What is the base of the PM handle used for? Purpose of parts and mechanisms of the Makarov pistol. Purpose and arrangement of gun accessories
When all the cartridges from the magazine are used up, the magazine feeder lifts the front end of the bolt stop up with its tooth. The bolt, resting its cutout against the protrusion of the bolt stop, stops in the rear position.
The trigger is cocked. The feeder spring has the highest compression. The bolt remains in the rear position even after the magazine is removed from the base of the pistol grip, held by the bolt stop.
The bolt is released from the slide stop (with the magazine removed or inserted) by pressing the slide stop button with your finger.
Purpose of the PM mainspring, features of its structure
In Fig. 1 No. 12 mainspring. The mainspring is used for:
activating the trigger;
· actuating the cocking lever;
· activation of the trigger rod.
The mainspring Fig. 3 has:
1. – Latch; 2 – hole for the handle; 3 – wide feather; 4 – bumper end; 5 – narrow feather.
Rice. 3 Mainspring
Purpose of the return spring PM, handle with screw
Return spring Fig. 1 No. 7 serves to return the bolt to the front position after a shot and, due to its force, lock the barrel bore reliably when fired. Handle with screw fig. 1 No. 11 is used to conveniently hold the weapon in your hand.
Purpose of the PM shutter
The shutter (Fig. 1 No. 3) is used for:
· feeding a cartridge from the magazine into the chamber;
· locking the bore when firing;
· holding the cartridge case (removing the cartridge);
· cocking the trigger.
PM shutter device
The PM shutter has:
1. Sights (front sight, rear sight).
2. Ejector.
3. Fuse.
4. Drummer.
Purpose and device of the shutter stop
Shutter stop fig. 3 holds the bolt in the rear position after all the cartridges from the magazine have been used up. It has: in the front there is a protrusion to hold the shutter in the rear position; a knurled button to release the shutter by pressing your hand; in the rear part there is a hole for connecting to the left sear pin; in the upper part there is a reflector for reflecting cartridge cases (cartridges) outward through the window in the bolt.
Rice. 4 Shutter stop:
1- protrusion; 2 - knurled button; 3 - hole; 4 - reflector
Purpose of the trigger, PM striker
The trigger (Fig. 1 No. 14) is used to strike the firing pin.
The firing pin (Fig. 1 No. 1) serves to break the cartridge primer.
Purpose of the trigger rod with the cocking lever
The trigger rod (Fig. 1 No. 13) with a cocking lever (Fig. 1 No. 15) is intended for releasing the hammer from cocking and releasing the hammer when firing by self-cocking.
Purpose of the PM barrel, frame, trigger guard
The PM barrel (Fig. 1 No. 6) is designed to direct the flight of the bullet. The PM frame (Fig. 1 No. 10) is designed to connect all parts of the gun. The PM trigger guard (Fig. 1 No. 9) is designed to protect the trigger from accidental pressing and limit the shutter travel.
PM store design
The PM store consists of:
1. Store body.
2. Feeder.
3. Feeder spring.
4. Magazine cover.
Purpose of AK-74, its performance characteristics
The Kalashnikov assault rifle is an individual weapon and is designed to: destroy enemy personnel.
From the machine it is carried out:
Automatic fire;
Single fire.
Automatic fire is the main type of fire. It is fired in short (up to 5 shots) and long (up to 10 shots) bursts and continuously. When firing, cartridges are supplied from a box magazine with a capacity of 30 rounds.
For firing from AK-74 assault rifles, cartridges with an ordinary (steel core) bullet and a tracer bullet are used.
Tactical and technical characteristics of Kalashnikov (AK-74):
| Data name: | ||
| 1. | Sighting range, m | |
| 2. | Direct shot range, m: | |
| - according to the chest figure | ||
| - according to a running figure | ||
| 3. | Rate of fire, rounds per minute | |
| 4. | Combat rate of fire, rounds per minute: | |
| - when firing single shots | ||
| - when firing in bursts | ||
| 5. | starting speed bullets, m/s | |
| 6. | Range to which the lethal effect of a bullet is maintained, m | |
| 7. | Maximum bullet flight range, m | |
| 8. | Machine weight, kg: | |
| - with an empty plastic magazine | 3,2 | |
| - with equipped plastic magazine | 3,5 | |
| 9. | Magazine capacity, cartridges | |
| 10. | Weight of plastic magazine, kg | 0,23 |
| 11. | Bayonet weight, kg: | |
| with scabbard | 0,49 | |
| without scabbard | 0,32 | |
| 12. | Caliber, mm | 5,45 |
| 13. | Machine length, mm: | |
| - with attached bayonet and folded butt | ||
| - without a bayonet with a folded butt | ||
| - with folded butt | ||
| 14. | Barrel length, mm. | |
| 15. | Length of the rifled part of the barrel, mm. | |
| 16. | Number of grooves, pcs. | |
| 17. | Rifling stroke length, mm. | |
| 18. | Sighting line length, mm. | |
| 19. | Front sight thickness, mm | |
| 20. | Cartridge weight, g. | 10,2 |
| 21. | Weight of a bullet with a steel core, g. | 3,4 |
| 22. | Powder charge weight, g. | 1,45 |
| 23. | Weight of the NSPU sight in firing position, kg. | 2,2 |
Main parts of AK-74
Fig.5
The machine consists of the following main parts and mechanisms(see Fig.5) :
1. Barrel with receiver, sighting device, butt and pistol grip (1).
2. Cover receiver (2).
3. Return mechanism (4).
4. Bolt frame with gas piston (5).
5. Shutter (7).
6. Gas tube with barrel lining (6).
7. Forend (9).
8. Store (10).
9. Shock-trigger mechanism.
In addition, the machine gun has a muzzle brake-compensator and a bayonet (10).
Makarov pistol, PM, Makar, Makarov system pistol - under whatever designations this weapon is found. For almost 70 years, PM has been known to many residents of Russia, the former USSR republics and Eastern European countries as one of the main elements of equipment for military personnel and employees. law enforcement. Not a single film of the Soviet and post-Soviet period is complete without the participation of this legendary pistol.
The PM is often derogatoryly criticized as an inaccurate and unreliable weapon. But this conclusion is drawn from pistol samples that have lived for a long time and difficult life, and having fired more than 10 thousand shots. A serviceable Makarov in the hands of a good shooter is a formidable and accurate weapon, which is confirmed by many years of experience in its use in various conditions.
History of creation
The creation of a new version of the weapon began shortly after the end of the Great Patriotic War, which showed the shortcomings of the TT and . The condition of the competition, held in 1947-48, was the creation of a pistol with a design similar to the 1929 model.
Initially, two calibers were provided for the weapon - 7.65 and 9 mm, but the first was quickly abandoned. For the 9 mm caliber, a domestic PM cartridge with a size of 9*18 was developed, which was slightly larger and more powerful than the “Walter” original.
The main advantages of such a cartridge were a greater stopping effect (compared to 7.62*25 from the TT) and the possibility of using a simplified automatic circuit with a fixed barrel and a freely moving bolt in the Makarov pistol.
The developments of many gunsmith designers were entered into the competition, among whom were famous names F.V. Tokareva, S.A. Korovina, S.G. Simonov and many others. N.F. also presented his project. Fedorov.
Pistols from Walter, Mauser, Beretta and a number of others acted as opponents to these designs.
According to all test results, the best performance was found in the design of the Makarov pistol of 9 mm caliber, which was recommended for mass production, as well as for adoption under the designation PM. The designer managed to perfectly calculate the relative position of the cartridge relative to the chamber and the optimal geometry of the mating parts.
Thanks to this, it was possible to completely avoid the problem of jamming in the inclined part of the chamber. Since 1951, supplies of 9 mm PM began for the needs of the army and police. Thus began the gradual displacement of TT pistols.
Composite parts
The pistol was supplied with a set of accessories, consisting of a spare clip, a kit for cleaning and wiping parts, as well as a holster with a safety strap. The design of the pistol is quite simple, thanks to which it consists of only fourteen main parts.
A complete disassembly will separate the weapon into larger number parts – 32.
The PM pistol includes the following key components:
- One-piece frame including barrel and trigger guard. The barrel is installed with tension using a press into the body part of the frame and is additionally secured with a pin. This unit is non-separable. Some pistols were equipped with frames of a special lightweight design - with several drilled holes.
- The bolt part, which includes a firing pin, a safety element and an ejector. The last part is used to remove empty, spent cartridges.
- A spring that carries out the return stroke of the shutter.
- The mechanism that is responsible for the functionality of the striker.
- A facing handle that is attached to the frame with a screw.
- Shutter delay.
- Replaceable magazine located inside the handle.
Many parts used in the PM design have a dual purpose. For example, bolt stop parts are used as a device for deflecting cartridge cases. Due to its special shape, the mainspring is used to support the cocking lever, as a sear drive spring, and to retract the hammer when the weapon is put on safety. The lower part of this spring is used for the magazine latch mechanism.
Scheme of work
After installing the magazine, the bolt pushes the cartridge into the chamber cavity. The cartridge is loaded from the tapering upper part of the clip. Then the PM is put on safety.
To carry out this operation, a flag switch is installed on the left side of the shutter. This device removes the trigger from the cocked position and completely blocks its movement. At the same time, the trigger element of the pistol is also fixed. An additional lock on the safety mechanism completely blocks the bolt. When carried in a holster, the PM must always be with the safety on.
Before firing, the PM must be removed from the safety lock. The pistol is taken in the right hand, and the flag moves down, where it enters the “fire” mode. In this case, the pistol trigger is automatically set to a special safety cock.
Pulling the front of the trigger for the first time requires a lot of force - about 3.5 kg. This is due to the fact that when pressed, the hammer is cocked.
The following shots require less effort (no more than 1.5 kg), since the hammer will be cocked by the force of the powder gases. For more accurate aiming during the first shot, the trigger has a manual cocking function. At the same time, it is moved downwards with your finger, and the trigger goes a little deeper, towards the handle.
If necessary, the trigger is removed from combat mode manually. To do this, the shooter recesses the trigger, while at the same time restraining the movement of the trigger with his thumb. After releasing the hook, it will take the safety position. Due to the rod system, it will put the trigger in the same position.
The mechanics of the Makarov pistol work as follows:
- When you press the trigger with your finger, it will move back and move the trigger, which will sharply set the firing pin in motion.
- The firing pin destroys the primer located at the bottom of the cartridge case and ignites it.
- The flash from the primer is transmitted to the main charge of gunpowder, which burns and produces a large volume of gases.
- The gases force the bullet through the barrel and exert opposing pressure on the bottom of the cartridge case.
- The sleeve carries the bolt with it, which begins to move backward. This causes the return spring to be compressed.
- The cartridge remains in the ejector until it comes into contact with the reflector. After this, it is thrown out to the right side.
- The shutter continues to move until it reaches the rearmost point, at which it turns the trigger on the axis and sets it to cocking mode.
- Then, under the force of a compressed spring, the shutter begins to move back.
- During movement, the bolt, using the rammer on it, captures the cartridge from the clip and sends it into the chamber of the barrel.
- At the end of the stroke, the bolt locks the barrel. Since the bolt and barrel do not have any connection, the barrel bore is locked solely by the mass of the bolt itself and the force of the return spring.
- The shooter presses the trigger again and the next shot is fired.
After firing the last cartridge from the clip, the shutter enters the delay mode. After installing a new clip, the delay is removed using the lever on the left side of the pistol frame. In this case, the first cartridge from the clip is fed into the chamber. The magazine installed in the handle is secured with a latch located at the bottom of the handle.
This design completely eliminates the possibility of spontaneous removal of the clip when carrying or when removing the pistol from the holster cavity.
Weapon maintenance
To clean and check the condition of the components, the Makarov pistol is partially or completely disassembled. Such procedures are one of the main conditions for maintaining a weapon in good condition.
In combat or training situations, cleaning must be carried out daily. After firing with blank or live cartridges, the bore and chamber cavity are cleaned immediately. Regular daily cleaning should then be carried out over several days.
When storing a pistol, the owner should carry out preventative weekly cleaning of the weapon.
Before lubricating, the surface of the weapon should be thoroughly wiped to remove any remaining moisture. The main types of lubricant are liquid gun lubricant or a special RFC solution used to clean the bore in barracks conditions.
After washing with the solution, the weapon is wiped with a rag and lubricated. Caring for a holster for a Makarov pistol involves regularly wiping it with a soft cloth on all sides to remove traces of water and dirt.
The sequence of steps for partial disassembly is as follows:
- Press the latch with your finger, pull the clip by the lower protrusion with another finger and pull the clip out of the handle.
- Turn off the fuse.
- To check that there is no cartridge in the inside of the chamber, you must move the bolt all the way back. After locking the bolt for delay, you must visually check the chamber.
- Release the shutter from delay mode.
- Move the trigger guard down a little and then move it to the left. The bracket should rest against the frame and remain in this state in the future. Additional retention of the bracket during disassembly is carried out with the finger of the right hand.
- Then you should remove the bolt from the pistol frame. Initially, it is pulled all the way back, while simultaneously lifting it by the back side. During movement, the bolt will move forward slightly under the influence of the compressed spring and will be removed from the frame.
- Install the trigger guard in its original place.
- Remove the return spring installed on the surface of the barrel. The part is removed with rotational movements. When reassembling, be sure to put it back in place correctly. The reference point is the front turn, which has a reduced diameter.
- Clean and lubricate parts.
- Assemble the pistol in the reverse order of disassembly.
When installing the valve in its original place, the end of the spring should be inserted into the channel in the valve. Then you should pull the shutter all the way back, keeping the back part raised.
At the rear point, the bolt is lowered by inserting the existing hooks into special grooves on the pistol frame. Then the shutter part is released, and it sharply returns to the location of the extreme forward point under the influence of a spring. When installing the shutter in place, it is not necessary to move the bracket to the side.
For more thorough inspection and cleaning, complete disassembly is used. The instructions do not recommend carrying out such an operation too often, since it leads to wear and tear on the material part of the Makarov pistol.
The main reasons for complete disassembly are the prolonged exposure of the pistol to precipitation, in very dusty conditions and before using a new type of lubricant.
When performing such work in normal conditions, it is performed on a table or any flat surface. Disassembling weapons in field conditions produced on a clean substrate.
Complete disassembly is a logical continuation of incomplete disassembly and consists of several stages:
- Removing the sear and mechanism for delaying the shutter from the frame. To do this, you should gently pull the trigger, braking it with your finger. Remove the tip of the sear spring from the mounting point on the bolt delay. Removal is carried out using a special protrusion located on the wiping rod included in the tool kit. Then you should rotate the sear body until the plane on the right trunnion aligns with the counter slot in the frame body. At the next stage, you will need to lift the parts up and carefully remove them from the frame.
- Separating the handle and mainspring from the frame. To remove the handle, you need to unscrew the screw. The wiper rod or shutter delay reflector acts as a screwdriver. After unscrewing the screw, the plastic housing of the handle is pulled down. To dismantle the spring, it is pressed against the base of the handle and then moved down along it. At the same time, the spring valve is removed and it itself is separated from the boss made on the lower part of the handle (on early releases of the PM there is no valve).
- Disconnecting the hammer from the trigger, as well as the trigger rod and the lever used for cocking. Before starting this stage, move the hook to the maximum forward position all the way, while simultaneously turning the trigger forward. When turning, special planes made on the trigger axes must coincide with the mating surfaces on the pistol frame. At this moment, the trigger moves towards the barrel and is then removed from the frame. Then you should lift the end of the rod from the trigger with your fingers, and then remove the pin from the counter hole. Return the trigger guard back down, turn the hook slightly forward and remove it from the guide pins in the frame. After removing the hook, return the bracket back.
- Removing the safety device, firing pin and cartridge ejector from the bolt body. To do this, set the fuse box in the upper position, move it to the side and remove it from its seat. Tapping the bolt on your palm, remove the pistol's firing pin from its place. Place the bolt on a hard surface, press the wiping rod into the bends (the rod on which the spring fits) of the cartridge ejector. Rotate the partially recessed part around the clamp and remove. Then you should remove the oppression itself with the spring attached to it.
- Disassembling the clip into its component parts. In this case, a spring and a plate are removed from the magazine, which serve to feed cartridges to the chamber.
After completing all the planned work, assembly is carried out in the reverse order. Regardless of the type of disassembly, the gun is checked upon completion. The checks include removing and re-engaging the safety, as well as checking the functionality of the bolt stop.
Specifications
The main purpose of the 9 mm Makarov pistol is to be used as a personal weapon for attack and defense at short distances.
A technically sound 9mm PM in the hands of a good shooter shows excellent fire accuracy. At a distance of 50 meters, all bullets fall into a circle with a diameter of 320 mm, while at a distance of 20 meters this diameter drops to 130 mm.
The standard PM cartridge has a bullet with a steel core encased in a lead jacket.
Because of this design, the bullet is unable to penetrate steel plates and often ricochets when hitting hard surfaces.
They tried to correct this deficiency by creating new types of bullets and cartridges, some of which reached mass production. At the same time, the destructive power of a standard bullet is maintained at a distance of up to 350 meters.
One of these developments was a special armor-piercing cartridge 9*18 PBM (index 7N25). The bullet design uses a carbide core covered with an aluminum aerodynamic shell. Due to this, it was possible to reduce the weight of the bullet to 3.7 grams, which allows a standard powder charge to accelerate it to a speed of 519 m/sec.
The recoil parameters remained virtually unchanged.
Such a bullet penetrates a 5 mm sheet of ordinary carbon steel grade ST3 or a 2.4 mm sheet of armor steel from 10 meters. At distances of up to 30 meters, through penetration of the 6B5-12 body armor is ensured, while the bullet can continue further movement.
Modernization
At the very beginning of the 90s, a modernized version of the main Makarov pistol was created, designated PMM. The development of this option was carried out within the framework of the Rook project, which resulted in the appearance.
But this will happen later, and in those years the work led to an improvement in the characteristics of the PM.
One of the differences of this pistol was the use of a reinforced cartridge 9*18ПММ (index 7N16), housed in a new double-row clip with a capacity of 12 rounds. To use such cartridges, the frame was strengthened and spiral notches were introduced in the chamber.
Such notches made it possible to hold the cartridge case when fired. The body of the clip began to protrude somewhat from the handle, which improved the grip of the pistol in the hand and allowed for somewhat faster reloading. The modified ergonomics of the plastic handle linings contributed to improved accuracy of offhand shooting.
To increase the penetrating power of bullets, the new cartridge was increased by a third powder charge. The bullet itself changed its shape. Thanks to such measures, at a distance of 20 meters, a bullet penetrates a 3 mm sheet of ordinary carbon steel grade ST3, and at distances of up to 10 meters, it penetrates the Zh-81 army body armor.
The target firing range of the pistol has not changed and is 50 meters.
Modifications based on PMM
The modernized Makarov pistol is produced in two main combat versions - PMM 8 and 12, differing in the type and capacity of the magazine. Based on the PMM 12 pistol, a sports version of the IZH-70-100 (or 70-17A) is produced chambered for a regular cartridge, equipped with an adjustable sight and a 12-round magazine.
For export supplies, Baikal 442 is manufactured, equipped with a barrel with 6 rifling and clips for 8, 10 or 12 standard cartridges. Since the fall of 2015, this version of the pistol has received a certificate for sale on the Russian market.
For service purposes, the IZH-71-100 (or MP-71N since the fall of 2008) is supplied, using weakened 9 * 17K cartridges. Such pistols are equipped with only 10-round clips.
Various variations and modifications
In the USSR, there were no sports or other versions based on the PM. The only attempt to modify the pistol was prototypes weapons with a frame made of polymer materials. Such work was carried out at the very beginning of the 60s at the Instrument Design Bureau in the city of Tula. The results obtained during the tests did not satisfy the customer, and the experiments were not continued.
The situation changed dramatically at the very beginning of the 90s, when dozens of variants of Makarov sports, gas and air pistols chambered for cartridges of various calibers were produced on the basis of PM and PMM.
The most common was the IZH-70, designed for a standard cartridge and a 380ACP cartridge and equipped with an 8-round magazine.
It exists in several versions:
- IZH-70-17A and 18A, chambered for 380ASR and PM cartridges, respectively, with adjustable sight parts.
- IZH-70-17AS and 18AS, with chrome-plated outer surface.
- IZH-70-17AN and 18AN, commercial version of the pistol.
In addition to these options, multiple variations of the pistol were produced for the use of gas and traumatic cartridges. The most popular were 9 mm 6P42-9 and 7.6 mm 6P42-7.6. These options are combat options weapons with a pin installed in the barrel that does not allow the use of real cartridges.
Exactly the same design is the 6P42 (or IZH-79-8), developed for the use of 8 mm gas cartridges.
In the early 2000s, the IZH-79-9T (or similar MP-79-9TM) “Makarych” became popular, which provided the ability to fire a rubber bullet using a special 9-mm RA gas cartridge. The ZID plant produced a limited batch of several thousand pieces of the PM T pistol.
All of these options were made on the basis of real weapons and were equipped with a partition in the barrel bore.
For official use, the MP-471 is used, developed for the use of a 10*23 mm traumatic cartridge and has been mass-produced since 2004.
A variant version is the MP-80-13T, which uses .45 Rubber cartridges as ammunition. The signal version of the pistol under the symbol MP-371, which is similar in appearance to the Makarych, deserves special mention. The ammunition used for it is “Zhevelo” or KV21 type capsules.
Weight and size models
On the base appearance PM there is a whole range of pneumatic and signal pistols, differing in caliber and workmanship. For example, Umarex produces a 6 mm version of the weapon under the designation Legends Makarov with gas supply from a cylinder. Air gun quite accurately imitates its combat ancestor; it even has a shutter delay mode. Two more pneumatic weapons with the appearance of a PM are widely known - these are the Gletcher PM and the Borner PM49. Both options are designed to use 4.5 mm steel balls as cartridges. The bolt parts of these pistols are fixed.
More simple options are 4.5 mm Baikal MP-654K in a standard black case and MP-654KS - with chrome-plated external parts. These variants are produced directly at the arms factory in Izhevsk. The pistols are equipped with clips for 13 steel balls with a diameter of 4.5 mm.
Pneumatic copies implement the principle of starting shooting, like the combat version - either by pressing the trigger with great force or by cocking the hammer with your thumb. Early versions of the MP-654 were made on the basis of combat pistols, and differed only in some details.
With the tightening of legislation, the production of such variants was stopped, and all modern pistols are only an imitation of the external appearance of the PM. Shutter lag mode, called air gun blowback is absent on them.
PM is an indispensable weapon in many computer games. For example, in the series of games S.T.A.L.K.E.R. it is the most common and accessible type of weapon.
For those who want to try themselves as a virtual shooter, there is a game that is a simulator of a Makarov pistol.
Disadvantages of the model
One of the major disadvantages of the weapon is the high tendency of standard bullets to ricochet from any hard surfaces. This drawback was partly corrected by the creation of new types of cartridges for the Makarov pistol. Another disadvantage of the design is that the center of gravity of the PM is slightly shifted towards the barrel, which leads to fatigue in the shooter’s hand during prolonged firing.
But after 10-15 shots this drawback is not noticed.
The declared warranty life of the weapon does not exceed 5 thousand shots. However, there are many examples of pistols with rounds much greater than the warranty. At the same time, they remain in completely good condition. On the classic PM, the magazine capacity is insufficient; this flaw was partly eliminated on modernized versions of the pistol, but 12 rounds is not a good indicator for modern weapons.
Licensed versions
In addition to the USSR, the Makarov pistol was produced on the territory of member states of the Warsaw Pact. Such weapons, as a rule, were used to equip the armed forces of the country where they were produced. Since 1957, the Pistole M was officially produced on the territory of the GDR, which was an exact copy Soviet model.
There were attempts to create a variant chambered for 380ACP on its basis, but they were unable to move beyond the release of experimental samples. The tactical and technical characteristics of the German version of the Makarov pistol did not differ from the original model. After the reunification of Germany, the pistol remained in production, but only as a commercial version under the designation Pistole Simson-Suhl Makarov.
The second largest manufacturer of licensed PM in Eastern Europe became Bulgaria. Such pistols were called Makarov and were manufactured in land and naval versions.
Comparing PM and PMM<–/noindex–> In 1990, the Arsenal R-M01 version appeared, which was distinguished by the ergonomics of the trigger guard and handle. These pistols were produced in sporting and civilian versions chambered for 380ACP and 9*18 cartridges, and could have chrome-plated external elements.
The B1300 was produced in small series, which had a shortened handle with a modified design of the linings.
The third manufacturer was China, which launched in 1959 mass production an army pistol under the designation Type 59 and a training and sports version of the Norinco Sporting Pistol.
After the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine became a major supplier of various variants of Makarov-based pistols. IN different periods Since then, Ukrainian factories have produced traumatic versions of the PMR (aka “Viy”), PM-T, PM-GT, PM-RF and “Berkut”.
All these designs are based on combat pistols Makarov, which after Ukraine gained independence remained stored in army warehouses in large quantities. Characteristic feature All Ukrainian traumatic Makarovs have a safety plate welded into the barrel. Reverse conversion of such weapons into a combat version is impossible. All traumatic pistols created for the 9 mm RA cartridge.
At the beginning of 2013, the small company "SEM" began producing the PMF-1 pistol, converted to use the 4-mm Flaubert system cartridge. In such cartridges, only the primer is used as a propellant charge, which ensures its low power. The PMF-1 design has a drum magazine for 5 rounds, i.e. in fact, the pistol was turned into a revolver, the drum of which is located inside the body.
Conclusion
Currently, the gradual replacement of the PM and PMM currently in service with the more modern Yarygin pistol has begun. But this process will last a very long time, since a huge number of new PMs are stored in warehouses various years release.
In addition to Russia, the pistol is widely used in the armed forces and law enforcement agencies of many countries, so one should not expect it to be withdrawn from service there soon either.
Video
Designed to defeat the enemy at short distances.
The Makarov pistol has been in service since 1951. Since 1994, a modernized Makarov PMM pistol has been produced, using both a 9-mm modernized high-impulse cartridge and standard PM cartridges (9x18 mm). Externally, it is distinguished by an enlarged plastic handle of a more convenient shape. The rear end of the handle has a notch for a more secure hold. The PMM can be equipped with a single-row magazine for 8 or a double-row for 12 rounds.
On the basis of the PM, other types of pistols are being developed for the army and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as well as service weapon(for security activities) chambered for 9×17mm cartridge.
The tactical and technical characteristics of the Makarov Pistol are presented in Table 1.
Rice. The Makarov pistol
Table 1
Performance characteristics of the Makarov Pistol
| Characteristic | Meaning |
| Weight of the pistol with magazine without cartridges, g | 730 |
| Weight of the pistol with a magazine loaded with 8 rounds, g | 810 |
| Gun length, mm | 161 |
| Gun height, mm | 126,75 |
| Barrel length, mm | 93 |
| Caliber, mm | 9 |
| Number of grooves, pcs | 4 |
| Magazine capacity, cartridges | 8 |
| Cartridge weight, g | 10 |
| Bullet weight, g | 6,1 |
| Chuck length, mm | 25 |
| Combat rate of fire, rounds per minute | 30 |
| Initial bullet speed, m/s | 315 |
| Sighting range, m | 50 |
| Effective fire range, m | 50 |
| The range to which the destructive power of a bullet is maintained, m | 350 |
The pistol consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
- frames with barrel and trigger guard;
- bolt with firing pin, ejector and fuse;
- return spring;
- trigger mechanism;
- handles with screw;
- shutter stop;
- store.
Each pistol comes with accessories: a spare magazine, a wiper, a holster, a pistol strap.
Rice. Main parts and mechanisms of the pistol:
1- frame with barrel and trigger guard; 2 - bolt with firing pin, ejector and fuse; 3 - return spring: 4 - parts of the trigger mechanism;
5 - handle with screw; 6 - shutter stop;
7 - store
Frame with barrel and trigger guard
Trunk serves to direct the flight of the bullet. The inside of the barrel has a channel with four rifling, winding from left to right. The rifling serves to impart rotational movement to the bullet. The spaces between the cuts are called margins. The distance between two opposite fields (in diameter) determines the caliber of the bore; it is equal to 9 mm. From the breech, the bore is smooth and of larger diameter; it serves to house the cartridge and is called the chamber. The chamber has a ledge. On the breech of the barrel there is a boss for attaching the barrel to the frame post and a hole for the barrel pin. There is a bevel on the boss and at the bottom of the chamber to guide the cartridge from the magazine into the chamber. The outer surface of the trunk is smooth. A return spring is placed on the barrel.
The barrel is connected to the frame with a press fit and secured with a pin.
The frame serves to connect all parts of the gun. The frame with the base of the handle is one piece.
Gate serves to feed a cartridge from the magazine into the chamber, locking the bore when firing, holding the cartridge case (removing the cartridge) and cocking the hammer. is inserted into the socket in the shutter. Under the action of the spring, the ejector hook is always inclined towards the bolt cup.
Fuse serves to ensure safe handling of the pistol
Return spring serves to return the bolt to the forward position after firing. The outermost coil of one end of the spring has a smaller diameter compared to the other coils. With this coil, the spring is put on the barrel during assembly to ensure that it is securely held on the barrel when disassembling the pistol. The spring, put on the barrel, is placed with it in the bolt channel.
Trigger mechanism consists of a trigger, a sear with a spring, a trigger rod with a cocking lever, a trigger, a mainspring and a mainspring slide. Trigger serves to strike the striker
Handle with screw covers the side windows and the rear wall of the base of the handle and serves to make it easier to hold the pistol in your hand. It has: a hole for the screw that secures the handle to the base of the handle; swivel for attaching a pistol strap; grooves for freely sliding the handle onto the base of the handle; in the rear wall there is a recess for the magazine latch. In the hole for the screw there is a metal sleeve, which is designed to stop the screw head from being unscrewed arbitrarily. The handle is made of plastic. The handle screw is used to secure the handle and latch to the base of the handle.
The bolt stop holds the bolt in the rear position after all the cartridges in the magazine have been used up.
Shop serves to accommodate eight cartridges. It consists of a body, a feeder, a feeder spring and a cover.
Pistol cartridge 9×18
(9 - caliber, 18 - case length) consists of a cartridge case, a primer, a powder charge, and a bullet.
Rice. . 9×18 cartridge and its device:
1- sleeve; 2- capsule; 3 - powder charge; 4 - bullet;
5 - bimetallic (clad) shell;
6 - steel core; 7 - lead shirt
Cartridges for loading the pistol are loaded into an 8-round magazine. The magazine is loaded by inserting and retracting the cartridges by hand.
The cartridges are sealed in standard wooden cartridge boxes of 2560 pcs. in everyone. Each box contains two rolled-up iron or sealed galvanized boxes, in which cartridges are placed in cardboard packs, 16 cartridges per pack. One iron box holds 80 cardboard packs.
On the side walls wooden boxes There are inscriptions indicating the nomenclature of the cartridges placed in these boxes: the batch number of the cartridges, the month and year of manufacture of the cartridges and gunpowder, the manufacturing plant, the brand and batch of gunpowder, the number of cartridges in the box.
The weight of one box of cartridges is about 33 kg.
Remove the magazine from the base of the handle. Holding the gun by the handle right hand, with the thumb of your left hand, pull the magazine latch back as far as it will go, while simultaneously pulling back the protruding part of the magazine cover with the index finger of your left hand, and remove the magazine from the base of the handle.
Separate the shutter from the frame. Taking the pistol in your right hand by the handle, with your left hand pull the trigger guard down and, tilting it to the left, rest it against the frame so that it is held in this position. During further disassembly, hold it in this position with the index finger of your right hand.
Remove the return spring from the barrel. Holding the frame with your right hand by the handle and rotating the return spring towards you with your left hand, remove it from the barrel.
Assembling the pistol after incomplete disassembly do in reverse order.
Place the return spring on the barrel. Taking the frame by the handle in your right hand, with your left hand you must put the return spring onto the barrel with the end in which the outermost coil has a smaller diameter compared to other coils.
Attach the shutter to the frame. Holding the frame by the handle in your right hand and the bolt in your left, insert the free end of the return spring into the bolt channel and move the bolt to the rearmost position so that the muzzle of the barrel passes through the bolt channel and protrudes out. Lower the rear end of the shutter onto the frame so that the longitudinal protrusions of the shutter fit into the grooves of the frame, and, pressing the shutter against the frame, release it. The bolt, under the action of the return spring, vigorously returns to the forward position. Turn on the fuse (raise the flag up).
Insert the magazine into the base of the handle. Holding the pistol in your right hand, use the thumb and index finger of your left hand to insert the magazine into the base of the grip through the lower window of the base of the grip. Press the magazine cover with your thumb so that the latch (the lower end of the mainspring) jumps over the protrusion on the wall of the magazine; there should be a click. Hitting the magazine with the palm of your hand is not allowed.
1.1.4. Delays when firing a pistol and ways to eliminate them
A pistol, when handled correctly, carefully maintained and preserved, is a reliable and trouble-free weapon.
However, during prolonged operation due to wear of parts and mechanisms, and more often due to careless handling and inattentive maintenance, delays in shooting may occur.
To prevent delays when firing a pistol and ensure trouble-free operation of the pistol, you must:
properly prepare the pistol for shooting;
inspect, clean and lubricate the gun in a timely manner and in compliance with all rules; Take special care to ensure that the rubbing parts of the gun are clean and lubricated;
repair the pistol in a timely manner;
inspect cartridges before shooting; Do not use faulty, rusty or dirty cartridges for shooting;
during shooting and when moving, protect the pistol from contamination and impacts;
if the pistol was on for a long time before firing severe frost, then before loading it, vigorously retract the bolt by hand several times and release it, and after each retraction and release of the bolt, release the trigger by pressing the tail of the trigger.
Table
Delays when firing a Makarov pistol and methods
eliminating them
| Delays | Reasons for delays | Ways to eliminate delays |
| 1. Misfire. The bolt is in the forward position, the trigger is pulled, but the shot does not fire | 1. The cartridge primer is faulty. 2. Thickening of the lubricant or contamination of the channel under the firing pin. 3. The handle screw is not fully screwed in (in pistols without a mainspring bolt). | 1.Reload the pistol and continue shooting. 2.Inspect and clean the pistol. 3. Screw in the handle screw until it stops. 4. Send the gun to the workshop |
| 2. Failure to cover the cartridge with the bolt. The shutter stopped before reaching the extreme forward position; the trigger cannot be pulled | 1. Contamination of the chamber, frame grooves and bolt cup. 2. Difficult movement of the ejector due to contamination of the ejector spring or bender | Push the bolt forward with a hand push and continue shooting. Inspect and clean the gun |
| 3. Failure to feed or not advance the cartridge from the magazine into the chamber. The bolt is in the forward position, but there is no cartridge in the chamber; the bolt stopped in the middle position along with the cartridge, without sending it into the chamber | 1. Contamination of the magazine and moving parts of the gun. 2. Curvature of the upper edges of the magazine body | 1. Reload the pistol and continue shooting. Clean the gun and magazine. 2. Replace faulty magazine
|
| 4. Seizing (pinching) of the cartridge case by the bolt. The cartridge case was not thrown out through the window in the bolt and became wedged between the bolt and the breech end of the barrel | 1. Contamination of the moving parts of the gun. 2. Malfunction of the ejector, its spring or reflector | 1. Throw away the stuck cartridge case and continue shooting. 2.If the ejector with a spring or reflector malfunctions, send the gun to a workshop |
| 5. Automatic shooting | 1. Thickening of the lubricant or contamination of parts of the firing mechanism. 2. Wear of the hammer cocking or sear nose. 3. The sear spring is weakened or broken. 4. Touching the shelf of the fuse ledge of the sear tooth | 1. Inspect and clean the gun. 2. Send the gun to the workshop. Same Same |
9mm pistol for silent and flameless shooting(PB) is intended for arming soldiers and officers of special forces units.
Quiet and flameless shooting from a pistol is ensured by gas vents in the barrel, a mesh roll, an expansion chamber and a nozzle.
Rice. PB gun design
1 - frame; 2 - barrel; 3 - latch; 3
- handle; 4 - trigger guard; 5 -
shutter;6 - ejector; 7 -
ejector bend; 8 - ejector spring; 9 - drummer; 10 - fuse for the trigger mechanism, return mechanism; 11 - handle ;
12 - expansion chamber ;
13 - front bushing ;
14 -
rear bushing ;
15 - mesh roll ;
16 - separator; 17 - body nozzle ;
18 - shutter stop; 19 - store; 20 - trigger; 21 - mainspring; 22 - valve; 23 - mainspring; 23 - rod with cocking lever; 24 - sear with spring; 25 trigger ;
26 –
lever arm; 27 - return spring; lower stop with hook; 29 - emphasis with a hook;
Partial disassembly of the pistol is carried out in the following order.
Separate the magazine by pressing the magazine release with your left thumb and removing the magazine from the handle. Turn off the safety (move the flag down), move the bolt to the rear position and make sure that there is no cartridge in the chamber.
Disconnect the nozzles, for which you need to take the gun in left hand, grab the nozzle with your right hand, press the chamber latch back as far as it will go with your right thumb, turn the nozzle counterclockwise (as viewed from the muzzle) and, moving the nozzle forward along the axis of the bore, separate it from the gun.
After removing the nozzle, turn the pistol in your left hand 180° so that the handle latch button is facing the shooter, then separate the handle from the frame, to do this, press the handle latch button with the thumb of your left hand, and remove the handle from the frame guides with your right hand, moving it back parallel to the axis of the bore.
Separate the return mechanism lever by moving the bolt back 10-15 mm and using your right hand to separate the lever from the frame.
Separate the expansion chamber by pulling the front end of the trigger guard down and, skewing it to the right or left, rest it against the frame, then turn the expansion chamber counterclockwise (as viewed from the muzzle) until the thrust protrusion of the expansion chamber disengages with the frame and, moving it forward, remove it from the barrel.
Remove the front bushing from the barrel, moving it forward, remove the mesh roll and the rear bushing from the barrel.
Separate the bolt by pulling it all the way back, and lifting its rear part up, remove the bolt from the frame guides, moving the bolt forward, separate it from the pistol, then put the trigger guard in place.
Remove the return spring from the handle socket.
To disassemble the nozzle, for this purpose, placing the back of the nozzle on the support and holding it in your left hand, press the separator latch with the end of the wipe and at the same time press the body down, then remove the separator from the body.
Reassembling the pistol after partial disassembly
Reassemble the pistol after partial disassembly in the following order.
Assemble the nozzles by inserting the separator into the body so that the limiter fits into the groove of the body. Holding the body in your left hand, press the separator latch with the end of the wipe and at the same time press the separator with the thumb of your left hand so that the separator latch slides into the socket on the body.
Insert the return spring into the handle socket.
Attach the bolt to the frame, first moving the front end of the trigger guard down and to the side, as is done during disassembly.
Place the rear sleeve, the mesh roll and the front sleeve onto the barrel.
Attach the expansion chamber to the frame, then put the trigger guard in place.
Insert the return mechanism lever, having previously moved the bolt 10-15 mm back.
Attach the handle to the frame.
Attach the nozzles by inserting the protrusions of the separator into the grooves of the front bushing. Then push the nozzle back until it stops at the end of the front bushing and turn clockwise (as viewed from the muzzle) until the nozzle is locked in the locked position with the chamber latch.
Attach a store.
Checking the correct assembly of the pistol after partial disassembly is carried out in the following order: move the bolt to the rearmost position and release it. The shutter, having moved slightly forward, should stop at the shutter stop. Click on the shutter delay flag. The bolt, under the action of the return spring, must vigorously return to the forward position, and the trigger must be cocked. At When the safety is turned off, the trigger should be released from the cocking position.
Scout knife NRS-2 is a combined weapon designed to defeat an enemy with both a blade and a silent and flameless firing device. Special SP-4 cartridges are used for shooting.
The sheath can be used together with a knife for cutting wires (with a diameter of up to 5 mm) under voltage up to 400V, as well as for crimping a detonator capsule in the manufacture of incendiary tubes.
The knife consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
1.Blade with file and guard
2. Shooting device
3. Sheath
4. Affiliation
TTX NRS-2
Caliber, mm 7.62
Curb weight, kg 0.57
Initial bullet speed, m/sec 200
Rate of fire rounds per minute 2
Sighting range, m 25
1. Frame with barrel and trigger guard
Trunk- serves to direct the flight of the bullet. The inside of the barrel has a channel with 4 grooves, winding from left to top to right. Rifling - serves to impart rotational movement to the bullet. The spaces between the cuts are called margins. The distance between two opposite fields in diameter is called caliber , it is equal to 9 mm.
From the breech, the bore is smooth and of larger diameter; - it serves to place the cartridge and is called - chamber.
The barrel is connected to the frame with a press fit and secured with a pin.
Frame - serves to connect all parts of the gun. The frame with the base of the handle is one piece.
The base of the handle is used to attach the handle, the mainspring and to house the magazine.
Trigger guard - serves to protect the tail of the trigger from accidentally pressing it. It has a ridge (tide) at the front end to limit the shutter stroke when moving backwards.
- 2. Shutter - serves for:
- a) feeding a cartridge from the magazine into the chamber;
- b) locking the barrel when firing:
- c) holding the cartridge case, removing the cartridge;
- d) cocking the trigger.
Rice. 26.
a - left side; b - bottom view; 1 - front sight; 2 - rear sight; 3- window for ejecting the cartridge case; 4- fuse socket; 5 -- notch; 6 -- channel for placing a barrel with a return spring; 7 -- longitudinal projections to guide the movement of the shutter along the frame; c -- tooth for setting the bolt to the bolt stop; 9 -- groove for reflector; 10 -- groove for the release protrusion of the cocking lever; 11 -- recess for disconnecting the sear from the cocking lever; 12 -- sender: 13 -- protrusion for separating the cocking lever from the sear; 14—a recess for placing the release protrusion of the cocking lever; 15 -- groove for the trigger; 16 -- comb
On the outside the shutter has: front sight for aiming; transverse groove for rear sight; a notch between the front sight and the rear sight to prevent the surface of the bolt from reflecting when aiming; on the right side there is a window for ejecting the cartridge case; ejector groove; on the left side there is a fuse socket.
Serves to break the capsule. It has: in the front part there is a firing pin, in the rear part there is a cut for the fuse, which holds the firing pin in the bolt channel. The striker is made triangular in order to reduce weight and reduce friction surfaces.
Rice. 27
1 - striker; 2 -- cut for fuse
Ejector - serves to hold the cartridge case (cartridge) in the bolt cup until it meets the reflector.
Consists of: - hook, heel for connecting to the bolt;
- - oppression;
- - ejector spring.
Fuse - serves to ensure safe handling of the pistol.
The rear sight together with the front sight serves for aiming. With its base it is inserted into the transverse groove of the shutter.
- 3. Return spring- serves to return the bolt to the forward position after firing. One turn has a smaller diameter. With this coil, the spring is put on the barrel during assembly to ensure that it is securely held on the barrel when disassembling the pistol.
- 4. The trigger mechanism consists of: a trigger, a sear with a spring, a trigger rod with a cocking lever, a trigger, a mainspring with a bolt.
Rice. 31
- 1 -- trigger; 2 - sear with a spring; 3 -- trigger rod with cocking lever;
- 4 -- mainspring; 5 -- trigger; 6 -- mainspring valve
Trigger - serves to strike the striker.
sear - serves to hold the trigger on the combat and safety cock.
The free end of the spring is bent in the form of a hook for connection with the bolt stop. The sear spring presses the nose to the trigger.
Trigger rod with cocking lever - serves to release the hammer from cocking and cocking the hammer when pressing the tail of the trigger.
Trigger - serves for releasing the hammer from combat cocking and cocking the hammer when firing by self-cocking.
Action spring - serves to activate the trigger, cocking lever and trigger rod. It has: a wide feather for operating the trigger; a narrow feather for acting on the cocking lever and trigger rod; in the middle part there is a hole for putting the spring on the boss with a threaded hole in the base of the handle. The lower end of the mainspring is the magazine latch. The mainspring is secured to the base of the handle with a bolt.
- 5. A handle with a screw covers the side windows and the rear wall of the base of the handle and serves to make it easier to hold the pistol in your hand.
- 6. Shutter lag- holds the bolt in the rear position after all the cartridges from the magazine have been used up. It has: in the front part - a protrusion for holding the shutter in the rear position; a knurled button to release the shutter by pressing your hand; in the rear part there is a hole for connecting to the left sear pin; in the upper part there is a reflector for reflecting cartridge cases (cartridges) outward through the window in the bolt.
- 7. Magazine - serves to store 8 rounds.
Rice. 39
1—store building; 2- feeder; 3 -- feeder spring; 4-- magazine cover
It consists of a body, a feeder, a feeder spring and a cover.
Frame The store connects all parts of the store.
Serves for supplying cartridges. It has two bent ends that direct its movement in the magazine body. On one of the bent ends of the feeder on the left side there is a tooth for turning on the bolt delay after all the cartridges from the magazine have been used up.
Rice. 41
1- bent ends; 2 -- tooth
Feeder spring serves to feed upward the feeder with cartridges when firing.
Topic No. 2. Purpose, performance characteristics, design and principle of operation of the 9-mm Makarov pistol (PM).
Question No. 1. Purpose, performance characteristics of the 9-mm Makarov pistol, PM device and principle of operation.
Purpose: The 9mm Makarov pistol is a personal offensive and defensive weapon designed to defeat the enemy at short distances.
TTX 9mm PM:
1. The most effective fire is up to 50 m
2. The destructive power of the bullet is up to 350 m.
3. Combat rate of fire - 30 rpm.
4. The initial speed of the bullet is 315 m/sec.
5. Weight of "PM" without cartridges - 730 g.
6. Cartridge weight - 10 g.
7. The weight of the PM with a loaded magazine is 810 g.
8. Magazine capacity - 8 rounds.
9. Bullet weight - 6.1g.
10. Barrel caliber - 9 mm.
11. Number of grooves - 4.
12. Pistol length - 161 mm.
13. Pistol height - 126.75 mm.
14. Gun width - 31mm.
15. Barrel length - 93 mm.
16. Chuck length - 25 mm.
17. Sleeve length - 18 mm.
PM device and principle of operation.
General device:
1. Frame with barrel and trigger guard.
2. Bolt with ejector, safety and firing pin.
3. Return spring.
4. Shutter stop.
5. Handle with screw.
6. Trigger mechanism:
b) sear with a spring.
c) trigger rod with cocking lever.
d) mainspring with a bolt.
d) trigger.
7. Shop.
Barrel - designed to direct the flight of the bullet. It consists of: 4 rifling, muzzle, breech, chamber, ledge, bevel, post, pin, curved groove.
Frame- for connecting parts and mechanisms of the gun. It has: side windows, a window for the magazine, a window for the mainspring quills, a window for the trigger guard ridge, slots for holding the trigger and sear trunnions, a cutout for the bolt stop, a threaded lug, grooves for directing the movement of the bolt.
Trigger guard - to protect against accidentally pressing the trigger. It has: a ridge (tide), a spring.
Gate- serves to chamber a cartridge, lock the barrel bore, remove the spent cartridge case, and cock the hammer. It has: a sighting device (front and rear sight), side notches, a window for ejecting cartridges, a groove for the trigger, a groove for the ejector, a socket for a fuse, a channel for the firing pin, a comb, a rammer, a cup, a channel for placing a return spring, a tooth for setting shutter on the slide stop, protrusion.
Ejector– for holding and ejecting the cartridge case. It has: a hook, a heel, an oppression, a spring, a ledge.
Fuse– for safe handling of the pistol. It has: a flag, a latch, a ledge with a shelf, an edge, a hook, a protrusion.
Drummer- to strike the capsule. It has: a striker, a cut.
Return spring– serves to bring the shutter to its extreme forward position.
Handle with screw– for the convenience of holding the pistol in your hand. Has: hole, screw, swivel.
Shutter lag– to hold the bolt in the rear position after the end of the cartridges, removing spent cartridges. It has: a button with a notch, a hole, a protrusion, a reflector.
Shop- for placing cartridges. It has: a body, a feeder with a tooth, a spring and a cover.
Parts shock-trigger mechanism:
Trigger– serves to strike the striker. It has: a head with a notch, an annular recess, a recess, a self-cocking tooth, a safety cock, and a combat cock.
sear– to keep the trigger on the combat and safety cock. It has: pins, a stand, a tooth, a protrusion, a nose, a spring.
Trigger rod with cocking lever– serves to release the hammer from cocking and cocking the hammer when pressing the tail of the trigger. They have: a heel, trunnions, a self-cocking protrusion, a release protrusion, and a cutout.
Trigger– for decocking and cocking the hammer when firing by self-cocking. It has: pins, a hole, a tail.
Action spring– for actuating the hammer, cocking lever and trigger rod. It has: a wide feather, a narrow feather, a hole, a latch, and a breaker end.