same time, it is found in floodplains and river valleys. It does not avoid anthropogenic landscapes either: it lives not only in rural areas, then also in parks and gardens major cities(for example, Khabarovsk: Tagirova, 1984). Absent in mountain tundras. On about. Sakhalin B. gargarizans is found in broadleaf (birch, poplar, etc.) and mixed forests, as well as in meadows and even hills with xerophilic vegetation (Basarukin, 1983). The Far Eastern toad inhabits the maximum diversity of biotopes in the south of its range - in southern Primorye. Reproduction occurs in lakes, ponds, swamps, puddles, oxbow lakes, ditches and streams with standing or semi-flowing water, usually with dense herbaceous vegetation. Population density is high. In the river valley Amur is the third most abundant species of amphibian (after frogs Rana nigromaculata and R. amurensis) (Tagirova, 1984). Density varies greatly from year to year. After frosty winters and severe droughts, abundance decreases.
Wintering from September - October to April - May. Cavities in the ground, between tree roots and under logs are used as land shelters (Emelyanov, 1944). Toads also overwinter in rivers and lakes.
Reproduction in April - May, in some biotopes until the end of June. Sometimes pairs form on the way to the breeding pond. Linear dimensions individuals, color, pattern of movement and contrast with the surrounding background are important parameters for distant recognition of a female by a male (Gnyubkin, 1978; Kondrashev, 1981). If the female is not ready to mate, she pushes the male away and twists her body to free herself; if the female is ready to mate, she does not try to free herself. Amplexus axillary. As with another species of common toad, Bufo bufo, several males sometimes try to mate with one female, and balls of toads form. To synchronize the release of sperm and eggs, the mating male and female stimulate each other with tactile and vibration signals. Females spend less time in water bodies than males. Egg cords wrap around underwater plants and other objects at a depth of up to 30 cm.
The daily activity cycle of tadpoles is similar to that of other toad species. It is easier to assess it by the daily dynamics of nutrition (Murkina, 1981). The daily cycle is divided into three periods of activity: (1) from noon to evening twilight (12:00-20:00 hours), (2) from sunset to sunrise (20:00-04:00 hours) and (3) from sunrise to noon (04:00-12:00 hours). The feeding intensity, assessed by the digestive tract filling index (the ratio of food weight to body weight without food), increases from morning to evening, when tadpoles accumulate in the warmed-up shallow water of the reservoir. At dusk, the clusters become less dense, because tadpoles migrate to the deep parts of the reservoir. At night they stay at the bottom. Tadpoles begin to rise from the bottom 3 hours before sunrise and disperse in the water layer. Soon after sunrise they become less active and begin to group together. The rhythm of the feeding activity of tadpoles coincides with the daily dynamics of their spatial distribution, which is determined by the course of temperature and illumination. Adult toads eat mainly insects, especially beetles and hymenoptera.
State of populations The influence of anthropogenic factors on the Far Eastern toad has not been studied enough. The species probably has good potential for synanthropization. It is often found in towns and cities. This leads to increased mortality on roads. In general, the Far Eastern toad is a common species in the Russian Far East. The status of the Transbaikalian populations is unknown, but they should be small and sporadic and may therefore require protection. Lives in 10 (or 13) nature reserves in Russia

Belonging to the genus Toad. Lives in Asia. Previously considered a subspecies of the gray toad ( Bufo bufo)

Description

Taxonomy

IN Soviet times toads of the Russian Far East were considered a subspecies of the gray toad, and today they are considered a separate species, based on geographic isolation from other common toads, morphological, karyological and biochemical differences. There are 2 subspecies of the Far Eastern toad. The nominate subspecies occurs in Russia Bufo gargarizans gargarizans Cantor, 1842.

Appearance and structure

Very similar to the gray toad. It differs from it in its smaller size (body length 56-102 mm), the presence of spines on the outgrowths of the skin and a wide stripe running from the parotid gland to the side of the body, torn into large spots in the back. The eardrum is very small or covered with skin. The upperparts are dark grey, olive-gray or olive-brown with three wide longitudinal stripes. The underside of the body is yellowish or grayish, without a pattern or with small spots in the rear.

The signs of sexual dimorphism are the same as in the common toad. In addition, the male's back is often greenish or olive; Gray or brown spots on the back may be present. The female is larger than the male, her hind legs are relatively shorter and her head is slightly wider.

Distribution and habitat

Its range includes northeastern China, Korea and Russia. Range in Russia: Far East north to the Amur River valley. There the species is distributed from west to northeast from the mouth of the Zeya River to the mouth of the Amur in the Khabarovsk Territory. Inhabits Sakhalin and islands in the Gulf of Peter the Great: Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Skrebtsova and others. Also known from the Baikal region.

The Far Eastern toad lives in forests of various types (coniferous, mixed and deciduous), as well as in meadows. Although it loves wet habitats, it is rarely found in shaded or waterlogged coniferous forests, but inhabits floodplains and river valleys. It can live in anthropogenic landscapes: in rural areas, as well as in parks and gardens of large cities (such as Khabarovsk). Not found in mountain tundras.

Nutrition and lifestyle

Far Eastern toads eat mainly insects, preferring hymenoptera and beetles.

They winter from September-October to April-May. They can winter both on land in underground cavities, under logs and tree roots, and in reservoirs.

Reproduction

Far Eastern toads spawn in lakes, ponds, swamps, puddles, oxbow lakes, ditches and streams with standing or semi-flowing water. They breed in April-May, in some places until the end of June. Occasionally, vapors may form on the way to the pond. Amplexus axillary. Like gray toads, it occasionally happens among Far Eastern toads that several males try to mate with one female, forming a ball of toads. To release sexual products at the same time, the male and female stimulate each other with tactile and vibration signals. The eggs are deposited in cords that wrap around underwater objects (mostly plants) at depths of up to 30 cm.

Population status

The Far Eastern toad is a common and numerous species in the Far East of our country. In the Amur River valley, it ranks third in number among amphibians (after frogs Rana nigromaculata And Rana amurensis). After severe droughts and frosty winters, the population of Far Eastern toads drops sharply, but then recovers.

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Cantor, 1842
(= Bufo vulgaris var. sachalinensis Nikolsky, 1905; Bufo bufo asiaticus - Nikolsky, 1918)

Appearance. Most small representative groups of gray toads; maximum body length is less than 100 mm (in China, females are up to 125 mm). Leather covered with tubercles with sharp spines, as well as round smooth warts. The articular tubercles on the fingers are double. Coloring on top it is quite varied: gray, gray-olive, brownish, reddish, with or without a pattern of dark, greenish-brown or reddish spots. The dark stripe on the outer edge of the parotid extends to the sides of the body:

The appearance of the head of the Caucasian toad, Bufo verrucosissimus (A), the gray toad Bufo bufo (B) and Far Eastern toad(IN)

Sometimes a thin strip runs along the middle of the back. The bottom is yellowish or off-white, with small dark spots. Resonators males do not.

Spreading. Inhabits the south of the Russian Far East - the Amur region east of the Bureya River to the mouth of the Amur, the Ussuri River basin and the south of the Primorsky Territory, except for the steppe part of the Khanka Lowland, Sakhalin Island. Outside Russia, it lives in Korea and China (everywhere except the very south and north-west). In Transbaikalia there is an isolated area of ​​the range that needs to be studied.

Taxonomy of the species. Previously, the Far Eastern toad, like other forms of toads of the Far East, was considered a subspecies of the European gray toad. Now it has the status of an independent species, consisting of 2 subspecies. The nominative subspecies is represented on the territory of Russia Bufo gargarizans gargarizans Cantor, 1842. Another subspecies, Pope's toad, Bufo gargarizans popei Matsui, 1986, lives in Chinese provinces Fujian and Sichuan.

Habitat. The Far Eastern toad is associated with the forest zone, within which it inhabits cedar-broad-leaved and deciduous forests. It is also found in open areas in meadows, fields, and vegetable gardens; on Sakhalin it is common in bamboo thickets. Often found in towns and even in large cities.

Activity. It is active mostly at dusk, but can sometimes be found during the day, especially in damp and shaded places, as well as in cloudy and rainy weather. Usually during the day it hides under dead wood, in rotten stumps, leaf litter, rodent burrows, soil voids, and under turf.

Reproduction. Toads in spring are awakening from the second half of April - until mid-May at an air temperature of 4-7°C, when the weather is still unstable, with sudden temperature changes.

Breeding period extended and can last until mid-June. Animals breed, as a rule, in small bodies of water with stagnant or low-flowing water up to 1 m deep in forests, river valleys, swampy meadows, oxbow lakes, puddles, roadside ditches, etc. They often use the same reservoirs as the Far Eastern frog. First, males come to reservoirs, and then females. 2-14 days after their appearance, the toads begin to reproduce. Pair formation can occur both near bodies of water and in them themselves. Pairing lasts about 3-6 hours, after which the female lays eggs in 2-3 hours in the form of a cord 1.5-4 m long and 5-7 mm thick.

Eggs with a diameter of about 2.1 mm, arranged in 1-3 rows. The cords are wound around plants at a depth of up to 25 cm or lie at the bottom if there is no vegetation in the reservoir. The number of eggs ranges from 1930 to 7500 pieces. After spawning, the toads leave the water bodies.

Tadpole pecking usually occurs within 4-17 days. Larval development lasts 45-66 days. Tadpoles are characterized by group behavior: they form dense large clusters that move in concert in the water or lie on the bottom of the reservoir. During the day they are in shallow water or near the surface of the water. Mortality at the embryonic and larval stages of development it is high and amounts to about 58-80% until the underyearling stage. The tadpoles of the Far Eastern frog negatively affect the larvae of toads, and in water bodies with high density, 100% death of the latter often occurs. Metamorphosis passes in 3-5, less often 10 days. Fledglings of glossy black color appear in June - early August, being very small (up to 7-10 mm). Toads stay near bodies of water for about 5-7 days, burying themselves in wet soil. They then migrate away from bodies of water, settling mainly during the day, but some at night.

Sexual maturity occurs at the age of three to four years.

Nutrition. The main food of toads is various terrestrial invertebrates, mainly insects, especially beetles, in addition to them, hymenoptera, butterflies, orthoptera and others, as well as spiders, mollusks, etc. Tadpoles gnaw aquatic plants, feed in the water column or from the surface, often turning their belly up. They overwinter in rodent burrows, under tree roots, and in cellars.

Abundance and conservation status. Far Eastern toad - pretty normal look. Found in a number of nature reserves. It is not included in the Red Data Books of the USSR and Russia.

Similar species. Isolated geographically from gray and Caucasian toads. It differs from the Mongolian toad, which lives in the Far East, in color and other characteristics.

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