History of the exploration of the Crimean peninsula. Ancient history and diverse culture of Crimea

Varied and exciting. Countless natural and man-made landmarks reflect past events, religious and cultural life ancient times, different nationalities. The history of the peninsula is an interweaving of Eastern and Western cultures, the historical heritage of the Golden Horde and the Greeks, the beliefs of the first Christians and Muslims. In this place, for many centuries, various peoples and nationalities lived and died, fought, traded, cities were built and destroyed, entire civilizations arose and disappeared. Even the air is saturated with tales of the exploits of heroes and olympian gods, warlike horsewomen, Greeks, Taurians, Scythians...

Ancient history

The unique location, mild climate, and magnificent nature made the Crimean peninsula one of the places where humanity was born. It was these features of climate and nature with rich flora and fauna that attracted the Neanderthals here.

According to sources, the most ancient people inhabiting Crimea were the Cimmerians, who appeared here in the 12th century. BC e. Already the 7th century. BC Under the pressure of the Scythians, they retreated to the mountains and foothills where they founded new villages.

The Tauri lived here. It came from them ancient name this region is Tavria. Traces of their habitat have survived to this day. Walking around the island you can see:

1. Ruins of defensive structures;
2. Remains of residential buildings;
3. Parts of stone fences;
4. Tombs.

The next stage in the history of Taurida is marked by its capture by the Scythians. At this time, changes occurred in the qualitative composition of the population. The north and west were inhabited by the peoples of the Dnieper region.

The Scythian state by the end of the 3rd century BC. e. was destroyed by the Goths. The Scythians moved their capital closer to Simferopol, and founded Scythian Neapolis.

The Goths did not stay in the Crimean steppes for long. In the 4th century AD. they were forced out by the Huns and they went to the mountainous regions where over time they mixed with the Tauri and Scythians.

During this period, such historical monuments as cave cities arose in Bakhchisarai and Sevastopol.

In the VI-V centuries. BC e. new colonies appeared, founded by the Greeks. Immigrants from Hellas built Panticapaeum, now known as Kerch, Kafu - Feodosia, Mileta - Chersonesus.

At the beginning of the 5th century BC. e. Greek colonists founded two independent powers:

1. Chersonese Tauride. It was protected by powerful walls of stone. The republic included the western regions;
2. Bosporan state with its capital in Panticapaeum. The main city was located on Mount Mithridates, famous for its mounds. Inside them, crypts made of stone were found, which became unique monuments architecture.

The Greeks were famous for their art of building ships, growing grapes, olive and other trees, and erecting magnificent structures (temples, theaters). They brought these skills to the shores of Crimea. The Greeks founded many small settlements here, and they gave direction to the architecture of the entire Crimea.

The Crimean population of that era consisted of different ethnic groups, which included descendants:

1. Sarmatov;
2. Cimmerians;
3. Ready;
4. Grekov;
5. Skifov;
6. Alanov.

At the end of the 4th century, a new round in the history of Crimea began. This time was marked by the invasion of the Huns - barbarian invaders from Asia. Around 370, they destroyed Greek cities and captured the capital of the Bosporan state.

Now the steppe strip was inhabited mainly by Turkic-speaking tribes, who subsequently mixed with other peoples. New ethnic unions were formed.

Middle Ages

In the 6th century, the history and culture of the peninsula takes its next turn. Crimea becomes part of the Byzantine state. His emperor Justinian I, in order to strengthen his positions in Tauris and protect the coastal lands from attacks by nomadic tribes, makes a fortress out of Chersonesus and builds new bastions on the southern coast - Alushta and Gruzuf. On the way to Chersonesos, the emperor erects powerful defensive structures:

1. Inkerman;
2. Suren;
3. Mangup;
4. Chufut-Kale;
5. Eski-Kerman.

During the period of the 8th-9th centuries, the Magyars and Slavs penetrated the peninsula Kievan Rus. Christianity came to Crimea with these same colonialists: Prince Vladimir was officially baptized in Korsun.

Over time, the Kyiv governors gave up their positions and in the 12th century Crimea almost completely became Krypchak’s. Many scientists agree that the name of the Bear Mountain - Ayu-Dag - comes from the Kipchaks, the famous Artek is named after the heir of the Polovtsian Khan.

The time when the Mongol-Tatars conquered the lands of Crimea was very difficult for the conquered peoples. The Golden Horde invaders destroyed one of the richest trading cities of the island - Sudak, imposed high taxes on the population, and sold the rebellious into slavery.

Eastern culture, through the ruling elite, was firmly entrenched on the island. Multilingual and brilliant Solkhat became the center of Islam; a magnificent mosque was built in this city. After the collapse of the Horde, the Tatar-Mongols came under the influence of the Turks. Mangul became the capital of the Principality of Theodoro, one of the most significant powers of the peninsula. The medieval citadel occupied an area of ​​90 hectares and, in the event of an attack, took protection most population.

Crimea, located at the intersection of the main trade routes, has taken a strong position in international trade. Routes to Ukraine, the Caucasus, Iran, Russia, Syria and other countries passed through it.

New time

In 1475, Mangul was besieged by the Ottoman Turks, once in the fortress, they destroyed almost all the inhabitants and burned the majestic city on the mountain. On these lands, the invaders founded a Turkish district.

Nowadays you can see the following historical objects on the site:

1. Ruined citadel;
2. Chambers in caves;
3. Ruins of defensive walls and towers;
4. Ruins of a huge temple.

The Ottomans built the majestic Or-Kapu fortress on Perekop.

Over time, the Tatars and Turks left nomadic life and moved on to a new form of farming - agriculture. The Crimean Tatars - as they would be called a little later - were engaged in gardening, viticulture and tobacco growing. Residents of the steppe strip raised domestic animals (sheep and horses) and were engaged in tanning.

The Genoese cafe became the center of trade and economy, and then the Ottoman one.

The next stage of history begins with the defeat of Belogorsk by the Cossack army in 1628 and the capture ten years later of the Turkish fortress of Azov.

In the spring of 1783, the history of Crimea takes a new turn - Catherine II issues a decree on the annexation of the peninsula to Russia. From this moment on, it becomes a vacation spot for the Russian aristocracy. Important officials of the state spent their holidays here: Vorontsov, Yusupov, Potemkin and others.

Thanks to them, we now enjoy magnificent palaces built especially for them:

1. Livadia;
2. Vorontsovsky;
3. Massandrovsky and others.

When you come to Crimea on vacation, be sure to visit at least one of these cultural and architectural monuments.

Russian culture has flourished here since the time of the Great Horde (12th century); many artisans and traders lived on the peninsula, who brought their goods from Crimea to Moscow.

The next century is characterized by the development of winemaking and viticulture, salt and fisheries. During this period, the history and nature of Crimea became the object of close study.

The 19th and 20th centuries were marked by the development of architecture. Look at the stunning palace and park complexes built at that time.

Modern history

The beginning of the 20th century for the peninsula was marked not only by the arrival of Soviet power, the First World War, a change of power and the return of the Bolsheviks. At this time, the formation of Crimea as an all-Union holiday destination took place. Health resorts were opened here for the recreation and treatment of workers.

Second World War caused significant damage to the architecture and infrastructure of the peninsula. In 1944, Crimea was liberated from the German invaders.

In 1954, the Soviet leadership transferred Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR by decree. In 1991, a referendum was held as a result of which its independence was proclaimed.

In 2014, Crimea joined the Russian Federation.

Culture and history of peoples

The population of the peninsula is approximately 2.5 million people. IN summer months this figure doubles in some areas per 1 sq. km there are more than a thousand people, and this is even more than in Japan.

The main peoples living on the territory of modern Crimea:

1. Russians;
2. Ukrainians;
3. Tatars;
4. Belarusians;
5. Jews;
6. Armenians;
7. Greeks;
8. Germans;
9. Bulgarians;
10. Gypsies;
11. Poles;
12. Czechs;
13. Italians.

A certain place is occupied by the small Krymchaks and Karaites.

The ethnic history of the peninsula is complex and dramatic. Its national composition has never been the same.

In the Tauride Mountains, according to the notes of the Roman historian Plinnius, in the 2nd century BC. About 30 peoples lived there.

• The island became a refuge for the warlike Goths; their settlements existed until the 15th century.
• A distinctive people, the Karaites, were also noted here, famous for their vibrant culture.

WITH unusual story Karaites can be met in the Judean fortress of Chufut-Kale.

• Another hysterical Crimean people are the Krymchaks, who were subjected to genocide during the capture of the peninsula;
• Russian settlements appeared in the 9th-10th centuries. This is due to the military campaigns of princes Vladimir and Bravlin. Then, in 1783, the massive settlement of Crimea by serfs from the Russian Empire began;
• The history and culture of Ukraine is closely intertwined with the peninsula. A close connection was established back in the days of the Crimean Khanate: there was bilateral trade and military raids on each other;

• During the time of Catherine II, the Germans appeared on the peninsula; they were mainly engaged in agricultural activities. In 1941 they were evicted to the north of Kazakhstan;
• In the 18th century, Bulgarians and Greeks settled here, they escaped from the Turkish horde;
• In the XVIII - 19th centuries national liberation uprisings took place and Crimea became a place of exile for Poles and Lithuanians;
• Crimean history and culture are connected with the Greeks; they appeared here in ancient times and founded their colonies in the Kerch region, near Evpatoria;
• In the Middle Ages, the main population of Crimea were Armenians and Greeks. Their descendants now live in Mariupol and Nakhichevan-on-Don.

Surb-Khach Temple, Yalta Church are monuments of Armenian architecture. When you arrive here, visit these attractions either as part of excursions or on your own.

Feodosia and Old Crimea are also called Crimean Armenia.

The stone-cutting art brought by the Armenians can be seen in many architectural monuments: mosques, mausoleums, palaces.

• The Genoese, descendants of sailors and conquerors, also left a significant mark on the cultural and historical heritage.
  

  They built picturesque, romantic, impregnable towers in Feodosia. Their ruins are worth seeing, feeling the breath of history and enjoying the beautiful views.

• The Crimean Tatars are a fusion of tribes of ancient Taurica and nomadic peoples: Khazars, Pechenegs, Kipchak priests, etc., who came to Crimea in waves. The unification process has not ended even now. There are still differences between the southern coastal, mountain and steppe populations;
• For many centuries, settled Crimean gypsies lived among the indigenous inhabitants. Some castes were engaged in jewelry making and gardening.

Crimean Tatar music received its modern sound from the music of the Crimean gypsies. By her for a long time in Crimea, only representatives of this people practiced, although they adapted it to their tastes local population. When you come here, be sure to listen to their songs.

Dzhankoy is considered the center of the Crimean gypsies. Here they preserved the traditional values ​​of life in the camp.

Culture

Crimea is a European island whose architecture and painting were influenced by the culture of Greece and Rome, Byzantium, and the Mediterranean.

The Asia Minor Muslim faith influenced the culture of Crimea during the late Middle Ages.

Each people who arrived on the territory of Crimea at one time or another left their mark and brought their culture and traditions here.

Architecture

The architecture is represented by ancient Greek, Italian, Tatar, Armenian buildings. But this categorical statement is not entirely true. In the period of the XV-XVIII centuries there was a complete interweaving of the architectural styles of the Turks, Armenians and Tatars.

When the peninsula joined the Russian Empire, the architectural style changed and now developed in the direction of Russian culture.

During this period, magnificent palaces of the Russian aristocracy and public buildings were erected: sanatoriums, apartment buildings, etc.

There are many cultural, historical and architectural monuments in Crimea, built according to the designs of the famous Yalta architect N.P. Krasnova:

1. Lydian Palace;
2. Dulber;
3. Sanatorium Dnepr, which is located in the Kharaks Palace;
4. Yusupov's hunting lodge;
5. Gymnasiums;
6. Church in Yalta.

Painting

Many artists have captured the magnificent Crimean nature on their canvases. Even A.S. Pushkin could not resist and made a canonical sketch of the Golden Gate.

In the east of Crimea, a new cultural direction arose - the Cimmerian school of painting. This landscape painting developed at the beginning of the twentieth century; for the first time this direction was shown by Feodosia and Koktebel artists.

The founders of this school:

1. I. Aivazovsky;
2. K. Bogaevsky;
3. M. Kirienko-Voloshin.

Modern Crimea attracts tourists from all over the world not only wonderful holiday, but also ancient history, original culture and unique attractions.

Vacationers pay the most attention to:

1. Ancient monuments;
2. Ruins of cities, fortresses and fortifications;
3. The Byzantine cave city of Mangup-Kale;
4. The submarine anchorage and the site of fierce battles - Balaklava;
5. Genoese fortress in Sudak;
6. Ancient Armenian temple in Feodosia;
7. Melek-Chesme mound and other sights that have survived to this day.

Crimea is a multinational region that has hosted different tribes and peoples for centuries, replacing each other. They lived, developed this place and left their cultural heritage.

History of the exploration of the Crimean Peninsula For centuries, the Crimean peninsula has attracted the attention of travelers, natural scientists, and researchers. Back in 1782, Academician V.F. Zuev visited Crimea. Despite his short stay in Crimea, he notices common features nature of the peninsula and gives them brief description in his “Extract from Travel Notes. relating to the Crimean peninsula." In 1783-1784 The nature of Crimea is studied by the travel scientist K. Gablitzl. Based on his two years of observations, he compiles a total geographical characteristics Crimea - “Physically a description of the Tauride region by its location and all three kingdoms of nature” with a high assessment of the nature of Crimea, especially its mountainous part. In 1793, Academician P. S. Pallas visited Crimea. The nature of Crimea amazed Pallas. “The Tauride Peninsula,” he wrote, “is the most distinct country on the earth’s surface in terms of physical geography.” For a number of years, P.S. Pallas has been enthusiastically studying the Crimean Peninsula and in his work “A Brief Physical and Topographical Description of the Tauride Region” he gives a detailed physical and geographical description of it for that time. From 1806 to 1863, the famous botanist, founder of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden X. X. Steven lived in Crimea and studied its rich flora. He traveled the entire peninsula and analyzed its vegetation cover. In 1856-1857 in the scientific bulletins of the Moscow Society of Naturalists X. X. Steven publishes his main job“List of plants growing wild on the Crimean Peninsula.” The studies of V. F. Zuev, K. I. Gablitzl, P. S. Pallas, X. X. Steven, P. I. Keppen and other scientists - pioneers in the study of Crimea - laid the foundation for the geographical description of the peninsula. In the 80s and 90s. last century N. A. Golovkinsky studies the hydrogeological conditions of Crimea: aquifers and the provision of underground water in various regions of Crimea. During the same period, N.A. Sokolov and I.V. Mushketov explored Sivash and the salt lakes of the peninsula. V.I. Vernadsky at the very end of the last century (1899) studied the mud hills of the Kerch Peninsula, their origin and mineralogy. The geology of Crimea, in particular the Kerch Peninsula, is being studied by the largest domestic geologist late XIX and the beginning of the 20th century N.I. Andrusov. From 1896 to 1912 conducts geological research in Crimea A. A. Borisyak and, together with N. I. Andrusov and K. K. Fokht, compiled a geological map of Crimea. The outstanding scientist and traveler V. A. Obruchev discovered a mineral spring in the valley of the Kacha River in 1916 and gave an opinion on the possibility of organizing a resort here. Subsequently, he explores the Beshuiskoye coal deposit. The Karadag volcanic region became the subject of research in 1910 by academician A.P. Pavlov, and then by the Crimean geologist A.F. Sludsky, who headed the team of the Karadag scientific biological station. Karst mountain Crimea for many years (beginning of the 20th century) A. A. Kruber has been studying. “Within European Russia,” he wrote, “hardly any area provides such fertile ground for getting acquainted with karst phenomena as the Crimean yayla.” During the period under review (from the middle of the last century to October revolution) develop in connection with practical needs meteorological observations. Based on them, A.I. Voeikov, A.V. Voznesensky and others give a description of the climate of Crimea. In 1913, the Crimean Water Survey Party of the Land Improvement Department was created, which played a major role in the study of the hydrogeological features, climate and waters of the peninsula. Under the leadership of the prominent hydrologist D.I. Kocherin, based on the results of these works, a number of volumes of “Materials on water surveys in the Crimea” were published, detailed maps were compiled, and economic recommendations were given, which, however, could only be implemented after the October Revolution. Soils of Crimea in the 70s. last century continued to remain very little studied. In 1878, during an expedition to various places European Russia the great Russian soil scientist V.V. Dokuchaev visits Crimea and examines its soils. In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the original flora and fauna of Crimea attracted special attention from scientists. In the 80s V.N. Ageenko studies the vegetation and flora of Crimea and notes that the settlement of Crimea by plants occurred in different ways. The issue of the Crimean flora, its origin and development was studied by E.V. Vulf, V.I. Taliev, the largest Russian taxonomist and botanical geographer N.I. Kuznetsov and a number of other scientists. In the 70s and 80s. K. F. Kessler, one of the authoritative Russian zoologists of the second half of the last century, studies the fauna of Crimea (mainly vertebrates). In the late 80s and early 90s. A. M. Nikolsky notes the island nature of the Crimean fauna and points out three ways of its settlement: Caucasian, Balkan and South Russian. At the beginning of the 20th century. S.I. Ognev expresses an opinion about the Balkan-Asia Minor route of settling Crimea with animals. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, from the 1920s, the study of the natural conditions of Crimea took large scale. During the Great Patriotic War exploration of the nature of the peninsula was temporarily suspended. Soon after the end of the war, research resumed, and on a larger scale, which was determined by the tasks of restoring the region’s economy destroyed by the war and its further accelerated development. Various central scientific institutions and industrial organizations are studying the nature of Crimea, large teams under the leadership of prominent scientists - Academician D. I. Shcherbakov, A. E. Fersman, N. S. Kurnakov and others. Geological and hydrogeological research in these years is carried out by the Moscow Geological Institute -exploration institute, All-Union Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Geological Museum USSR Academy of Sciences named after. A.P. Karpinsky, Institute of Geological Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Geophysical research aimed at elucidating the features of the geological structure of Crimea and searching for minerals is carried out by the All-Union Institute of Earth Physics, the Institute of Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, and the Krasnodarneftgeofizika trust; Geophysical expedition of the Glavgeology of the Ukrainian SSR. The Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR is studying the paleofauna of Crimea and recreating the paleogeography of the peninsula. The geomorphology of Crimea is dealt with by the Laboratory of Coastal Relief and Seabed of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Department of Geomorphology of Kiev University, and the Department of Physical Geography of the USSR of Moscow University. Scientists at Leningrad University study mainly individual elements nature of Crimea: N.K. Gorn - relief, A.A. Borisov and I.I. Babkov - climate, R.A. Filenko - internal waters, A.I. Dzens-Litovsky - selected issues of geology and geomorphology of Crimea, N N. Dzens-Litovskaya - soils and vegetation, N. N. Pavlova conducts general physical and geographical research. Local Crimean scientific teams play a significant role in the study of the nature of Crimea. In the pre-war years, great efforts were aimed at studying individual components of nature. Since 1925, systematic exploration of Kerch iron ores began. Large-scale soil research in Crimea was carried out in the 20-30s. under the leadership of N. N. Klepinin. In 1929, on the southern coast of Crimea, near the village. Katsiveli, Academician V.V. Shuleikin founded the world's first Marine Hydrophysical Station, which was transformed after the Great Patriotic War into a department of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The station studies the thermal balance of the Black Sea, the interaction between sea and land, the occurrence and development of storm waves, and the Earth’s magnetic field. In the post-war period, the role of local scientific institutions and industrial organizations in studying the nature of the peninsula increased in order to economic use its natural resources. Extensive research is carried out by the Crimean branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute organized later (in 1956) on its basis. mineral resources Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Researchers from these institutions fruitfully study geology and minerals, hydrogeology, geomorphology, geochemistry of Sivash and salt lakes, and soils. Engineering-geological and hydrogeological research is carried out by the Crimean geological expedition of the Dneprogeology trust of the Main Geology Department of the Ukrainian SSR, the Yalta landslide and hydrogeological station. The Krymneftegazrazvedka trust carries out extensive and successful geological exploration work for gas and oil. The seismotectonics of Crimea is studied by the Simferopol seismic station. Agroclimatic observations for development Agriculture The region is led by the Crimean Agricultural Institute and the Crimean Hydrometeorological Observatory. Systematic work on studying soils is carried out by the regional department of agriculture and the department of soil science of the Crimean Agricultural Institute. The vegetation and flora of Crimea are the subject of study of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden and the Department of Botany of the Crimean pedagogical institute. Prof. I. I. Puzanov has been fruitfully researching the fauna of Crimea and its zoogeographical connections for many years. The animal world is successfully studied by the Department of Zoology of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute. Diverse and rich nature Crimea is a complex contradictory unity. The Department of Physical Geography of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute strives to reveal this unity in all its interrelations and contradictions in its general and sectoral physical-geographical and landscape works. The use of the natural resources of Crimea for economic and medicinal purposes is accompanied by their protection and further reproduction.

The first literary mention of the Crimean caves— Ovid Naso, 1st century. BC e.

The first scientific mention of Crimean caves- K.I. Gablitz, 1785

The first mention of the presence of ice in the caves of Crimea— P. S. Pallas, 1795

The first mention of bats living in Crimean caves— P. S. Pallas, 1811

The first geographical description of a Crimean cave- P.S. Pallas, 1828 (Tuak Cave).

HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF THE CRIMEA PENINSULA OUTSTANDING RESEARCHERS OF THE CRIMEA The presentation was prepared by a teacher of the highest category Parkhomenko G.Yu.

Homer The oldest mention of Crimea in world literature belongs to the legendary ancient Greek poet Homer. Many scholars suggest that some episodes from the Odyssey took place off the coast of Taurida (Crimea). There, the Cimmerian sad region is forever covered with Wet fog and mist of clouds, The face of the radiant Helios never shows to the Eye of people... These are lines from the poem Odysseus by the ancient Greek poet-storyteller Homer, which science dates from the 9th to the 12th centuries BC. According to legend, Homer was blind. He created the famous poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey"

HERODOTUS The ancient historian Herodotus (490/480-425 BC) traveled a lot, collecting information about various regions and, of course, turned to the works of his predecessors. Herodotus, nicknamed in ancient times “the father of history,” was the first to give the most complete description of the Northern Black Sea region and Taurus for those times. “And now in the Scythian land there are Cimmerian fortifications and Cimmerian crossings, there is also a region called Cimmeria and the so-called Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait)".

Evliya Celebi In the 17th century, for a number of years (from 1641 to 1667), the Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi (1611-1679 (1682)) lived in Crimea and adjacent regions and took part in campaigns with the Tatars. Based on the results of his many years of observations and impressions, he wrote almost the only book about medieval Crimea - “Seyakhatnama”, “The Book of Travel”. However long years it remained unknown to European researchers. It so happened that the final IX-XI volumes of this polybook were published in Latin only in 1938, and their translations in Russian appeared only in recent years. The work of Evliya Celebi is a kind of chronicle of an eyewitness, source important information about the history and population of the peninsula, military campaigns of the Crimean Tatars and natural conditions Crimea before its inclusion in Russia

PETER SIMON PALACE Natural scientist, geographer and tireless traveler, doctor of medicine, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, actual state councilor Peter Semenovich Pallas lived in Crimea for 15 years. Pallas called our peninsula “wonderful”, falling in love with it from the first visit. In his house in Simferopol on the banks of the Salgir River, Pallas collected rich collection minerals, hundreds of samples of flora and fauna of the peninsula. Not a single eminent guest of the city passed by his abode. Having settled in his Simferopol estate, named “Karolinovka” after his wife, the scientist often went on foot not only to the near, but also to remote corners of the foothills, South Bank, the Main Crimean ridge, the Kerch hills and the plain Crimea. The scientist not only gave recommendations, but also actively participated in the economic development of Crimea: in 1798 he founded the oldest arboretum in Crimea, “Salgirka” in Simferopol - on the territory of the current botanical garden of the Taurida National University. V. Vernadsky. He also planted extensive vineyards in the Sudak Valley, on the South Coast and in the foothills. To justify the use of local resources, Pallas described twenty-four native grape varieties and many varieties of southern fruit crops.

VLADIMIR IVANOVICH VERNADSKY A significant part of the scientific work of the world-famous scientist - geologist and geographer Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - was addressed to the Crimea. The period of direct study of the natural resources of the peninsula V.I. Vernadsky lasted less - about 30 years, from 1893 to 1921. During this time, he made seven voyages to the Crimea (1893, 1898, 1899, 1912, 1914, 1916 and 1920-1921). Being closely connected with Crimea by scientific interests, he did not just come here occasionally, but deeply studied the natural resources of this region and made discoveries here. While living in Simferopol, Vernadsky traveled a lot with his colleagues in Crimea. His scientific interest was then aroused by both inanimate and Live nature: from the mineralogy and petrography of the Eskiorda region (now the village of Lozovoye) to the Beshuiskoe deposit of coal, keel and plant groups of the Crimean foothills. In 1920, the academician was elected chairman of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Crimea (the prototype of an academic institution on the peninsula), which difficult conditions The Civil War tried to ensure the development of fundamental and applied research into the region's natural resources. Vladimir Ivanovich worked very fruitfully as a professor at the Department of Geology, conducted scientific research, and was elected rector of the Tauride University. A group of young researchers rallied around him, forming the Crimean scientific school of the academician.

VASILY VASILIEVICH DOKUCHAEV Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilyevich is a Russian natural scientist, the founder of modern scientific soil science and comprehensive study of nature. To Crimea V.V. Dokuchaev arrived in the summer of 1878. It was during this period that he accumulated scientific material for his now world-famous work “Russian Chernozem”. Labor, which laid the foundation for a completely new science - soil science. In 1895 V.V. Dokuchaev visited Crimea for the second time, again crossing all its soil zones. The Crimean expedition and, in particular, the study of “Simferopol type” chernozems helped V.V. Dokuchaev to substantiate his view on the origin of chernozems and other soils. It is important to note that in Crimea V.V. Dokuchaev studied not only soils, but also other components of the geographical environment. He divided the entire peninsula into three stripes and gave them a brief natural and geographical description. One of the villages of the Crimean plain, where the great soil scientist conducted research, is now called Dokuchaevo.

NIKOLAI ALEXEEVICH GOLOVKINSKY Name of Professor N.A. Golovkinsky, a tireless researcher of the country’s natural resources, rightfully entered the history of geological and geographical sciences. The scientist’s path to Crimea lay not only through scientific interests and routes, but also much earlier - through his participation in Crimean War 1853-1856, when he, interrupting his studies at the university, volunteered to defend Sevastopol. In particular, he took part in the famous Battle of Kadykoy and was awarded a bronze medal on the St. Andrew's ribbon for his participation in the Crimean War. H.A. Golovkinsky traveled all over Crimea many times, for more than ten years he painstakingly delved into the complex problems of hydrogeology, and worked out the problems of water supply to the peninsula. It is no coincidence that he was called one of the best specialists in the geology of Crimea in Russia. H.A. Golovkinsky has done a lot to explore and preserve water resources in Crimea and organize their proper use. The scientist paid especially great attention to the research of the Plain Crimea, where he discovered significant reserves of artesian waters. He substantiated the feasibility of creating a network of hydrogeological stations in Crimea and took part in organizing the first “artesian observatory” in Russia in Saki. Based on numerous travels by H.A. Golovkinsky prepared and published an informative guide to Crimea (1889, 1894). In his Crimean works one can find many interesting guesses and assumptions, later confirmed by detailed research. Interesting natural object- waterfall described by H.A. Golovkinsky on the river. Uzenbash, in the upper reaches of the river basin. Uluuzen Alushtinsky (1893). Now the waterfall bears the name of Golovkinsky.

CHRISTIAN CHRISTIANOVICH STEVEN Christian Christianovich Steven is a famous Russian botanist of Swedish origin, taxonomist, doctor of medicine, horticulturist and entomologist, founder and first director of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea. Since 1849, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, since 1849 - corresponding member. Stephen described 1,654 species of Crimean plants. Almost two centuries have passed since the founding of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden - now the National Scientific Center. Now in its parks there are over 30 thousand species, varieties and forms of plants collected from all parts of the world. On its basis, such well-known scientific institutions as the Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” and the Institute of Essential Oil Crops arose. H.H. Stephen left 14 floristic works about the Crimea, rich in content, to science. However, the scientist’s activities were not limited to botany and gardening. He organized regular meteorological observations. Taking care of the water resources of Crimea, necessary for economic development peninsula, in 1846 he was the first to propose a project for supplying Dnieper waters through a canal to Crimea.

NIKOLAI PETROVICH KRASNOV Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov is a unique figure, outstanding for his time. He is a talented Russian architect at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. V., author of projects and builder of palaces and villas on the South Coast, hotels, shopping complexes, temples and public buildings in Crimea. The architect managed to combine various styles in his work: neo-Renaissance, Oriental, Romanesque, Gothic, Art Nouveau, etc. N.P. Krasnov is known to everyone as the author of the Livadia Palace, Dulber, Kharasks and Yusupov palaces on the South Coast, the wonderful temples of Yalta and other famous buildings. The son of an ordinary peasant from the village of Khonyatino, Moscow province, 12-year-old Nikolai makes his own way in life and enters the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. After studying for about 10 years at the “Architecture” department and graduating with a silver medal, N.P. Krasnov went to Crimea in the spring of 1887. At the age of 23 he becomes the Yalta city architect. Nikolai Petrovich worked in Crimea for about 30 years, became the Architect of the Supreme Court of His Imperial Majesty, and an academician of the Russian Academy of Arts. And on February 9, 1917, the architect was awarded the title of actual state councilor. Despite all his merits, in the 20s of the twentieth century the architect was forced to emigrate abroad and continue his activities in Belgrade, where he created a number of palaces, religious and public buildings.

Alexander Evgenievich Fersman, a student and friend of V.I. Vernadsky, is a tireless seeker and researcher of the mineral wealth of our homeland. With his active participation, the domestic industry of rare metals and non-metallic minerals was created. Together with his teacher, he was the founder of a new science - geochemistry, he developed new physical and chemical ideas about the essence of mineral formation processes and their energy basis. A. E. Fersman was a brilliant propagandist and popularizer of his science, and his name is known not only to specialist scientists, but also to wide circles of students, teachers and lovers of natural science. He was a passionate mineralogist. He himself said that his life is a love story for stone. A.E. Fersman was the organizer and inspirer of mass local history in our country. In his works he called for a wave of interest and love for the wonderful Crimean nature, expressed thoughts about turning Crimea into a rich Museum of Nature, a source of new ideas and... new love to Tavrida Alexander Evgenievich Fersman

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

2 slide

Slide description:

The first mentions of Crimea (Cimmeria), Taurus and climate features (“cold winters”) Homer

3 slide

Slide description:

“Taurica is a large and very wonderful island, with many peoples... They say that there Osiris, harnessed to bulls, plowed the land, and from this pair of bulls the people received their name” Stephen of Byzantium

4 slide

Slide description:

In 1665, Evliya Celebi arrives in Crimea, where he meets the Crimean Khan Mehmed IV Giray. With the Khan's retinue, he arrived at the Or (Perekop) fortress, from where he began his journey across the Crimea. Chelebi pointed out that in the 17th century the Crimean Tatars had their northern border at Or Castle, the steppe also belonged to the khan, but the Nogais roamed there. They paid taxes for grazing herds and delivered butter, honey, cattle, sheep, and lambs to the Crimea

5 slide

Slide description:

Karl Ivanovich (Karl-Ludwig) Gablitz became famous for his scientific expeditions across Russia. Author of the first scientific description nature of the Crimean peninsula. “Physical Description of the Tauride Region...” was translated and published in French, English and German.

6 slide

Slide description:

Peter Simon (Peter-Simon) Pallas initiated the study of the Crimean flora, completing in 1797 the work “List of wild plants of the Crimea” (969 species are described). In honor of the geographer, one of the species of Crimean pine was named Pallas pine. The scientist was the initiator of the foundation of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and gardens in the Sudak and Solnechnaya valleys, and founded the Salgirku park in Simferopol.

7 slide

Slide description:

In 1919, Vernadsky V.I. moved to Simferopol. Until 1921 he worked as a professor, and from 1920 as rector of the Taurida University in Simferopol. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, Russian and Soviet natural scientist

8 slide

Slide description:

Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev arrived in Crimea in the summer of 1878. It was during this period that he accumulated scientific material for his now world-famous work “Russian Black Soil”. Work that laid the foundation not just for “chernozem science”, but for a completely new science - soil science. Observations and scientific materials collected by V.V. Dokuchaev during a trip to Crimea, became a significant contribution to the emerging science of the “fourth kingdom of nature,” which, according to the scientist, is soil.

Slide 9

Slide description:

On the northeastern slope of Babugan-yayla, a mountain stream forms a spectacular cascade of waterfalls, the largest of which (fall height 12 meters) is named after the famous Crimean geologist of the 19th century Nikolai Alekseevich Golovkinsky. One of the last true “discoverers of the Crimean land”, he studied the hydrogeology of Crimea. A rare case: the Tauride Zemstvo erected a monument to the scientist in the village of Lazurny, under Mount Kastel. The inscription “Tauride Zemstvo to Nikolai Alekseevich Golovkinsky, 1900” is visible on the monument.

10 slide

Slide description:

The history of the creation of the Karadag biological station dates back to 1901, when Terenty Ivanovich Vyazemsky, a private associate professor at Moscow University in the Department of Physiology (1857–1914), bought the abandoned Karadag estate, intending to create a scientific center on its basis, which became the meaning of his life. Terenty Ivanovich personally supervised the construction, bought materials, and hired workers. He invested all his savings, all his earnings in the development of his brainchild.

11 slide

Slide description:

Steven Christian Christianovich Famous botanist, gardener and entomologist, doctor of medicine, chief inspector of sericulture, agricultural inspector of southern Russia and director of the Nikitsky Garden in Crimea. Nikitsky Botanical Garden is the oldest research and scientific-practical center dealing with issues of botany, fruit growing,

12 slide

Slide description:

In 1887, the young architect Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov came to Crimea, where he was soon appointed city architect of Yalta. He will work in this position for twelve years. “Amazing fellow” are the enthusiastic words of Emperor Nicholas II about N.P. Krasnov, the author of the building on the Livadia estate, which he deigned to leave to his descendants in a letter, sharing his joy with his mother after his first visit to the new white-stone palace in September 1911

Slide 13

Slide description:

Evgeniy Lvovich Markov is a popular writer of the 70s. XIX century. He lived in Simferopol, served as the director of the Simferopol gymnasium, studied all corners of Crimea, its historical past. The book went through four editions during the author’s lifetime; it has not lost its literary and artistic value to this day.

Slide 14

Slide description:

A. N. Tolstoy called Alexander Evgenievich Fersman “the poet of stone.” The books, written in a lively, engaging manner, reflect their author's deep love for stone. Over the years of his work in Crimea, Alexander Fersman was the first to find and describe several dozen minerals. This was a significant contribution to the collection of almost 200 minerals now known in Crimea. On the high right bank of the Salgir there is a small village called Fersmanovo, where there is a small beautiful two-story building with a turret. There is a memorial plaque on it with the text: “Here in children’s and teenage years Academician A.E. lived Fersman (1883-1945) - an outstanding Soviet mineralogist and geochemist."