Floristic regions of the globe, their characteristics. Flora and vegetation. The main elements of the flora of Russia. Floristic regions of the globe, their characteristics Characteristics of the flora in the form of a table

1. Lack of annuals (except for some weeds - wood lice), perennials dominate

2. Of the flowering plants, small shrubs dominate:

a) evergreens: by the time the snow melts, their system of assimilation organs is ready (lingonberries, partridge grass);

b) summer green: by the time the snow melts, they have a system of branches, although without leaves (dwarf birch, willow).

3. Xeromorphosis of leaves: leathery, flat or narrow heather-type due to physiological dryness, lack of water and nitrogen.

4. There are almost no plants with tubers, bulbs, or rhizomes (geophytes). If there are, they are located shallowly and on non-freezing slopes of river valleys.

5. Plant shapes:

a) trellis - stretch along the surface of the soil, raising leaves upward (polar willow, reticulate);

b) cushion plants (grass, saxifrage);

c) many species have dwarf forms, which under normal conditions reach large sizes (downy willow -20 cm).

6. Plant roots are concentrated in the surface horizons, which is associated with low soil temperatures and constant soil movement.

7. High frost resistance. Flowering spoon grass can withstand –46 0 C, while physiological stress occurs at -50 0 C.

8. Treelessness, since there is a gap between the evaporation of water and its entry into the roots of trees in winter and spring (evaporation is stronger on plants not covered with snow, and there is almost no water entry).

9. The flowering periods of different plant species are closer together, since they have a short growing season (almost species bloom immediately).

10. The flowers are bright, with shallow nectaries, an open corolla, often pollinated by dipterans, bumblebees (legumes). Flowers do not last long: cloudberries last 2 days, since there is little chance of pollination by insects (winds, frosts).

11. Vegetative propagation dominates; flowers are less commonly pollinated by wind and insects.

12. The longevity of tundra plants allows them to “wait” for a favorable season for generative reproduction. Arctic willow lives 200 years, wild rosemary 100 years, dwarf birch 80 years.

13. Carotinization of leaves (yellowish tint), since it is necessary to reflect excess ultraviolet radiation.

The layer of life that unites all underground and aboveground tiers in the community in the tundra is very narrow - up to 1 m.

Animal adaptations (features of fauna)

1. There are sharp differences in the composition of the summer and winter populations. In winter, lemmings, some voles, reindeer, and tundra partridge remain in the tundra. In summer, the impact of animals is less concentrated and less noticeable than in winter.

2. In some northern birds big sizes masonry than related species further south. More intensive growth of the chick was also noted (long daylight hours and the possibility of feeding). In summer there are geese, ducks, geese, swans, ptarmigan, and passerines.

3. The predominant insects are dipterans: mosquitoes, midges, etc. Insects and other invertebrates inhabit the litter and the upper peat horizon of the soil.

4. Bergman's rule: when moving from the poles to the equator, the sizes of warm-blooded animals decrease, and cold-blooded animals increase. With increasing size, the volume increases faster (and heat production) than the surface of the body. In addition, sexual maturity occurs later than in the south, so animals begin to reproduce after reaching larger sizes than their southern relatives.

5. Allen's rule: when moving from the poles to the equator, related species experience an increase in protruding body parts (ears and tails). This is due to a decrease in heat transfer through the capillaries in the ears of northern species.

6. There are few granivorous birds, since seed-producing plants are unproductive. Food for birds and mammals is green plant matter, bark and leaves of shrubs, berries, lichens (moss moss). Their growth is slow, so deer leave pastures for a long time, making migrations.

7. Migrations: seasonal (geese), feeding across the zone (deer, lemmings, snowy owls).

8. Well-developed fur and feathers, as well as subcutaneous fat in birds and mammals.

9. The role of lemmings in processing green mass is great, and their passages occupy up to 20% of the tundra area. The increase in their numbers repeats itself after 3-4 years. One lemming eats 50 kg of phytomass per year.

10. There are no reptiles or reptiles in the tundra.

11. Seaside adaptations:

– nesting of fish-eating birds on rocks inaccessible to predators ( bird markets);

– life of pinnipeds on ice floes near ice holes;

– a year-round active lifestyle of the polar bear in the coastal zone or in ocean ice.

Tundra ecosystems are dominated by phytophages: lemmings, waterfowl, deer, hares, musk oxen, which serve as food for zoophages (owls, arctic foxes). Invertebrates living in dying organic matter also play a certain role. In general, these are fragile ecosystems with few food connections.

2. Subzones of the tundra. Along the thermal gradient from north to south, there is a gradual change in the composition and structure of tundra biomes. To the south, the role of shrubs first increases, and then, when moving to the forest zone, trees. There are several subzones of the tundra zonobiome.

Polar desert. Polar deserts are an undeveloped zonobiome with an initial stage of overgrowing of polygonal soils. When they become overgrown, lichens appear first (in the Far North), and individual representatives of herbs appear further south. Diagnostic sign of the subzone – absence of mosses. There are no communities either, since their structure has not developed. There are no sedentary animals, there are no blood-sucking insects, but along the rocky shores of the ocean there are bird markets.

Subzone of spotted (arctic) tundra. The diagnostic sign of the subzone is lack of closure of vegetation (forbs and moss) cover. In the north, its projective coverage is 40%, and to the south it already reaches 95%. There are no shrubs yet and almost no sphagnum mosses. Formation of spotted tundra happens as follows. During frost heaving, mounds with lenses of ice inside are formed. Snow corrosion seems to cut off the turf from such a hillock, and the loamy gley soil is exposed. A non-overgrown stain is formed. It can increase when soils float up and pour out onto the turf.

Flora. The basis of the vegetation is made up of lichens and green mosses, with which various herbs are associated (partridge grass, polar poppy, saxifrage). Sedges and grasses (Alpine foxtail, Alpine pike) play a significant role. To the south, polar willow, stoneweed, cloudberry, lingonberry, and wild rosemary appear. All this adds up to colorful plant associations. In closed depressions there are marshy cotton grass and sedge tundras, along the outskirts of which peat mounds are common - this is a manifestation of thermokarst. Swampy tundras may have hollow structure.

Hollows are zoogenic. Lemmings make passages in the grass stands, gnawing the grass. With the constant growth of their incisors, lemmings are forced to constantly chew something in order to wear them down. If the slope of the area is weak, the hay chewed by lemmings is carried down and piled up in windrows across the slope. Gradually, the hay semi-decomposes and peat hollows form. Lemming burrows sometimes serve as the initial stage of frost crack formation, which sometimes forms a polygonal structure.

The Arctic tundra is low-tiered; usually the vertical structure is limited to grass-forb (or cotton grass-sedge) and moss layers. The layer of life is sometimes compressed to 20-30 cm, so the tundra is easily visible to the horizon. Her background is not green, rather khaki. This is the result of carotinization of pigments caused by an excess of UV radiation. Against this dull background, very bright flowers stand out in summer, attracting pollinating insects.

Fauna. Tundra partridges with white plumage are visible from afar. Since lemmings and partridges form the basis of the diet small predators, there are also white polar owls, whose diet also includes snow bunting sparrows and Arctic fox cubs. The more lemmings, the more owls and arctic foxes. There are usually no large animals. Occasionally there are reindeer, and along sea ​​coast There are polar bears connected in the food chain with fish and pinnipeds. Many birds live here on the coast: seagulls, guillemots, etc. They all feed on fish and nest near the ocean, often forming bird colonies.

For 3-5 weeks, the Arctic tundra, in a phenological sense, lives very intensively, but everything quickly gives way to peace when cold weather sets in. Already in August frosts and snowfalls begin, and then the short autumn turns into a long winter with polar night.

Subzone of typical (subarctic) tundra.

Flora. These are shrub tundras (in Europe from the Kola Peninsula to the Lena River). A layer of shrubs is formed above the moss and grass-forb layers. Birch trees also appear: dwarf, splayed, Middendorf, willows: creeping, Lapland, wild rosemary, in some places (Priberingian tundra) - cedar and alder dwarf trees, many shrubs: lingonberries, cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries. Shrub tundras are usually located in the interior of the continent, where winds are weaker, precipitation amounts are higher and average summer temperatures reach 10 0 C. Permafrost thaws up to 150 cm. The further south, the warmer and role is more important shrubs in plant communities. Sometimes shrub layer It can be continuous, the roots densely penetrate the moss cover, as if binding it, and in some places real turf is formed. Characteristic in communities and mushrooms, moreover, their attachment is preserved and the boletus grows precisely under shrubby birches, and sometimes above them if the birch is creeping. Appear in abundance sphagnum mosses, which were not in the previous subzone. Sometimes, especially in gravelly places, the moss layer is replaced by lichen (Yamal, Gydan, Alaskan, Labrador tundras). Grass stand becomes richer, sorrel, sorrel, valerian appear, and in the meadow areas - buttercups, cinquefoil, sedge, and meadow grasses.

Fauna typical tundra also changes. Seaside birds are disappearing polar bear, there are more lemmings (there are several species, vicarious with each other: Norwegian, Ob, ungulate, etc.), polar owls, arctic fox, appears in summer wolf. In Canada they are associated with shrub tundras musk ox and musk ox. The musk ox has now been introduced into the Taimyr tundra. There are many reindeer, although the only wild herd remains only in Taimyr. It roams from the Putorana Mountains to Severnaya Zemlya. Also characteristic of the subzone ermine and weasel. Very dense population waterfowl: geese, small swans, geese, plovers, waders - all associated with fresh waters. Usually they spend only the summer in the tundra, and in the fall they fly to southern latitudes. With an abundance of phytophagous birds, there are also many predators: peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, etc. Freshwater birds are distinguished by their species and numerical richness fish, which are often exported: salmon, char, omul, grayling, navaga, whitefish, whitefish. And, conversely, the world of invertebrates is poor in a systematic sense, but the world of invertebrates is abundant: worms, arthropods, butterflies.

Only lemmings, arctic foxes and snowy owls winter in the tundra; other species migrate or fly south for the winter. Some (ptarmigan, reindeer, weasel, ermine) are equally characteristic of both the tundra and the taiga zone.

Maximum Impact The following species have an impact on the vegetation cover.

a) lemmings, each of which eats or gnaws up to 50 kg of phytomass per year. When the lemming population is too large, the animals begin migrating in a huge stream of tens of millions of individuals. Along the trajectory of such migration, the vegetation is fairly poisoned.

b) reindeer have less impact on vegetation, and there are relatively few of them left (in the 60s, 70 individuals per 100 km 2). Since the deer feeds on reindeer moss (cladonia lichen), which grows slowly, the moss moss quickly becomes depleted, and the deer are forced to wander. Since deer bite young shoots of trees, the forest penetrates from the taiga to the north more slowly than it could, and in some places it is already retreating to the south. In general, borealization of the tundra is observed.

c) waterfowl also influence the grass stand, especially geese, which pretty much eat vegetation near lakes.

Forest-tundra subzone (zonoecotone). Forest-tundra is sometimes called a zonoecotone, and sometimes a subzone. It starts where trees overlook the platform and watersheds. There are two types of vegetation here - tundra and forest. The transition from one to another is gradual. First, individual trees appear on the platform, low, crooked, with a flag-shaped crown. To the south they merge into island communities, and even further south a blurred, mosaic, but already continuous border of coniferous forest appears. Sometimes an economic boundary of the forest is also drawn, south of which commercial logging is possible. The forest-tundra subzone is not continuous. Where the tundra comes into contact with the mountains of the taiga zone, there is a sharp transition from flat tundra to mountain taiga ( NE Siberia, Alaska).

Transition The nature of forest-tundra is manifested in the fact that the sparse tree layer is simply superimposed on the tundra layer. Even further south, where independent taiga communities are already forming, tundra species have long been present in the lower tiers (in Karelia, spruce forests with tiers of dwarf birch). The forest-tundra is warmer than the tundra: the average July temperature is up to 12 0 C, there is more precipitation (up to 450 mm per year), and the permafrost thaws deeper. The increase in heat to the south determines the entire character of the forest-tundra biota. Forest communities with open forests occupy 30% of the area in the middle of the subzone, the tundra complex 10%, and 60% of the area is occupied by azonal swamps and meadows. Given this ratio, it is difficult to call the forest-tundra an independent zonobiome.

Flora and fauna has its own characteristics. In the forest-tundra, multi-layered communities are already evident, the composition of tree species is enriched: in addition to birches and willows, the biocenoses include spruce, larch, alder, cedar, etc. The tree layer is always sparse, but the shrub layer is clearly expressed and includes many species. Among the animal population there are more taiga species: brown bear, wolverine, weasel. There are fewer Arctic foxes, polar owls, and waterfowl, and oceanic birds and animals are finally disappearing. The role of the vile is increasing.

4. Tundra orobiomes. Orobiomes are mountain biomes. Approximately 25% of the area of ​​the tundra zone (together with forest-tundra) is occupied by mountains. The altitudinal spectrum of the mountains in the tundra zone is extremely primitive. The waist column begins at the bottom either with lowland tundra and then on the slopes it turns into mountain tundra, and in the upper tiers in loaches(initial stage of overgrowing of loose wood); either from the forest-tundra or from the northern taiga, and then the mountain tundras along the upper tiers of the ridges extend far to the south of the border of the tundra zone (along the Urals, the mountains of NE Siberia, the Far East and Alaska). Mountain tundras also occur far from the boundaries of the zone as an isolation belt in the Rocky Mountains of Alaska, in the mountains of Siberia and the Urals.

Since loaches cannot be considered a mature biome, consider the only orobiome of this zone - mountain tundra. Mountain tundra communities are composed mainly of typical tundra species. Vegetation succession leads to step by step overgrowth of clastic material of the mountains.

1. Crumbose lichens with rare participation of vascular plants: fescue, partridge grass.

2. Foliose and fruticose lichens.

3. Shrubs and mosses: green mosses, wild rosemary, blueberries.

4. Shrubs, with dwarf birches and willows and grass-moss mountain tundras (sedges, rush grasses).

These successions resemble lowland tundra ones. In other mountainous areas, only the composition of the grass and shrub layers changes: instead of dwarf birch, other species appear, dwarf cedar, etc. Similar successions are probably observed in the southern analogues of the mountain tundras of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, but are represented by other edificators.

Biomass. In tundras and forest-tundras, biomass increases quite sharply from north to south, from subzone to subzone. The average values ​​of biomass are as follows: in the arctic tundra the phytomass is 5 t/ha (70-75% roots), in the shrub (subarctic) tundra - 25 t/ha, in the forest tundra - 40-45 t/ha (22% roots). The increase is very low: in the tundra per year, minus litter, the increase is 0.05-0.1 t/ha, in the forest-tundra - up to 0.3 t/ha. In the Canadian tundra, the rates are higher due to the less continental climate. Even for the grass-shrub-moss tundra, the zoomass is only 0.012 t/ha.

Introduction

Environmental education of schoolchildren, the formation of a responsible attitude towards nature and rational use its wealth is the most important problem of our time. One of the forms environmental education may become school sites where students acquire the basics of environmental knowledge and carry out systematic research work on topical issues ecology and biology. This work is dedicated to the significant date of our school, it is 25 years old. The purpose of our work is to determine the current state of the flora on the territory of the secondary school site with. Aikino, Ust-Vymsky district, Komi Republic. To achieve this goal, specific tasks have been identified:

To most fully identify and define species composition flora on the school site.

Conduct a taxonomic, systematic, geographical and ecological-biomorphological analysis of vascular plants growing on the school site.

Estimate current state flora on the school site and offer recommendations for its further landscaping and for long-term monitoring.

The scientific significance of our work lies in the fact that on its basis it is possible to conduct monitoring studies to clarify the dynamics of the development of various phytocenoses in a given area, as well as to ecologically substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for expanding the list of ornamental woody plants, enriched with introduced species in village and school landscaping . The results of our research will be included in the environmental passport of the school site and are already used to conduct lessons in biology, geography, environmental conversations, lectures, games, quizzes and excursions along ecological trails.

Natural conditions of the study area

The climate of our region is temperate continental, with lower total temperatures during the active growing season and uniform distribution precipitation. General overview The climate of the region is given by the data of climatic factors given in Table 1 based on long-term observations of the Ust-Vym weather station.

The growing season (the period with an average daily temperature above 5 °C) begins in early May and ends in September. Average duration it is 100–120 days, which is compensated by the presence of a long daylight hours. The sum of active temperatures above 10 °C in this area is 1200–1400 °C (Geographical atlas..., 1994). In terms of precipitation, the study area is classified as overly wet (Atlas..., 1997).

There is an average of 500–600 mm of precipitation per year, with a large number of days with precipitation (204 days per year). The amount of precipitation (522 mm) exceeds its annual evaporation (352 mm). More than 56% of annual precipitation falls during the growing season, which has a beneficial effect on plant growth.

The average annual air humidity is 79%. Its lowest indicators fall in the spring and summer months, the largest are in autumn and winter (Isachenko, 1995). Average depth soil freezing - 98 cm. Average dates of river freeze-up - November 10-15, opening - April 30-May 5.

According to soil zoning, the study area is included in the Vychegdo-Luzsky region of typical podzolic soils (middle taiga) of the Vychegdo-Mezen geomorphological district. Boggy varieties develop on peaty-podzolic, gleyed soils to varying degrees, as waterlogging occurs due to the weakening of atmospheric water flow (Zaboeva, 1973). Soil acidity is strong – pH=3.6–4.5

Table 1. Data on climatic factors based on long-term observationsUst-Vym weather station

Months

On zoning of vegetation of the Komi ASSR Yu.P. Yudin (1954) study area belongs to the middle taiga subzone. The study area is included in the Vychegda-Sysolsky geobotanical district, the northern border of which is the valley of the river. Vychegda. There are few dry meadows, they are very unstable, quickly become covered with moss and overgrown with shrubs and forest. Agriculture from the mainland is partially shifting to river valleys and southern slopes. Meadows in the valley of the lower Vychegda are forbs, cereals and cereals. The grass yield of these meadows is high (3–4 t/ha).

Method of collection and processing of material

Field research of flora and vegetation on the school site. Aikino was carried out by us in the summer periods of 2004–2006. To study the flora of this area, the method of specific (elementary) floras (CF), developed by A.I. Tolmachev, was used. (1974). Using this method, the flora throughout the site was examined. We laid out routes throughout the entire site, along which the species of plants, epiphytic lichens and mosses were determined; obscure species were taken into bouquets, into the herbarium and identified at school, at home, and at the Institute of Biology of the Kola Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The collected material was determined according to the “Flora of the North-East of the European Part of the USSR” (1974–1977). The names of the species are given according to the summary of S.K. Cherepanova (1995). To characterize the flora of the school site, a general list of vascular plants has been compiled, the number and percentage of species, genera, and families of this flora have been determined, and a separate list of the assortment of ornamental woody plants used in school landscaping with the number and percentage of species, genera, and families of this group is given. To analyze the flora, the method of biographical coordinates was used. The analysis of life forms was carried out according to the system of I.G. Serebryakova (1962). An analysis of species was carried out according to Raunkier biotypes, according to their ecological and coenotic location.

Research results and discussion

The territory of the school site under study (3.7 hectares) is located at the address: Aikino, st. Central, 100 "A". It is covered with vegetation over an area of ​​3.3 hectares. Unlike natural communities, anthropogenic landscapes are characterized by direct human intervention in the habitat of animals and plants. This leads to the formation of a new natural-economic complex. In our case, this complex is a school site.

When analyzing its flora, we discovered 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora in the vicinity of the village. Aikino. There are 8 spore-bearing vascular plants (pine and horsetails), and 212 species of angiosperms (of which 39 are monocots, 173 are dicots). The set of ten leading families turned out to be almost identical to the flora of the taiga zone.

On the school site, the first 3 places are occupied by aster families( Asteraceae ) – 29 (13.2%), bluegrass( Poaceae ) – 22 (10%) and Rosaceae( Rosaceae ) – 17 species (7.7%), and in the flora of the taiga zone this trio includes the sedge family (Cyperaceae ), which in our case takes only 11th place. Increased role of the familyLamiaceae due to a significant number of weed species from the genus Pikulnik (Galeopsis ) .

The ten leading families include 62% of the total species composition, which is typical for floras of the middle taiga zone and indicates the boreal nature of the flora of the school site. The spectrum of births begins withCarex ( 7) andSalix (6 types). This is common for boreal floras. One third of the families (convolvulaceae– Convolvulaceae , cyanotic –Polemoniaceae ) and a large number of genera (chastukha -Alisma , adoxa – Adoxa ) have only one species each, which indicates a certain impoverishment and migratory nature of the boreal floras (Tolmachev, 1954).

The features of the flora and vegetation of the Boreal floristic region, which includes the studied area, are determined by the boreal latitudinal group of species (Martynenko, 1989). More than 70% of vascular plants belong to it. Boreal species are forest-forming species (Siberian spruce -Picea obovata , forest pine –Pinus sylvestris ), bushes (black currant –Ribes nigrum , rosehip May - Rosa majalis ) and grass (meadow foxtail -Alopecurus pratensis , fence peas –Vicia sepium ).

The second place in species diversity is occupied by the polyzonal group (19%), including species widely distributed in several natural areas(common godson -Senecio vulgaris , shepherd's purse -Capsella bursa - pastoris ). On the school grounds there is economic activity, as a result, an increase in the coenotic role of eurytopic polyzonal species is observed. Southern latitudinal groups – nemoral (1 species: folded manna –Glyceria notata ) and forest-steppe – make up about 7% of species. The forest-steppe latitudinal group includes species that are usually common in herbaceous communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of our country, such as bluegrass angustifolia ( Poa angustifolia ), astragalus Danish (Astragalus danicus ) and others.

A very small group (1.4%) is formed by species of northern latitudinal groups, the distribution area of ​​which lies in the Arctic and Subarctic - arctic-alpine (alpine bluegrass -R oa alpina ) and hypoarctic (willow phyllicolium -Salix phylicifolia and zhika multiflorum -Lusula multiflora ). More than half of the longitudinal groups of the flora of the school site have Eurasian habitats (aspen -Populus tremula , meadow geranium –Geranium pratense ), the second place (23.6%) in this indicator is occupied by the Holarctic (circumpolar) group (black sedge -Carex nigra , field violet –Viola arvensis ). A significant proportion (15.4%) of the flora consists of species with European ranges, many of which play a significant role in the composition of forests (gray alder -Alnus incana , silver birch -Betula pendula ) and meadows (giant fescue -Festuca gigantea , awnless rump –Bromopsis inermis ) communities.

About 7% of the flora belongs to the pluriregional (almost cosmopolitan) group, including mainly polyzonal weeds (field bindweed -Convolvulus arvensis , Veronica field –Veronica arvensis ) plants widely distributed across the globe. The proximity of our republic to Siberia and historical connections with the Siberian flora have determined the presence of a certain number of Asian (Siberian) species here (0.9%) - bristly currant (Ribes hispidulum ) and needle hips (Rosa acicularis ). Near the school, in a flowerbed, the only representative of America grows self-seeding year after year - upturned acorn (Amaranthus retroflexus ), once introduced with other cultivated flower seeds.

More than half of the plant species grow in meadow communities (54.6%), and one third grow in weed-ruderal habitats. Abandoned areas of fields and meadows are noteworthy. Weeds actively grow here - horsetail (Equisetum arvense ), wheatgrass (Elytrigia repens ), Sosnovsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi ), sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis ). At one time, dozens of biologists worked on the creation of Sosnovsky's hogweed, combining the best characteristics of several plants. We got the “ideal plant” with high biomass and seed propagation energy, extremely unpretentious.

Now this introduced plant is a problem XXI century. It fills everything around, displacing other plants. Thus, uncontrolled human impact on nature can lead to harmful consequences (Orlovskaya et al., 2006). A large number of ruderal species grow in manured areas (nettle -Urtica dioica , common toadflax –Linaria vulgaris , curly thistle –Carduus crispus ). More than half of the weeds belong to adventitious species brought from the southern regions of our country (Silene noctiflora , Arabis gerardii ).

The forest cenotype (10%) is represented mainly by woody plants - Siberian larch (Larix sibirica ), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia ), goat willow (Salix caprea ) and others. The presence of swamp (3.7%) and coastal-water (1.4%) cenotypes is due to insignificant water content in the ravines where springs flow.

The identification of ecological groups of plant species was made on the basis of their relationship to the moisture factor (Poplavskaya, 1948; Goryshkina, 1979). Most of the plant species at the school site are mesophytes (76.5%), growing in conditions of sufficient moisture (white pigweed -Chenopodium album , sour sorrel –Rumex acetosa ).

The second place in the number of species is occupied by plants of dry habitats that can tolerate a significant lack of moisture - xeromesophytes (cinquefoil -Potentilla intermedia , rough cornflower –Centaurea scabiosa ) .

The hygrophyte group belongs to 10.4% of plant species (marsh white grass -Parnassia palustris , marsh bedstraw –Galium palustre ), living in excessively moist habitats. According to the life forms of Raunkier, hemicryptophytes predominate in the flora of the school site (60.5%), which is typical for the forest zone, the second place is in therophytes (18.5%), represented mainly by plant species in the anthropogenic disturbed areas of the school.

In the analyzed flora, 90% of the species are herbs, of which 67.3% are perennial, among which rhizomatous (32.7%) and taproot (15%) plants predominate. This ensures that the former have their stable establishment in the territory and good distribution even with weakened seed regeneration due to intensive vegetative propagation (thistle is bristly -Cirsium setosum , coltsfoot -Tussilago farfara ). There is a significant proportion of annuals and biennials (19.1%) - these are mainly anthropochorous species (stellaria average -Stellaria media , bird's knotweed -Polygonum aviculare ). They take an active part in open groups and in the overgrowth of disturbed areas.

The range of woody life forms on the school site is not rich – 10%. A large area is occupied by lawns and flower beds (91%), and trees and shrubs cover only 0.5 hectares. During our research, 33 species of woody plants (12 of them introduced) from 22 genera and 9 families were identified. Of the decorative tree species, the most typical are downy birch (Betula pubescens ) and warty (B . R endula ) and many species of willows, as well as introduced ones - balsam poplar (Rohr ulus balsamifera ) and yellow acacia (Caragana arborescens ).

The systematic composition of woody plants is variegated. The largest number of species is represented by the family Rosaceae (Rosaceae ) – 10 (30%) and willow (Salicaceae ) – 8 (24%). Red elderberry is included in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1998).Sambucus racemosa ), which is very rarely found in the southern forests of our republic and is used in landscaping our village and school. The Komi Republic has 74% of the forested area (State Report..., 2005), however, the species composition of woody plants is poor, represented by only 101 species (Flora of the North-East..., 1974–77), of which only 45 are suitable for landscaping.

In this work, 21 species of woody plants from the local flora are identified and used in landscaping the school site. The most promising ecological and geographical areas for attracting tree and shrub plants are: the European part of Russia, North America, East Asia, Far East (Skupchenko et al., 2003).

The list is made up of 29 species of woody plants, taking into account fruiting or successful propagation by vegetative means, seedlings of which can be purchased at the arboretum of the Institute of Biology of the Kola Scientific Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences or nurseries of the Aikinsky and Chernamsky forestries. List of woody plant species recommended for landscaping. Aikino

Acer ginnala Maxim .

Berberis amurensis Rurp .

Cotoneaster integerrimus Medic .

Crataegus chlorosarca Maxim .

Crataegus curvicepala Lindl.

Crataegus dahurica Koehne

Crataegus submolis Sarg.

Euonymus europaeus L.

Euonymus verrucosus Scop.

Fraxinus pensyvanica Marsh.

Malus cerasifera Spacy.

Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borckh.

Malus purpurea (Barbier) Rehhd.

Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom.

Philadelphus coronarius L.

Philadelphus coronarius "Luteus"

Picea pungens Enggelm.

Ribes alpium L.

Salix alba L.

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br.

Sorbus sambucifolia Roem.

Spirea beauverdiana Schneid.

Spirea beauverdiana Schneid. x billiardii Hering.

Spirea chamaedryfolia L.

Spirea trilobata L.

Syringa amurensis Rupr.

Syringa josikaea Jacq. Fil.

Syringa wolfii Schneid.

Swida alba "Argenteo - ; line-height: 150%"> It should be noted that some woody plants (hawthorns, rose hips, birches, Tatarian maple, Siberian larch) have well-developed dust retention properties and gas resistance (poplars, bird cherry), therefore they are used in plantings to reduce pollution environment.

On the territory of the school site, we identified 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and 7 families, and according to life forms - 4 bushy, 11 foliose and 9 crustose. Nitrophilous lichens are very abundant among foliose lichens: fiscia stellate (R hyscia stellaris ) and blue-gray (Ph . aipolia ), xanthorium wall (Xanthoria parietina ) and scale: scoliosporum chlorococcal (Scoliciosporum chlorococcum ).

Bushy forms have been noted - grooved ramalina (Ramalina sinensis ), bryoria (Bryoria sp . ), falling asleep hard (Usnea hirta ) and Evernia plum (Evernia prunastri ) – in a depressed state. Also identified are 3 types of epiphytic mosses - Pilesia multiflorum (Pylaisiella polyantha ( Hedw .) Graut – sem.Hypnaceae), Leskea prolifica (Lescea polyocarpa Hedw . – sem. Lescaceae ), orthotrichum beautiful (Orthotrichum speciosum Ness in Sturm – sem. Orthotrichaceae ), which grow well at the base and on the north side of the trunks of old deciduous trees in populated areas.

conclusions

1. In the flora of the school site with. Aikino, Ust-Vymsky district, 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families were identified, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora in the vicinity of the village. Aikino, as well as 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and 7 families and 3 species of mosses.

2. Ecological and biological analysis of the school site showed the predominance of species of the boreal Eurasian element and the advantage of mesophilic herbaceous rhizomatous perennials of the meadow cenotype.

3. 33 species of woody plants from 22 genera and 9 families were identified and used in landscaping the school site.

4. It is necessary to use an expanded list of landscaping assortment of woody plants proposed by the staff of the Institute of Biology of the KSC UB RAS and create long-term monitoring on the territory of the school site in the village. Aikino, Ust-Vymsky district to continue research work.

Although flora, by definition, means full The species composition of plants growing in any territory, in reality, only a part of the species that were identified in this territory always appear in floristic lists. It is a rare researcher who dares to include all plant species in the list, among which in this case both avascular (bryophyte) and vascular plants should be represented. Due to objective disabilities researcher he has to focus primarily on taxa ( systematic groups), in which he considers himself an expert. Other types of restrictions arise when the researcher is particularly interested in some environmental groups, for example, a group of coastal aquatic plants, which, of course, are not limited to the flora of the entire territory of a district or region. A more strict and correct name for limited lists of species found in the study area due to various circumstances - partial floras.

It is not customary to include plant species cultivated by humans in the flora, just as it is not customary to include species that ended up in a given territory as a result of an accidental unintentional introduction. Such species, as a rule, are poorly adapted to unusual local conditions and do not form stable populations. Particular attention is paid to “naturalized” species that, being accidentally introduced ( adventive) or specifically introduced, naturalize, renew themselves in the place where they appeared, regardless of the person. Such species with appropriate notes are included in the flora along with naturally occurring, aboriginal species.

An inventory of flora always involves identifying it. environmental And taxonomic structure .

The ecological structure of the flora is characterized by a spectrum of life forms - the percentage ratio of the number of species representing different life forms. Although quite a lot of classifications of plant life forms have been developed in science, not all of them are used to the same extent to establish ecological structure flora. In this regard, the classification of K. Raunkjær turned out to be the most successful and therefore popular. Based on it, a global ecological spectrum was constructed for the entire flora of vascular plants on the globe. This is usually used as a standard for comparison with the spectra of specific floras. It was found that the flora of vascular plants from different regions The earth and different biomes naturally differ in the spectrum of life forms. If in tropical rainforests(hylaea) phanerophyte trees, woody lianas and epiphytes predominate, then in the dry subtropics, with a significant participation of phanerophyte shrubs, grasses still predominate, but in some regions cryptophytes, and in others (in the area of ​​ephemeral deserts) - therophytes. In floras of temperate and moderately warm humid climate a sharp predominance of perennial grasses (hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes) was noted.

Characteristics of the ecological structure of the flora can also include the ratio in it relic And progressive elements.

TO relict elements include species for which the conditions of existence in the flora territory seem unfavorable, which is why their populations decrease and their range shrinks. A sign of relict status, even with a more or less stable existence of a species on the territory of the flora, can be considered its narrow local distribution on its territory with a low population size. In contrast to relic progressive elements even with a narrow local distribution occur en masse, and the number of their populations increases. Both relict and progressive components of the flora are represented in it by a small number of species. The balance with environmental conditions in which most species of flora exist does not imply either a sustainable decrease or a sustainable increase in numbers, and the occurrence of such species in the flora remains stable. They can be distinguished into special conservative element of flora. The most common species that inhabit a variety of habitats, stably found in certain phytocenoses and usually playing a significant role in their composition can be attributed to active species The group of active species corresponds to part of the progressive and part of the conservative species.

The main indicator reflecting taxonomic structure flora can be considered the distribution of its constituent species according to higher taxa and, first of all, families.

The result of a comparison of the richest species, the so-called leading, families allows you to rank these families in descending order of the number of species. The number of families taken for comparison of floras may vary, but, as a rule, biogeographers limit themselves to ten, the composition and mutual arrangement which reveals the specificity of floras of different climatic zones (see Table 1).

Presenters families are distinguished only by the number of flora species included in them, but neither the number of populations or individuals of these species, nor their occurrence, nor their role in the composition of the vegetation cover are taken into account.

The taxonomic structure of floras provides good material for their comparison if we overcome the above-mentioned difficulties with a number of taxa that are problematic for science. For example, the family Asteraceae or Asteraceae, which appears in the characteristics of three of the four climatic zones given in the table, is known for a number of apomictic genera. If, again, we give microspecies the rank of species and, instead of one variable species of dandelion, we recognize the existence of 15–20 species, which is not indisputable, then this will certainly affect the position of the family among the leading ones and promote it upward. It would be possible to use the number of genera in them to identify and rank leading families, but such a technique has not yet become generally accepted.

Table 1. Leading families of flowering plants, arranged in descending order of the number of species, as an indicator of the differences in the taxonomic structure of floras of different climatic zones

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Flora called a set of plant species living in a certain area.

Geographical elements and floristic areas:

1) Arctic element -(dwarf birch, cloudberry).

2)Northern or boreal element - in the area of ​​coniferous forests. Note boreal. species – spruce, pine, northern linnaea.

3) Central European element - avg. Europe (oak, maple, ash, beech, hornbeam and herbaceous species characteristic of broad-leaved forests - kopyten, Peter's cross, lungwort, etc.).

4) Atlantic element - gr. V. with ranges to the west. areas of the European part of Russia (lobelia, waxweed).

5)Pontic element - gr. V., South Russian steppes, but meetings. in Romanian and Hungarian. steppes (spring adonis, chickweed, violet mullein, broom).

6) Mediterranean element - gr. c., spread in dry areas, surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and in the east growing in the Crimea and the Caucasus. These are mostly evergreen trees and shrubs. - earthlings. tree, boxwood, myrtle.

7) Central Asian element- gr. in with areas across mountain ranges Central Asia, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai, Altai (walnut, juniper, eremurus, irises)

8) Turanian element- gr. V. with a habitat in the Turan Lowland of Central Asia. This is an element of desert character, typical representatives- wormwood.

9) Manchu element - gr. V. with a range in Manchuria (Manchurian walnut, Manchurian aralia, variegated hazel).

1) Holarctic kingdom. Occupied all of Europe and Asia (without Hindustan and Indochina), the North. America, China and Japan, i.e. occupied. the entire Arctic, temperate and subtropical latitudes to the Tropic of Cancer. General features of the golar flora. kingdoms speak of the dinner continent, once creatures. in place of Europe, Asia and North America.

2) Paleotropical kingdom. Occupied Tropical Africa, subtropical South Africa to the Cape Province, Arabia, Hindustan and Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippine Islands, the islands of Polynesia and Melanesia, Northern Australia. The similarity of their floras suggests that these territories were once also part of a common massif.

3) Neotropical kingdom. Occupied more part of Mexico, Central America to 40° south latitude and the Pacific Islands.

4) Australian kingdom. Occupied Australia and Tasmania. Of the 12 thousand species, 9 thousand are endemic.

5) Cape kingdom. Occupied Cape Province of South Africa.

6) Holantartic kingdom. Occupied southern tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego and Antarctic islands.

111) Ecotypes of plants in relation to various abiotic factors. The specificity of their morphological and anatomical structure and habitats (xerophytes, mesophytes, hygrophytes, hydrophytes; sciophytes, heliophytes, etc.)

Plants in relation to water are divided into two groups:

ü aquatic plants- permanently living in water;

ü land plants- land

A. Schimper and E. Warming proposed to divide Plants in relation to water are divided into 3 groups:

· hydrophytes - plants of aquatic and excessively moist habitats;

· xerophytes - plants of dry habitats with high drought resistance are divided into:

ü succulents

ü sclerophytes

· mesophytes - plants living in average (sufficient) moisture conditions.

Somewhat later a group was identified hygrophytes .

Hydrophytes - hydor- water and phyton- plant.

With a narrow understanding of this term hydrophytes Only those plants that live in water in a semi-submerged state are called (that is, they have underwater and above-water parts).

Xerophytes- terrestrial plants that have adapted to life with a significant permanent or temporary lack of moisture in the soil and/or air. (Greek xeros- dry and phyton- plant)

Sclerophytes- plants with hard shoots, relatively small leaves, sometimes covered with dense pubescence or a waxy layer (Greek. scleros- hard and phyton- plant)

Succulents- plants that accumulate water in succulent, fleshy stems and leaves. (lat. succulentus– juicy).

Mesophytes- terrestrial plants that prefer moderate moisture conditions (Greek. mesos- average, phyton– growth)

Hygrophytes- terrestrial plants that live in conditions high humidity environment (in damp forests, swamps, etc.). Hygrophytes are characterized by tender stems and leaves and a poorly developed root system. They wilt easily if there is not enough water. (Greek hygros- wet and phyton- plant).

In relation to light there are:

· Heliophytes – light-loving plants. leaves are smaller and landmark. so as to reduce the radiation dose during the daytime; The leaf surface is shiny.

· Sciophytes – shade-loving plants. to obtain the maximum amount of incident radiation. The leaf cells are large, the system of intercellular spaces is well developed, the stomata are large, located only on the underside of the leaf

· Hemisciophytes – shade-tolerant plants

112) Life forms of plants and their classification according to Raunkier.

Classif. K. Raunkner(1905, 1907), based on the position. kidney resume in relation to to the surface soils in unfavorable conditions. conditions (in winter or during dry periods) and the nature of the protective kidney integument.

Raunkier highlights the trail. 5 types of housing form:

phanerophytes- plants whose buds and terminal shoots, designed to survive unfavorable periods, are located high above the ground (trees, shrubs, woody vines, epiphytes).

chamephytes - low plants with kidneys, located no higher than 20-30 cm above the ground and often overwintering under the snow (shrubs, subshrubs, some perennial herbs = from the author: subshrubs, passive chamephytes, active chamephytes and cushion plants).

hemicryptophytes- herbaceous perennials. plants, the shoots of which at the beginning of an unfavorable period die to the soil level, therefore, during this period only the lower parts of the plants, protected by the earth and dead leaves of the plant, remain alive. They bear buds intended for the formation of shoots for the next season with leaves and flowers.

cryptophytes- buds are hidden underground (rhizomatous, tuberous, bulbous geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes);

therophytes- annuals - plants that survive unfavorable seasons exclusively in the form of seeds.

The impact of all of the above and other factors has led to the formation of specific plant communities in the urban ecosystem! with a unique species composition. In this case, two opposing processes can be observed. On the one hand, many plant species characteristic of the conditions of a given region are disappearing, on the other hand, new species are appearing.

So, in the flora of any city you can find local (aboriginal) Wilsh or autochthonous by origin and species allochthonous(from aNosis - ChuayaV i.e. who came to this territory from other regions of the globe. Sravlin

Recently introduced species began to be called adventive, or newcomers. Introduced species can be both cultural and weed. The spread of adventive species can occur spontaneously or deliberately. Purposeful human activity to introduce into culture in a given natural-historical region plants that previously did not grow there, or transfer them into culture from the local flora is called introduction.

The number of adventive species in cities is very large. The share of adventive species in urban flora can reach up to 40%, especially in landfills and railways. For example, currently 370 adventive species have been identified in Moscow and the region (Ecopolis-2000..., 2000). Sometimes they can behave so aggressively that they displace native species. Most local representatives disappear from the urban flora already when cities are founded. It is difficult for them to acclimatize in the city, since the new habitat conditions are not similar to natural ones. It has been established that of the surviving local species, there are usually few forest species. Wednesday newcomers More Avdas come from the southern regions.

The ecological composition of the urban flora is also somewhat different from the zonal one. Naturally, species adapted to lack of moisture (xerophytes) and soil salinity (halophytes) take root better.

The enrichment of urban flora is partly due to the wilding of some ornamental plants. Thus, 16 such species were found in parks near Moscow, which turned out to be very resistant to anthropogenic loads (Frolov, 1989).

Vegetation in the city is unevenly distributed. For major cities The most typical pattern is the following. The increase in plant species encountered is from the city center to its outskirts. City centers are dominated by "extremely urbanophilic" species. There are very few of them, which is why the centers of some cities are sometimes called “concrete (asphalt) deserts.” Closer to the periphery, the proportion of “moderately urbanophilic” species increases. The flora of the surrounding area is especially rich; “urban-neutral” species are also found here.

Leading the way in urban greening temperate zone occupied by deciduous species, conifers are practically not represented. This is explained by the weak resistance of these breeds to the polluted environment of the city. In general, the species composition of urban plantings is very limited. For example, in Moscow, mainly 15 tree species are used for city landscaping, in St. Petersburg - 18 species. The predominant trees are broad-leaved trees - linden, including small-leaved linden, Norway maple, balsam poplar, and Pennsylvania ash. smooth elm, small-leaved birch.

The share of participation of other species is less than 1%. On the streets of the city you can see such species as rough elm, pedunculate oak, Scots pine, American maple

Kansky, horse chestnut, poplar of various types (Berlin, Canadian, black, Chinese), large-leaved linden, common spruce, European larch, etc.

One more characteristic feature urban flora and its obvious difference from the natural one is its greater dynamism and instability. The floristic composition and the total number of species can change in a fairly short period of time. The age of the settlement has an impact, for example, the younger the city or microdistrict, the more unstable the flora. It is also necessary to take into account such factors as the expansion of buildings, the demolition of old buildings, the development of industry and transport.

The ever-increasing collection of wild plants has a noticeable impact on the flora of large cities. There is a ban on collecting any wild plants on the territory of Moscow. Currently, more than 130 species of native plants should be considered rare and vulnerable, some of them are on the verge of extinction. 29 species are included in the list of wild plants subject to special protection in Moscow and the Moscow region.

As for herbaceous plants, in addition to cultivated plants(lawn grass mixtures) in the city there are many weeds and garbage (ruderal< растений. Они отличаются достаточной степенью устойчивости по отношению к антропогенным факторам и высокой агрессивностью. Эти растения в large quantities they grow in vacant lots, near roads, along railway embankments, in neglected landfills, etc. For normal functioning they even need constant disturbances.

The living conditions of plants in cities are very similar. The proportion of synanthropic species is constantly increasing. This leads to the fact that the floristic composition of cities in different climatic zones becomes very similar, and in fact, urban vegetation turns into azonal. Thus, 15% of plant species are common to all European cities, and if we compare only the centers of these cities. then this figure will be much higher - up to 50% (Frolov, 1998).

The total lifespan of urban plants is significantly less than that of natural ones. So, if in forests near Moscow linden lives up to 300-1,400 years, then in Moscow parks - up to 125-150 years, and on the streets - only up to 5-80 years. The growing season also differs.

Features of the urban environment affect the course of life processes, plants, flora, their appearance and the structure of organs. For example, urban trees have reduced photosynthetic activity, so they have a thinner crown, smaller leaves, and shorter shoots.

City trees are extremely weakened. Therefore, they are excellent places for the development of pests and all kinds of diseases. This further aggravates their weakening, and sometimes causes premature death.

The main pests are insects and mites, such as moths, aphids, sawflies, leaf beetles, psyllids, herbivorous mites, etc. About 290 species of various pests have been recorded in Moscow alone. The most dangerous are the gypsy moth, larch cap moth, linden moth, viburnum leaf beetle, etc. Now the number of trees affected by elm sapwood is growing. Also, many green spaces suffer from the typograph bark beetle, which has been actively breeding in recent years.

It is noteworthy that in urban conditions the leaves of many plants dry out at the edges, brown spots of various sizes and shapes appear on them, and sometimes a white, powdery coating appears. Such symptoms indicate the development of all kinds of diseases (vascular, necrosis-cancer, rotting, etc.). In Moscow, a widespread spread of rot diseases in plants has been revealed, which affects the quality of the city’s green spaces. This is especially noticeable in areas of new development, mass recreation and landfills. Due to the high incidence rate, the volume of sanitary felling carried out in the city exceeds all others for the same period.

Thus, there is a clear difference between the urban flora and the natural one. Urban communities are characterized by much lower species diversity, strong anthropogenization and big amount ruderal species. The biodiversity and gene pool of plants can be preserved to some extent in the territories of forest parks and parks. However, there are still trends in decreasing species diversity in the urban area. To increase it, first of all, it is necessary to conduct research that will provide more data on the ecology of certain species.