Ancient inhabitants of the rocky coast. CM. Kochetov. African Great Lakes Cichlids Mangrove Ecosystem
While wandering along the shore, you've probably noticed a bluish slimy film on the water, rocks and docks. Off the coast of the United States, "mermaid hair" is often found - dark, fleecy, felt-like algae that covers rocks and pilings. These blue-green algae are the simplest, most primitive of marine plants. Some algae belonging to this group are not blue or green at all, but orange or reddish in color. The Red Sea is so called because it is home to blue-green algae - Trichodesmium erythraeum. Much smaller in size than its name, this plant blooms periodically; at the same time, huge areas of the sea acquire a yellow, orange, and occasionally red tint.
In temperate and tropical latitudes, in the lower layers of the intertidal zone to a depth of approximately 9 meters, many varieties of green algae can be found. The most common are large, luxurious sea lettuce - Viva lactuca and Viva latissima. It reaches a length of 1.3 meters and grows just below the low tide mark. [Maximum sizes are indicated.] You can also find the herbaceous, tubular Enteromorpha, the lacy, fluffy, sponge-like sea moss Bryopis, the branching Codium, and the strange Penicillus algae called "waterbrush."
Green algae.
To see most varieties of brown algae, you need to have diving equipment or a boat with a clear bottom (the water, of course, must also be clear). The scientific name of this class of algae is Phaeophyceae, meaning “shadow” or “twilight” plants. They grow at depths of about 30 meters near rocky shores at all latitudes - from the tropics to the polar countries. True, they prefer the cold waters of high latitudes.
Brown algae has over 1000 varieties, very different in size and structure. These include tiny, thread-like plants such as Ectocarpus, the 4.5-meter-long Chorda plant, and giant brown algae. The small sea palm (Postelsia) grows near the exposed west coast of the United States, where it must withstand the impacts of powerful surf waves. Masses of brown fucus with their characteristic “berries,” or air bubbles, color large swaths of rocky-bottom tidal zones north of central California and South Carolina.
Giant brown algae include kelp, or “devil's apron” (Laminaria), reaching a length of 4.5-6 meters, a 30-meter sea pumpkin (Pelagophycus) and a 40-meter bubble algae (Nereocystis)1. The largest of all plants and the longest of algae, Macrocystis, is sometimes attached to the bottom at a depth of 80 meters, and its crown touches the surface of the sea. These sea trees form entire underwater forests, and under the dense canopy of their “trunks” with undulating “leaves” (thalli) a myriad of animals find food and shelter.
Rich thickets of brown algae near the Pacific coasts are used to obtain food products, fertilizers and livestock feed. Since time immemorial, these plants have served as food for millions of inhabitants of the densely populated coastal areas of Asia and islands. Pacific Ocean. Currently, residents of the mentioned areas eat about 100 varieties of these algae.
Brown seaweed, as rich in minerals as manure, has long been used - fresh or half-rotted - as fertilizer by farmers in Scotland, Ireland and France. Several factories have been built on the west coast of the United States to process this algae into fertilizer. Not long ago, a world record for milk production was set on a dairy farm where seaweed made up 10 percent of the diet.
With increasing depth, brown and green algae are replaced by red algae ranging from 1 to 130 meters in length. They like dim light, which makes them an important source of food for the inhabitants of the mainland shallows. Distributed throughout the world's oceans, these plants are most often found in temperate climates and the tropics. These are the most beautiful and amazing representatives of marine flora, their colors are bright and bizarre: orange, red, purple, olive, violet and rainbow.
Red algae.
Purple algae Porphyra looks a lot like sea lettuce. This flexible plant is not afraid of the blows of the surf. Aborigines North America, the Indians, ate the algae Porphyra tenera, which is still found in abundance along the American coast from California to the Gulf of Alaska. In the UK, dark red Rhodymenia is readily eaten by large cattle, and sheep even prefer it to grass and go down to the intertidal zone to feast on it. People consume this seaweed raw; they chew it like chewing gum or eaten with fish and butter. In many countries, it is poured with milk and served as a seasoning for stews.
Such shores are best place for photographing the inhabitants of the littoral zones, since they are distinguished by a rich variety of living forms, and, in addition, in this case there are no problems typical for photography on muddy and sandy shores. Best time The best time to visit the rocky shores is in the spring, since then the low shore is open at low tide and the photographer is given a rare opportunity to see and photograph the usually hidden life of the sea.
The most interesting things for a photographer on rocky shores are in the bays. On the rocky shores of these natural aquariums one can usually find a rich variety of living forms. Masses of brown algae, such as Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus, can cover large boulders that are exposed at low tide. These large seaweeds are best photographed in natural light, as flash tends to produce unwanted, intense light glare. The seagrass that becomes available for photography at low tide is best photographed on a bright, sunny day with an almost cloudless sky. To obtain maximum depth of field at slow shutter speeds and small apertures, you can use a tripod. The presence of seaweed often indicates a change in plant associations offshore. Using a wide-angle lens, you can demonstrate how some species replace others as they approach the shore. It would be nice, while showing the continuous cover of plants on the rocks, to give close-ups of their interesting details, for example, air bubbles on certain fuchs.
On most rocky shores you can find large numbers of barnacles "encrusting" the rocks, as well as shellfish such as limpets (Patella spp) and littorina spp (Littorina spp). They can be photographed as a group, as well as close-up alone. Natural lighting is best for photographing organisms that have a shell, as it emphasizes the grooves and overall relief of the shell. To take advantage of sunlight, you need to choose objects located in open areas. If necessary, you can install a tripod. Since some clams prefer shady areas, a flash may be necessary. The shaded sides of boulders or rock outcroppings often provide shelter for fouling animals such as sponges.
Rocky shores are also rich in certain types of crabs. In temperate regions they are quite small, rarely found and need to be looked for in rock crevices or under boulders and large algae. In the tropics the situation is completely different. In Kenya, as soon as night falls, the coral rocks are covered with many striped crabs; in the growing darkness, the rustling of crab legs moving through the rocks can be clearly heard.
During the day, thousands of these crabs can be seen under the cliff ledges. The author obtained several photographs using a zoom lens and flash, and even a number of close-ups at a distance of several centimeters using a 55mm lens.
The article describes aquarium fish of the African continent:
rivers Congo, Nile, Malawia - Nyasa and Tanganyika
(translation)
Western and central part The African continent is occupied by humid equatorial forests. The climate of Equatorial Africa is constant. Day after day it repeats itself: a cloudless morning, during the day cumulus clouds gather, which in the afternoon pour down showers with a thunderstorm, and then the evening dawn, decorated with dark cirrus clouds, comes in all shades - from yellow to crimson. More water falls with rain than evaporates, so there are evergreen forests, many rivers, rivulets and streams, between which swamps, stakes, just pits with water, and puddles are scattered. Here, on the East African plateau, the mighty Nile River originates, and the deep-flowing Congo draws its strength from numerous tributaries.
In oxygenated, but cool for warm climate and river water poor in organic matter, the flora and fauna are predominantly poor. This is explained by the fact that there is a rocky bottom, an insufficient number of food organisms and a strong current. In order not to lose each other at least during reproduction, the male of the small Cneria (loaches) is forced to attach itself to the female with special suction cups that have formed on his gill covers. The inner surface of the suction cup is textured and helps the fish hold on more tightly. If it were not for this, the stormy stream would instantly scatter the milk and caviar in different directions and the caviar would remain unfertilized.
A little lower the current slows down, numerous tributaries increase the river. The waters of swampy tributaries are brown in color. Water hardness does not exceed 1-2 degrees. The bottom is covered with a thick layer of silt and half-rotten leaves. Such rivers are called “black”. The water in them is sometimes so acidic that fish and plants avoid it, and only after a flood on the silt a short time green shoots appear.
There are also “white” rivers. They occur in areas with clay soil, wash particles out of it and become dull yellow, reddish or whitish-gray. The water hardness in them is from 0 to 3-4 degrees. Due to pollution, such rivers are also sparsely populated.
In the middle reaches of the river there are many protozoa, copepods, insects, as well as fish, amphibians, waterfowl and animals. The vegetation on the swampy banks approaches the water itself, the bent branches of trees hanging over the water. Among the fish, good swimmers predominate. These are representatives of the characin and cichlid families. There are a lot of barbs in the rivers. Catfish live at the bottom. Under the flooded tree trunks, schools of flat knifefish stand with their heads facing the current, and African glass catfish swim like ghosts.
Lives on the sandy reaches of the Congo Tetraodon miurus. This ball fish burrows into the ground right up to its eyes. Yellow-brown skin with dark spots is invisible against the background of the bottom. The body is angular, slightly inflated.
Striped fish fahaks distributed in Africa large territory- from the sources of the Nile to the Gulf of Guinea. They live in fresh and sea water. They form a large number of subspecies and local forms. Fahaki from Lake Rudolph are up to 6 cm long, while usually fish of this species are up to 40 cm long.
The bulk of the plants are hornwort, vallisneria, water fern, and elodea. Riccia, pistia and duckweed float on the surface.
Continuous fields are formed along the swampy banks and in river deltas nymphs. There are many types of them. They are also widespread in Eurasia, Africa and America. In our country, one of the types of nymphs is called white water lilies. Dozens of colored varieties of nymphs have been bred for breeding in decorative ponds. The flowers are yellow, pinkish, light red, blue or slightly violet in color. The variegated nymph is common and popular in aquariums. Its thin, wavy-edged underwater leaves change color from green to green-violet depending on the light. Gently red or brownish-purple spots are scattered throughout the plate. The underside of the leaves is pink-violet. The leaves of the red nymphea are red in color. Tropical water lily flowers open at midnight. Unlike our water lily, aquarium nymphs do not have a thick creeping rhizome, but form a tuber. They reproduce by lateral shoots.
In the shady forests of Africa, fern bushes grow in ponds Bolbitis. The delicate, as if carved, dark green leaves of this fern extend from a creeping rhizome. The roots do not penetrate the soil, but over time they can become attached to the surface of underwater objects. The plant grows up to 30 cm. In an aquarium, it reproduces by dividing the rhizome.
Often found in aquariums anubias- small marsh plants with dense glossy leaves of ovoid and oval shape. The yellow inflorescence of Anubias is shrouded in a white stripe. Anubias grow along the water's edge. Their leaves remain in the air, and their roots are immersed in soft soil. Anubias grow slowly underwater.
Clouds of mosquitoes fly over the water, and their larvae live in the water; they are collected by the wide mouth of fish - butterflies. With fast, strong vibrations of the elongated rays of the caudal fin, they accelerate, jump out of the water and, spreading their huge pectoral fins, fly out two to three meters in pursuit of insects. Prey is also knocked down by splashes of water generated during fish jumps.
Near the bottom between plant stems and float neolebias- fish of the characinoid suborder. They are 3.5 cm long. The back is olive-brown, the male’s sides are brownish-red, and closer to the abdomen they are yellowish. A dark stripe runs along the body, bounded at the top by a golden line. There is a dark speck at the base of the caudal fin. The anal fin is red with a narrow dark border. The caudal and rectangular high dorsal fin are cream. Neolebias females are less brightly colored. The small adipose fin behind the dorsal, characteristic of most characin fish, is absent in neolebias. Their mouth is small, located at the end of their head, so they need to choose food that is small in size. The temperature in the aquarium should be 20...24 C. They reproduce in the same way as South American characin fish.
Elongated, variegated, carnivorous phagos- also representatives of characin fish. In thickets of plants they hunt tadpoles and fry. At night, the fagoes are replaced by numerous ctenopomas - African labyrinth fish.
In addition to labyrinths, a number of perciformes are widely represented in African reservoirs by cichlids or cichlids. They are similar to labyrinths, but their body is a little more massive.
Cichlids Avoid strong currents and swamps. Many species are found in brackish waters of coastal reservoirs and in river mouths.
In terms of behavior, cichlid fish are territorial. Each male, and occasionally a female, occupies a certain area among dense thickets near a bush or a gap between stones; they obtain food at the bottom. Fish longer than 5-6 cm hunt for fry. Largest African cichlids - tilapia They dig up and eat aquatic plants.
In an aquarium, it is better to keep cichlids in not very fresh, but not old water. 1/5-1/4 of the water is replaced every two weeks with settled tap water. Pots, driftwood, and stone holes are placed at the bottom of the aquarium. Plants are placed so that thickets subsequently form. In fights for caches, a leader is determined - the owner of the largest plot. The fish are fed with a variety of live food and herbal supplements. Fish often and willingly dig into the ground. Therefore, only good filters can ensure clean water.
In the forest lakes of southern Nigeria they live Cichlids are parrots. The body of these fish is elongated. The male is yellowish brown with a blue or purple tint. There is a black stripe along the body and diamond-shaped caudal fin. On the side, near the anal fin, there is a purple spot. The long dorsal fin is dark gray with a silver or golden upper edge, in some fish with spots. The lower part of the caudal fin is gray, the upper part is pink, sometimes with several spots. The ventral and anal fins are blue. The body length of males is up to 9 cm. The body of the female is taller and fuller. The abdomen is fuller, rounded, purple. The golden stripe on the dorsal fin is wider, with one or two dark spots in the rear. The gill covers are purple and shiny. Body length is up to 7 cm. In all cichlids, depending on the condition of the fish, living conditions, time of day, the presence of a leader or a person of the opposite sex, the color changes. Frightened or resting parrots become discolored.
It is better to keep parrots in a flock in an aquarium with a volume of at least 40-60 liters. The water temperature should be 22...24 C, hardness up to 10 degrees. To breed parrots, the water is partially softened and heated to 26... 28 degrees C. It is better to place a couple of fish in a separate aquarium with a flower pot. A hole is made in the bottom or side of the pot into which adult fish can swim. Under natural conditions, before breeding, fish dig a hole under a stone or snag. Aquarium fish carefully inspect and clean the pot. Such a ritual is simply necessary for a couple. At this time, their readiness for spawning is finally formed, and the last changes in the body are completed. Jointly clearing the sand-filled hole in the pot will strengthen the relationship between the male and female.
After spawning, 120 reddish eggs remain inside the pot. All cichlids worry about their offspring. Parrots fan the eggs with their fins and peck the bacteria-infected eggs. After three days, larvae appear and hang on the walls of the pot. After five days, they become fry, swim, feed on ground food - ciliates, brine shrimp larvae, “live dust”. Producers continue to inspect their fry for a long time. During the day, small parrots swim near adult fish and eat small live food. If a family swims from place to place, then all the kids stay in a group behind the adult fish so that they can see it from a certain angle, that is, the larger the fish, the further the fry stay from it. If necessary, adult fish grind food for the fry, crush worms, larvae, and insects. The fry themselves determine how long the care should last by releasing odorous substances into the water. Sensing this smell, the parent parrots rush at the uninvited guests and do not swim far from their offspring.
They show no less care for their offspring and are common in Equatorial Africa. handsome chromis. It is better to keep adult fish in pairs: in a common aquarium, they start deadly fights with fish of their own species and others. Beautiful chromis in natural conditions are 10 cm long, in aquariums - half as long. Fish 7 cm long can reproduce.
Despite their excessive aggressiveness, many hobbyists keep these fish due to their very beautiful coloring. Their body is crimson-red. There are greenish-blue shining dots on the fins. On the gill cover, in the middle of the body and near the caudal fin there is a black mark surrounded by blue highlights. In females, the front of the body is more golden.
Adult cichlids communicate with fry using fin movements and various body poses. This is especially noticeable in the brightly colored beautiful chromis. So the fry gather under the female in a depression dug at the bottom, when she quickly jerks her dorsal fin, now lowering it, now opening it. The blue glare of light disappears and flares up again. The fry that did not notice the female's signal are picked up by the father. Inspecting every nook and cranny of its territory, the fish looks for the babies and takes them into its spacious mouth. At the same time, the fry's swim bladder reflexively contracts, they become heavier than the water and lie motionless in the mouth. They lie just as motionless in the nest.
And yet, no matter how much cichlids worry about their offspring, they eat part of it after the end of the nursing period. This is simply necessary in nature to preserve the species. Hunting your own young is the only way to survive in a closed body of water, and is not unique to cichlids. After all, fry eat microscopic animal and plant foods that adult fish cannot eat.
Gunther's Pelmatochromis found in water bodies from Ghana to Cameroon. Males are 20 cm long (about 10 in captivity). Females are smaller. The body of the fish is high, the head is large. The color of the male is grayish-brown. Three dark stripes stretch from the gill cover to the caudal fin. Gill covers with a blue metallic sheen. The pectoral fins are also blue, the other fins are gray. The dorsal fin has a bright red border, the caudal fin has bright blue lines. The color of the female is brighter. Brownish body, large bright red spot on the abdomen. The gill covers are yellow with a blue tint. The pectoral fins are reddish-blue, the rest are gray, the caudal fins are slightly blue. The upper third of the dorsal fin is golden, with expressive black dots scattered along the fin.
Gunter's pelmatochromis are aggressive towards other fish, especially during spawning. They can be kept with peace-loving large cichlids and barbs. Water should be the same as for all fish equatorial Africa: softened, not very fresh.
In preparation for spawning, fish clean a flat stone with their thick lips and lay 150-200 yellowish-gray eggs on it. After fertilization, both the male and female take the eggs into their mouths. The skin on the lower jaw stretches to form a transparent sac. Through the skin you can see how the fish constantly mixes the eggs, providing access to oxygen, and cleanses microorganisms from their shell. If only one parent incubates the eggs, the other should be removed from the spawning area because the fish is trying to take the eggs for itself. When bearing eggs together during feeding, Günter's pelmatochromis transfer eggs to each other. At a temperature of 26...28C, fry emerge from the eggs after three days. The parents can no longer hold them in their mouths, and the fry disperse in search of food. Adult fish help them find insect larvae and worms in the soil, chew them and spit them out to the fry. After another 3-4 days, it is recommended to send the parents away. Young people are starting to feed themselves.
Comparing the amount of eggs in different species of fish, you can see that the less they care about their offspring, the more eggs they lay. Ctenopomas, for example, also belong to the labyrinthine family, but do not build nests. The eggs, supported by a large drop of fat, float on the surface with the current and are scattered by wind and waves. The eggs die when exposed to unfavorable conditions and are eaten by birds, amphibians and insects. Fish release tens of thousands of eggs during one spawning. And this is far from the limit. Many species of marine fish that live in the open ocean lay tens of millions of eggs. Only a few fish survive to adulthood, the rest die various reasons. In fish that take care of their offspring, the amount of eggs is much smaller.
When parents or one of them carries eggs in the mouth, they practically do not die. All the larvae emerge from it. So, Gunther's pelmatochromis have 150-200 eggs, and chromis have 80.
Branched river system Over time, it forms numerous bays, oxbow lakes, and parts of the riverbed cut off from the river. Old reservoirs begin to silt, become overgrown and turn into swamps. Each body of water has its own characteristic composition of living creatures that are best adapted to life in it. Thus, elephant fish live in the rivers of Africa, especially its equatorial part. They are well adapted to this. Elephant fish have a proboscis on the lower jaw. The mouth opens at the end of the proboscis. Using their proboscis, they extract food from soft silt, which sometimes settles in pits in a several-meter layer. Fish swim in complete darkness, so their eyes are small, they see poorly, and they sense surrounding objects using dowsing. Two hundred times per second, a special group of muscles on the fish's caudal peduncle produces a weak electrical impulse. An electric field is created around the fish. An object that happens to be nearby bends the field lines, and the fish feel this.
Electric catfish emits powerful electrical impulses that suppress small fish, frogs, and other small aquatic animals. Thus, the catfish, moving relatively little, obtains food for itself.Among the catfish there are many interesting in structure and way of life. For example, catfish from the hairy mustache family have outgrowths and membranes on their whiskers. Like most catfish, they are nocturnal and rest during the day. Fish of two species of this family sleep during the day at the surface of the water with their belly up, so that it is more convenient to swallow air with their lower mouth. So that birds do not notice them on the surface, the belly of the catfish is black, and the back is light and spotted. Also turning over on their backs, they swim and collect insects from the surface.
Flocks of thousands live in closed reservoirs, rivers, swamps and pits with rainwater. African carpopodontoid fish: Epiplatisov, Afiosemionov, Rolotheus. The main food of carpopodontoids is insects flying over water, mosquito larvae and pupae, and small crustaceans. Small fish themselves often become the only prey for cichlids and catfish in closed reservoirs.
The fish most often found in aquariums are the great genus Afiosemion. Their body is cylindrical, slightly compressed laterally. The dorsal fin is moved back. The color of males combines almost all colors of the spectrum. Geographical variation in the color of the species is often observed.
Afiosemion southern the same sizes. Lives in the coastal swamps of Congo and Gabon. The color of the male is brownish-red, very dark, especially at night and during spawning. The scales behind the head are light blue with a green tint and shiny. Large red spots are scattered throughout the body. Along the elongated reddish-brown dorsal and anal fins there is a cherry stripe with greenish-blue borders on the dorsal and white on the anal fins. The caudal fin is lyre-shaped, with white or pale orange stripes below and above. The tips of the caudal and sometimes anal fins end in white braids. In some reservoirs, fish have a blue pattern on their tails.
Afiosemion females are inconspicuously colored, brownish and olive in color. Reddish or brownish small dots are scattered throughout the body and round transparent fins.
Area Afiosemion bistriate occupies a large area. It lives in stagnant bodies of water in forests and savannas. The male is up to 6 cm long. The body is brownish-gray or reddish-brown. Numerous spots on the crescent-shaped scales merge into a red mesh. On the sides of the body, the scales have rows of small green dots with a metallic sheen. In fish from southwestern Nigeria, these points are bronze. Two parallel black stripes stretch along the body, one stripe passes through the eye in the middle, the other slightly lower. The stripes are more pronounced in fish from the western part of the range and almost disappear in fish from the eastern part of the range. The stripes may turn pale or black depending on conditions: during spawning, male fights, or fright. Unpaired fins The two-striped Afiosemion is very long, especially the dorsal - orange with rows of black dots. The upper part of the dorsal fin is red-orange in fish from Nigeria or lemon yellow in Cameroon fish. There are black and blue lines along the edge of the dorsal fin. The anal fin is orange or light green at the base with a red stripe at the bottom. The shape of the caudal fin varies from round (Nigeria, Cameroon) to lyre-shaped with very long outer rays. The upper part of the caudal fin is pale orange, the lower part is bright orange, the middle is covered with red spots or streaks. The pectoral fins are orange or yellow in fish from southwestern Nigeria and colorless in fish from the Niger Delta. Females of the two-striped Afiosemion are brownish, with a white belly and two longitudinal stripes on the body.
The content of afiosemions is simple. They do well in a low aquarium with a large surface area and lots of floating plants. It is necessary to create thickets for fish from small-leaved plants where females and young males will hide. The coloring of the fish will benefit more from dim lighting and a dark background.
The water in the aquarium should be old, peaty and, if possible, soft. African carpopodonts do not tolerate water blowing well. The water temperature should not be higher than 21...23C. The warmer the water, the faster these fish develop, age and die. Too much warm water in natural reservoirs, it tells them that the reservoir is gradually drying up and they need to leave offspring as soon as possible.
Afiosemions in natural conditions live in large flocks. The strongest male leads the pack. He is the first to swim to food and has an advantage during spawning. If there is little substrate on which the fish lay their eggs, then the leader considers himself the only owner of it and fertilizes the eggs of all females. At this time, other males swim to the side and start fights among themselves. Establishing calm, the leader from time to time disperses the fighters. If a young male defeats him, then the old one hides in the plants. He won’t eat for several days, will turn pale, and then stick to the pack like an ordinary member.
According to the method of spawning, Afiosemions are divided into two groups: those that attach eggs to plants (southern and two-banded), and those that bury eggs in the soil (Gularis, Afiosemion filamentosum, Gardner, blue). Some species, Afiosemion Alya, for example, during high water spawn on plants, and in drying up reservoirs into the soil. For fish of the first group, you need a spawning area of 10-15 liters with old water from a general aquarium, throw several small-leaved plants there. For spawning, a pair is placed or, if the male is very active, then two females and males. In this case, the male is replaced every 10-12 days. Spawning lasts several weeks, sometimes fish lay several eggs daily throughout their lives. With age, the number of eggs in females increases.
The substrate with glued eggs is transferred into flat vessels, where there is a layer of water of 3-4 cm, the vessels are covered with glass. The eggs are yellowish or brownish, in some species with noticeable dark spots or meshwork. If the eggs die or are damaged by microorganisms, 2-3 drops of methylene blue per 1 liter of water must be added to the spawning tank. At a temperature of 22...24 C, larvae emerge from the eggs after 12-18 days. If the larvae cannot break the strong shell of the eggs, then you need to add fresh water to the water, carefully shake the vessel or pour a pinch of dry food or a few sugar crystals into the spawning area. Bacteria will immediately appear in the water and rupture the shell of the caviar. From the first hours of life, small aphiosemions feed. The larvae begin to be fed with ciliates and “live dust”. The larvae grow quickly and reach a length of 3-4 cm in a month and a half, and after another month and a half they become sexually mature.
In the spawning ground for aphiosemions, which lay eggs in the soil, the bottom is covered with a layer of boiled peat 2-3 cm thick. The fish bury the eggs with sharp blows of the tail. After spawning, the water must be drained down to the peat. The spawning ground is kept closed in semi-darkness at a temperature of 18...24 C. After 15-20 days, the peat from the spawning ground is carefully filtered through a sieve, laid out on newspaper to remove excess moisture, and placed in plastic or flat glass jars. In this state, caviar can be stored for 4 to 9 months. At this time, the development of the embryo stops. Under natural conditions, developmental delay - diapause - occurs at a time when at times the reservoir begins to dry up. After the reservoir dries out, the caviar is stored in wet silt. After rains or floods, soft water again fills all the depressions. The eggs come to life, development continues, but after a while it stops again. The embryo is already noticeable in the egg. Diapause occurs again due to a lack of oxygen, which is absorbed in large quantities by rotting residues. The duration of the second period of calm is 6-8 months. The development of embryos continues only after appropriate conditions are restored in the reservoir and green plants appear. Then, with the first heavy rain, the larvae appear from the eggs within 30-40 minutes. In captivity, the development of Afiosemion eggs is stimulated by infusion of soft water at a temperature of 18C to a level of 7-10 cm.
Nothobranchius Rakhova transported from the vicinity of the port of Beira (Mozambique). The glassy-red body of 5-7 cm males is covered with blue spots on the scales. The dorsal fin is blue-green, the anal fin is blue. The pattern consists of wide brown or black lines and streaks. The caudal fin has a complex pattern of black, green and orange stripes. Along the edge of the transparent pectoral fins there is a wide blue ribbon. The female is smaller, gray-brown.
After Nothobranchius spawning, 50-60 small eggs remain, protected by a durable shell. From July to November, their cattle will trample along the roads, people will walk on them, the ground will become hard as stone and crack from the heat. But with the onset of rains, a new generation of nothobranchius will appear in the water.
Tangled in the thick fur of animals, stuck on the paws of birds and amphibians, Nothobranchius eggs spread tens of kilometers from their pond. Sometimes birds even carry them into tree hollows where there is rainwater.
Africans tolerate drought differently lungfish protoptera. Their thick body appears naked because the scales are deeply hidden under a layer of mucus. The paired fins lost their rays and turned into some kind of elongated streams. With the onset of the dry period, the fish burrow into the soft mud at the bottom, curl up and cover themselves with a cocoon of mucus. Protopters breathe atmospheric air through a small hole in the cocoon. A day or two passes, and at the site of the headquarters there remains only a depression, covered with viscous silt and thick grasses. The protopter hibernates. At this time, local residents dig them out with a shovel, looking for fish along small mounds with a conical hole at the top. The protopter can be transported and shipped in a cocoon. Once in the water, the cocoon gets wet, and an exhausted fish emerges from it. Wrinkles, bedsores, and imprints of their fins are noticeable on the body. Gradually the protopter begins to move. After a long sleep, a number of metabolic products are released into the water through the gills, because for many weeks and months the protopter lived, breathed, and received energy from its own fat reserves. Protopters are collected by local residents for their tasty meat.
Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa are among the deepest lakes in the world. The greatest depth of Tanganyika is 1435 m, and Nyasi is 706 m.
Unique living conditions have preserved the animal world for tens of millions of years, which is found only here and nowhere else. Such living organisms are called endemics. More than 242 species of fish live in Lake Nyasa, of which 222 are endemic, in Tanganyika there are 190 species, 173 are endemic.
The lakes lie close to the equator. Therefore, on the surface, the water temperature ranges from 23 C to 28 degrees C. As in most lakes, there is no strong current and no mixing of warm water with cold. At the border of water there is a border between life and hydrogen sulfide suffocation. Hydrogen sulfide bacteria are the only living creatures in the deep-sea part of the great lakes. They exist due to dead organic matter. Hydrogen sulfide bacteria do not need oxygen.
The main sources of water that feed the lakes are precipitation (1/3 of the annual inflow) and the many large and small rivers that flow into them (2/3 of the annual inflow). In total for the year this amounts to 72 km3 for Nyasa and 65 km3 for Tanganyika. Less than 1/20 of this amount of water flows from Nyasa to Shireya in the Zambezi and Lukugoya from Tanganyika to the Congo. The remaining water evaporates. Consequently, the salt content here is quite significant for fresh water - 0.5-0.8 g/l. The active reaction of water is slightly alkaline.
Life in lakes is unevenly distributed. The most populated coastline in these lakes, which is very indented near Nyasa, in many places stone cliffs reach the water and drop 5-15 m deep. Everywhere their owners - bright cichlids - peek out from burrows, caves and depressions. Africans call Lake Nyasa Malawi, so the fish of Nyasa are usually called Malawian.
Melanochromis auratus 11 cm long. Body elongated, cylindrical. The adult male is brown and black with two pale blue stripes along the upper body. Almost all fins are black. The long dorsal and edge of the caudal fin are yellow, and the edges of the anal and ventral fins are blue and opaque. The female is smaller, golden yellow with two black longitudinal stripes. The third stripe is on the dorsal fin. The anal and ventral fins are blue.
Pseudotropheus zebra also 11 cm in length, but its body is much taller. There are several color variations of these fish, so it can be difficult to determine the species. Of course, zebras are blue with dark transverse stripes. Sometimes there are no stripes, and the body color is very light, milky blue. There are fish that are completely white or have a reddish-pink tint. Females sometimes have blackish, brown and orange spots on a blue or white body background.
Pindani 12 cm long. The oblong body and fins are light blue. There are a dozen narrow dark stripes running across the sides. The anterior rays of the pectoral fins are milky white. In some places along the coast, Pindans have a black stripe on their dorsal fin. This black stripe runs along the lower edge of the anal fin, decorated with ten to twelve yellow releasers. The female is very similar in color to the male, there are even releasers, albeit pale ones.
Pseudotropheus Lombardo 10 cm long have clearly defined sexual dimorphism (difference between male and female). The male is orange, sometimes with several transverse dark brown stripes. The female is blue with black and blue transverse stripes on the body.
In melanochromis Johanna females are yellow-orange, and males are dark blue, almost black, with two shiny blue stripes along the body. As with all cichlids, the tips of the male's pelvic, dorsal and anal fins are longer and sharper than those of the females.
Their appearance has several dozen color options. We have described a small part of fish of two closely related genera - Pseudotropheus and Melanochromos. In the aquarium, these genera are represented by twenty species. Many of them are very similar in color. Thus, the male Melanochromis Johanna can court the orange male Pseudotropheus Lombardo, who reminds him of his female.
Unspecified species of Malawians are given a temporary designation. For example, pseudotropheus M7 means that it is the seventh Malawian (M) pseudotropheus of undetermined species. From time to time, scientists conduct revisions of the genus and give the fish scientific name. Thus, petrotilapia, or mbuna kumwa, which in the local language means “the one that attacks on the rock,” was introduced under the name Pseudotropheus M7. The fish got its name from its jaws, which are surrounded by thick lips and studded with sharp teeth, with which it clears algae from stones. Deprived of plant food, petrotilapia stops reproducing and growing, gets sick and dies. Petrotilapia can be up to 20 cm long. The mouth is wide. Males are bluish-blue with orange-scarlet streaks on their fins. Females are smaller in size, brownish-yellow, with dark transverse stripes on the body. The color of the fish is inexpressive and variable. There are also golden-colored specimens.
Long-bodied labeotropheus the usual one is 12 cm long. It is distinguished by a large overhanging upper lip, for which it is sometimes called an ax fish. There are several color options for fish. Males and females are often blue with subtle transverse stripes. The dorsal fin is red-brown to orange in color. About half of the females are born with an orange-yellow body covered in red, black and blue spots. Very attractive coloring orange females with a pink-red spot on each side scale.
Small (6-10 cm long) fish of the genus labidochromis have a blue color of all shades. The male blue labidochromis is whitish blue or light cobalt. A wide stripe on the dorsal fin, black spots in the anal and ventral fins. All fins have milky white stripes on the front. Females are gray-blue. Due to their lively movements, brilliant coloring and small size, labidochromis are also called hummingbird cichlids.
In Freiberg's labidochromis the male is light blue with wide transverse violet-blue stripes. Head and fins with a purple tint. The pelvic fins are black with a milky-white first ray; the anal fin has a black spot. The female is smaller, gray-blue, without a distinct pattern.
Like most other fish, Malawians choose a certain depth range for their lives, beyond which they try not to go. As light decreases, algae disappear, so deep sea fish feed mainly on mollusks and other invertebrates. The colors are also lost in the twilight, first red, then orange, yellow, green. The last to disappear are blue and blue colors. This is exactly how deep-sea haplochromis are colored - blue with a metallic sheen.
Play a major role in the life of reservoirs sandy beaches. Wave after wave rolls onto the clean wet sand. Here water seeps between grains of sand. Along the surf strip, organic and mineral water-insoluble substances are retained by a layer of sand and decomposed by billions of invisible bacteria, amoebas, and ciliates. Beaches are natural filters for lakes. In addition, rich food supplies are collected on the sandy shores, especially where the river flows into the lake. Rivers bring a lot of dead organic matter, which settles in a layer at the bottom. About a quarter of the river bottom area is occupied by thickets of vallisneria, hornwort, elodea, and sometimes nymphs. Reeds and papyrus enter the water from the banks. In sandy biotopes, there are hundreds of mosquito larvae and crustaceans per 1 m2, a thousand shellfish (in plant thickets) and up to 10 thousand small mollusks (on clean sand). Flocks of herons and flamingos willingly visit the shallow waters, filtering the water in search of food. Bird excrement becomes food for microorganisms and supports the rapid growth of green algae, especially during the dry period of the year, when small cave islands and spits dissect shallow waters into separate reservoirs.
There are 16 species of cichlids found here. Fish in shallow water, where there is no shelter, live in large schools and have an inconspicuous, inconspicuous color. Of these, aquarists are only interested in Livingston's haplochromis, dolphins and queens of Nyasa, which live on the border between sandy and rocky biotopes.
Males Haplochromis Livingston blue - blue. The body and head are large, the lips are thick. The lower part of the body is brownish, the sides of the head have a blue-green sheen. The anal, dorsal and pelvic fins have a white border. The female is light, with brown spots on the body and fins. The fish are 20 cm long.
The genus Haplochromis also includes the so-called dolphin fish. The fish got its name from the steep forehead of the male, whose fat pad increases with each spawning. Males are blue with a greenish tint on the sides. There are four to seven dark blue stripes running across the body. Females are paler, with two very pale black spots on the side and reddish dots on the caudal peduncle. Body length is 12-15 cm. Haplochromis constantly dig in the ground in search of food.
In schools, along with other, mostly blue inhabitants of the sandy and rocky bottom, the queen fish of Nyasa is found. In its color combination, blue and reddish colors are destroyed. Males are 13 cm long, blue, with a metallic sheen, the ventral fins and tails behind the gill covers are orange-yellow or reddish. There are 8-10 transverse dark stripes on the body. The sides, and especially the back and head, are covered with blue dots. The dorsal and anal fins are blue with a white border, the caudal fin is reddish with blue veins. Females are brownish-bronze, the transverse stripes are darker.
Adult fish occupy a permanent hiding place and feeding area and do not allow anyone into their possessions. Bright color signals the strength and intentions of the owner. Malawian cichlids of rocky biotopes never move away from their place of birth and form family groups. Constant crossings between individuals of similar blood and sedentary behavior cause the appearance and consolidation of new characteristics. So, if on the island of Likoma the males of Melanochromis Johanna have two blue stripes on a black background, then in fish living on the Makanjili coast these stripes have turned into rows of blue spots.
Many inhabitants of rocky shores form interspecific flocks and colony settlements. This is especially typical for pseudotrepheus and melanochromis, which are similar in body shape, size and color. Interspecific schools are another confirmation that these types of formations appeared here, in Nyasa, from a certain common ancestor and relatively recently, because the fish have not lost their common characteristics.
Consequently, it is better to keep Malawians in captivity in a community aquarium. To reduce the number of fights between males within their areas, you should avoid keeping fish of the same color, especially if they differ in size. It is better to select one male of each species for three or four females. Interestingly, the aggressive attitude of males towards females decreases in a community aquarium. During the pursuit, the female escapes to a neighboring area, the owner of which does not pay attention to her, but the male is never allowed to enter his territory.
The general aquarium should be spacious - no less than 80-100 liters. When kept in pairs, smaller aquariums can be used. Total The size of fish for an aquarium is determined by the rule: for 1 cm of body length of the fish there should be 2-3 liters of water.
Multi-storey caves are made from limestone - sandstone, turtle stone, quartzite - in the aquarium. The stones must be held tightly so that the fish cannot throw them off. You can glue them with silicone.
Often, to lighten the load on the bottom, flower pots are placed, caves are made from pieces of opaque plastic or scraps of plastic pipes glued together. The aquarist himself must determine what is important to him - the attractive appearance or practicality of the aquarium. When creating artificial shelters, you must remember that they must have no sharp edges and must have two exits. Plastic in an aquarium should not release any substances into the water. The best soil is coarse gravel. Crushed stones that have sharp edges can damage the lips and belly of fish. It is better to take dark gravel: fish look brighter against its background. The lighting, like in the lake, should be strong. Lamps are installed at the rate of 1 W per 1 liter of water. The lamps are placed evenly because Malawians are afraid of their shadows at the bottom. From bright light, spots quickly appear on the surface of stones. filamentous algae, the fish willingly clean them off.
Malawian cichlids are very demanding about the purity of water and its saturation with oxygen. Water hardness is about 18 degrees; pH 7.5-8. To speed up the biological purification of water, plants are planted in the aquarium: Vallisneria, Schisandra, Hygrophila, Echinodorus. They are placed in pots, and the roots are covered with stones, protecting them from being pulled out by fish. The bright green leaves of the Thai fern look very beautiful against the background of stones. Cichlids often eat small-leaved soft plants, but it is these plants that quickly purify the water. Therefore, elodea, nayas, duckweed, etc. You can place it either in the part of a spacious external filter that is free from the filter element, or in a 5 cm wide chamber fenced off with glass from one of the walls of the aquarium. It is advisable to place an air spray here and connect the chamber to most of the aquarium with holes at the top and bottom. This will be a real biofilter. Every week, 1/4 of the volume of water in the aquarium must be replaced with fresh, settled tap water, and the filters are washed regularly.
The food of Malawian cichlids should be varied and nutritious. From time to time, give the fish small amounts of lean beef, heart or liver. Fish develop well if they are regularly fed sea fish fillets, shellfish meat, and shrimp.
With proper feeding and clean water In an aquarium, fish grow quickly and become sexually mature at 9-12 months.
Before spawning, the males become animated and start fights in the upper layers of the water. Spawning is paired and takes place in a common aquarium. On a clean area of the bottom free of stones, the female lays several large yellowish-orange eggs and immediately hides them in her mouth.
The eggs are fertilized by the milt of the male, whose anal fin has orange releasers. Females do not have releasers or they are weakly expressed. Spawning lasts about an hour. During this time, the female lays 30-80, sometimes a little more or less eggs.
The development of eggs and larvae of Malawian cichlids takes place in the female's mouth in about three weeks. To prevent the female from being disturbed by other inhabitants, she must be placed in an aquarium with a capacity of 40-60 liters. with caves and the same water as in a general aquarium. The lighting should be calm, not very bright. The water temperature is 1...2 C higher than in a general aquarium. Too warm water (29...З0С) is unsuitable because it speeds up the metabolism in the female’s body and she becomes exhausted, becomes nervous, and is frightened by the slightest sounds and movements. There must be enough oxygen in the water. A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the water can cause the female to eat the eggs, weakening and injuring the fry. It is better to transfer the female to plastic bag with water so that it does not get into the air. If the female remains in a community tank, she should not be touched by other fish. You need to feed other inhabitants in such a way that it does not bother her. Some fish, such as pseudotropheus, even eat a little every day with caviar in their mouth. Since eggs develop in favorable conditions, almost all of their eggs hatch into larvae, which never happens in fish that do not care about their offspring. But sometimes it happens that a fish eats its eggs. This happens when the female behaves very aggressively or when she is being pursued by a pugnacious male in a community aquarium. A hungry female should not see food or put foreign objects in her mouth.
When fading maternal instincts, you need to incubate artificially yourself. The eggs are taken from the female only after the resting stage has passed, otherwise the development of the embryos will stop. At a temperature of 26 degrees C this happens on the third day. For an incubator, take a vessel with a capacity of 300-150 ml with a smooth inner surface, wash it with hot salt water and rinse. Having filled it halfway with water from the aquarium, the female is released. The female’s body is wrapped in a soft, clean cloth without removing it from the water. After carefully opening the female's mouth with a spoon, she is turned upside down and immersed several times in the water of the incubator. Then the female is lowered into the net to calm her down and removed. Until the female calms down, you should not rush to transplant her into a common aquarium.
Fertilized eggs of Malawian cichlids are oblong, opaque, and evenly colored light brown. At its sharp end there is a barely noticeable transparent drop of liquid. Add 3 drops of a 1% solution of methylene blue per liter of water to the incubator water for disinfection. In the incubator, the eggs should lie on a plastic or glass mesh, over which a sprayer is placed and a very weak stream is applied. Once a day, the water is completely replaced with water from the layer. Every 5-8 hours, the eggs are examined and eggs affected by bacteria or fungi are removed using a pipette with a melted end. Dead eggs have spots, dents, and unusual coloring. After catching dead eggs, the water is replaced. Neglecting these rules can lead to the death of all eggs. The larvae are born large and pinkish. They are similar in color to females. For the first two to three weeks, the fry eat cyclops, brine shrimp, and small daphnia. If the eggs were carried by a female, she will look after the offspring for a few more weeks, but it is better to lay them after the fry begin to feed on their own. For the proper development of artificially incubated fry, it is necessary to avoid a sharp pressure difference between the incubator (water level should be 5-8 cm) and the aquarium (water level 30-40 cm). The water level in the nursery aquarium should be low (10-20 cm) for two weeks. If this rule is violated, the swim bladder of the fry does not develop normally, the fry swim upside down and stagger. Under the influence of different water composition and other unfavorable conditions, a violation of the 1:1 proportion of males and females is often observed, and uncharacteristic colors appear. With proper feeding, regular replacement of part of the water, and a sufficient volume of the aquarium, the fry grow quickly and at four months are 4-5 cm long. At this time, they must be fed with plant foods. Then the color of the fish changes. For example, the blue striped Pseudotropheus Lombardo turns into an orange male. Most Malawians gradually degenerate through inbreeding. Therefore, it is necessary to frequently replace males. Occurs quite often interspecific hybrids with an unusual color.
The landscapes of Tanganyika are similar to those of Malawi. The same rocks, sandy beaches, scatterings of stones. The water is a little softer - 11 degrees hardness. The waters of Tanganyika are inhabited by two species of herring, five species of glass perch, 11 species of proboscis fish, catfish, barbs and characins. The remaining inhabitants are cichlids. Similar conditions in two East African lakes led to the formation of a group of fish with similar body structure, behavior and lifestyle. Many brightly colored fish species have been discovered recently due to increased study of the ichthyofauna of lakes and the export of fish. From 1963 to 1978 quantity known species cichlids increased from 126 to 160.
The most common fish in aquariums are rocky and rocky biotopes - Julidochromis and lamprologus. In a medium-sized aquarium, it is better to keep julidochromis, which are similar to auratus fry. Masked, mother-of-pearl julidochromisphus and julidochromis ornatus (golden parrot) live at a depth of 4-5 m, hiding among heaps of stones. Their color is similar: three black longitudinal stripes on a yellow body. In the masked julidochromis, the stripes are connected in some places. To correctly identify the species, you need to pay attention to the pattern on the caudal fin. In the golden parrot, the lower stripe forms a black spot on the tail. The egg-yellow fin is bordered by a light and then a dark stripe. The masked julidochromis also has black spots at the base of the fin, but there are two dark stripes that are located along the perimeter. There is also a dark spot at the back of the anal fin. In pearlescent julidochromis, the dark border of the caudal fin is very indistinct, but there are blue luminous dots on the caudal and dorsal fins. The anterior part of the ventral fins, the upper edge of the dorsal fin, top part the eyes are also blue. The length of the fish is 6-8 cm.
Numerous burrows in the rocks at a depth of 20-25 m will be occupied by reticulated and ordinary julidochromis. The common julidochromis (julidochromis Regen) has a body 12 cm long. Four black-brown stripes run along it. The caudal fin is crossed by four to five transverse sinuous black stripes.
The conditions for keeping Tangani fish are the same as those for Malawian fish. Only they replace water in small portions (1/20 part twice a week). Replacing a large volume of water with fresh water can cause adult males to become aggressive even towards fry. Julidochromis fry live in schools. They play with each other, eat together, and swim. Fish of their species are treated peacefully. The fight ends with one of the fish turning over with its tail down near the surface, and they stop pestering it. By eight to ten months, the fish become sexually mature, and one after another, pairs emerge from the school. It is impossible to distinguish a female from a male by color; males are only slightly smaller and thinner. The couple must definitely stand out from the pack. Forced pair formation in most cases ends in the death of the female. Pairs are formed permanently. The opposite can be called Malawian cichlids, the males of which form entire harems.
Fish are stimulated to spawn by adding fresh water. While laying eggs, the female swims in front of the male, turning sideways to him, and the male hits the female’s back with his head and begins to knock the eggs out of her. Then the female quickly turns over with her belly up and glues the eggs to the ceiling of the cave or ceramic flower pot. There are few eggs, 50-60, for a normal one julidochromis sometimes 300. Spawning takes place at night or early in the morning. Parental care is shown by the male and female. The male, guarding the laid eggs, attacks all living things, reacts nervously to loud sounds and movement near the aquarium. At a temperature of 25...26 degrees, the larvae appear on the 11th-12th day. After 5-7 days, their yolk sac resolves, and they begin to eat cyclops, brine shrimp, rotifers, and then small daphnia, coretra, and bloodworms. After three to four weeks, adult fish are ready to spawn again. Yulidochromis live in an aquarium for 10 - 12 years, retaining the ability to reproduce up to 4 - 5 years.
Genus lamprologus represented by forty species in Tanganyika and four in Congo. Fish sizes range from 3.5 to 30 cm. Fish live from coastal shallows to hundred-meter
depths, some of them eat insect larvae and shellfish, others are vegetarians. Some eat small fish.
The most common species in aquariums are orange lamprologus and the fragile fish, the Princess of Burundi. Orange lamprologus reach 12 cm in length, their body is elongated, slightly compressed laterally, their fins are lemon or orange. Sometimes gray-brown specimens are found. The only spot of a different color on the body is a blackish eye. Males are larger than females and more brightly colored. The behavior of the fish is the same as in julidochromis. Orange lamprologus also form permanent pairs. It should be remembered that the extremely aggressive attitude of the male towards the female and other fish of his species occurs in fresh water. The orange lamprologus opens its mouth so that it kills its opponent in a few attacks with its teeth. Fights can be prevented by keeping fish in old water and having fish in a common aquarium. various types.
Spawns in pairs, in caves. Females of the orange lamprologus lay 150 eggs, which develop in two days at a temperature of 26 degrees. After 7-8 days, the fry begin to feed on rotifers and Cyclops larvae on their own.
Black Sea, rocky shore: right from the water's edge, dense thickets of brown algae Cystoseira begin. The branches of its huge bushes - up to one and a half meters in height - stretch to the surface with special bags filled with air. Cystoseira beardaCystoseira barbata- the main coastal macrophyte algae in the Black Sea, a landscape-forming species. Epiphyte algae grow on its branches, fouling animals settle in - sponges, hydroids, bryozoans, mollusks, sessile polychaete worms; Small snails and crustaceans feed on the dying cells of its bark; fish hide and build nests among its branches; they camouflage themselves with its color. marble crab and crab invisible Macropodia longirostris, and numerous coastal fish of the Black Sea, and the Tricolia snail - everyone who lives in this underwater jungle, stretching along the rocky bottom of the Black Sea from the surface of the water near the shore to a depth of 10-15 meters.
Greenfinches over the Cystoseira forest
The male greenfinch, having fertilized the clutch, protects it - drives away other fish from the entrance, ventilates the nest by flapping its pectoral fins. Such paternal care for offspring is a property of most local fish - Dogfish and bullfish behave the same way, whose clutches can be found under stones and large empty shells.
Greenfinches feed by gnawing the crusts of fouling animals - mollusks, worms, sea acorns - from algae branches and the surface of stones. To do this, their fangs move forward, and their mouth turns into hard tweezers for cleaning underwater rocks - with their help, they pull out crabs and shrimp hidden in the cracks, crumble mollusk shells and worm tubes. Greenfinches live to the very bottom of the rocky ground - 25-40m.
Graceful palemona shrimp live in the crowns of Cystoseira Palaemon elegans, small snails - tricolia, bittiums - and many other species of animals crawl along the branches, feeding on dying bark cells and periphyton on the branches of the host algae. There are also small predators here - for example, polychaete worm neftis Nephthys hombergii. The crown of each large algae is a whole world, a community adapted to life together animals, epiphytic macroalgae and masses of microscopic organisms: these are bacteria, unicellular periphyton algae (mainly diatoms), amoebas and ciliates; small crustaceans - sea goats and other amphipods; isopods - sea cockroaches idotei Idothea sp., harpacticides, larvae of balanus and others.
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Sometimes you can find amazing fish on cystoseira bushes - seahorses. Their caudal fin is transformed into a tenacious tail, with which they wrap around the leaves of sea grass or branches of algae, and for movement they use the quickly fluttering dorsal fin, so the skates swim very slowly and stand vertically in the water. Black Sea seahorses beautifully courting females - this happens in still cool spring water - two males, fluttering their dorsal fins, slowly swim around the female, weaving and unraveling their tails, pressing their cheeks, pushing off and flying apart, again approaching and colliding... Fascinating mating dance seahorses can last a week. The males show the female their overgrown brood pouches, and she chooses who has the best one. She will eventually lay eggs in the pouch of one of the contenders - and the male, having fertilized it, will carry it until the tiny skates hatch. The same thing happens with relatives of seahorses - pipefish: in both of them, the males become pregnant! |
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Tireless divers who know how to carefully observe can be rewarded with a meeting with an unusually beautiful fish - probably the brightest in the Black Sea - the red troper. Female troopers are the color of algae, but the males, guarding their territory on the sides of large underwater boulders, are red as arterial blood! These fish prefer to live on vertical rock walls overgrown with algae, along which they run on “paws” (each of “three feathers” - separated rays of the pectoral fins). |
male guarding his territory |
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Here you can find large stone crabs Eriphia verrucosa- however, there are not many of them near the shore - they are caught by souvenir makers and vacationers. Each stone crab has a favorite shelter and its own territory around it, which it protects from its neighbors. Although, like other crabs, the stone crab is also primarily a scavenger in terms of its feeding method, it is so strong and agile that from time to time it manages to grab a careless fish, or crumble the shell of a living mollusk - even the almost invulnerable rapanaRapana venosa (up to 5 cm in size). Its shell is strong, covered in thorns and sharp hairs. The eyes, like the crab's entire body, are covered with cuticle - and even sharp hairs stick out from its eyes. At any depth here they lie, camouflaged among algae, variously colored scorpionfish; wriggling, swimming from stone to stone, the ubiquitous common blennies. |
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Schools of mullet swiftly sweeping at shallow depths, above the very crowns of algae - these are large fish with silvery scales. During seasonal migrations along the coasts of the Caucasus and Crimea (in the spring - for feeding in the estuaries, Azov, river mouths, in the fall - for wintering near the Caucasian, Crimean, Anatolian coasts) they move in huge masses - hundreds of fish in one school. That is why in April-May and October we most often see dolphins off the coast - they chase schools of mullet. Several species of mullet live in the Black Sea, but we most often encounter them near the shore mullet singil Lisa aurata- not the largest - up to 30 cm - this species of fish is easily identified by the orange spot on the “cheek” - the gill cover. Mullet is an excellent swimmer, but it finds food at the bottom - it simply eats silt and even sand, raking up the soil lower jaw like a shovel. What is edible will be digested and absorbed, and everything else will pass through the fish and again end up at the bottom. Fish that eat this way are called ground eaters, or detritivores. Since an unlimited amount of detritus is formed in the Black Sea, the food supply for mullet is inexhaustible. All types of mullet are able to live in both sea and fresh water (euryhaline fish), which gives them a huge advantage - young mullet live in river mouths and in shallow water near the shore, where they are not threatened by sea predatory fish- bluefish, horse mackerel, garfish; they feed in estuaries and estuaries rich in nutritious silt, where differences in salinity are very large; and mullet winters at a depth of more than 50m under the steep shores of the Black Sea - in the most stable conditions. |
 Mullet singil Lisa aurata Other species of mullet in the Black Sea: becoming scarce sharp-nosed Mugil saliens; larger mullet mullet Mugil cephalus, widely distributed in coastal areas around the world. The large Far Eastern mullet, introduced by Soviet ichthyologists to the Black Sea in the 1980s, reproduces very successfully in the Black Sea estuaries and Azov. pilengas Mugil sojui. In recent years, the sawfish in the Black Sea has been the main target of shore fishing - especially during its spring migration.
Spring progress of the Pilengas near the beach of the All-Russian Children's Center Orlyonok, depth 1-2m. A dark mass of hundreds of 30-50 centimeter fish can be seen from the shore. |
Flora and Fauna of underwater rocks of the Black Sea - 40 meters down
As a child, I often went to visit my grandparents in the Krasnodar region, and I myself lived with my parents in one of the cities not far from the northern capital. For me, these “business trips” were a joy, three whole months on the street with friends, sun, heat, watermelons for 10 kopecks per kilogram. And after the vile climate of the north-west of our Motherland, this can generally be called paradise. Many years have passed since then, and now I live with my girlfriend in the same city. In the summer of 2010, a girl told me that our climate is bad, we should relax somewhere in the south - let’s go to Egypt or Turkey, she said. And then it dawned on me - why go to Turkey when I have relatives living in our south? That's what they decided on. And a couple of weeks later, she and I were already drinking tea in a carriage knocking on the rails. Next, a village with a population of 70 thousand inhabitants, 500 kilometers from the Black Sea, awaited us. After staying with my grandmother for two days, we were sent to the sea by bus. To be honest, this part of the journey was much less pleasant: an almost ten-hour bus ride, in the heat, without air conditioning - just a mockery.
We arrived at a Soviet-style pioneer camp, located east of the village of Novomikhailovsky. It was apparently built a long time ago, but the management carefully looked after it. The old houses, although they were built from crooked, dried boards, were completely painted quite recently. In general, the camp was quite neat, well-groomed and did not at all create a feeling of abandonment and decline. A few words about how we got here: in the village where my grandparents lived, there was only one machine-building plant, and my grandfather’s friend was one of its managers. Through him, my girlfriend and I were given a week-long trip to this camp practically free of charge. In fact, we were sent on vacation as factory workers.
The camp itself was located at a fairly high altitude relative to the sea, from the edge of the cliff there was a beautiful view of the sea, and at night it was simply impossible to imagine a more romantic place: a perfectly smooth lunar path appeared on the surface of the water, and it seemed as if you could walk along it. But the descent to the shore was a real hell for the well-fed (which, thank God, neither I nor my girlfriend are): a huge, long staircase passing through the thickets of trees growing on the mountainside. Just before the beach (about ten meters before the end) the stairs appeared from the thicket of trees and from the beach you could see who was walking along it. Sometimes parents stood in this place and made sure that their children did not swim too far. It took 15 minutes to climb all the way up the stairs. However, with all this, literally every five meters above the stairs there was a lantern, which made night walks along it very romantic. In general, the young couple had everything they needed to have a great holiday. The beach itself was located a couple of kilometers from the resort village - if my memory serves me correctly, it is called Novomikhailovsky - but at the same time this very beach is located between two ledges, and as a result it feels like there is no civilization at all around for many kilometers. My girlfriend and I really liked this solitude.
In this camp I met my old friend, Zhenya. He himself seemed to be from Krasnoyarsk and also came to visit his grandmother in that same village in the Krasnodar Territory for the summer. In general, as children, we spent every summer with him. I stayed in his house, and my girlfriend went to our house. While I was chatting with Zhenya, what seemed to me at the time to be the most amusing idea suddenly occurred to me: to scare my girlfriend. Having laughed, Zhenya and I developed a plan: on the last night before leaving, my girlfriend and I were going to take a walk along the beach at night, at that very moment Zhenya in a black mask from “Scream” was supposed to come out of the thickets and start chasing us. We also agreed that, while running away, I would lead the girl to a dead end in the rocks, and at that moment Zhenek would take off his mask, and we would all laugh together.
The next night, as planned, my girlfriend and I went for a walk to the beach. The weather was simply amazing: calm, the surface of the water was like glass with a moonlit path, the silence was broken only by the gentle rocking of the water. We walk along the shore, pebbles rattling under our feet. Slowly we began to approach the thickets, and I already began to chuckle to myself. Suddenly Zhenek emerges from the thickets - I must admit, he managed to come out spectacularly; I was afraid that, crawling out of the bushes, he would make a noise and come back, ruining the prank from the very beginning. But he did not disappoint: he walked out of the thicket with even, straight steps, pebbles crunching under his feet. I felt my girlfriend’s nails grab my hand, so hard that I almost screamed. We froze for a second, and then Zhenek suddenly walked sharply in our direction (at that time there were fifteen meters between us). At that same second, the girl screamed and ran in the opposite direction (we were walking towards the stairs), dragging me along with her. We ran very fast, my flip-flops even flew off my feet, and the girl kept dragging me along with her. I turned back and saw Zhenya following us - he walked with a fast, confident step, and in the moonlight he looked very scary: somewhere he found something like a black robe, long, all the way to the ground, and there was a hood on his head. I chuckled to myself and abruptly pulled my girlfriend towards the very dead end we had agreed on. In fact, we ran away very close - from here the stairs with lanterns were perfectly visible. Having run into a dead end, I dragged the girl with me into a corner that was hidden from the moonlight, we pressed our backs against the cold stone and froze. I covered the girl’s mouth with my hand and gestured: “Shhh!” I myself was already bursting with laughter; I was ready to neigh like a horse at any moment. But the girl was shaking so much that I thought the stone behind us was going to shake. Suddenly, very close by, we heard the crunch of pebbles under our feet. The steps were approaching, still at the same confident pace. Zhenek appeared in front of the stones, he stopped abruptly and seemed to be peering into the darkness. The girl grabbed me with her nails again. Zhenek began to move towards us, but with slower steps. After taking a few steps, he stopped again and began to turn his head.
And then for some reason I stopped bursting with laughter, the fun inside was replaced by confusion, and a slight chill ran down my back: I heard Zhenya, turning his head from side to side, sniffing. Yes, he sniffed, as if a dog was looking for a scent. All sorts of thoughts flashed through my head, and my body began to tremble. Still not believing in the reality of what was happening, I became numb and could not move. And then my brain gave me a chilling thought: Zhenya’s “Scream” mask, although black, was made of glossy plastic, which in the moonlight, even under the hood, would have reflected the moonlight at least once. And the one standing in front of us had complete blackness under his hood. Now realizing that it was not Zhenya standing seven meters in front of me, I realized that I needed to act. I turned and looked at the girl, she closed her eyes, trembled, but did not make a sound. With my bare feet I carefully felt the pebbles, afraid to make any sound. I managed to place one of the stones on my foot. What stood in front of us continued to turn its head and sniff, but did not move. Terror gripped my whole body, but I understood that we could not stand here all night and not make a sound. And suddenly one of the lights on the stairs blinked. I began to peer and realized that the lantern was not blinking at all, just someone passing by blocked its light. And then I broke out in a cold sweat. In the distance I saw Zhenya, who was carrying a mask in his hand. I was ready to scream in fear, but, thank God, I controlled myself and the next second I swung my leg and threw the stone forward. The stone rang loudly, and at that same second, what was standing in front of us soared (I can’t dare to call it a jump) a couple of meters into the air and fell where the stone hit. The girl screamed, I, without wasting a second, grabbed her with all my might and rushed towards the stairs. The girl kept screaming, the echo echoed along the beach, and in my ears I heard only the wild pounding of my heart and the rumble of pebbles behind us. This creature realized that it had been deceived, and now it rushed after us in a completely different way than before: it ran, covering two or three meters in one step. I squeezed everything I could out of myself, and now we were running up the iron stairs...
When we got to our house, the girl was already just sobbing and hysterical. I rushed to calm her down and said that it was a joke, that our pursuer was my friend Zhenya, with whom I agreed to scare her. I must admit that I didn’t think that she could hit me like that, but a second later I was already sitting on the floor, and my vision was blurry from a heavy blow to the jaw. The girl fell into bed, still sobbing, but after a while the sobbing stopped and she fell asleep. I lay there and looked at the ceiling. I still couldn't believe it all. And why do Zhenya and I...
Zhenya! I completely forgot about him, but he stayed somewhere there with this creature. I wanted to run back, but I couldn’t. Fear did not allow me to get out of bed. I remained lying in bed and looking at the ceiling. After some time, fatigue took its toll and I fell asleep.
The next day we packed our things and prepared to leave. The girl didn’t talk to me, and getting ready was sad. And I was still tormented by a feeling of fear. When we were stuffing things into the luggage compartments, I ran into Zhenya, who also didn’t want to talk to me at first, and then said that he, as promised, went downstairs, climbed into the bushes, but then he wanted to relieve himself, and he came in deeper into the bushes. Then the girl’s wild scream echoed along the beach, and then he heard stomping on the stairs. When he crawled out of the bushes, there was no one on the beach. He decided that we scared him on purpose. As a result, Zhenek was offended, the girl did not speak to me for two more days, and for some time I could not sleep at night and was shaking with horror.